Research project "life and traditions of the Khanty peoples". Project work "life and culture of the indigenous peoples of the north"

Khanty

KHANTS-s; pl. The people who, together with the Mansi, make up indigenous people Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs of Russia; representatives of this people. Kh. and Mansi inhabit the center of Siberia. Cult of the bear among the Khanty. The Khanty have interesting customs.

◁ Hunt, unchanged; m. and f. Khanty, -aya, -oe. X. tongue. X customs. Xth clothes.

(self-name - Khande, outdated name - Ostyaks), people in Russia, in Khanty-Mansiysk (11.9 thousand people) and Yamalo-Nenets (7.2 thousand people) autonomous okrugs and Tomsk region Total in Russia 22.3 thousand people (1998). Khanty language. Believers are Orthodox.

KHANTY (obsolete name - Ostyaks), people in Russian Federation, live along the Ob and Irtysh in the Khanty-Mansi (11.2 thousand people) and Yamalo-Nenets (6.5 thousand people) districts of the Tomsk region. In total there are 22.3 thousand Khanty in the Russian Federation. They speak the Khanty language of the Ugric group. Believers - Orthodox
There are three ethnographic groups of Khanty: northern, southern and eastern. Southern (Irtysh) Khanty mixed with Russian and Tatar population. Traits traditional culture preserved the eastern and especially northern Khanty (dwelling, clothing, means of transportation, art). The ethnogenesis of the people began from the end of the first millennium BC on the basis of a mixture of aborigines and alien Ugric tribes (Ust-Poluy culture). The Khanty are related to the Mansi, their common name is Ob Ugrians.
In the 19th-20th centuries, the Khanty lived in the Irtysh and Ob basin with the tributaries of the Demyanka, Konda, Vasyugan, Vakh, Agan with Tromyegan, Yugan, Pim, Salym, Kazym, Nazim, Synya, Kunovat, Sob rivers. In the 16th century, the Khanty also lived to the west, along Northern Sosva, Tura, Chusovaya, where Mansi later began to predominate. The northern neighbors of the Khanty were the Nenets, the southern - the Siberian Tatars and the Tomsk-Narym Selkups, the eastern - the Kets, the Selkups who moved to Turukhan and Taz, as well as the nomadic Evenks. By occupation the Khanty are fishermen, hunters, and reindeer herders.
The Northern Khanty spoke three dialects: Obdor, Priob and Irtysh, the latter has practically disappeared. The Eastern Khanty speak Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects. Writing was created in six dialects and dialects: Obdorsky, Kazym, Middle Ob, Shuryshkar, Vakhovsky and Surgut. Fiction is mainly published in three dialects - Shuryshkar, Surgut and Kazym.

encyclopedic Dictionary . 2009 .

See what “Khanty” are in other dictionaries:

Khanty ... Wikipedia

1. Khanty, ov, units. Khanty, uncl., male and wives People living in the Tyumen region (in Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo Nenets districts) and in the Tomsk region (formerly called Ostyaks). 2. unchangeable Relating to this people, to their language, national character … Dictionary Ozhegova

- (outdated name Ostyaks) people in Khanty-Mansiysk (11.2 thousand people) and Yamalo-Nenets (6.5 thousand people) a. O. and Tomsk region In total, the Russian Federation has 22.3 thousand inhabitants. Khanty language. Orthodox believers... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (self-names Khanti, Khan De, Kantek, outdated name Ostyaks), people in the Russian Federation (22.3 thousand people), in the Khanty-Mansiysk (11.9 thousand) and Yamalo-Nenets (7.2 thousand) autonomous okrugs and Tomsk region. Khanty language Ob-Ugric... ...Russian history

- (self-name Khante, Hanti, Kantek) a nationality with a total number of 23 thousand people, living mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation (22 thousand people). Khanty language. Religious affiliation of believers: Orthodox... Modern encyclopedia

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

KHANTY, KHANTY. see hante, hantei. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 Ostyak (2) Ugra (4) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Khanty- (self-name Khante, Hanti, Kantek) a nationality with a total number of 23 thousand people, living mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation (22 thousand people). Khanty language. Religious affiliation of believers: Orthodox. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Khanty- KHANTY, ov, pl (ed Khanty, uncl., m and f) and ((stl 8)) Khanty ((/stl 8)), ev (ed Khanty, tytsa, m). The people living mainly along the lower reaches of the Ob in the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts, in the Tomsk region; People,… … Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

Books

• Khanty and Mansi. A view from the 21st century, Z. P. Sokolova. The monograph summarizes for the first time materials on the culture of the Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi). The issues of the origin of the Ugrians, their ethnic history in the 17th-19th centuries, material culture are considered...

The KHANTS live along the Ob, Irtysh and their tributaries in the Khanty-Mansi (11.9 thousand people), Yamalo-Nenets (7.2 thousand people) autonomous okrugs and the Aleksandrovsky and Kargasoksky districts of the Tomsk region (804 people). The total number is 22.5 thousand people. Close to the Mansi, with whom they unite under the name Ob Ugrians.

Among the Khanty there are three ethnographic groups - northern, southern and eastern. They differ in dialects, self-name, economic and cultural features. The northern Khanty were strongly influenced by the Nenets, the eastern by the Selkups, and the southern (Irtysh) Khanty practically mixed with the Russians and Tatars. There are also territorial groups - Vasyugan, Salym, Kazym Khanty, etc. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Russians called the Khanty Ostyaks, even earlier (until the 14th century) - Yugra, Yugrich.

The formation of the Khanty is based on the culture of the aboriginal tribes of the Urals and Western Siberia, hunters and fishermen, and pastoral Ugric tribes that came in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC from the steppes of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan. In the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD, the main groups of Khanty were formed, settled from the lower reaches of the Ob in the north to the Baraba steppes in the south and from the Yenisei in the east to the Trans-Urals, including the Northern Sosva and Lyapin rivers, as well as partially the Pelym River and the Konda River in the West. From the 15th to 17th centuries, part of the Khanty was forced out of the western regions by the Mansi to the east and north. In the north, the Khanty are partially assimilated by the Nenets, in the southern regions (Baraba, Tura, Tavda, Irtysh rivers) they are largely Turkified. The processes of Russification of the Khanty in the 18th-20th centuries took place especially intensively on the Irtysh, Ob, and Konda. The Khanty migration to the north and east continued into the 20th century.

The traditional occupations of the Khanty are river fishing (especially on the Ob and Irtysh, in the lower reaches of their tributaries), taiga hunting (mainly fur-bearing animals, as well as elk and bear) and reindeer herding. Reindeer husbandry in the tundra and forest-tundra is of the Samoyed type, has a meat-and-hide nature, herds of 1000-1500 head roam in the meridional direction (in spring to the north, in autumn to the south). Forest reindeer herding is of local origin: the herds are small, grazed near settlements, and used for transport purposes. In the southern regions and along the Ob River, livestock and vegetable farming have been widespread since the 19th century. Great importance has collecting. Women sew clothes and shoes from deer fur, suede, colored cloth, and bead embroidery. Are saved traditional ornaments(“hare ears”, “birch branches”, “sable trail”, “deer antlers”, “pike teeth”, etc.). Traditional means of transportation are skis, kamus and golitsa, reindeer and dog sleds. In the summer they used dugout boats, plank seine boats, and for travel to distant fishing grounds - large boats with cabins covered with birch bark.

The modern rural population is still engaged in traditional sectors of the economy. In winter, the Khanty lived in permanent winter villages, and in the spring they moved to seasonal villages to fishing grounds. Winter capital buildings were either frame, deepened into the ground, pyramidal or truncated-pyramidal in shape, or log buildings. They were heated by an open adobe fireplace or iron stove. Seasonal dwellings are framed from poles, covered with tree bark. The buildings were located scatteredly: a residential building (sometimes a winter and summer house), one or several barns (most often piled), sheds for storing property, an adobe oven for baking bread under a canopy, an open summer fireplace for cooking, a hanger for drying nets , clothes, for drying and smoking fish, sometimes - dog houses, in the 20th century - a bathhouse. Hunters lived in huts in the forest during hunting in the winter.

Reindeer herders in the tundra and forest-tundra, wandering with herds of reindeer, lived in camps in Samoyed-type tents, covered with tires made of reindeer skins in winter, and birch bark in summer. Chum was also widely used (especially in summer) for seasonal settlements and fishing.

Substantial part rural population now lives in new villages built in the 1950s in connection with the transition of the Khanty to a sedentary lifestyle, consolidation and reorganization of farms. Part of the fishing population lives in traditional villages.

The clothing of the northern Khanty is close to the Nenets: a swinging women's fur coat made of reindeer fur, a coat-robe made of cloth, a men's deaf malitsa and a sovik, or goose with a hood. In the eastern Khanty, all clothing is folded, fur or robe-like cloth. Shoes - fur, suede or leather (boots of different lengths and styles, winter ones - with fur stockings). Fur clothing combines white and dark colors, finishing with colored cloth (red, green). Cloth clothing is embroidered with beads, metal plaques, and appliqué. Women wear beaded jewelry, rings, and earrings. Braids used to be decorated with false braids. Men also wore braids. The tattoo was famous.

The main food products are fish, meat of deer, elk and other animals, berries, nuts. The Khanty drink a lot of tea and eat a lot of bread. Fish is dried, fried, boiled, smoked, eaten fresh, raw and frozen (stroganina). The meat is eaten raw or boiled. They drink fish oil, preparing it with berries. A favorite dish is fish roe boiled in fish oil.

Back in the 17th and 18th centuries, large paternal and fraternal families were not uncommon. According to the rules of levirate, the younger brother took a second wife and children into the family - from the deceased older brother. It was customary among reindeer herders to take a young wife to help an old wife. The division into phratries and genealogical groups close to clans was known. The phratrial division is more clearly visible in the northern Khanty. Phratries and genealogical groups are totemic in nature: they bear the names of animals and birds that are considered their ancestors (elk, beaver, frog, wagtail, etc.).

Although the Khanty were Christianized, the older generation still retains many traditional beliefs and cults based on ideas associated with totemism, animism, shamanism, the cult of ancestors, etc. Of great importance is the cult of the bear and the associated complex of myths and rituals (“bear holiday”), celebrated both periodically and on the occasion of the hunt for a bear on the hunt. Rich folklore, folk choreography, song art, and theater are associated with the “bear holiday”.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT – YUGRA

CITY OF POKACHI

municipal autonomous preschool educational institution kindergarten combined type “Sun”

Competition for educational research and creative works

"Youth in Science"

Direction:

Social and humanitarian

"Life and traditions of the Khanty peoples"

student of the group "Rosinka"

Kolozyakova Maya Sergeevna

Scientific adviser:

teacher of MADOU DSKV “Solnyshko”

Gasanagaeva Fayiza Abdulvagabovna

2016

Content

Annotation……………………………………………………………………………....

Research plan………………………………………………………………………………..

Description of work………………………………………………………………………..

Bibliography……………………………………………………

Applications……………………………………………………………………………………….

“Life and traditions of the Khanty peoples”

annotation

The life of the peoples of the northern Khanty and Mansi is unique and distinguished by its originality. Does everyone know that it is unique and why? During a lesson on getting to know the environment, it turned out that not all children of senior preschool age know about the life and traditions of the peoples of the North. These misconceptions provided the impetus to study this issue in more detail.

Relevance:We were born and growing up on Ugra land. Each of us has a growing need to know the region in which we live. By visiting our local history museum, we learned about the life of the indigenous population of the North, the Khanty and Mansi. Our interest in a deeper study of our native land aroused. We wanted to know about the Khanty peoples, how this Ugric people. How do the indigenous peoples of the North live and what are their traditions? After the research, we wanted to illustrate the life of these peoples ourselves.

Hypothesis: We know little about how the Khanty and Mansi peoples live.

Goal: To expand children’s understanding of the life of the Khanty and Mansi peoples, their way of life, traditions, and culture; develop cognitive and Creative skills children; to cultivate respect for the indigenous peoples of Ugra and patriotic feelings.

Tasks:

1. Find out the history of the origin of the Khanty and Mansi peoples. Get to know the indigenous people of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

2. Get acquainted with the way of life, traditions, and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North.

3. Introduce the ornaments of indigenous peoples, teach children to draw some patterns.

4. Enrich the pupils’ vocabulary: sledges, malitsa, kitties, chum, storehouse, dives, akan, etc.

5. Foster respect for the culture of the Khanty and Mansi peoples.

The following were used in the study: methods and techniques of work:

Literature study,

Survey,

Collection of information.

Conclusion:We often hear the word MOTHERLAND. What is it? Some may say that the Motherland is the place where you were born and raised. Others will answer that it is native home, where he took the first step, uttered the first word. We concluded for ourselves thatdespite the fact that the Khanty and Mansi are small peoples, they contribute huge contribution in the development of the culture of our region.Thanks to this project, we were able to independently find answers to numerous questions. This project taught us to cherish and love motherland, respect the culture and traditions of the indigenous peoples of the North.

Research Plan

Project stages:

Preparatory stage

Setting goals and developing the content of the educational and cognitive process.

Selection fiction, photographic materials, audio and video recordings on the topic, musical works.

Main stage.

History of the Khanty

Khanty clothing (men's and women's)

Customs and traditions,

Khanty utensils

Khanty dwelling

Reading fiction on the topic: Khanty tales

Drawing.

"Ornaments and patterns"

Application

"Bunny Ears"

View illustrations in books, photos and video materials, memorize poems.

Reading a fairy tale.

Watching cartoons “Pike”, “Bayun”, “Boastful Mouse”

Decoration of the Khanty corner..

3.Final stage.

Literary works"Cat", "Three Sons"

Project presentation.

Exhibition of the Khanty corner.

Production of the Khanty fairy tale “Cat”

3.Description of work

Our group organized the “Khanty Corner”. Teachers, parents and children helped create the corner. The children of our group learned the history of the Khanty. We learned a lot about the traditions and customs of the Khanty people. Also at the exhibition, children learned that Khanty clothes are made from reindeer skins, that not all Khanty people live in the city, but some also live in the forest.During the design of the Khanty corner, the children also became acquainted with Khanty ornaments, patterns, and household utensils. We learned that women's clothing is embroidered with beads. We got to know the design of the tent better and found out what it is. The children also learned that the Khanty are engaged not only in reindeer herding, but also in fishing and hunting. We got to know the food of the Khanty better and learned that the Khanty eat a large amount of fish and deer meat. The children received great joy from trying on Khanty clothes during the production of the Khanty fairy tale “The Cat”. We also visited the local history museum, where we were presented with a lot of information about the Khanty, how they live, what they do.

History of the emergence of the Khanty peoples.

Khanty, Khant, Hande, Kantek (“man”) are the people in the Russian Federation. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Russians called the Khanty Ostyaks (possibly from “Astyakh” - “people of the big river”, even earlier, until the 14th century - Ugra, Yugrichs. The formation of the Khanty people is based on the culture of the aboriginal tribes of the Urals and Western Siberia, hunters, fishermen and pastoral Ugric tribes who came in the second half of the second millennium BC from the steppes of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan. In the second half of the first millennium, the main groups of Khanty were formed, settled from the lower reaches of the Ob in the north to the Baraba steppes in the south. The Khanty were tribes, then tribal unions were formed - principalities. In 1930, the Khanty-Mansiysk national (now autonomous) district was created. The Khanty speak the Khanty language. Writing was also created in 1930 on the basis of the Latin alphabet, and in 1937 - the Russian alphabet.

Indigenous small peoples Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Khanty and Ob Ugrians. The Khanty language is classified as Ugric. The number of Khanty is 22.3 thousand people. Currently, the Khanty and Mansi live in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs of the Tyumen Region,

Life of the indigenous peoples of the North

Marriage and family

The head of the Khanty and Mansi family is considered to be a man, and the woman was largely subordinate to him. The log house was built by a man, and the tent from light poles was erected by a woman. The dishes were made from birch bark by women, and from wood by men. Men, if necessary, can cook their own food. In today's young families, husbands are increasingly helping their wives with hard work - delivering water and firewood. When a new person was born into a Khanty family, four mothers were waiting for him here. The first mother - who gave birth, the second - who delivered the child, the third - the one who first raised the child in her arms, and the fourth - godmother. The child had two cradles - a birch bark box and a wooden one with a birch bark back.

Housing

Since ancient times, the life of the Ob-Ugric peoples has been adapted to the difficult conditions of the North. Traditional home in winter - rectangular log houses or houses in the form of pyramids, often with an earthen roof. Winter buildings were heated with an open adobe fireplace or iron stove. In the summer they built birch bark frame houses and tents from reindeer skins. How many houses does one Khanty family have? Hunters and fishermen have four seasonal settlements. Any building is called “kat, hot”; definitions are added to this word – birch bark, earthen, plank. Hunters lived in huts in the forest during hunting in the winter. Reindeer herders, wandering with herds of reindeer, lived in tents in camps, covered with reindeer skins in winter and birch bark in summer. Fishermen also lived in the tents. The Khanty and Mansi have about 30 typical residential buildings, including sacred barns and houses for women in labor.

The buildings were scattered: a residential building (winter and summer), one or more utility barns, sheds for storing property, an adobe oven for baking bread under a canopy, an open summer fireplace, a hanger for drying nets, for drying fish, and sometimes dog houses.

Khanty hut

Khanty chum

home stuff

Dishes, furniture, and toys were made of wood. Each man had his own knife, and the boys began to learn how to use it very early. A huge number of things were made from birch bark. Ten methods of decorating the material were used: scraping, embossing, openwork carving, appliqué, painting and others.

Cloth

Khanty and Mansi craftswomen sewed clothes from various materials: deer fur, bird skins, furs, sheepskin, rovduga, cloth, nettle and linen canvas, cotton fabric. Belts and garters for shoes were woven from threads, and socks were knitted from needles. Local needlewomen skillfully decorated clothes and embroidered with beads. Fur clothing combines white and dark colors, trimmed with colored cloth (red, green). In summer, traditional women's clothing consisted of dresses and swinging robes (satin or cloth). In winter, they wore thick clothes made of reindeer skins, double fur coats (yagushka, sakh) and kitties, a scarf on their heads, and a large number of jewelry (rings, beaded necklaces). Men's clothing - shirt, pants. In winter, men also wore closed clothing: malitsa and geese (sokui) with a hood, kitties.

Indigenous food

The main food of the Ob Ugrians is fish; it is consumed all year round in raw, boiled, dried, smoked, dried, fried and salted form. In the summer, fish soup is boiled, fish soup is fried, fish is smoked, dried and salted. IN winter time A favorite food is stroganina (patanka) - fresh frozen fish. For the winter they prepare smoked fish (chomykh) and dried fish (pachi, yehul). Dried fish is pounded into porsa - fish meal, from which stew is cooked, bread is baked, added to flour, and often mixed with dried and fresh berries. The bellies and offal of white fish are a delicacy. In the summer, clean intestines, caviar and offal are used to make a stew with boiled fish and berries, especially crushed bird cherry. The Khanty and Mansi do not use any fish in cooking.

The second food product of the Khanty and Mansi is meat. Deer and elk meat is eaten raw, boiled, fried, dried and smoked. Delicacies include raw and frozen liver, raw warm deer blood, and bone marrow. The meat is boiled in large cauldrons and is usually eaten half-raw. They eat Ob eels and bear meat, but only cook it without salt. Dried elk meat and rendered lard are prepared for future use.

In the summer, berries are eaten. Bird cherry, currant, and blueberry are dried. Pounded bird cherry is mixed with flour, baked into flat cakes, eaten with fish oil or boiled. They did not eat mushrooms, considering them unclean.

Hunting

Hunting was divided into meat (for large animals or birds) and fur. The main role was played by the fur trade, in the first place of which was the squirrel, and in the distant past - the sable. Upland birds were caught using traps, and poultry was also hunted with a gun. The main hunting for upland game took place in the fall, and waterfowl were hunted in the spring and summer.

Fishing

The Khanty and Mansi settled along the rivers and knew the river as well as the forest. Fishing has been and remains one of the main sectors of the economy. The Khanty and Mansi are associated with the river from childhood and throughout their lives. The main commercial fish on the Ob and Irtysh: muksun, nelma, sturgeon, cheese, sterlet, pike, ide.

Reindeer husbandry

The Khanty and Mansi began to engage in reindeer husbandry from the 13th to 15th centuries, having learned this activity from their northern neighbors - the Nenets. Deer replace all domestic animals: sheep, cows, horses. Reindeer sleighs serve as a means of transportation for the peoples of the North. Deer skin - material for development national culture– clothes are sewn from it (malitsa, kitties), and various souvenirs are made. Insulate the home. Various tools are made from the horns, they are used in bone carving and in making medicine. There is one reindeer-breeding state farm each in the Berezovsky and Beloyarsky districts; their herds number 20 thousand heads. In other areas, deer are kept mainly on private farms.

Means of transport

The main transport is a boat. The life of the Khanty and Mansi is so closely connected with water that it is difficult to imagine them without a light dugout boat called an oblas or oblasok. Usually the oblas was made from aspen, but if it was dragged overland, cedar was used, since it is lighter and does not get wet in water.

Skis

In winter, skis were used for transportation. We learned to walk from the age of 6-7 years. The base of the ski was made of pine, cedar or spruce wood. Skis made from one wooden part were called skis, and where the sliding part was covered with fur from deer or elk skins, they were called skis.

Sled

The main transport in winter is sleds - hand-made (dog) or reindeer. Hand sled - used by the Khanty everywhere. General outline: two-striped, long, narrow, trapezoidal in cross section in line with the groin.

Traditional and religious performances

Religion – Orthodoxy. At the same time, traditional beliefs are preserved. The indigenous peoples of Siberia have developed a cult of the bear; in the past, every family kept a bear skull in their house. The Khanty venerate the elk (a symbol of wealth and well-being), the frog (which gives family happiness, children), they sought support from trees, they revered fire, and there were strong ideas about the spirits who owned the area, which were depicted in the form of idols. The wolf was considered a creature evil spirit Kulya.

Musical instruments

Sankvyltap (mans. - ringing) musical instrument in the shape of a boat. It has more than five strings. Made from aspen. Most often it sounds at the Bear Festival. A purely female instrument narkas - yuh and sankvyltap, tomran (bone with a vein) It is usually made by a local craftswoman.

Literature

1. Yugoria: Encyclopedia Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. In 3 volumes - Khanty-Mansiysk: 2000.

2. Native land: ABC of local history. - Ekaterinburg: 2001

3. Ugra: regional magazine, 2003 – 2013

4.Formation of ethical self-awareness in preschoolers based on the traditions of the North. – Khanty – Mansiysk: 2002

5.Internet resources:

- Xant. net. ru/

- Ru/ Wikipedia. org/ wiki/Khanty

The Khanty are an indigenous Ugric people living in the north of Western Siberia, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs of the Tyumen Region, as well as in the north of the Tomsk Region.

The Khanty (the obsolete name “Ostyaks”) are also known as the Yugras, but the more accurate self-name “Khanty” (from the Khanty “kantakh” - person, people) was established as the official name in Soviet times.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, Russians called the Khanty Ostyaks (possibly from “as-yakh” - “people of the big river”), and even earlier (until the 14th century) - Yugra, Yugrich. The Komi-Zyryans called the Khanty egra, the Nenets - khabi, the Tatars - ushtek (eshtek, expired).

The Khanty are close to the Mansi, with whom they unite under the common name Ob Ugrians.

Among the Khanty there are three ethnographic groups: northern, southern and eastern. They differ in dialects, self-name, economic and cultural features. Also among the Khanty there are territorial groups - Vasyugan, Salym, Kazym Khanty.

The northern neighbors of the Khanty were the Nenets, the southern - the Siberian Tatars and the Tomsk-Narym Selkups, the eastern - the Kets, Selkups, as well as the nomadic Evenks. The huge territory of settlement and, accordingly, the different cultures of neighboring peoples contributed to the formation of three quite different ethnographic groups within one people.

Population

The number of Khanty in the Russian Federation is 30,943 people according to the 2010 census). Of these, 61.6% live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, 30.7% - in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2.3% - in the Tyumen region without Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2.3% - in the Tomsk region.

The main habitat is limited primarily to the lower reaches of the Ob and Irtysh rivers and their tributaries.

Language and writing

The Khanty language, together with Mansi and Hungarian, makes up the Ob-Ugric group of the Uralic family of languages. The Khanty language is known for its extraordinary dialect fragmentation. There is a western group - the Obdorsk, Priob and Irtysh dialects and an eastern group - the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which in turn are divided into 13 dialects.

Dialectal fragmentation made the creation of writing difficult. In 1879, N. Grigorovsky published a primer in one of the dialects of the Khanty language. Subsequently, priest I. Egorov created a primer of the Khanty language in the Obdor dialect, which was then translated into the Vakhov-Vasyugan dialect.

In the 1930s, the Kazym dialect served as the basis for the Khanty alphabet, and since 1940 it has become the basis literary language The Middle Ob dialect was established. At this time, the writing was initially created on the basis of the Latin alphabet, and since 1937 it has been based on the Kyllic alphabet. Currently, writing exists on the basis of five dialects of the Khanty language: Kazym, Surgut, Vakhovsk, Surgut, Sredneobok.

IN modern Russia 38.5% of the Khanty consider Russian their native language. Some of the northern Khanty also speak Nenets and Komi languages.

Anthropological type

The anthropological features of the Khanty allow us to classify them as a Ural contact race, which is internally heterogeneous in the territorial correlation of Mongoloid and Caucasian features. The Khanty, along with the Selkups and Nenets, are part of the West Siberian group of populations, which is characterized by an increased proportion of Mongoloidity, compared to other representatives of the Ural race. Moreover, women in to a greater extent Mongolian-like than men.

In terms of their build, the Khanty are of average or even below average height (156-160 cm). They usually have straight black or brown hair, which is usually long and worn either loose or braided, dark complexion, dark eyes.

Thanks to the flattened face with somewhat prominent cheekbones, thick (but not full) lips and a short nose, depressed at the root and wide, upturned at the end, the Khanty type is externally reminiscent of the Mongolian. But, unlike typical Mongoloids, they have correctly cut eyes, often a narrow and long skull (dolicho- or subdolichocephalic). All this gives the Khanty a special imprint, which is why some researchers are inclined to see in them the remnants of a special ancient race that once inhabited part of Europe.

Ethnic history

In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already 6-5 thousand years BC, subsequently they were displaced by nomads in lands of Northern Siberia.

Archaeologists associate the ethnogenesis of the northern Khanty, based on the mixture of aboriginal and alien Ugric tribes, with the Ust-Poluy culture (late 1st millennium BC - early 1st millennium AD), localized in the Ob River basin from the mouth of the Irtysh to the Ob Bay. Many traditions of this northern taiga fishing culture are inherited by the modern northern Khanty. From the middle of the 2nd millennium AD. The northern Khanty were strongly influenced by the Nenets reindeer herding culture. In the zone of direct territorial contacts, the Khanty were partially assimilated by the tundra Nenets (the so-called “seven Nenets clans of Khanty origin”).

The southern Khanty are settled up from the mouth of the Irtysh. This is the territory of the southern taiga, forest-steppe and steppe and in culturally gravitates more towards the south. In their formation and subsequent ethnocultural development, a significant role was played by the southern forest-steppe population, which was layered on the general Khanty base. The Turks and later the Russians had a significant influence on the southern Khanty.
The Eastern Khanty are settled in the Middle Ob region and along the tributaries Salym, Pim, Tromyegan, Agan, Vakh, Yugan, Vasyugan. This group, to a greater extent than others, preserves the North Siberian features of a culture that goes back to the Ural traditions - draft dog breeding, dugout boats, the predominance of swing clothing, birch bark utensils, and a fishing economy. Another significant component of the culture of the Eastern Khanty is the Sayan-Altai component, which dates back to the formation of the southwestern Siberian fishing tradition. The influence of the Sayan-Altai Turks on the culture of the Eastern Khanty can be traced in more late time. Within the modern territory of their habitat, the Eastern Khanty interacted quite actively with the Kets and Selkups, which was facilitated by belonging to the same economic and cultural type.
Thus, if there is common features cultures characteristic of the Khanty ethnic group, which is associated with the early stages of their ethnogenesis and the formation of the Ural community, which, along with the mornings, included the ancestors of the Kets and Samoyed peoples. The subsequent cultural “divergence” and the formation of ethnographic groups were largely determined by the processes of ethnocultural interaction with neighboring peoples.

Thus, the culture of the people, their language and spiritual world not homogeneous. This is explained by the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely, and different cultures formed in different climatic conditions.

Life and economy

The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, and less often fishing. The cult of the deer can be traced in all spheres of life of the Saverian Khanty. Deer, without exaggeration, was the basis of life: it was also transport, the skins were used in the construction of houses and sewing clothes. It is no coincidence that many norms are associated with deer public life(ownership of deer and their inheritance), worldviews (in funeral rites).

The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also known for farming and cattle breeding.

Based on the fact that the economy influences the nature of settlement, and the type of settlement influences the design of the dwelling, the Khanty distinguishes five types of settlement with the corresponding features of the settlements:

The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground; sometimes dugouts and half-dugouts were built with a wooden post frame, which was covered on top with poles, branches, turf and earth.

Khanty reindeer herders lived in portable dwellings, in tents, consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).

Religion and Beliefs

Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totemic patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considered one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.

The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected against diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, the bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed it, the Khanty organized a bear festival. The frog was revered as the guardian of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the animals were protected by the patron himself.

Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form; they have been adapted to modern views and timed to coincide with certain events. For example, a bear festival is held before the issuance of licenses to shoot bears.

After the Russians arrived in Siberia, the Khanty were converted to Christianity. However, this process was uneven and affected primarily those groups of Khanty who experienced the diverse influence of Russian settlers, these are, first of all, the southern Khanty. Other groups note the presence of religious syncretism, expressed in the adaptation of a number of Christian dogmas, with a predominance cultural function traditional worldview system.

They speak the Khanty language of the Ugric subgroup of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic family. Writing was created in the 1930s initially on the basis of Latin, from 1937 on the basis of Russian graphics. 38.5% of Khanty consider Russian their native language. In part of the northern Khanty, the Nenets and Komi languages ​​are also common. Khanty believers are Orthodox.

The formation of the Khanty is based on the culture of the aboriginal tribes of the Urals and Western Siberia, hunters and fishermen, and pastoral Ugric tribes that came in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC from the steppes of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan. In the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD, the main groups of Khanty were formed, settled from the lower reaches of the Ob in the north to the Baraba steppes in the south and from the Yenisei in the east to the Trans-Urals, including the Northern Sosva and Lyapin rivers, as well as partially the Pelym River and the Konda River in the West. From the 15th to 17th centuries, part of the Khanty was forced out of the western regions by the Mansi to the east and north. In the north, the Khanty are partially assimilated by the Nenets, in the southern regions (Baraba, Tura, Tavda, Irtysh rivers) they are largely Turkified. The processes of Russification of the Khanty in the 18th-20th centuries took place especially intensively on the Irtysh, Ob, and Konda. The Khanty migration to the north and east continued into the 20th century.

Before the Russians arrived in Siberia, the Khanty had tribes, most of which later became territorial groups. In the process of inter-tribal and other military clashes (with the Nenets, Russians, Tatars), tribal alliances were formed - the so-called “principalities” (for example, Pelym, Konda, etc.). They were led by representatives of the tribal nobility - “princes”. Property differentiation was especially characteristic of reindeer herders. From the tribal nobility there were elders who mediated with the Russian administration. In 1930, the Khanty-Mansi National (now Autonomous) Okrug was created. Under the influence of national statehood and the movement to protect their territories from industrial development, the consolidation of the Khanty into a single people was completed.

The traditional occupations of the Khanty are river fishing (especially on the Ob and Irtysh, in the lower reaches of their tributaries), taiga hunting (mainly fur-bearing animals, as well as elk and bear) and reindeer herding. Reindeer husbandry in the tundra and forest-tundra is of the Samoyed type, has a meat-and-hide nature, herds of 1000-1500 head roam in the meridional direction (in spring to the north, in autumn to the south). Forest reindeer herding of local origin: the herds are small, grazed near settlements, and used for transport purposes. In the southern regions and along the Ob River, livestock and vegetable farming have been widespread since the 19th century. Gathering is of great importance. Women sew clothes and shoes from deer fur, suede, colored cloth, and bead embroidery. Traditional ornaments are preserved ("rabbit ears", "birch branches", "sable trail", "deer antlers", "pike teeth", etc.). Traditional means of transportation: skis, kamus and golitsa, reindeer and dog sleds. In the summer they used dugout boats, plank seine boats, and large boats with cabins covered with birch bark to travel to distant fishing grounds.

The modern rural population is still engaged in traditional sectors of the economy. About 30% of Khanty live in cities.

In winter, the Khanty lived in permanent winter villages, and in the spring they moved to seasonal villages to fishing grounds. Winter capital buildings were either frame, deepened into the ground, pyramidal or truncated-pyramidal in shape, or log buildings. They were heated by an open adobe fireplace or iron stove. Seasonal dwellings framed from poles, covered with tree bark. The buildings were located scatteredly: a residential building (sometimes a winter and summer house), one or several barns (most often piled), sheds for storing property, an adobe oven for baking bread under a canopy, an open summer fireplace for cooking, a hanger for drying nets , clothes, for drying and smoking fish, sometimes dog houses, in the 20th century bathhouse. Hunters lived in huts in the forest during hunting in the winter.

Reindeer herders in the tundra and forest-tundra, wandering with herds of reindeer, lived in camps in tents of the Samoyed type, covered with tires made of reindeer skins in winter, and birch bark in summer. Chum was also widely used (especially in summer) for seasonal settlements and fishing.

A significant part of the rural population now lives in new settlements built in the 1950s in connection with the transition of the Khanty to a sedentary lifestyle, consolidation and reorganization of farms. Part of the fishing population lives in traditional villages.

The clothing of the northern Khanty is close to the Nenets: a swinging women's fur coat made of reindeer fur, a coat-robe made of cloth, a men's deaf malitsa and a sovik, or goose with a hood. In the eastern Khanty, all clothing is folded, fur or robe-like cloth. Shoes fur, suede or leather (boots of different lengths and cuts, winter with fur stockings). Fur clothing combines white and dark colors, trimmed with colored cloth (red, green). Cloth clothing is embroidered with beads, metal plaques, and appliqué. Women wear beaded jewelry, rings, and earrings. Braids used to be decorated with false braids. Men also wore braids. The tattoo was famous.

Basic food products fish, meat of deer, elk and other animals, berries, nuts. The Khanty drink a lot of tea and eat a lot of bread. Fish is dried, fried, boiled, smoked, eaten fresh, raw and frozen (stroganina). The meat is eaten raw or boiled. They drink fish oil, preparing it with berries. Favorite dish: fish roe boiled in fish oil.

Back in the 17th and 18th centuries, large paternal and fraternal families were not uncommon. According to the rules of levirate, the younger brother took into the family a second wife with children from the deceased older brother. It was customary among reindeer herders to take a young wife to help an old wife. The division into phratries and genealogical groups close to clans was known. The phratrial division is more clearly visible in the northern Khanty. Phratries and genealogical groups are totemic in nature: they bear the names of animals and birds that are considered their ancestors (elk, beaver, frog, wagtail, etc.).

Although the Khanty were Christianized, the older generation still retains many traditional beliefs and cults based on ideas associated with totemism, animism, shamanism, the cult of ancestors, etc. The cult of the bear and the associated complex of myths and rituals ("bear holiday") are of great importance "), celebrated both periodically and on the occasion of catching a bear during a hunt. Rich folklore, folk choreography, song art, and theater are associated with the “bear holiday”.

Z. P. Sokolova

According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Khanty living in Russia is 29 thousand people.