Portuguese surnames. How names are given in Portugal List in Russian alphabetically from A to Z, their meaning, brief interpretation

Reference:

Portuguese belongs to the Romance group of the Indo-European language family and is considered official language Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, East Timor and Macau. About 80% of lusophones (carriers Portuguese language) live in Brazil.

Map of the distribution of the Portuguese language in the world (Wikipedia):

Names in Brazil and Portugal

Portuguese legislation carefully monitors how its citizens should be called. There is a special list of allowed and prohibited names, and the number of prohibited ones increases every year. Among those allowed, names from the Catholic calendar predominate, carefully verified according to the standards of Portuguese spelling. Discrepancies are not welcome: for example, a child can only be called Tomás, but not Thomas(this spelling is considered archaic and inconsistent with the law), Manuel, but not Manoel, Mateus, but not Matheus.

In Brazil, names are treated much more simply. The abundance of emigrants from all over the world has taught Brazilians that names can be anything: unusual, exotic, pretentious, or even completely incredible. Therefore, Brazilians (even those of Portuguese origin) willingly give their children foreign names: Walter, Giovanni,Nelson, Edison. So, Italian name Alessandra so much more popular than the Portuguese version Alexandra, that many Brazilians consider it to be a native "home" name.

Brazilians have the same attitude when it comes to writing names. If a Portuguese man who decides to name his daughter Teresa is forced to settle for the only acceptable option - Teresa, then the Brazilian can write in the registration documents and Tereza, And Thereza, and in general everything your heart desires.

Both Brazilians and Portuguese use diminutive names. Moreover, it can be difficult to immediately grasp the connection between the diminutive and the passport name. It’s good if the diminutive name is formed simply with the help of a suffix, such as, for example, Ronaldinho- from Ronaldo. But guess what Zezito- This Jose, Kaka -Carlos, A Tekinya -Theresa, not every foreigner can do.

Diminutive names are also successfully formed from double names:

Carlos Jorge-Cajó
Maria Jose-Maze,Mize
Jose Carlos-Zeca
João Carlos-Joca,Juca
Maria Antonia-Mito
Antonio Jose-Toze
Maria Luisa,Maria Lucia-Malu

Pronunciation and transcription of Portuguese names

As you know, the Portuguese language has two variants: European and Brazilian. However, the pronunciation in Portugal and Brazil is quite different. So, the name of the great Portuguese poet Luis de Camoes (Louis de Camões) in Portugal is pronounced "Luis de Camoes" and in most regions of Brazil - "Luis di Camoines". So, adequate phonetic translation of Portuguese names into Russian is not an easy task. The matter is complicated by the fact that while in Portugal there is a single officially recognized pronunciation norm, in Brazil there is essentially none. The most “literate” pronunciation is considered to be the pronunciation of the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro (“Carioca”) and Sao Paulo (“Paulista”), although these dialects, in turn, differ greatly. For example, where a carioca says s in Portuguese style - like "sh", the Paulista (and with it the vast majority of residents of other states) will pronounce "With".

There is another difficulty. For a long time in Russian Portuguese names and the names were transferred "to Spanish mode": Vasco da Gama(but not Vasco da Gama), Luis de Camões(but not Luis de Camoes). They began to take into account the real features of pronunciation quite recently, but since Portuguese is not one of the most common languages ​​in our latitudes, few people understand the intricacies of pronunciation. Hence the massive discrepancy in transcriptions. The Portuguese footballer was especially unlucky Cristiano Ronaldo: whatever commentators call him - Christiano Ronaldo,Christiano Ronaldo,Christian Ronaldo... Although there is only one correct option - Cristiano Ronaldo: there is no soft “l” in the Portuguese language at all, the unstressed “o” at the end of the word in both versions of the language is reduced to “u”, and s before voiceless consonants in Portugal is pronounced like “sh” (although if the football player was born not in Madeira, but where someday in Sao Paulo, if only he Christian Ronaldo…).

Another unlucky person is a Brazilian musician Joao Gilberto (João Gilberto), appearing in various sources as Joan Gilberto,Joan Gilberto and even Joao Gilberto. In general, the only way to avoid such inconsistency is to use the rules of Portuguese-Russian transcription (for example, according to Ermolovich’s reference book). Of course, accurately convey the nasal sound ão(and other delights of pronunciation) in Russian letters is impossible, but of all the options, the reference book gives the closest to the original: “an” - Juan.

Accent in Portuguese names ()

In a simplified way, the rules for setting stress in Portuguese can be described as follows:

The emphasis is on the last syllable in all words ending in:

-i, u, ã, ão, ães, ãe, im, om, um;
- on a consonant except s, em, am;
- on s, if before s costs u or i.

The emphasis is on the penultimate syllable in all words ending in:

-a, o, e, em, am;
- on s with previous ones a, o, e.

Moreover, in words ending with io And ia, the emphasis falls on i.

Words that are exceptions to these rules are marked with graphic stress (as in Russian).

Writing Portuguese names

Until recently, spelling standards in Portugal and Brazil differed, which, accordingly, left an imprint on the spelling of names: port. Monica- braz. Monica, port. Jerónimo- braz. Jerônimo.

In July 2008, at the Summit of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries, held in Lisbon, it was decided to unify the spelling, which brought the Portuguese spelling closer to the current Brazilian one. ()

The question of unifying the spelling of names remains open.

Most common Portuguese names

The most popular names among newborns (Portugal, 2008)

The most popular names among newborns (Brazil, 2009)

Names borrowed from Italian are marked with an asterisk.

Portuguese surnames

The average Portuguese's full name consists of three parts: the personal name (usually one or two), the mother's surname and the father's surname. For example: Joao Paulo Rodrigues Almeida (Juan And Paulo- personal names, Rodrigues- mother's surname, Almeida- father's surname) Maria Filipa Guimarães da Costa, Rodrigo Gomes Silva. In everyday life, a person is usually called only by his last (paternal) surname: Senor Almeida, Senora da Costa, Senor Silva.

When getting married, a woman does not change her last name, but simply adds her husband’s last name (more rarely, both last names) to her own. So, if Maria Filipa Guimarães da Costa marries Rodrigue Gomes Silva, then her full name will sound like Maria Filipa Guimarães da Costa Silva or Maria Filipa Guimarães da Costa Gomes Silva. In turn, their children will receive the “paternal” surnames of their mother and father: da Costa Silva, or, at the request of the parents, all four surnames: Guimarães da Costa Gomes Silva. Such multi-storey structures are far from uncommon: on the contrary, in Portugal a person with only one surname causes bewilderment. In Brazil, they take this more calmly: many descendants of emigrants of non-Portuguese origin ignore Portuguese traditions and are content with a single surname.

In Russia now there is complete liberality for parents: register your child under any name that comes to mind. Call him Vanya if you want, or Sigismund if you want. Last year, for example, boys were born in Russia with the names Air Traffic Controller and Lettuce, and in 2011 one girl was named Medmia in honor of President Medvedev.

In Portugal, on the contrary, everything is very strict with names for children. There is a special list of names that can or cannot be given to young Portuguese. It is published on the website of the Ministry of Justice and is mandatory for all registering organizations.

It should be noted that although there are restrictions, the choice is still rich: hundreds of names fit on several dozen pages. For example, you can’t call a boy Adriane, but you can call him Adriano. There may not be an Agatha girl, but Ágata is quite appropriate. Instead of the name Alexei, the choice will fall on the pleasant Portuguese Aléxio, and instead of the pseudo-Greek Ulice, the proud and noble Ulisses will sound. By the way, according to one version, the origin of the name of the capital Lisbon is associated with the name of the cunning king of Ithaca, Ulysses-Odysseus.

Analyzing the list, we can assume that the undesirable names included foreign origin, and the permitted ones are mainly the names of saints of the Catholic calendar, brought into full compliance with the rules of Portuguese spelling.

By the way, the restriction on the use of names only applies if both parents are Portuguese: immigrants are free to name their children as they please.

Do you want to know which names are the most popular in Portugal? If you are expecting analogues of the Russian Lettuce Salad, then you will be greatly disappointed, but if you are a supporter of beautiful classic names, this is good news for you. Among female names, the most popular in Portugal is Maria. And this is not surprising, given the religiosity of the Portuguese. The following places in descending order are occupied by Beatriz, Ana, Leonor, Mariana and Matilde.

Among male names, João is the leader. This is an analogue of the Russian name Ivan, usually read in Russian as Joao, although in fact the transcription Zhuan is more correct: the letter combination -ão has a complex pronunciation, something between “a”, “o” and “u”, pronounced through the nose, but with his mouth slightly open. To understand, try saying something between “Joao” and “Juan” - it will be the best option. I hope I confused you properly, so just believe that “Juan” is a slightly more correct Russian translation. In addition, connotations immediately arise with Don Juan, “The Stone Guest” and other examples of literature familiar from childhood.

In conclusion, a short lyrical digression in the style of Rudyard Kipling’s fairy tales, which can be called “Why do the Portuguese have such long names.”

The fact is that at birth a child is given two names, and from his parents he receives two surnames: both from the mother and from the father. The order of first and last names is standardized: first comes first first name, then the second, then the mother’s last name, and then the father’s last name. As a result, the newborn becomes not just Diogo, but, for example, Diogo Carlos Socrates Santos. Do you agree, it sounds? With such a name you can conquer the world, and everyone will say that you really have the right to do so.

To begin with, let's divide all the names into main groups depending on their origin. There are 4 varieties in total:

• traditional;
• ancient Germanic;
• Roman;
• Christian.

Traditional names come from the names of characteristics, character traits or appearance. For example, “Branca” is Portuguese for “white”, and Imaculada is a derivative of the Portuguese “imaculada”, meaning “immaculate”.

Ancient Germanic borrowings in the anthroponymy of the Portuguese language go back to the times when the Vandals and Visigoths lived in the territories of modern Portugal (IV century AD). In the list of Portuguese female names, this is the second largest group. Examples of such names are Adélia (from the ancient German “Adala (Adela)” - “noble”), Adelaide (translated - “man of the noble class”).

The Middle Ages were marked by a sharp surge of interest in antiquity. Writers dedicated entire works to their ancient colleagues, performances of that time were staged on stages, and architects tried to include certain motifs of those times in the design of facades. This hobby did not leave its mark on the anthroponymy of the Spanish language - many name names appeared, originating from the Roman cognomen. For example, Diana (by analogy with the Roman goddess of the hunt).

The most extensive group of beautiful Portuguese female names are names taken from church books and calendars. Faith came to the people gradually - first Christianity took shape in the territory (2nd century AD), and later Catholicism was established as the main religion (the process took place from the 8th to the 15th centuries). Along this “path” a huge number of Hebrew, Latin and Ancient Greek names came to Portuguese. For example, Bethania (Hebrew, meaning “house of figs”, goes back to the name of the biblical city “Bethany”).

This type contains the most popular female Portuguese names, according to the latest statistics collected. The fact is that the people of Portugal are very scrupulous about choosing the name of their unborn child. At the legislative level, a list of acceptable and unacceptable names is established, including spelling features. That is why the biblical Mary and Anna have remained in first place in popularity for many years in a row.

For Brazilians, everything is different - they use modern European and local Latin names. They can choose from the whole mass of names, assigning the sound they like to any graphic display in official documents. Everything is explained by the high number of emigrants, each of whom brings something of their own to the language.

Conclusion

We have analyzed the main groups of Portuguese names depending on their origin. As a result of this mini-study, it turned out that historical background can directly influence the composition of the language, in particular, anthroponymic models.

If you are unable to decide on a name for your future daughter, we offer a list of Portuguese names below for your reference.

PORTUGUESE NAMES AND TITLES IN RUSSIAN TEXT: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

In the pre-Petrine era, our country had virtually no contacts with Portugal; few, apparently, both knew and knew about the existence of this distant land. The situation changed thanks to the sovereign transformer of Russia, which became an open country. Suffice it to say that the first St. Petersburg police chief general and one of the first holders of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky was the son-in-law of A.D. Menshikov, a native of Portugal, Anton Manuilovich Devier or Diviere, also known as Antonio Manuel de Vieira, and during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the largest physician of his time, Ribeiro Sanches (or Ribeiro Sanches), lived and worked in Russia, whose name one of the central Lisbon streets is named.
There is a need to develop a transliteration of Portuguese names and titles. Over the course of three centuries, it has undergone some changes, and many problems associated with it still remain unresolved.
To the name Portugal - one of the few European countries, whose names are masculine, the ending –ia was immediately added. Somewhat later, when the Russian public became acquainted with Brazil, a similar transformation took place with its name. The name of the Portuguese capital, Lisboa, on the contrary, is feminine (goes back to the Latin Olisipona or Ulisipona, which was associated with the name of the legendary Ulysses, or Odysseus). Once on French soil, this name took the form of Lisbonne. From the French name came the English Lisbon, and from the English the German and Russian Lisbon. Due to the loss of the final vowel –a, a characteristic indicator of the feminine gender in the Russian language, the name became masculine. Parallel to the Lisbon option for a long time Lisbon practiced (with one s) - for example, in the novel by K. M. Stanyukovich “Around the World on the Kite” and in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. But recently this transliteration option has fallen out of use.
The name of the second largest and most important city in Portugal, Porto (Porto), until about the middle of the last century, was usually transliterated as Oporto, from the English Oporto. The fact is that the British took the definite article o before it as the first letter of the name. From this name the possessive adjective Oportsky is derived, found, for example, in published periodicals of the early twentieth century. articles by A. A. Derental. However, in the published mid-19th century of the “History of the Russian Church”, written by Metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov), there is an adjective Portuen, going back to the Latin portuensis, from which the Portuguese portuense is derived. The first adjective is as hopelessly outdated as the variant of the name from which it is derived, but the second, it seems to us, can and should be resurrected.
The name of the island of Madeira in the 18th-19th centuries. Madera was written in Russian, coinciding graphically with the name of the famous fortified wine produced there (vinho da Madeira). This spelling option is found, in particular, in the mentioned novel by K. M. Stanyukovich, as well as in the travel essays of I. A. Goncharov “Frigate Pallada”. During the same period, the name of the main city of Madeira, Funchal, was translated in Russian into the Spanish way: either Funchal (by Stanyukovich) or Funchal (by Goncharov), due to the fact that few people then felt the difference between Spanish and Portuguese phonetics.
The former capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, has been written in Russian with two hyphens from the very beginning to this day. This is explained by the fact that in the 19th century. There has been a strong tendency, when transliterating from Romance languages, to attach, using a hyphen, the preposition de to the name or title that follows and sometimes precedes it.
Let us now move on to the personal names of the Portuguese and Brazilians.
In the XIX-early In the 20th century, when the Portuguese language was not taught in any of the Russian universities, even as an elective, Portuguese names were usually transcribed into French and German, since almost the entire intelligentsia spoke these languages. First of all, it is striking that the letter l was rendered not with a hard l (as in modern texts), but with a soft l, as in French and German words: Marquis de Pombal, (marqu;s de Pombal), Antero de Quental. The combination ou was transliterated in French as y: Luis de Sousa, not Sousa (Lu;s de Sousa). The letter h, as well as the combination ch, which now always corresponds to the Russian sh, was often rendered as x, by analogy with the German language: King Dom-Sancho, and not Don Sancho or Don Sancho (El-Rei D. Sancho), Duke of Saldanha , not Saldanha (Duque de Saldanha). The diphthong eu, for the same reason, corresponded to the Russian it - for example, in the name of the city of Ceuta, in the then transliteration - Tseita. The letter z was rendered, also in the German manner, as t - for example, Henriques, Ortiz.
Particularly egregious examples are from the dramatic poem “Camoens” by V. A. Zhukovsky, which is a free translation or arrangement of the work of the same name German romantic F. Galma (or Halma), where the young poet is named Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo Castelo Branco, and the title character is Don Ludwig Camoes (indeed, German name Ludwig corresponds to the Portuguese Lu;s, since both go back to the Latin Ludovicus), and the stress in the word Camoes, judging by the position in the verse, falls not on the penultimate, but on the last syllable, as in French.
Another tendency that attracts attention is the focus more on the graphic design of the word rather than on its pronunciation (of which, as already noted, they then had a very vague idea). Therefore, the letter s was rendered as z in the intervocalic position and as s in other cases, but never as sh. The vowels o and e, subject to strong reduction in Portuguese, were rendered in all positions as o and e (at the beginning of a word and after a vowel, as e, to avoid iotation), but never as u and i. The letter y was often written and pronounced where there was an unpronounceable u after g and q in the Portuguese text. For example, V.K. Piskorsky in his “History of Spain and Portugal” calls the infanta-usurper Don Miguel (D. Miguel) the House of Miguel, just as A.N. Ostrovsky calls Cervantes Miguel, and Guy de Maupassant in the pre-revolutionary years was called Guy de Maupassant.
A more accurate, although also far from perfect, transliteration was proposed in the first post-revolutionary years by G.L. Lozinsky, a private assistant professor at Petrograd University, who taught Portuguese language and literature there, brother the famous poet-translator M. L. Lozinsky, awarded Stalin Prize 1st degree for a brilliant translation of Dante's " Divine Comedy". G.L. Lozinsky was closely acquainted with the Portuguese envoy to Russia, with the help of whom he decently mastered the language. In his works, for example, in the prefaces to the works of Herculan and Esa de Queiroz, published by the World Literature publishing house, he tries to bring the Russian spelling of names closer to their pronunciation in the original language. To do this, he suggests rendering the letter s as sh before a consonant or at the end of a word, however, the unstressed unnasal o is usually transliterated as o, and not as y. For example, he translates the title of Esa de Queiroz's book A Ilustre Casa de Ramires as "The Noble Family of Ramires", the name Castilho as Castillo, Alberto Teles as Alberto Teles. Against this background, the transfer of the names Joaquim as Zhuaquin and Coelho as Cuello looks strange (modern adherents of phonetic transliteration prefer the variants Joaquin and Coelho). Even more strange is the unjustifiably widespread use of the reverse e (José, Almeida, Reis, Aleixo), although the letter e is in foreign words It has long been customary to pronounce it as e (unless it is iotized). G.L. Lozinsky leaves the clearly outdated rule intact, stubbornly maintaining a hyphen between the preposition de and the subsequent name (Esa de Queiroz, Antero de Quental) and even between elements of names and surnames (Batalha-Reis, Almeida-Garrett, Jose Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queiroz, Francisco de Melo Franco). For some reason, the surname of one of the founders of Portuguese romanticism was Herculano or Herculano as Irkulano. However, his older contemporary M.W. Watson transcribes it to Herculaneus in the Latin manner. It must be said that Maria's maiden name was Watson de Roberti de Castro de la Cerda, her father was Spanish, and she mastered the Spanish language well from an early age. The researcher hardly succeeded in mastering Portuguese phonetics well, and therefore she distorted Portuguese names in the article “Portugal and Its Literature” into the Spanish way. For example: don Juan IV, Leal, Manuel, Jose, Almeida, Araujo, Joao de Deus (this poet encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus-Efron renders it as John de Deus in Russian or, more precisely, in the Church Slavonic manner).
By the middle of the last century, two stable methods of transliterating Portuguese names and titles had emerged: graphic, focused on the spelling of the word, and phonetic, striving to reproduce the sound as accurately as possible. The first is more typical for artistic, the second for scientific and reference books, as well as periodicals and journalism. However, cases of their interpenetration are not uncommon.
In graphic transliteration, the vowel o in all cases is rendered as o, e-always as e (after the main ones and at the beginning of the word-e). The consonant s in the intervocalic position is rendered as z, in other cases as s and never as sh: this sound corresponds only to the combination ch and, in most cases, the letter x (exception: E;a de Queir;s-Esa de Queiroz) . Nasal; transmitted by an or yang (Me;-Mean, Covilh;-Covilhão), nasal diphthong;o-by an or yang (Jo;o -Joan, Trist;o-Tristan, Maranh;o-Maranhão), combination;es- by means of aens or yaens (Guimar;es-Guimaraens, Magalh;es-Magalhães), combination;es-by means of oens (Cam;es-Camoes, Sim;es-Simoes). The final im is usually rendered as in, not as im: Joaquim-Joaquin, Patraquim-Patrakin. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as lho and nyo, but they have to be pronounced as lyo, or lyo and nyo, or nyo: Botelho, pronounced “Botelho”, Agostinho, pronounced “Agostinho”, and lha and nha- like Lya and Nya: Folha, Saldanha.
The principles of phonetic transliteration are set out in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “Foreign names and titles in the Russian text” (M., 1985, pp. 195-208). With this method of transliteration, incomparably more discrepancies and intractable questions arise than with the graphic one. According to this principle, in particular, Portuguese names and titles are conveyed in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet encyclopedia. The combination;es is conveyed there by ainsh (Guimar;es-Guimarães), and;es by means of oinsh (Sim;es-Simões). The unstressed unnasal o is conveyed by y, but only at the end of the word, and in other positions as o: Nicolau Tolentino, Amorin. The exception is the name Jo;o, rendered as Juan. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as liu and new: Botelho, Agostinho, and lha and nha as liu and nya: Folha, Saldanha. The final unstressed e is conveyed, as a rule, by means of and: Andrade, Bocage, Vicente, Verdi, and the ending es by means of ish: Gomes, Pires, Eanish ( Eanes). However, not everyone agrees with this principle. For example, Moscow researcher O. A. Ovcharenko, a consistent supporter of phonetic transliteration, writes Nunes, Alvares, Lopes and Mendes. She also suggests transliterating Correia as Curreia, and not as Correia, and Namorado as Namurada, and not Namorada.
“In addition,” the authors of the reference book state, “Brazilian pronunciation is somewhat different from Portuguese, which creates additional difficulties.” The main difference is that the letter s at the end of a word and before consonants is pronounced sh in Portugal, but in most Brazilian states it is pronounced s. With graphic transliteration, this difference disappears, but with phonetic transliteration, names are transmitted differently, depending on who bears them - Portuguese or Brazilians. Therefore, the names Lu;s, Carlos, Tom;s, Castro, Costa, Dias are transmitted as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if their speakers are Portuguese, and Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if they are Brazilians. Note that if graphically transliterated, these names would in both cases be written as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Diaz.
Unfortunately, the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin—at least the section “Portuguese”—is replete with errors and inaccuracies. It is hardly possible to adopt the thesis that “in the middle of words, ia after a consonant is transmitted through ya, and after a vowel through ya, for example: Maxial-Mashyal” is better than Masial. We also cannot agree with the fact that “;e is transmitted through ain or yayn” - better than ain and yayin: Ruiv;es-Ruivainsh, Magalh;es-Magalhainsh). It is not clear why Queir;s is rendered as Queiroz and not as Queiroz (for some reason this mistake was also made in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia). It is more than controversial that “unstressed i in the middle of a word between a consonant (except r) and a vowel is conveyed differently in Portuguese and Brazilian names: in Portuguese, through ь<…>, in Brazilian-through and, for example: Maxial-Mashial-Mashial". Finally, the name Alo;sio in Russian should be written Aloiziu, and not Aloyziu and not Aloyzyu, Ant;nio-Antoniu, and not Anthony, Apol;nio-Apoloniu, and not Apolonya, ;rio-Ariu, and not Arya, Caetano -Caetano, not Cajetan, Diogo-Diogo, not Diogu, Eug;nio-Eugenio, not Eugenio, Fialho-Fialho, not Fialho, Hon;rio-Onoriu, not Honorio, L;cia-Lucia, but not Lusya, etc. Note that phonetic transliteration of Portuguese names and titles is found not only in Russian, but also in Latvian text, although the Latvian language, like Portuguese, uses writing based on Latin graphics and their graphic transmission would be possible without any changes - just as the German poet of French origin Chamisso is written in German while maintaining the rules of French spelling - Chamisso - but pronounced in the German way and even with an emphasis on the penultimate, and not on the last syllable. In the recently published Riga edition of “Anthology of Contemporary Portuguese Poetry” (“Portug;;u M;sdienu Dzejas Antolo;ija”. R;ga: Minerva, 2001) the name Jos; Gomes Ferreira (José Gomes Ferreira) rendered as;oz; Gomi;s Ferreira, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Sofia de Mello Breyner Andresen)-as Sofia de Mello Breinera Andresena, Jorge de Sena (Jorge de Sena)-as;or;i de Sena, Carlos de Oliveira ( Carlos de Oliveira) - as Karlu;s de Oliveira, etc.
Despite the irreconcilable differences between graphic and phonetic transliterations, there are traditional names and names that are spelled the same in both transliterations. Thus, the name Camões (Cam;es) and the name Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) are also used in phonetic transliteration, and the name Jorge Amado (Jorge Amado) and the name Sao Paulo (S;o Paulo) are also used in graphic transliteration. .
Both strong and weak sides both transcriptions. Not without some oddities. Adherents of graphic transliteration accuse their opponents of the fact that it is by their grace that the majority of Russian readers pronounce the name of the recently deceased writer Jorge Amado with the emphasis on the last syllable (apparently, by analogy with the word cockatoo). To this they receive the answer that if his last name was written in Russian as Amado, then, most likely, they would begin to pronounce it “Am;da”, since the unstressed o in Portuguese is pronounced as u, and in Russian as a. Moreover: the surname of the recent Nobel Prize winner in literature José Saramago (Jos; Saramago, in phonetic transliteration - José Saramagu) in our country is usually pronounced Saram; ha, and the name of the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, who has gained unprecedented popularity, is pronounced as Paula Caella . The latter seems especially comical: after all, when during meetings with the Portuguese and Brazilians their names are pronounced by Russian people who do not know the Portuguese language, then their names seem to change from masculine to feminine: the masculine name Augusto sounds like the feminine Augusta, Eduardo like Eduarda, Fernando like Fernanda, Francisco as Francisca, L;cio as Lucia, etc. The writer of these lines has repeatedly observed the reaction of the bearers of such names personally.
Serious discrepancies also arise in the transfer of the names of the Portuguese kings and the Brazilian emperors. These discrepancies were aggravated by the fact that in Soviet period they tried to talk as little as possible about crowned heads, both Russian and foreign.
Perhaps, only the spelling of the names of the two Portuguese queens, Maria I and Maria II (D. Maria I, D. Maria II), does not cause discrepancies, since the Portuguese female name Maria, no matter who it belongs to, is unambiguously transferred to the Russians Maria. The capital letter D with a dot placed in front of it is an abbreviation of the word Dona. In Portuguese texts it is always placed before the names of Portuguese queens, Brazilian empresses, as well as the most noble ladies of these countries. In Russian texts it is not necessary, but possible. You just need to write it with a lowercase letter and in full, and not in abbreviation. The spellings Maria II and Don Maria II are possible, but not D. Maria II.
When transferring the name of monarchs, two trends also developed. One of them involves the usual transliteration of a personal name, as if it were borne not by a monarch, but by any Portuguese or Brazilian. So, D. Jos; I proposes to render as José I or Don José I, D. Jo;o VI as Joan VI, Don Joan VI or Juan VI, Don Juan VI, etc. (the word Dom should be rendered as Don, and not as Dom - this heritage of the 19th - early 20th centuries should be resolutely abandoned - and also with a lowercase letter). One can object to this: after all, if you follow this principle, you need to call the French kings François I, and not Francis I, Henri IV, and not Henry IV, Louis XIV, and not Louis XIV, etc. Experience has shown that such a transcription Only suitable for humorous songs. There has long been a tradition to unify the names of European monarchs - that is why the English king is called not Charles, but Charles I, the Spanish king is not Fernando, but Ferdinand VI, and the list goes on. In this case, the mentioned Portuguese kings should be called Joseph I and John VI - in this case the word don is not placed in front of them. This option is used in the mentioned monograph by V.K. Piskorsky, in the reference book “Spain and Portugal” (M., 1946) and other publications of the 19th-1st half. XX century however, in these and similar publications, the unified rendering of royal names coexists with the usual transliteration. For example, the name of the Portuguese king, who later became the Brazilian emperor, is rendered as Dom Pedro or Don Pedro. Based on this, we find it advisable to propose a compromise: unify the names of monarchs if there are precedents, but if there are none, resort to simple transliteration.
As you know, Portuguese personal names consist of several elements. As a rule, this is the baptismal name (nome de batismo, nome crist;o), and sometimes several baptismal names, the father's name, the mother's maiden name and the hereditary surname passed down from the father. For example, the full name of the poet F. Pessoa is Fernando Ant;nio Nogueira Pessoa. His father's name was Ant;nio Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, and his mother's name was Maria Madalena Nogueira. A married woman usually adds her husband's surname to her full name (nome completo), while keeping her maiden name. Thus, Almeida Garrett theater specialist Andr;e Crabbe, having married outstanding writer Miguel Torga, whose real name was Adolfo Correia da Rocha, took the name Andr;e Crabbe Rocha. In the old days, the nobility included in their name the names of all their fiefs (the full name of the Marquis of Pombal is D. Sebasti;o Jos; de Carvalho e Melo, conde de Oeiras, marqu;s de Pombal), and even in the twentieth century in certain circles long name was considered a sign of aristocratic origin. Brazilian writer José Ortiz Monteiro ironically says of one of the characters in his story “The Last Serenade” that he “had such a long name that it would be more than enough for four important people.”
There is one subtlety here. As a rule, we call outstanding cultural figures by their last name, leaving the first name in front of it or omitting it. However, following the example of the Italians, some geniuses Italian Renaissance It is customary to call people by their first names, not their surnames: Dante, not Alighieri, Raphael, not Santi, Michelangelo, not Buonarotti. This seemed unusual even to Pushkin: Salieri in his little tragedy “Mozart and Salieri” is spoken by Raphael, but by Alighieri and Bonarotti (as in Pushkin). Following a similar principle, the Portuguese call some of their illustrious compatriots by their personal name, omitting the surname. They speak and write Camilo, not Castelo Branco, Antero, and not Quental, Jo;o de Deus, and not Ramos, Columbano, and not Bordalo Pinheiro - especially since their personal names are not widespread. Can we follow their example and speak and write to Camila, and not Castelo Branco, Anter, and not Quental, Joao de Deus, and not Ramos, Colubman, and not Bordal Pinheiro? We believe that it is possible, although there are no precedents in Russian literature, except for Joao de Deus, as far as we know, no.
Semantic proper names should be included in a special group, i.e., according to V.S. Vinogradov’s definition, “meaningful, significant, “speaking”, nominatively characteristic” names, surnames, nicknames and nicknames. “A significant name,” continues V. S. Vinogradov, “requires from the reader both the original and the translation an understanding of the meaning of the internal form, perception and imagery. Being transcribed, it in itself cannot have an emotional impact on the receptor, while in the original it is designed for such an impact. Therefore, the translator strives to preserve the emotional power of the translation. In modern translation practice, the tendency to translate semantic names is very noticeable."
N. M. Lyubimov showed himself to be an unsurpassed master of such translation of semantic names and nicknames in his translation of Rabelais’ novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel”, as well as in naming minor characters“Don Quixote” (for example, guitarist Trenbreño). The same N. M. Lyubimov, however, leaves without translation and simply transliterates the semantic names of the main characters of Cervantes’s immortal novel: Don Quixote of La Mancha (quijote in Spanish means blanket, as well as horse croup, la mancha-spot) and Sancho Panza ( Panza - belly, belly, metonymically - fat-bellied). The translator does this, I think, for two reasons. Firstly, none of the previous translators of Don Quixote, starting with V. A. Zhukovsky, began to translate or Russify the names of the main characters, and the presence or absence of precedents in the art of translation, as in many other things, is a very important thing . Secondly, Russification, the semantic translation of their names would have reduced their images too much - much more than those of Cervantes, who, as we know, conceived his work as a parody of a chivalric romance.
“The higher the degree of artistic expressiveness and typification of a character,” emphasizes V. S. Vinogradov, “the more important his role in Russian literature, the greater the degree of popularization of a name, the more problematic the translation and the more expedient the transcription of this name.” For these reasons, translator T. Ivanova conveyed the title of the novel by the classic of Brazilian literature Machado de Assisa Dom Casmurro (and, accordingly, the name, or rather the nickname of the main character) as “Don Casmurro”, although it was suggested that the translation could also be titled “Don Killjoy".
Most animal names are also semantic proper names that should be translated rather than transliterated. Thus, the translator of J. M. Ferreira de Castro’s novel “Wool and Snow” G. Kalugin quite rightly renders the dog’s nickname Piloto as Pilot (this word can also be translated as pilot, but let’s not forget that in the first half of the 1940s. , when the novel takes place, there was a craze for aviation). N. Polyak acted incorrectly, who in the story by J. Soeiro Pereira Gomes “An Incident on the Road” simply transcribes the name of the dog Moiro (i.e. Moor) as Moiro, not to mention the title of the story in the original Um Caso Sem Import ;ncia, i.e. “Minor case.”
Let's summarize. The situation related to the transliteration of Portuguese names and titles can hardly be called anything other than paradoxical. Having gone through a rather long and complex evolution, it was divided into two parallel streams that cannot merge to this day. There is no way out of this situation, since it is unlikely that anyone will be able to offer a more perfect way of writing Portuguese names in Russian. Perhaps in the fairly distant future, either graphic transliteration will replace phonetic transliteration, or vice versa. But most likely, they are doomed to long-term coexistence with possible mutual influence and interpenetration.

In Russia now there is complete liberality for parents: register your child under any name that comes to mind. Call him Vanya if you want, or Sigismund if you want. Last year, for example, boys were born in Russia with the names Air Traffic Controller and Lettuce, and in 2011 one girl was named Medmia in honor of President Medvedev.

In Portugal, on the contrary, everything is very strict with names for children. There is a special list of names that can or cannot be given to young Portuguese. It is published on the website of the Ministry of Justice and is mandatory for all registering organizations.

It should be noted that although there are restrictions, the choice is still rich: hundreds of names fit on several dozen pages. For example, you can’t call a boy Adriane, but you can call him Adriano. There may not be an Agatha girl, but Ágata is quite appropriate. Instead of the name Alexei, the choice will fall on the pleasant Portuguese Aléxio, and instead of the pseudo-Greek Ulice, the proud and noble Ulisses will sound. By the way, according to one version, the origin of the name of the capital Lisbon is associated with the name of the cunning king of Ithaca, Ulysses-Odysseus.

Analyzing the list, it can be assumed that the undesirable ones included names of foreign origin, and the permitted ones were mainly the names of saints of the Catholic calendar, brought into full compliance with the rules of Portuguese spelling.

By the way, the restriction on the use of names only applies if both parents are Portuguese: immigrants are free to name their children as they please.

Do you want to know which names are the most popular in Portugal? If you are expecting analogues of the Russian Lettuce Salad, then you will be greatly disappointed, but if you are a supporter of beautiful classic names, this is good news for you. Among female names, the most popular in Portugal is Maria. And this is not surprising, given the religiosity of the Portuguese. The following places in descending order are occupied by Beatriz, Ana, Leonor, Mariana and Matilde.

Among male names, João is the leader. This is an analogue of the Russian name Ivan, usually read in Russian as Joao, although in fact the transcription Zhuan is more correct: the letter combination -ão has a complex pronunciation, something between “a”, “o” and “u”, pronounced through the nose, but with his mouth slightly open. To understand, try saying something between “Joao” and “Juan” - this will be the best option. I hope I confused you properly, so just believe that “Juan” is a slightly more correct Russian translation. In addition, connotations immediately arise with Don Juan, “The Stone Guest” and other examples of literature familiar from childhood.

In conclusion, a short lyrical digression in the style of Rudyard Kipling’s fairy tales, which can be called “Why do the Portuguese have such long names.”

The fact is that at birth a child is given two names, and from his parents he receives two surnames: both from the mother and from the father. The order of first and last names is standardized: first comes the first name, then the second, then the mother's last name, and then the father's last name. As a result, the newborn becomes not just Diogo, but, for example, Diogo Carlos Socrates Santos. Do you agree, it sounds? With such a name you can conquer the world, and everyone will say that you really have the right to do so.