Foreign words in Russian speech. The meaning of foreign words in Russian

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called Early Modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched by a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) were in many cases subjected to Latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural relations with various countries during the New England period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries introduced more or less words from a wide variety of languages ​​of the world into the English language. In recent times, the international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established quite late, only by the 16th century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the English descriptions of the Moscow state that have survived to this day, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units, etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sable, were highly valued in Europe. In English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun “sable”, it is also given in the meaning of the adjective “black”.

A larger number of Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (elder), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet) were borrowed ), rouble (ruble), altyn (Altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (pies), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Some special terms also penetrate into the English language. For example: siberite is a special type of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the English vocabulary and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through the Polish language. Of course, the roots of such words as nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they arose in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as ispravnik (police officer), miroed (world eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] is indicated in writing by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (this word was first included in Ludolf’s “Russian Grammar”).

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm) ), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan, palace of culture, hero of labor.

Let us give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as kalek (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (greyhound), byelorussian* (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (dacha), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated into the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen in the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound appearance of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. The plural of most nouns borrowed from the Russian language is formalized in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives based on word-formation models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - to beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should also be noted that borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day constitute an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

One of the ways to develop a modern language is to borrow foreign words. The development of language is always closely related to the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts and relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion is caused primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as by the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. For example, English borrowings appeared in the Russian language such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, there is the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word. Examples: hotel for motor tourists - motel, summit - summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking lot, short distance running - sprint, drop in production - recession, retail trade - retail and many others.

Foreign words in the Russian language allow you to increase its means of expression. Particularly noticeable in recent years is the emergence of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as maintenance - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - boyfriend, dancing - dance hall, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception of guests - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from formal / book vocabulary have corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:

• accentuate - highlight;
• similar - similar;
• vary - change;
• vulgar - rude, vulgar;
• misinform - give false information;
• decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - constant, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words appeared in the Russian language due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to be replenished with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity you can find words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, and stores: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain-ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Ruchey); Second hand; Call center; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama.

Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have recently been most often used in them.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/clothing/trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art/radio/TV:

western, video clip, thriller, music video maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home/household/office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages ​​of African peoples and peoples of other continents that were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). For example, in Japanese the word “cassette” sounds like tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was noted: the word “sopy” means “soap” (in English “soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).

There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Dictionary of loanwords

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech in which they are included, makes people closer to each other, and it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?

Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages ​​and cultures interact.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with only an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
7. Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
8. Double consonants in the root.
9. The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third feature is word formation:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.

Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

On Friday, June 6, Russian Language Day is celebrated in our country, simultaneously with the anniversary of Alexander Pushkin. the site decided to find out what words our “great and mighty” enriched other languages.

Troika, vodka, samovar

Trade is not only the engine of progress, but also a means of spreading the language. As you know, one of the most popular Russian goods (before it became popular to sell oil) was fur. For some of them, especially valuable ones, there was no name in European languages, so they had to be borrowed from the country of origin. This is how the word "sable" appeared in English, in German - "Zobel", and in French - "zibeline", which means "sable".

There was also no name for another exclusive Russian product - sterlet, which is why in almost all European languages ​​this fish is called “sterlet”. These are some of the earliest borrowings. For example, in England they were recorded back in the 14th century.

Later, with the development of trade relations, more and more Russian words penetrated into other languages, but they, as a rule, denoted objects and phenomena associated exclusively with life in Russia. For example, when English merchants came to the Muscovites, they sold them their goods for roubles and copecks. They met Cossacks on the streets, and if they hesitated under their hooves, they could get a knock.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary as mammoth.

A curious story happened with the word "hat". It comes from the French "chapeau", which means "hat", "cap". Later, a reverse borrowing occurred, and now the French have the word “chapka” to designate a fur hat with earflaps.

Among other Russian words that foreigners remember, we will find “steppe” (steppe), “verst” (verst), “tsar” (king), “borsch”, “samovar”, “vodka” and many others. It is difficult to say how often these words are used in colloquial speech. But, for example, on the website of the largest American newspaper The New York Times, tsar, borsch, and samovar have appeared dozens of times over the past year, however, exclusively in the context related to Russian events.

From nihilists to perestroika

Another large layer of Russian words that have replenished foreign dictionaries is associated with historical and cultural events in Russia.

For example, when the American linguist Eugene Schuyler translated and published the novel Fathers and Sons in 1867, the English language added the word “nihilist.” Of course, this word has a Latin root, but it penetrated into the English language straight from Turgenev’s book.

The foreign press has always reacted to the socio-political processes that took place in Russia. It was from newspapers that the words “narodnik”, “pogrom”, “intelligentsia” came into European languages.

Just as the Russian language was once enriched with French “revolutionary” words like “Jacobins” and “guillotine”, so after the October Revolution European newspaper readers learned new concepts: “Soviet”, “bolshevik”, “kolkhoz”, “komsomol”, stakhanovit (Stakhanovite) etc.

Later, the Russian word "dacha" also entered many languages.

When the Soviet Union sent the world's first satellite into space in 1957, all the world's media reported about this event, preserving the Russian name for this spacecraft. From that day on, the word “sputnik” meaning “artificial satellite” became international.

Here it is - Sputnik. Photo: ITAR-TASS, 1957

In French, under the influence of Russian, the use of the word “le cosmos” itself changed; it began to mean “extraterrestrial space”, along with the word “l’espace”. The designation of an astronaut by the word "le cosmonaute", along with "l'astronaute", is also a result of the influence of the Russian language. Initially, the French press called the Soviet cosmonauts “le cosmonaute” and the American ones “l’astronaute”, and then they began to use the word “le cosmonaute” in relation to the Americans.

The Gorbachev era introduced new terms into foreign dictionaries: “perestroika” and “glasnost”, as well as “Chernobyl”.

"Good old dratsing"

The American writer Anthony Burgess borrowed a lot of Russian words for his dystopia A Clockwork Orange. His characters speak slang, called "nadsat" in the novel - as a Russian suffix for the numerals from eleven to nineteen (similar to the English "teen"). This is explained by the fact that the bearers of nadsat in A Clockwork Orange were teenagers (or nadtsatyje).

Most of the words in nadsat are words written in Latin from the Russian language: droog, moloko, malchik, korova, litso, viddy - to see, dratsing - fight, krasting - theft, dobby - kind, etc. In one Russian translation of the novel, the words nadsat were simply not translated, although they were inclined according to the rules of the Russian language, in another they were replaced by English words written in Cyrillic: “man”, “face”, “shop”, “friend”.

Charmers in the bistro

There are also words that are mistakenly considered borrowed. One of these is the designation of French eateries "bistros". According to a widespread legend, this word appeared in the French language when Russian troops entered Paris in 1814. It is believed that the Cossacks in restaurants demanded drinks and food, shouting “quickly, quickly!” However, in reality, the first “bistros” appeared almost 60 years after the Russians left Paris, which means that there are almost no people left who remembered them. There are several versions of the origin of this word. In particular, "bistraud" means in one of the dialects a wine merchant's assistant. Another version connects bistro with the word bistingo - tavern. Alternatively, bistro may go back to the colloquial word bistrouille, which refers to poor quality alcohol.

Grigory Medvedev

Foreign words are an integral and important part of any developing, living language. The Russian language is no exception in this regard. Foreign terms and words enrich it, make it more flexible and imaginative, and help explain complex phenomena and thoughts more simply and concisely. Language borrowings serve as an indicator of the depth of interstate and interethnic interaction.

What it is?

Foreign words are words that entered the Russian language from other languages. Borrowing words is a completely natural and necessary process, which becomes a consequence of cultural, trade, military, and political ties of the Russian state with other countries.

During its development, the Russian language passed through many foreign words, weeding out unnecessary ones, leaving and mastering useful ones. At the moment, foreign language borrowings make up approximately a tenth of all Russian vocabulary. Many of them have so dissolved in the language that they are now perceived as native Russian words.

Why is this happening?

Intensive borrowing of foreign words is not a sign of language weakness. On the contrary, it is an indicator of his strength, energy, and liveliness. The more actively the state develops and interacts with the world around it, the more new terms and concepts the state language absorbs.

Especially many foreign words appear in the language at moments of cardinal social, political or cultural transformations. For example, on Russian soil such transformations were the advent of Orthodoxy in Rus', the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Peter's reforms, revolutions of the early 20th century, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Russian language has always easily absorbed foreign words, using them for its needs.

The main reasons for borrowing include the following:

• contacts with other states;
• the need for terms and names that were lacking in the Russian language;
• replacing large and difficult-to-understand descriptive phrases with one foreign word;
• differentiation of concepts that are close in meaning, but differ in details;
• the authority of a foreign language in a certain field (science, music);
• fashion for language in certain sectors of society;
• the need to identify and describe someone else’s culture, customs, and traditions.

How does this happen?

Foreign words appear in Russian in two ways: through oral speech or through writing. Oral borrowing sometimes changes words beyond recognition. Thus, the Italian word tartufolo became “potato”, and the German word kringel became “pretzel”. When borrowed in writing, words practically do not change their appearance and sound.

Finding itself in a new language environment, a foreign word gradually obeys the laws of grammar, phonetics, and word formation accepted in the Russian language, and over time turns from a “foreign body” that hurts the ears and eyes into a full-fledged representative of the Russian vocabulary. Foreign words are borrowed both directly when the Russian language comes into contact with a foreign language, and indirectly - through an intermediary language.

Donor languages

The Russian state has at all times pursued an active foreign policy, spreading its activities and interests outward. In this it differed, for example, from China or Japan, which were reluctant to contact foreigners. Rus' was open to relationships with its neighbors, occupied new lands, traded and fought with other countries, willingly got acquainted with foreign cultures, and learned crafts, science, and military affairs from more developed states.

These contacts were accompanied by intensive borrowing of foreign words. Russian came into contact with many languages, mastering new and necessary foreign terms. Some of them left a very weak trace, but several languages ​​in total became a source of hundreds of new words for Russian:

Types of foreign words

All foreign words mastered by the Russian language can be divided into four large parts:

• Borrowed.
• Exoticisms.
• Foreign language inclusions.
• Internationalisms.

Loan words

Borrowed (or mastered) foreign words are words that originally appeared in a foreign language, and then were introduced into Russian and mastered by it. Borrowed words have completely taken root in the new language environment. Such words are transmitted through the graphic and phonetic means of the Russian language, obey its grammatical rules, have a specific, stable meaning, and are widely used in various fields of knowledge and activity. Examples: clown, rocket, body, arsenal, saber, shark, sandals, office, square, kefir, zenith, confusion, fakir, verse, fiesta, gentleman, company, tea, vacation, postulate, oval, fruit, canister, backpack, peat, film, flask, ottoman, table, fair, driver, locomotive, orange.

Exoticisms

These are words that will allow you to localize and clarify the description of something for which there are no specific words in the Russian language. Exoticisms help to figuratively and succinctly describe a foreign reality, convey the national flavor, the originality of a region, people, and country. With their help, you can create and endow literary characters with special national characteristics. The most common types of exoticisms are:

• Institutions - Sejm, Khural, Reichstag, Parliament, Rada.
• Drinks and food - whiskey, gin, Pernod, goulash, pilaf, pudding, risotto, paella, poses, pasta.
• Items of clothing - sombrero, kimono, sari, zhupan, geta, poncho.
• Money - dollars, yen, drachma, francs, dinars.
• Titles, professions, officials - lord, laborer, abbot, bek, chancellor, gondolier, rickshaw, geisha, hetman, burgher, mister, don, missus.
• National holidays - Purim, Hanukkah, Yom Kippur, Shabbat, Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Adha, Pongal, Vesak, Asala, Fiesta.
• Dances, songs and musical instruments - hopak, minuet, sirtaki, yodel, khoomei, duduk, bagpipes, sitar, maracas.
• The names of the winds are sirocco, tornado, buran, zephyr, boreas, mistral.
• Dwellings - yaranga, wigwam, hut, igloo.

Foreign language inclusions

These foreign words differ from exoticisms in that, as a rule, they retain their original phonetics and graphic spelling. Frequently, catchphrases that are used in scientific works, fiction, journalism and direct speech become foreign-language inclusions. They are often humorous or ironic in nature.

Examples: alter ego, post factum, c"est la vie, tete-a-tete, happy end, o.k., post scriptum, terra incognita.

Internationalisms

These are a kind of cosmopolitan words that sound almost the same in many languages. Internationalisms often become universal scientific terms that are easily understood without translation throughout the world. The greatest contribution to the creation of such foreign words was made by Latin, English and Greek.

Examples: television, philosophy, republic, civilization, constitution, space, satellite, chaos, gas, car, democracy, monologue, atom, student.

Foreign words in modern Russian

Recent decades have brought two major waves of borrowings to the Russian language. The Union collapsed, the ideological curtain collapsed, strict party censorship disappeared, and a grandiose socio-political restructuring took place in the country. In the vocabulary of Russians, on the pages of books and newspapers, on television screens, many new words or words that have been mastered for a long time, but have gone out of use, have appeared.

At the same time, the information technology revolution was unfolding in full force across the planet, the result of which were hundreds of phenomena, processes and things that did not have a name and received them, as a rule, with the help of the English language. These new terms were quickly absorbed into other languages. In the modern Russian language, foreign words have appeared or taken on new colors. These are, for example, words such as:

• in politics - separatist, corruption, legitimate, inauguration, PR, oligarch, prime minister, image, president, senator;
• in economics - brand, default, outsourcing, business, voucher, inflation, investment, holding, issue, firm, consulting, holding, management, merchandiser;
• in the information technology field - blog, Internet, website, avatar, update, installation, cursor, browser, click, offline, interface, login, posting, link;
• in sports - snowboarding, freestyle, curling, kiting, overtime, kitesurfing;
• in music - rap, punk, house, hip-hop, rave, mix.