Like his predecessors, there was multinational. In Karelia, the very extensive possessions of the Novgorod boyars were liquidated. Their peasants became chernososhny (state-owned) and sat on quitrent. The property of the monasteries was also confiscated, but partially. Local peasant farmers, due to poor fertility of arable land and low yields, sown quite large areas. They lived by fishing, hunting, and catching sea animals. In some areas they were engaged in iron production and salt boiling. In the “rows” in the city of Korel they sold food and handicrafts. The Solovetsky Monastery had a rich economy. He sold many thousands of poods of salt a year throughout the country. Through Kola and the mouth of the Northern Dvina, products and products of Pomerania went abroad.
By the end of Novgorod's rule, Karelians began to bear Russian names and surnames. Many spoke and wrote in Russian. Local folk legends used the Karelian Chudinov in the history of Karelia and Lapland he wrote; Unfortunately, his work has not survived; it is mentioned by a Dutch traveler who visited Kandalaksha. Russian icon painting and church architecture became widespread in Karelia.
Non-Russian peoples within Russia, 16th century (unknown artist).
The Karelians and Russians had to repel aggressive invasions from the west. The Swedes captured Korela and its district in 1581. But local residents started a guerrilla war against them. It was led by the peasant Kirill Ragozin. Their actions continued for many years. Another leader appeared - Karelian Luka Räsäinen. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-1595. Russia returned the lost lands - Korela and its district, Izhora land, the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivan-gorod. Due to the severe devastation of the Korelsky district, Boris Godunov exempted it from taxes for 10 years and gave its residents the right to duty-free trade. These measures have borne fruit - residents are returning to their homes, economic life is being restored.
The Perm land, inhabited by the Komi, was called the Vymskaya and Vychegda land. The far northeastern regions began to be settled here only in the 16th century. Settlements appeared at the mouth of the Tsilma, on Izhma, and in other places in the Pechora basin. Agriculture, largely shifting, developed poorly due to natural conditions. Bread was imported, but there was not enough of it either. Other sectors of the economy were much more productive - livestock farming, fishing, hunting. In the last quarter of the 16th century. The Seregovo salt mines arose. Komi artisans made leather, shoes, clothing, and blacksmith's products; merchants traded in Pomerania and beyond the Urals, in Siberia. The Komi peasants were mostly black farmers. The Perm bishop alone owned 89 peasant households in Ust-Vym.
North of Karelia, Kola Peninsula inhabited by the Sami (Lop, Lapps). They fished, hunted, and raised deer. They paid tribute to the Moscow treasury and gave them carts. Russians appeared in their lands, monasteries occupied lands and fishing grounds. Denmark and Sweden laid claim to the Kola Peninsula. But their attempts to capture it ended in failure.
In the Far North, from the Mezen River to the lower reaches of the Ob, lived the Nenets (Samoyeds) - nomads, their occupations were reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. Local lands are also being vigorously developed by Russian merchants and industrialists. The Nenets paid tribute to Moscow.
Already at the end of the 15th century, several campaigns of Russian governors led to the annexation of the Ugra land. The Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) lived here. Local princes collected tribute for Moscow. From the beginning of the 1570s. Kuchum, the ruler of the Siberian Khanate, subjugated the southern Khanty and Mansi lands. But after Ermak’s campaign they returned to Russian citizenship.
The inhabitants of the Middle Volga region - Tatars and Chuvash (descendants of the Volga Bulgars), Udmurts, Mari, Mordovians - were part of the Kazan Khanate. Their occupations are agriculture and animal husbandry, hunting and beekeeping. The lands belonged to the khans, tarkhans (secular feudal lords), and the clergy (waqf possessions). In cities (Kazan - the capital of the Khanate, Arsk, Laishev, Mamadysh, etc.) crafts were developed. Local craftsmen made good leather - yuft and morocco, blacksmith and copper foundries, gold and silver products, dishes made of clay and wood, etc.
IN 1552 The Khanate with its lands and peoples was included in Russia. The region was governed by governors sitting in Kazan; at the end of the century, the Kazan Prikaz (Prikaz of the Kazan Palace) appeared in Moscow. Back in 1555, a diocese was established in Kazan, and the Christianization of the local population began. Non-Russian feudal lords, loyal to Moscow, retained their lands and became nobles of Russia.
Bashkiria, like the Kazan kingdom, was torn apart by strife. In addition, its different parts were subordinate to three overlords - the Kazan, Siberian khanates and the Nogai Horde, which roamed between the Volga and Yaik. Khans and biys, their own and others, mercilessly exploited and simply robbed ordinary Bashkirs.
Afterwards, western Bashkiria went to Russia (1552), another part of it did the same five years later (1557); eastern outskirts—after the final defeat of the Siberian Khan Kuchum (1598). The Bashkirs began to pay yasak to the royal treasury and serve in the Russian army. Their cavalry, swift and formidable, took part in the Livonian and other wars. The rulers of the Nogai Horde either swore allegiance to Russia or renounced it.
With the accession of the Astrakhan and Nogai Hordes to Russia, local Tatars, Nogais and other peoples became involved in its life, economic and political.
The entry of all these peoples into Russia was of no small importance for them. They got rid of the raids and devastation of warlike neighbors, the bloody strife of their rulers. Under the influence of the Russians, they developed agriculture, haymaking, crafts, and trade. New cities are appearing. Russian and non-Russian residents exchange economic skills, elements folk culture, conclude mixed marriages, become in some cases “bilingual”.
But, in addition to the positive ones, there were also negative aspects: violence and oppression of the Russian, local and central administration, spiritual authorities (forced Christianization), seizure of land by Russian feudal lords. All this could not but lead to contradictions and clashes. Local residents offered not only passive resistance (refusal to fulfill duties, poor performance, escapes), but also active resistance—they raised uprisings. During the latter, the lower classes opposed social and national oppression, the upper classes pursued their class goals, up to secession from Russia and the subordination of the former khanates to Crimea and Turkey.
Kabarda in the North Caucasus also accepted citizenship in relation to Russia (1555). He married Maria Temryukovna, the daughter of her ruler, Prince Temryuk Idarov. This act weakened the onslaught of Crimea and Turkey, which dominated the lower reaches of the Don and the Kuban region. In 1569, when the Turks launched a large campaign against Astrakhan from Azov, their army was crushed by Russians, Kabardians and Circassians. Turkish expansion in the Lower Volga region failed.
In the North Caucasus, a knot of contradictions is emerging between Russia, Turkey and Iran, which also laid claim to local lands.
Peoples of Russia
in the second half of the 16th century.
Goals and objectives: introduce the history of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century, the stages of Russian development of new lands; characterize the process of spreading Christianity among the population of lands annexed to Russia in the 16th century.
Planned results: subject: define the conceptdiocese ; apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and techniques historical analysis to describe methods of introducing Orthodoxy; use knowledge about the territory and borders, the place and role of Russia in the world historical process; use information from a historical map as a source of information; express judgments about the process of turning Russia into a major Eurasian power; describe the essential features of the forms of state and military structure of the peoples of Russia; characterize the policy pursued by Ivan IV in the Volga region and Siberia; describe the taxes and duties paid by the population of lands annexed to Russia;meta-subject UUD - 1) communicative: organize educational cooperation and joint activities with the teacher and peers; working individually and in a group, find common decision and resolve conflicts based on coordination of positions and taking into account the interests of the parties; consciously use verbal means in accordance with the task of communication to express their feelings, thoughts and needs; 2)regulatory: formulate target settings for educational activities, build an algorithm of actions; make the most choice effective ways solving assigned problems; apply initial research skills when solving search problems; present the results of your activities; 3)educational: own general reception solving educational problems; to Work with different sources information, analyze and evaluate information, transform it from one form to another;personal UUD: to form and develop cognitive interest in studying the history of Russia; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations; evaluate historical events and the role of individuals in history; respect cultural and historical heritage through understanding the historical conditionality and motivation of the actions of people of previous eras.
Equipment: textbook, map “Russia in the 16th century,” a package with working material for working in groups.
Lesson type: lesson of general methodological orientation.
During the classes
Organizing time
Updating of reference knowledge
(Commented analysis of homework. Survey on basic concepts. The teacher asks the student to explain several terms. The next two or three students continue to give definitions of concepts. The remaining students can complement and correct their classmates.)
Motivational-target stage
In previous lessons we looked at the political history of Russia and the social composition of the population. However, history is not only about economics, wars and campaigns. It is impossible to imagine the life of Russian society without knowing the traditions and customs of the peoples of Russia. Let's talk about this in our lesson.
Lesson topic: “The peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century.”
What do you think we will talk about?
What questions do we have to answer?
(Students express their guesses.)
Lesson Plan
Peoples of Western Siberia and the Volga region.
Formation of a new administration.
Development of annexed lands by Russians.
The problem of religion in the annexed lands.Problematic question
How did the process of Russia's transformation into the largest Eurasian power take place?
Introduction to new material
In the 16th century The territory of the Russian state expanded noticeably. It included new peoples. How was their relationship with the royal authorities? How were the new territories governed? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.
Work on the topic of the lesson
Peoples of Western Siberia and the Volga region
During the reign of Ivan IV, the Volga region and Western Siberia were annexed to the Russian state.
Show the annexed territories on the map. Describe the peoples who inhabited them using the material on p. 76, 77 textbook and online resources.
(Checking the completion of the task. With the advice of the teacher, fill out the table.)
Groupspeoples
People
Territory
residence
Date of annexation of new lands
Finno-
Ugrians
Khanty and Mansi
East European Plain, Urals and Siberia
End XVI V.
Turks
Chuvash, Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs
Right and left banks of the Walsh
1551-1557
Finno-
Ugrians
Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians
Turks
Astrakhan Tatars, Nogai
Lower Volga region
1556
Finno-
Ugrians
Mordva
Turks
Nogai, Bashkirs, Argyns, Karluks, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Naimans
Ural, lower Ob
1557
Formation of a new administration
It was necessary to develop a model for managing the new territories and form a new administration.
Working in groups with the textbook material (pp. 77,78), guess what steps the Russian state should have taken to solve the problem of managing new lands.
Writing in a notebook
The Russian government confirmed the rights of the local nobility:
to own ancestral land;
collecting tribute from the population and managing it.
Service people:
were accepted into service for a salary, and also received estates for it;
received trade and craft benefits.
Questions for discussion
What are the merits of the model for forming a new administration?
What are the disadvantages of this model?
Development of annexed lands by Russians
The territory of Russia lay in a zone of sharply continental climate with a short agricultural summer. The country had no access to warm seas. In the absence of natural borders (sea or ocean coasts, large mountain ranges, etc.), the constant struggle against external aggression required the strain of all the country's resources. The lands of the west and south of the former Old Russian state were in the hands of Russia's opponents. Traditional trade and cultural ties were weakened and broken.
The Russians began to develop the fertile black soils of the Wild Field (south of the Oka River), the Volga region, and southern Siberia.
Complete task 2 for the text of the paragraph.
The problem of religion in the annexed lands
(After studying the material on pp. 78-80 of the textbook, students answer the questions.)
Who was responsible for the main task of introducing the peoples of the annexed lands to Orthodoxy?(On the created V 1555 G. Kazan diocese.)
Who and why took an active part in missionary activities?(Monasteries, which were granted land ownership for this.)
Working with the map, name the most big cities Russia XVI century(Moscow, Tver, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk and etc.)
What document became the guide for missionary work?(“Ordained memory.”)
What methods of spreading Orthodoxy were prescribed by this document?(Non-violent.)
What privileges did the peoples who adopted Orthodoxy receive? (Various benefits - exemption from paying yasak for three years; the nobility were equal in rights to the Russian service class.)
What were people called who voluntarily converted to Orthodoxy?(Newly baptized.)
What goals did the Russian government pursue in spreading Christianity among the newly annexed peoples?(Strengthening the central government in the newly annexed territories.)
What policies were pursued towards those who professed Islam?(Tolerance.)
Summing up the lesson
Let's check how well you have learned the new material.
Complete the tasks in the “Thinking, Comparing, Reflecting” section p. 81 textbooks.
(Checking the completion of the task.)
Prepare a report about one of the annexed peoples.
In the 17th century The territory of the country has increased significantly. And that's all large quantity various peoples were part of it. These peoples became participants in all-Russian socio-economic and cultural processes.
Inclusion of different peoples into Russia
On the one hand, this inclusion led to the development of national regions of the country that previously knew only a tribal system, on the other hand, innovations broke them traditional life and culture. The attack on their lands by boyars, landowners and the Church, and the arbitrariness of the governors caused discontent among non-Russian peoples.
It must be recalled that the Tatars lived in the Volga-Kama interfluve; in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers lived the Mordvinians, Mari and Chuvash; Komi inhabited the Pechora River basin; Udmurts - the Urals along the Kama River; Karelians occupied lands bordering Finland; Kalmyks settled in the lower reaches of the Volga and along the northern coast of the Caspian Sea; in the Urals, along the banks of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, as well as in the Middle Urals, the Bashkirs lived; Kabardians, dependent on Russia, lived in the North Caucasus.
The conquest by Russia in the mid-16th century was a turning point for the history of some peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, annexation of the northeastern lands.
A characteristic feature is the increasingly multinational composition of these territories, the mixed residence of different peoples, and free migration. The colonization of the Volga and Urals regions by Russian peasants, who brought their economic farming experience to the forest and hunting regions, was becoming more and more widespread. This process was largely peaceful. With the appearance of Russian landowners and church feudal lords in the Tatar, Mordovian, Chuvash, and Mari lands, the norms of Russian laws extended to privately owned lands, serfdom. In the area between the Oka and Volga rivers, on fertile lands, this process was faster; in the Urals, in the northeast, in distant forest areas - slower.
In the 17th century the bulk of the inhabitants of these regions were state peasants. They paid taxes to the treasury in furs and food products, carried out state duties - in the construction of roads, bridges and fortress walls, and performed yamskaya gonba (postal service).
The government demanded that the authorities respect the traditions and customs of non-Russian peoples, punished violence and abuse, and sought to enlist the support of the local elite. Tatar murzas, Kalmyk taishas, tribal leaders and elders were granted the rights of nobles, they were allocated lands, and the collection of taxes was left to them. Over time, the local nobility began to faithfully serve Moscow.
In the forested northeastern regions where the Komi lived, there was little privately owned land; local residents were personally free. Russian fishermen flocked here. These lands were especially rich in furs, fish, and other gifts from forests and rivers. Salt deposits were discovered here, and salt production was constantly expanding. Many residents went to the salt mines. Trade routes from the White Sea to Siberia passed through the Komi region. All this tied the local lands and their population more closely to all-Russian processes.
The Christianization of these places became a strong lever for the development of the Volga and Urals regions and the establishment of Russian power here. The Tatar Murzas, who did not want to convert to Orthodoxy, had their lands taken away. Those who converted to Christianity were promised benefits on taxes and duties.
In the north-west of the country the fate of the Finno-Ugric peoples was difficult. Historically associated with Russian lands, after the Time of Troubles they fell under the subordination of Sweden, which established its own rules here and introduced Protestantism. Many Karelians fled to Eastern Karelia, which remained with Russia. The local residents traditionally engaged in hunting and fishing, and sown grain on poor rocky soils. New trends entered the life of the Karelian region: the development of ore deposits and iron processing began, the first manufactories appeared.
Became part of Russia in the middle of the 16th century. Kabarda remained a vassal of Russia. Gradually Russian influence it intensified here. In the 17th century The first Russian fortresses appeared on the banks of the Terek, the garrisons of which consisted of servicemen and Cossacks.
The peoples of European Russia sometimes shared military hardships with the Russian people. Thus, the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kabardian cavalry took part in the wars with Poland and went on Crimean campaigns.
When the Russian authorities, merchants and entrepreneurs, and Russian feudal lords allowed violence and arbitrariness against the local population, they defended their interests with arms in hand. At the end of the 17th century. Karelian peasants rebelled when they tried to assign them as workers to one of the local industrial enterprises. In the 1660-1680s. A major uprising broke out in Bashkiria in response to Russian land grabs and forced Christianization. The Volga and Ural peoples took an active part in the uprising of Stepan Razin.
Final annexation of Siberia
XVII century became a turning point in Russia's mastery of all of Siberia, right up to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Relying on fortresses in the upper and middle reaches of the Yenisei, on trading settlements and outposts at river mouths near the coast of the Arctic Ocean, Russian troops continued to move east.
What led them to Siberia? The conquest of new lands under the high hand of the Russian Tsar, the desire of service people and traders to make money in regions rich in fur and fish, indomitable curiosity and a desire to discover unknown lands and peoples.
Many different peoples lived in the vast expanses of Siberia. The number of each of them was small. Their main weapons were stone axes, bows and arrows. The Khanty and Mansi, who had already accepted Russian citizenship, lived on the Yenisei. Further to the east lived East Siberian peoples still unknown to Russian people: in the Baikal region, along the upper reaches of the Angara and Vitim - the Buryats; east of the Yenisei up to the Okhotsk coast - the Evenks (their old name is the Tungus); in the basin of the Lena, Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers - the Yakuts; in Southern Transbaikalia and the Amur region - Daurs and Duchers; in the northeast of Siberia up to the Bering Strait - Koryaks, Chukchi, Yukaghirs; in Kamchatka - Itelmens.
The Yakuts and Daurs had a highly developed economy for that time. The latter had constant contacts with the Chinese.
Russian explorers moved to these regions starting in the 1630s. Siberian governors from Tobolsk, the Yenisei fort and Mangazeya (a trading village and port on the Taz River, not far from the Gulf of Ob) sent detachments “to visit Buryatka’s new lands and explain to the people there.”
In the early 1630s. The first detachments of service people appeared on the Lena. The fort built here was attacked local residents led by toyons (princes). But bows and arrows were not sufficient weapons against arquebuses and cannons. New detachments arrived on Lena and sent messages to the governors that the Yakut land was populous and barren, that the Yakuts were warriors and did not want to give the sovereign tribute.
The Toyons led the fight against the Russians. One of them, You Nina, inflicted several defeats on the royal troops. In the course of further battles and negotiations, it was possible to persuade the Yakut leaders to enter the sovereign service. Some of the toyons received the title of ulus princes. The center of Russian influence became the Yakutsk fort - the future Yakutsk.
Following the service people, fishermen came here, and then peasants. It took three years to get from the center of Russia to Lena. From these lands came a stream of yasak - the skins of sables, ermines, foxes, and the highly prized walrus tusk.
The Yakut fort became a base from which expeditions of servicemen to the east were equipped. Some detachments headed to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Amur River, others crossed the Verkhoyansk Range and went to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka and to the middle reaches of the Kolyma, while others moved from the mouth of the Lena by sea.
Russia is famous as a multinational state; more than 190 peoples live in the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation has its own history, culture and heritage. Let us examine in more detail the national composition of Russia, considering each ethnic group separately.
Large nationalities of Russia
Russians are the largest indigenous ethnic group living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equal to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure of up to 150 million. IN Russian Federation More than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) million Russians live; most Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we look at the map of Russia, the Russian people are distributed in large numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country...
Tatars, compared to Russians, make up only 3.7% of the country's total population. Tatar people has a population of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where there are not even a thousand people from the Tatar people...
Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of total number all residents of the Russian Federation. Of the one and a half million people, the majority (approximately 1 million) live on the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries...
Chuvash are indigenous people Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition Russians. If you believe the population census, then about 880 thousand Chuvash live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine...
Chechens are a people settled in the North Caucasus; Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia the number Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics, since 2015 the number of Chechens in the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. This people makes up 1.01% of the total population of Russia...
The Mordovian people number about 800 thousand people (approximately 750 thousand), this is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. Least of all this ethnic group lives in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions, not even 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people will gather there...
The Udmurt people number 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnic group lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest are dispersed in neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Perm region, Kirov region, Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine...
The Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the most densely populated regions of Yakuts are the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky district...
According to statistics available after the population census, 460 thousand Buryats live in Russia. This represents 0.32% of the total number of Russians. The majority (about 280 thousand people) of the Buryats live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated territory with Buryats is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and the Trans-Baikal Territory (73 thousand), and the least populated is the Kamchatka Territory and Kemerovo region, you can’t find even 2000 thousand Buryats there...
The number of Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, these people have chosen not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people are found in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs...
The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of these people, not counting Kalmykia, live in Astrakhan and Volgograd regions- about 7 thousand people. And the least number of Kalmyks live in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people...
Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population left historical territory habitat, now they live in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of the Altai people is 79 thousand people, a percentage of 0.06 of the total number of Russians...
The Chukchi belong to small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. These people are scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Magadan Region...
These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because in our state there are also peoples of other countries. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total population, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.
We can continue endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples, both indigenous and those arriving from other countries and even continents, under one roof.
Trepavlov Vadim Vintserovich,
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
leading researcher at the Institute Russian history RAS.
One of the fundamental issues in Russian historiography is the interpretation of the annexation of peoples and territories to Russia, the building of relations between them and the central government.
In the works of historians written over the past decade and a half, there has been a departure from the previous apologetic approach, taking into account both voluntary and violent forms of accession.
During the Soviet period, historians often easily declared this or that people to have voluntarily entered into Russian citizenship - on the basis of the first agreement, an agreement between the local nobility and the government or with the provincial Russian authorities. Recurrences of this approach still occur today. Anniversaries of “voluntary entry” began to be celebrated again in the Russian republics in beginning of XXI century. So, in 2007 there is a whole series of similar celebrations. The 450th anniversary of “voluntary entry into Russia” will be celebrated in Adygea, Bashkiria, Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, the 300th anniversary - in Khakassia; next year the corresponding anniversary will be celebrated in Udmurtia (450 years), then in Kalmykia (400 years); in 2001 and 2002 celebrations died down in Chuvashia and Mari El... Established once, often in Soviet time(as a rule, on the initiative of the regional party leadership), artificial and opportunistic schemes are projected onto the interpretation of real historical processes.
In reality, the picture was much more complex. The Russian side and its partners often perceived the relationship of subordination and citizenship in completely different ways, and it is necessary to take into account the differences in views on joining Russia and on the status of being part of it among the Russian authorities and among the annexed peoples.
To illustrate, let us turn to some of the regions listed above - Bashkiria and the area of settlement of the Circassians (according to modern ethnic nomenclature - Adygeans, Kabardians and Circassians).
The annexation of the territory of the modern Republic of Bashkortostan to the Russian state was not a simultaneous act. At the same time, the formal entry into citizenship of the Bashkirs occurred long before their actual inclusion in the administrative system of Russia.
By the middle of the 16th century. The region of settlement of the Bashkir tribes was divided between three states: the western part was part of the Kazan Khanate, the central and southern (i.e., the main part of present-day Bashkiria) was subordinate to the Nogai Horde, the northeastern tribes were tributaries of the Siberian khans.
After the conquest of Kazan in October 1552, the government of Tsar Ivan IV turned to the peoples of the Khanate, including the Bashkirs. They were encouraged to continue to pay taxes (yasak) to the Russian authorities - just like the Tatar khans; the population was guaranteed the inviolability of local customs and the Muslim religion; the tsar promised to preserve for the Bashkirs their ancestral lands as patrimonial (hereditary) possession. During 1554 - 1555 representatives of the western Bashkir tribes came to the royal governor in Kazan and confirmed their agreement with the specified conditions with an oath (shertya).
The chronology of these events is restored analytically, since information about them was not preserved in official documents. The information is contained only in Bashkir tribal genealogies (shezhere), where the dates are not indicated or are distorted.
In the mid-1550s, the Nogai Horde was engulfed in internecine turmoil and famine. Most of the Nogai migrated to the southern steppes, their nomadic camps were empty. The Bashkirs began to distribute them among their tribes and populate them. To secure their occupied nomads, protect them from Nogai invasions, and also to assert patrimonial rights to old ancestral domains (as in the case of Western tribes), the tribes of central and southern Bashkiria sent delegations to Kazan to the Tsar with a request to accept them under their protection and patronage. This happened in 1555 - 1557. These events are also reconstructed mainly based on shezher. However, they were also reflected in the official chronicle. The Nikon Chronicle quotes the report of the Kazan governor, Prince P.I. Shuisky, to Moscow that in May 1557, envoys from the Bashkirs confirmed in Kazan their submission to the tsar and brought the required tax (“the Bashkirs came, finishing off with their brows, and paid yasak”1 ).
It is believed that this chronicle record records the completion of the annexation of the main part of the Bashkir tribes to the Russian state. It was the message from the Nikon Chronicle of 1557 that served as the main basis for celebrating the 400th anniversary of Bashkiria’s entry into Russia in 1957. However, the process of the Bashkirs joining the Russian state began before this date and continued after it.
The foundation of the Russian fortress in Ufa and the quartering of the Streltsy garrison of the governor Mikhail Nagogo in 1586, the establishment of a special Ufa district already marked the actual expansion of jurisdiction Russian government to this region.
In the same 1586, the Trans-Ural Bashkirs, former subjects of the Siberian khans, accepted Russian citizenship.
In the context of the constant claims of the Nogais to the South Ural territories and the threat from the Kalmyks (and later the Kazakhs), the powerful rear in the form of Russian governors and fortress garrisons served as a significant incentive for the loyalty of the Bashkirs towards Russia in the future. Indigenous people Southern Urals Since then, it has never left Russian citizenship, but, on the contrary, has become more and more closely involved in the life of the state.
The way of life and intra-tribal relations among the Bashkirs initially remained intact. From previous times, the division of the region into five province-roads was preserved, and they, in turn, consisted of volosts. All government policies in the region were carried out through the volost biys (elders). For example, to solve important issues the Ufa governor was not always involved, but a volost assembly was assembled; All-Bashkir yiyns are also known.
In general, both sides—the Russian (represented by the administration) and the Bashkir—recognized the status Bashkir people as having voluntarily joined the Russian state and therefore received from Ivan IV the right to live in the most preferential administrative regime.
However, in the second half of the 17th century. this regime began to change. Russian villages appeared on Bashkir pastures and hunting grounds, and the authorities increased taxation rates. The most significant changes were noticeable in the 18th century: under Peter I, the obligation to serve government duties was extended to Bashkirs; in 1754, traditional yasak payments were replaced by a salt monopoly. Indignation was caused by the increasing frequency in the 18th century. allocations (in fact, seizures) of large areas for fortresses and factories.
These innovations did not undermine the economic foundations of the local population and in themselves were not very difficult, especially in comparison with the situation of the Russian serf peasantry. But the memory of voluntary accession and royal grants led the Bashkirs to the conviction that the government was unilaterally violating its long-standing obligations. The Bashkirs considered citizenship to the king as their own free choice, as a result of mutual agreement with Moscow. Therefore, they considered themselves entitled to defend by force the rights they had once received from the government, as well as to terminate previous agreements and, ultimately, change the overlord. The above reasons, together with the abuses of officials, caused massive indignation among the Bashkirs and a series of their uprisings in the 17th - 18th centuries.
Gradually, with the overcoming of contradictions and conflicts, the indigenous inhabitants of the Southern Urals adapted to new conditions of existence. As part of the Russian state, the Bashkirs, like other peoples, adapted to its political system and legislation, mastered communication through the dominant Russian language, mastered the achievements of Russian science and culture, bringing their own contribution to them.
Active political ties between Russia and the principalities of the North Caucasus began in the mid-16th century. According to the diplomatic procedures adopted at that time, these relations were often formalized by sherts and were accompanied by assurances of citizenship (“servitude”). However, in those days, ideas about citizenship, patronage, and suzerainty sometimes turned out to be rather conditional. As not only Caucasian materials, but also Siberian, Kalmyk and others show, “nationality” declared on the basis of “shert” agreements should be accompanied by serious reservations. The two-hundred-year epic of the repeated “loss” of Kabardian, Dagestan, Georgian and other rulers to the Russian tsars confirms this feature international relations late Middle Ages.
Most authors are by no means inclined to literally perceive the alliances concluded at that time as the transition of the Circassians to the Russian “White Tsar”. They are reasonably interpreted as a result of the coincidence of interests of the local ruling elite and Russian authorities, as evidence of a political alliance directed against third forces - neighboring powers fighting for the Caucasus. Maneuvering between Persia, Turkey and Russia often formed the basis of the foreign policy of local rulers. The result of such maneuvering was the “general servility” that periodically arose in the Caucasus - recognition of subordination to both the Russian Tsar and the Persian Shah or Ottoman Sultan.
In the middle of the 16th century, simultaneously with the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates by Ivan IV and the access of the Moscow state to the Caspian Sea, friendly relations between Moscow and some Adyghe rulers were established. In 1552, 1555, 1557 Embassies from Kabarda and from the Western (Trans-Kuban) Circassians came to Ivan the Terrible with a request for their citizenship, for help against the expansion of the Crimean khans and in the fight against the Kazimukh (Dagestan) Shamkhap. In July 1557, representatives of the two Kabardian princes were received by the tsar, who responded favorably to the request “to commit [them] into servitude and help them perpetrate on their enemies.” Later, Ivan IV even married a Kabardian princess.
