Day Slavic writing and culture (Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius) - the Russian name of the holiday dedicated to the day of memory of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Methodius and Cyril is celebrated annually on May 24 in all Slavic countries.
In 1985 in the USSR, when the 1100th anniversary of the repose of Methodius was celebrated, May 24 was declared a “holiday Slavic culture and writing."
In our country, the holiday was revived in 1986 and in 1991 by Resolution of the Presidium Supreme Council RF No. 568-1 it received state status.
On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the annual holding of “Days of Slavic Culture and Literature.”
Officially this is not a day off, but festivals and concerts are held. Every year some city in Russia becomes the host of the holiday.
Slavic writing was created in the 9th century, around 862. New alphabet received the name “Cyrillic” after the Byzantine Constantine, who, having accepted monasticism, became Cyril. And his elder brother Methodius helped him in the godly task of educating the Slavic peoples.
Kirill created the Slavic alphabet based on the Greek, significantly changing it to convey the Slavic sound system. Two alphabets were created - Glagolitic and Cyrillic.
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Day of Remembrance of the First Teachers of the Slavic Peoples - the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius
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History of the holiday 1986 - revival of the holiday 1991 - approved as a state holiday Every year some city in Russia becomes the host of the holiday. Festivals and concerts are held in all cities
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About the life of Cyril and Methodius Cyril (born in 827, before becoming a monk - Constantine) and Methodius (born in 815, worldly name unknown) were born in the family of a Byzantine military leader from Thessalonica (Greece) St. Methodius - a high-ranking warrior who ruled for about 10 years one of the Slavic principalities subordinate to Byzantium, which gave him the opportunity to learn the Slavic language. St. Cyril from an early age was distinguished by his mental abilities. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Fathers of the Church - Gregory the Theologian (IV century)
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About the life of Cyril and Methodius In 861, the emperor summoned Saints Constantine and Methodius from the monastery and sent them to the Khazars to preach the Gospel. In 863, the embassy of the ruler of the Great Moravian Empire (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bohemia, part of Austria and Hungary) Prince Rostislav asked Emperor Michael to send I will gladly go to teachers for preaching in a country that has recently adopted Christianity if they have letters for their language... Teaching without the alphabet and without books is like writing a conversation on water. St. Cyril With the help of brother Methodius, Cyril in 6 months compiled the Slavic alphabet (the so-called Glagolitic alphabet) and translated into Slavic the books without which the Divine service could not be performed: the Gospel Aprakos, the Apostle, the Psalter and selected services
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February 14, 869 at the age of 42, Cyril dies in Rome “You and I, brother, pulled one furrow, like the husband of oxen, and now, I fall on the ridge, ending my life. I know you love your native Olympus very much. Take care, do not leave our ministry even for his sake...” After the death of his brother, Methodius continues his evangelical preaching among the Slavs. “I was not silent out of fear and was always awake on guard.” Thanks to the activities of St. Methodius, both the Czechs and the Poles entered into a military alliance with Moravia, opposing the influence of the Germans. Methodius predicted the day of his death and died on April 6, 885.
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Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius were canonized in ancient times in Russian Orthodox Church The memory of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles enlighteners of the Slavs has been celebrated since the 11th century. The memory of each of the saints. brothers are celebrated on the days of their death: St. Equal to the Apostles. Kirill – February 14 (Old style)/February 27 (according to the new art.). St. Equal to the Apostles Methodius - April 6/April 19. General church memory is celebrated on May 11/May 24
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Slavic alphabet: Cyrillic and Glagolitic Glagolitic Cyril and Methodius “transposed” sounds Slavic language on parchment using that Glagolitic alphabet. The letter styles have not been preserved. Cyrillic In 893, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared, which eventually replaced the Glagolitic alphabet in all Slavic countries Church Slavic alphabet Russian alphabet Cyrillic letter The model for writing Cyrillic letters was the signs of the Greek statutory alphabet. The charter is a letter when the letters are written directly on at the same distance from each other, without tilting - they seem to be “stacked”
On May 24, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is celebrated annually in all Slavic countries. The origins of this holiday are inextricably linked with the honoring of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius - the enlighteners of the Slavs, the creators of the Slavic alphabet.
Cyril (secular name Constantine; c. 827-869) and Methodius (secular name unknown; c. 815-885) - brothers, Greeks, natives of the city of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki), came from the family of a Byzantine military leader.
Methodius initially devoted himself military career, but around 852 he took monastic vows and later became abbot of the Polychron monastery on Bithynian Olympus (Asia Minor). Kirill s youth He was distinguished by his passion for science and exceptional philological abilities. He was educated in Constantinople by the greatest scientists of his time - Leo Grammar and Photius (the future patriarch). After training, he was ordained a priest, acted as a librarian, according to another version, skephophylax (vessel guard) of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and taught philosophy. In 851-852, as part of the embassy of the asikrit (court secretary) George, he arrived at the court of the Arab caliph Muttawakil, where he conducted theological disputes with Muslim scholars.
Cyril and Methodius compiled the Slavic alphabet, translated several liturgical books from Greek into the Slavic language (including selected readings from the Gospel, the Apostolic Epistles and the Psalter), which contributed to the introduction and spread of Slavic worship, and also, based on deep knowledge of Greek and eastern cultures and summarizing the existing experience of Slavic writing, they offered the Slavs their own alphabet.
The legacy of Cyril and Methodius had a huge impact on the culture of the Slavic states: Bulgaria (and through its mediation - Rus' and Serbia), the Czech Republic, Croatia (the latter maintained the Glagolitic written tradition until modern times). The writing developed by Cyril and Methodius had a huge influence on the development of Russian books and literature. In the minds of many generations of Slavs, Cyril and Methodius are symbols of Slavic writing and Slavic culture.
The cult of Cyril and Methodius became widespread in all Slavic countries, both Orthodox and Catholic (the brothers were canonized soon after their death). Established by the church back in X-XI centuries The day of remembrance of Cyril and Methodius (May 24) in Bulgaria was subsequently turned into a holiday of national education and culture.
In Russia, the celebration of the Day of Remembrance of the Holy Brothers is rooted in the distant past and it was celebrated mainly by the church. There was a period when, under the influence of political circumstances, the historical merits of Cyril and Methodius were forgotten, but already in the 19th century this tradition was revived.
Officially at the state level, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture was first solemnly celebrated in 1863, in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the creation of the Slavic alphabet by Saints Cyril and Methodius, in the same year a decree was adopted on the celebration of the Day of Remembrance of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 11 (24 according to the new style).
In the years Soviet power this holiday was unfairly forgotten and restored only in 1986. The idea of resuming a national, public celebration of the memory of Saints Cyril and Methodius and the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture in Russia was born in 1985, when the Slavic peoples, together with the world community, celebrated the 1100th anniversary of the death of Saint Methodius, Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia.
In 1986, the first holiday was held in Murmansk, it was called the “Holiday of Writing”; in subsequent years, the holiday was held in Vologda (1987), Veliky Novgorod (1988), Kyiv (1989) and Minsk (1990).
On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, by its resolution, declared May 24 the Holiday of Slavic Literature and Culture, thereby giving it state status.
During the celebration in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, all churches in Russia hold Divine Liturgies, religious processions, children's pilgrimage missions to Russian monasteries, scientific and practical conferences, exhibitions, concerts.
The International Scientific Conference is traditionally held Slavic world: community and diversity".
As part of the Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, the award ceremony for the laureates of the International Prize of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius, established by the Moscow Patriarchate and the Slavic Foundation of Russia. It is awarded to state and public figures, literary and artistic figures for the preservation and development of the Cyril and Methodius heritage. Prize winners are awarded a bronze sculpture of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius, a diploma and a commemorative medal.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
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Day of Remembrance of the First Teachers of the Slavic Peoples - the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius
Our ancestors knew how to do everything: plow the land, weave canvas, and cut down mansions. They knew a lot of things, but they didn’t know how to read and write, they didn’t know books. And someone had to teach them.
The word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Slavic alphabet: A (az) and B (buki): ABC: AZ + BUKI and the word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: ALPHABET: ALPHA + VITA The alphabet is much older ABC In the 9th century there was no alphabet, and the Slavs did not have their own letters. And therefore there was no writing. The Slavs could not write books or even letters to each other in their language.
The origins of Russian writing ABC: AZ + BUKI Greek letters: Aa Bb Gg Dd Ee Kk Ll Mm ALPHABET: ALPHA + VITA Slavic letters: Aa Vv Gy Dd E Kk Ll Mm
Cyrillic
In the 9th century in Byzantium, in the city of Thessaloniki (now the city of Thessaloniki in Greece), two brothers lived - Constantine and Methodius. The city of Thessaloniki (now called Thessaloniki). Greece
St. Methodius St. Methodius is a high-ranking warrior who ruled for about 10 years one of the Slavic principalities subordinate to Byzantium, which gave him the opportunity to learn the Slavic language
St. Cyril St. Cyril was distinguished by his mental abilities from an early age. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he was already reading books
Taking advantage new alphabet, Cyril and Methodius translated a number of liturgical books into Slavic.
The merits of Cyril and Methodius compiled the Slavic alphabet, translated liturgical books from Greek into Slavic, and contributed to the introduction and spread of Slavic worship.
Saints are remembered and honored
Across broad Rus' - our mother, the ringing of bells spreads. Nowadays the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius are glorified for their labors. They remember Cyril and Methodius, the glorious Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers, in Belarus, Macedonia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, they praise the wise brothers in Bulgaria, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia. All the peoples that write in Cyrillic, That have been called Slavic since ancient times, Glorify the feat of their first teachers, their Christian enlighteners.
Preview:
Class hour script
on this topic
"Day of Slavic Literature and Culture"
Sheudzhen Fatima Chemalevna
primary teachers MBOU classes Secondary school No. 4 named after. D.S.Shalyakho
Explanatory note.
Every nation has the right to be proud of its language. Russian language is the richest, beautiful language among those existing on earth and should be proud of it, protect it as a unique cultural and spiritual phenomenon.
Therefore, today an appeal to the origins of spirituality, a moral revival of society, attentive and careful attitude to the Russian language, preserving and enhancing its rich heritage,preservation of centuries-old traditions based on strengthening patriotism, citizenship, responsibility for the fate of the country and small Motherland are of great relevance and significance. Concern for the revival of national culture based on moral ideals and values, the development of centuries-old folk traditions- the most important tasks of society.
The Day of Slavic Literature and Culture provides an opportunity to look back into the past, to realize the spiritual value and current cultural significance of the feat of the Thessalonian enlighteners.
Target: introduce the history and features of the holiday
Tasks to achieve the goal:
- Open the mind: about the origin of writing, about the origins of Russian writing, about Slavicthe alphabet and its creators, about cultural heritage Russian people, about the celebration of the DaySlavic literature and culture;
- develop personal qualities: tolerance, morality; mental processes: memory, perception, thinking and cognitive processes;
- cultivate a sense of love and respect for the culture of the Russian people;
Class hour script.
Slide 1:
Marks it as
Slide 2:
Teacher: Saints' Dayequal to the apostlesCyril and Methodius, educators
Slavs
Slide 3:
(Display of the textbook “ABC” by V. G., Goretsky, etc.)
What kind of textbook is this? (-ABC.)
What does this book teach?
(-This book introduces letters and teaches reading.)
When you were little, your parents read books to you. When you went to school, you taught yourself to read and write. Do you think our ancestors knew how to read and write?
(Children's answers)
Slide 4:
Listen to N. Konchalovskaya’s poem “How a church literate taught children in the old days.”
Student: In the old days, children studied -
They were taught by the church clerk.
They came at dawn
And the letters repeated like this:
A yes B like AZ yes BUKI,
V – as LEAD, G – VERB.
And a teacher for science
On Saturdays I flogged them.
This is the pen they wrote with
From a goose wing.
This knife is for a reason
It was called penman
They sharpened their pen,
If it wasn't spicy.
It was difficult to read and write
To our ancestors in the old days,
And the girls were supposed to
Don't learn anything.
Only boys were trained.
Deacon with a pointer in his hand
I read books to them in a sing-song manner
In church language.
How did you learn to read and write in the old days?
(Children's answers)
Have letters always existed?
(-No, they didn’t exist before; ancient people didn’t even learn to speak right away.)
It’s hard to believe, but once upon a time our ancestors, the Slavs, did not have books at all, because there were no letters with which to write down Slavic speech.
After acceptance Christian religion The Slavs began to use Latin and Greek letters instead of their simplest signs. But this was not very convenient, since these letters could not convey all the features of Slavic speech.
Have you ever wondered where and when letters appeared? Today we will try to answer this question. But first let’s compare the words ALPHABET and ABC. Is there a difference between them? If so, which one?
(-The words ALPHABET and ABC mean the same thing: a group of words arranged in a certain established order. But their origins are different.
In the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, each letter has its own name. Opens the Old Church Slavonic alphabet АЗЪ, which denotes the sound [a]. AZ is the name of God. In the Bible, the Lord says: “I am God” - “I am God.”
The name of the second letter is BUKI. It denotes the sounds [b] and [b, ]. BEECHES are letters. The word “letters” comes from the name of the beech tree. The ancient Germans made beech tablets and used them for writing.
Add the first and second letter. What happened?
ABC - Slavic word, comes from the name of the first two letters of the Slavic alphabet: AZ and BUKI. AZ + BUKI = ABC.
The word alphabet comes to us from the Greek language and comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. ALPHA+VITA=ALPHABET.
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AZ, BUKI, VEDI... For several centuries, a person’s first acquaintance with a book began with these letters. And more than a thousand years ago, this alphabet, later named Cyrillic in honor of its creator, became the basis of writing.
Slide 7:
Take a careful look at the Old Church Slavonic alphabet and tell me if there are any letters in it that are unfamiliar to you?
(-There are letters in the Old Church Slavonic alphabet that are no longer in the Russian language.)
Name these letters.
How and where did our alphabet come from, and why is it called Cyrillic?
Slide 8:
In the 9th century in Byzantium, in the city of Thessaloniki (now the city of Thessaloniki in Greece), two brothers lived - Constantine and Methodius.
Slide 9, 10.
Scene.
Teacher: Everything at school seemed interesting and surprising to Konstantin, and he kept pestering his older brother with questions:
Kirill. - Why does the teacher always speak Greek? I heard that in the shop he spoke excellent Slavic.
Methodius. - So it’s in the shop. And at school you can only speak Greek. Because books, knowledge – everything comes from the Greeks.
Kirill. - Why don’t the Slavs have their own books?
Methodius. - Because you can’t write in Slavic.
Kirill. - Like this? So I’ll take it and write “house”.
Methodius. - But you can’t write “I live in a house” anymore, because you don’t have enough letters.
Kirill (shouting) - So I’ll figure it out!
Teacher : At this time, their school teacher passed by. He heard the brothers talking.
Teacher. - Don’t you know that only cultural languages are worthy of ink and parchment - Latin and Greek. All other languages are rude and barbaric, and you cannot write in them!
Kirill. - No, you can! So I will grow up and come up with letters for the Slavs. They will write, and no worse than the Greeks.
Teacher: Years have passed. The brothers grew up and learned. But the dream of creating a Slavic alphabet did not leave his younger brother. He worked hard and came up with initial letters, and from them he made up the alphabet.
But coming up with ideas is half the battle. It is necessary to translate books from Greek into Slavic so that the Slavs have something to read. This turned out to be a very difficult task, and Kirill alone could not cope. His elder brother Methodius began to help him.
Student: Having prayed to God in the morning,
Stooped over the leaf of the saint
He brought the letters to his pen
Radiant golden angel.
And the letters of the Slavic ligature lay down,
And line after line ran,
Becoming a great book,
Sent by the Divine hand.
And it seemed like the shine of the heavenly stars
This book carefully preserves
And, it seemed, Jesus Christ himself
He speaks to us in Slavic!
Slide 11.
Slide 12:
The great work of creating the Old Church Slavonic alphabet was accomplished by the brothers Cyril and Methodius. The main merit in this matter belongs to Kirill. Methodius was his faithful assistant. Compiling the Slavic alphabet, they were able to catch the basic sounds in the sound of the Slavic language and found for each of them letter designations. In memory of the great feat of the brothers, on May 24, all Slavic countries celebrate the Day of Slavic Culture and Literature or the Day of Remembrance of Cyril and Methodius.
The holy brothers not only gave to the Slavic people the alphabet and laid the foundation for literature, writing and culture in general.
Previously, this holiday was considered a church holiday. IN modern world The Day of Slavic Culture and Literature is a holiday of enlightenment, native words, native book, native culture and literature.
Slides 13, 14.
Student: Across broad Rus' - our mother
The bells ring out.
Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
They are glorified for their labors
Student: Remember Cyril and Methodius,
Glorious brothers, equal to the apostles,
In Belarus, in Macedonia,
In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia,
The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.
Student: All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,
What have been called Slavic since ancient times,
They glorify the feat of the first teachers,
Christian enlighteners.
