Ivan Papanin was born on November 14 (26), 1894 in Sevastopol in the family of a sailor who worked in the port. All his childhood and youth passed near the sea. Graduated from four grades of primary school. In 1908 he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the production of navigation instruments. Ivan Papanin proved himself very well in production, and in 1912 he was transferred to the shipbuilding plant in Reval (Tallinn).
At the beginning of the First World War, Papanin was called up to military service, and he again found himself in his native Crimea, in the Black Sea Fleet. 1918-1920 - active participant Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea. Since 1920 - Commissioner of Operations under the Commander of the Naval Forces and the Forces of the Southwestern Front. Since the end of 1920 - commandant of the Crimean Cheka. From July 1921 to March 1922, Papanin worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1924, he moved to Moscow, where he worked on communications issues, and it was here that he graduated from the Higher Courses of Communications. After graduation, he went to work in Yakutia.
Since 1932, Papanin was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station on Franz Josef Land, and since 1934 - at the station at Cape Chelyuskin.
In 1937-1938, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin became the head of the world's first drifting station, the North Pole. This event elevated him to the rank of one of the most famous people in our country and the world.
This expedition added unique scientific data to knowledge about the Arctic and its nature. The results of the station’s work and its drift were reported General meeting USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938. The assessment of the expedition's activities was very high. For heroic work in difficult conditions of the Arctic, all participants in the polar drift were nominated for the title of Heroes Soviet Union. The scientific community also highly appreciated their achievements. Papanin and radio operator Ernst Krenkel received doctorate degrees geographical sciences.
At the end of 1939 - beginning of 1940, the whole country watched the rescue of the icebreaker Georgy Sedov, which had drifted for 812 days, from ice captivity. Ivan Papanin led the rescue efforts, which were successfully completed. Ivan Dmitrievich was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time.
From 1939 to 1946, Papanin headed the Main Northern Sea Route and was also appointed commissioner State Committee defense for transportation in the North.
During the war years, it successfully received and transported military cargo to the front, which was delivered to the USSR from the USA and Great Britain. Along with this work, he oversaw the construction of port shipyards in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and on the Far Eastern coast. In 1943 he was awarded military rank rear admiral.
After the victory over Nazi Germany, Ivan Dmitrievich began to move away from practical work and was more involved in science. This was due to deteriorating health (Papanin suffered from heart disease). In 1949, due to health reasons, he retired, but continued to work. He became deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. Since 1951, he headed the department of marine expeditionary work in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time, Papanin was at the head of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986. The cause of death was chronic heart failure. He was 91 years old. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The glorious pages of the biography of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin have forever entered the Russian and world history. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk. The Republic of Crimea and the Yaroslavl region also included him in the lists of their honorary residents. A cape located in Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica, an underwater mountain in Pacific Ocean and an island in the Sea of Azov.
There are people in the history of our state whose names personify an entire era. Their activity is not just a contribution to a particular industry, but a symbol of a certain period. This is exactly what it was like for several generations. Soviet people the name of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin - the legendary Soviet polar explorer who devoted his life to Arctic exploration. And the biography of this legendary person is in many ways similar to the biographies of others outstanding people this period.
Brief biography of Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich
Ivan Dmitrievich was born on November 14, 1894 in the family of a sailor in the city of Sevastopol. A penchant for acquiring knowledge and a desire to learn allowed him to graduate from the zemstvo school and go to work at the docks, where he was able to obtain the profession of a turner. In 1914 he was called up for military service and served as a sailor until 1917. During the war, he became close to revolutionary-minded sailors and later became a fighter in the Red Army and fought in the Crimea against the White Guards and interventionists. Participated in the partisan movement in.
After final establishment Soviet power was a commissar and member of the RVS, commandant and commander of the landing detachment, head of the Cheka detachment, secretary of the RVS of the naval forces of the Black Sea Fleet, commissar of the economic administration of the Marine Forces. Papanin, often unrestrained in his actions and statements, was retired from military service in the Black Sea and concentrated his activities in the North, so that, as deputy head of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs, he began organizing postal and telegraph communications in Yakutia.
After that, he served as head of the paramilitary security of the People's Commissariat. He took part in a secret expedition to organize gold mines in Aldan. Later he organized a radio station there.
Legendary exploration of the Far North
For almost ten years, starting in April 1932, he led expeditions to explore the Far North. With his direct participation, several of the first polar stations were created - on Franz Josef Land in Tikhaya Bay, on Cape Chelyuskin. But the most legendary was the polar station “North Pole-1” on an ice floe drifting in the Arctic Ocean. This unusual expedition continued throughout the entire movement of the ice floe. During 274 days of drift, active and fruitful work was carried out to study the polar basin at high latitudes. The results of this expedition became the opportunity to declare Russia's rights to part of the Arctic Ocean shelf in the 21st century.
It is not for nothing that the Soviet government highly appreciated the merits of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin and other members of the expedition. Oceanologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov, radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel and expedition leader Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. They were awarded the Order of Lenin, and a little later they became holders of the Gold Star medal. In February 1942, Papanin was awarded the second Gold Star medal and re-awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the successful leadership of the expedition to rescue the icebreaker Georgy Sedov from captivity in the ice.
During this time, Ivan Dmitrievich was responsible for uninterrupted operation The Northern Sea Route is the most important strategic sea route for our Motherland. He wrote two wonderful books, “Life on an Ice Floe” and “Ice and Fire,” which are still read by the younger generation and those who cherish the memory of the glorious path of our country. I.D. Papanin died on January 30, 1986 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
November 26, 1894 – January 30, 1986
Arctic researcher, Doctor of Geographical Sciences
Biography
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol, his father was a sailor Navy.
After studying for 4 years at primary school, Papanin went to work at a factory in 1908. In 1914 he was called up for military service (joined the navy).
In 1918-1920 he participated in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organizing sabotage and rebel groups). Since 1920 - Commissioner of Operations under the Commander of the Naval Forces of the Southwestern Front.
From November 1920, on the recommendation of R. Zemlyachka, he was appointed commandant of the Crimean Cheka, and also worked as an investigator. In 1921 he was transferred to Kharkov as the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, then from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1922 he was transferred to Moscow as commissar of the economic administration of the People's Commissariat of Maritime Affairs, in 1923 - to the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs as business manager and head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security. In 1923-1925 he studied at the Higher Communications Courses, after which he was sent to Yakutia as deputy head of an expedition to build a radio station.
In 1932-1933 he was the head of the polar station Tikhaya Bay (Franz Josef Land), and in 1934-1935 - the station at Cape Chelyuskin, in 1937-1938 - he headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole".
In 1939-1946 he worked as the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, and from October 15, 1941 he was also the Commissioner of the State Defense Committee for transportation on the White Sea. From 1946 to 1949 - retired due to illness.
From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, from 1951 until the end of his life he headed the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and from 1956 - at the same time director of the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok. Chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Deputy Supreme Council USSR 1st and 2nd convocations.
Awards and titles
- Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1940)
- 9 Orders of Lenin (1937, 1938, May 1944, November 1944, 1945, 1956, 1964, 1974, 1984)
- Order October revolution (1971)
- 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1922, 1950)
- Order of Nakhimov, 1st class (1945)
- Order Patriotic War 1st class (1985)
- 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1955, 1980)
- Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982)
- Order of the Red Star (1945)
- Medal "For Military Merit"
- Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
- Medal "20 years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
- other medals, foreign awards.
- Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938)
- Rear Admiral (1943)
- Honorary citizen of the hero city of Murmansk (1974)
- Honorary citizen of the city of Arkhangelsk (1975)
- Honorary citizen of the hero city Sevastopol (1979)
- Honorary citizen of the city of Lipetsk
- Honorary citizen of the Yaroslavl region
Memory
- The following are named after Papanin:
- cape on the Taimyr Peninsula,
- island in Sivash Bay (Azov Sea),
- mountains in Antarctica and a seamount in the Pacific Ocean;
- Institute of Inland Water Biology;
- streets in the Moscow district of Lianozovo, Lipetsk, Murmansk, Yekaterinburg, Izmail and Yubilein (Korolev, Moscow region), Sevastopol, Yaroslavl, Shakhunye, Nizhny Novgorod region, Arkhangelsk, Minsk;
- scientific and sports expedition.
- There is a memorial plaque installed on the house on Arbat where Papanin lived.
- In 1954, a monument to him was erected in Sevastopol.
- In 2003, a monument was unveiled in Murmansk.
- A museum was opened in Sevastopol.
Ivan Dmitrievich lived in this house from 1938 to 1986. Moscow, Arbat 45.
Monument to I. D. Papanin on the street named after him in Murmansk.
Bust of I. D. Papanin in the State Northern Maritime Museum in Arkhangelsk.
- It should be noted that quite a lot of articles have been written about Papanin’s life and work, but few individual books have been published about him:
- In 1938, a small brochure by a front-line friend, Vsevolod Vishnevsky, was published;
- In 1938, in his homeland, Crimea, a small book by a local author, “Our Countryman,” appeared.
Bibliography
- "Life on an Ice Floe" (1938).
- "Ice and Fire" (1977).
Philately
In honor of the 90th anniversary of I.D. Papanina, a Russian polar explorer, a friend of Ivan Dmitrievich S.A. Solovyov, released envelopes with his image; at present there are few of them left, they are stored in private collections of philatelists.
PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (November 26, 1894, Sevastopol - January 30, 1986, Moscow) - head of the first Soviet drifting station "North Pole" (1937 - 1938) and the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (1939 - 1946), director of the Institute of Biology and Inland Waters of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1950 - 1965), Honorary Citizen of the Yaroslavl Region (1982).
Born into a sailor's family. Russian. In 1909 he graduated from the Zemstvo primary school. Apprentice turner in the mechanical workshops of the Chernoaz sailing station (October 1909 - June 1912), turner in the workshops of the Sevastopol military port (June 1912 - December 1913), shipyard in Reval (now Tallinn) (December 1913 - December 1914). In service in the Russian Imperial Navy since 1914. Sailor of the semi-crew of the Sevastopol military port (December 1914 - November 1917).
Since the fall of 1917 in the Red Guard: Red Guard fighter of the Black Sea detachment of revolutionary sailors in Crimea (November 1917 - November 1918), Red Army soldier-organizer of sailors behind enemy lines in Crimea (November 1918 - November 1919); participated in the creation of the partisan movement on the peninsula, in battles against the White Guards. Chairman of the presidium of the workshop cell of the Zadneprovsk naval brigade of armored trains and armored personnel of the 14th and 12th armies (November 1919 - March 1920). Member of the RCP(b) since 1919.
Commissioner Operational management commander of the Naval Forces of the Southwestern Front (March-July 1920), commandant and member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) of the Crimean Revolutionary Insurgent Army (March-October 1920), commander of the landing force, a detachment of sailors, commandant and head of the Cheka detachment for combating banditry in Crimea (October 1920 - March 1921); at the disposal of the military commissar under the commander of the Naval Forces of the Republic (March-July 1921). Secretary of the RVS of the Black Sea Naval Forces (July 1921 - March 1922), Commissioner of the Economic Administration of the State Medical Academy of the Marine Forces (March 1922 - August 1923). For violation of military and labor discipline, he was transferred to the reserve. Deputy responsible head of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs (NKPT) for organizing communications in Yakutia (August 1923 - January 1927), head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security of the NKPT of the USSR (January 1927 - August 1931).
In 1929 he graduated from special courses at Osoaviakhim, in 1931 - the Higher Communications Courses of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs, in 1932 - the first year of the Faculty of Communications of the Planning Academy.
He led the expedition and then the construction of a radio station at the Aldan gold mines. Head of the expedition and polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land (April 1932 - December 1933), polar station at Cape Chelyuskin (December 1933 - December 1935), head of the drifting expedition "North Pole-1" (December 1935 - April 1938) , which marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin. The drift of the station, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 19, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2100 km. The expedition members (oceanologist P. P. Shirshov, geophysicist E. K. Fedorov and radio operator E. T. Krenkel) managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean under incredibly difficult conditions.
By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 27, 1937, for successful research work and skillful management of the North Pole station on a drifting ice floe Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin. After the establishment of the special distinction, he was awarded the Gold Star medal (No. 37).
Deputy Chief (March 1938 - October 1939), Head of the Main Northern Sea Route under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (October 1939 - August 1946). In the first years, he focused on the construction of powerful icebreakers and the development of Arctic navigation; in 1940, he led an expedition to rescue the icebreaking steamship Georgiy Sedov from ice captivity after an 812-day drift.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 3, 1940, for the exemplary fulfillment of the government task of removing the icebreaking steamer Georgy Sedov from the Arctic ice and the heroism shown in this case, the head of the Northern Sea Route Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich awarded the second Gold Star medal (No. Z/I). I. D. Papanin is one of five heroes who was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union before the start of the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War, he made a significant contribution to organizing the uninterrupted movement of ships along the Northern Sea Route. From October 15, 1941 - Commissioner of the State Defense Committee for maritime transport in the White Sea and organizing loading and unloading in the Arkhangelsk port. In October 1943, he led the radical reconstruction of the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Seconded to the USSR Academy of Sciences (October 1944 - August 1946 and from October 1948). He was under long-term treatment for two years (July 1946 - August 1948). Deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (August 1948 - June 1950) for the expeditionary part, Director of the Institute of Biology and Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region (June 1950 - June 1965), at the same time head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences (August 1951 - January 1986).
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st–2nd convocations (1937–1950).
Lived in the hero city of Moscow. Died on January 30, 1986. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Rear Admiral (05/25/1943). Awarded nine Orders of Lenin (06/27/1937, 03/22/1938, 05/1/1944, 11/26/1944, 12/2/1945, 12/30/1956, 11/26/1964, 11/26/1974, 11/23/1984), the Order of October Russian Revolution (07/20/1971) , two Orders of the Red Banner (1922, 11/15/1950), Order of Nakhimov 1st degree (07/08/1945), Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree (03/11/1985), two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (01/22/1955, 01/8/1980 ), orders of Friendship of Peoples (12/17/1982), Red Star (11/10/1945), medals, including “For Military Merit” (11/3/1944), as well as orders and medals of foreign countries.
Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938). Awarded the Gold Medal named after S. O. Makarov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (11/22/1984; for outstanding contribution in development scientific research in the Arctic Ocean and for the creation research country's fleet).
Honorary citizen of the hero cities of Murmansk (08/19/1977) and Sevastopol (12/20/1979), as well as Arkhangelsk (04/11/1975), Lipetsk (1982), Yaroslavl region (02/23/1982) and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (2000).
Busts in his honor were installed in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Sevastopol and the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region. Memorial plaques were installed in Arkhangelsk and Moscow. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica, an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean, the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, streets in Arkhangelsk (Papanintsev Street, 1962; Papanina Street, 1986), Yekaterinburg, Izmail, Lipetsk, Murmansk and Yaroslavl are named after him. The I. D. Papanin Museum is located in the village of Borok. At National Museum heroic defense and liberation of Sevastopol, a museum exhibition was created - a stationary exhibition “Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin - Sevastopol Columbus”.
Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich (1894-1986)
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, rear admiral, outstanding Arctic explorer, Honorary Citizen of Arkhangelsk
Born on November 26, 1894 in the city of Sevastopol. In service since 1914. He was a sailor, a Red Army soldier, participated in the creation of the partisan movement on the Crimean Peninsula, in battles against the White Guards in Ukraine and Crimea. After the Civil War, he worked in the system of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR, and was the head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security of the NKPT of the USSR (1927-1931).
He led the expedition and then the construction of a radio station at the Aldan gold mines. Head of the expedition and polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, polar station at Cape Chelyuskin, head of the drifting expedition "North Pole-1", which marked the beginning of the systematic study of high-latitude regions of the polar basin. The drift of the station, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 19, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2100 km. The expedition members (oceanologist P.P. Shirshov, geophysicist E.K. Fedorov and radio operator E.T. Krenkel) managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean under incredibly difficult conditions.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 27, 1937, for successful research work and skillful management of the North Pole station on a drifting ice floe, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin. After the establishment of the special distinction, he was awarded the Gold Star medal (No. 37).
From 1939 to 1946 - head of the Main Northern Sea Route under the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In the first years, he focused on the construction of powerful icebreakers and the development of Arctic navigation; in 1940, he led an expedition to remove the icebreaking steamship Georgy Sedov from ice captivity after 812 days of drift. He was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 3, 1940, for the exemplary fulfillment of the government task of removing the icebreaking steamer "Georgy Sedov" from the Arctic ice and the heroism displayed at the same time, the head of the Main Northern Sea Route Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich was awarded the second medal "Golden Star" (No. 3/II) . I.D. Papanin is one of the glorious five of those glorious sons of our Motherland who, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
During the Great Patriotic War, he made a significant contribution to organizing the uninterrupted movement of ships along the Northern Sea Route. Since October 15, 1941, authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for maritime transport in the White Sea and organization of loading and unloading in the port of Arkhangelsk. In October 1943, he led the radical reconstruction of the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
After the war I was on scientific work, in 1948-1950. - Deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then until 1965 - Director of the Institute of Biology and Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Doctor of Geographical Sciences.
Rear Admiral. Awarded nine Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, two Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of Nakhimov 1st degree, the Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of Peoples' Friendship, the Red Star, and medals. Honorary citizen of the hero city of Murmansk (1974), Honorary citizen of Arkhangelsk (04/11/1975), Lipetsk and Yaroslavl region.
Bronze busts were installed in the hero cities of Sevastopol and Murmansk, as well as in the city of Arkhangelsk. Memorial plaques were installed in Moscow and Arkhangelsk. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica, an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean, the Institute of Inland Water Biology, streets in Arkhangelsk (Papanintsev Street, Papanin Street), Yekaterinburg, Izmail, Lipetsk, Murmansk and Yaroslavl are named after him.
(Information by Vitaly Smirnov, Severodvinsk, photo by Pavel Katz, website moscow-tombs.narod.ru)
