Grinev in the Belogorsk fortress. The image and characteristics of Shvabrin from the story “The Captain's Daughter” by Pushkin

How did Pushkin solve this problem? Chapter first U. Pushkin begins the history of Pugachev from afar, from the 15th century, when the Don Cossacks first appeared on the Yaik River and settled there. They lived by raids, were surrounded by “hostile tribes,” and “therefore felt the need for strong patronage and in the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich” (1596-1645), they sent “on their own to Moscow to ask the sovereign to accepted them under your high hand." Tsar " caressed" new subjects, and they "little by little got used to it to family and civic life." Do you remember what happened in Zaporozhye, what Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol and the historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky wrote about? D. The same. There the Cossacks also lived by robbery, and then began to defend Orthodox faith and the Russian people. U. And it was around the same time. So the Yaik Cossacks took the oath and began to serve the Tsar and the Fatherland. And what happened next, you should have read in the final fragment of chapter one. Does Pushkin the historian present facts impartially? D. Of course not. He likes the “peaceful Kalmyks”, he calls them “ meek And kind people,” sympathizes with them, clearly thereby condemning the Russian bailiffs. He also sympathizes with the Cossacks, who were oppressed by members of the chancellery, and condemns the local authorities. But he cannot accept the fact that they refused to serve and became embittered. After all, they violated the oath! And Pushkin believes that the punishment, the measures that were taken against them, were, although “ strict", But " necessary». U. In general, he does not condemn the highest authorities, but only the local ones. And the entire first chapter shows why Pugachev’s uprising arose: “Everything foreshadowed new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader has been found." This leader became... D. Pugachev. U. But here Pushkin writes a work of art, a novel, the task of which is completely different. Which? D. To uncover inner world heroes in the narrator's assessment. U. And what role then do historical facts begin to play? After all, it is precisely the episode of the riot that preceded the uprising led by Pugachev that is discussed twice in the novel. Find what RG says about this in Chapter II (after the “thieves’ conversation”). D.“I couldn’t understand anything then from this thieves’ conversation; but later I realized that it was about the affairs of the Yaitsky army, which at that time had just been pacified after the riot of 1772.” U. For what purpose is this given here? D. To characterize the “counselor”: he is not an ordinary man, he apparently was a participant in this riot. And this characterizes him in a special way. U. The second mention of this riot is given at the beginning of Chapter VI. Read the second and third paragraphs. D.“This vast and rich province was inhabited by many semi-savage peoples who had recently recognized the dominion of the Russian sovereigns. Their constant indignation, unfamiliarity with laws and civil life, frivolity and cruelty required constant supervision from the government to keep them in obedience. The fortresses were built in places considered convenient and were inhabited for the most part by Cossacks, long-time owners of the Yaik banks. But the Yaik Cossacks, who were supposed to protect the peace and security of this region, for some time were themselves restless and dangerous subjects for the government. In 1772 there was a disturbance in their main town. The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg to bring the army to proper obedience. The consequence was the barbaric murder of Traubenberg, a willful change in government and, finally, the pacification of the riot with grapeshot and cruel punishments. This happened some time before my arrival at the Belogorod fortress. Everything was already quiet, or seemed so; the authorities too easily believed the imaginary repentance of the crafty rebels, who were angry in secret and were waiting for an opportunity to resume the unrest.” U. What role do they play here? historical information? D. They warn the reader: what has happened and what will possibly happen. U. From whose point of view are these facts given? D. From Grinev's point of view. U. Compare it with the point of view of Pushkin the historian. D. RG does not know or is not interested in why the Cossacks rebelled. No sympathy visible" half-wild peoples" and " crafty rebels." RG is entirely on the side of the government, Major General, although it calls punishments “ tough». U. That is, we are dealing not only with facts that allow the reader to understand the reasons for the future social conflict, but we also see the hero’s point of view on these events. Chapters two - four. U. In chapters two and four of “The History of Pugachev,” Pushkin describes the events of the Pugachev rebellion. What is the position of Pushkin the historian? D. Pushkin’s sympathies are on the side of the government; he calls the rebels “ villains“,” emphasizes the heroism of the officers, although it shows that Pugachev did not always act cruelly: “If he was kind to you,” said the impostor, “then I forgive him.” U. And here we see again that a historian cannot not be impartial, like any person, he cannot help but have his own point of view, he cannot help but express his attitude, not express his likes and dislikes. Moreover, in his “Notes on the Rebellion” Pushkin writes: “Poor Kharlov was drunk on the eve of the capture of the fortress; but I did not dare say so out of respect for his courage and wonderful death.” That is, Pushkin is silent about the facts, sins against reliability, because he has a clear position: he pities Kharlov and admires him. Comparison of "The Story of Pugachev" and "The Captain's Daughter". U. Now turn to the text of “The Captain's Daughter”. How did you manage historical facts Pushkin the artist and why? D. He writes in the novel about the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, based on the facts of the capture of three fortresses, the answers of the historically existing Kameshkov and Voronov become the basis for the answers of the fictional commandant Mironov, and Masha mentions the fate of Kharlova in her letter. Pushkin the artist writes about his invented heroes who act at a certain historical time next to real people - Pugachev, Khlopusha and others. U. And all these events are given “through the eyes of Grinev.” Does the point of view of RG differ from the point of view of Pushkin the historian? D. No, Grinev is entirely on the side of the government, but Grinev’s attitude towards Pugachev is more complex than that of Pushkin the historian. U. Wait, wait. In “The History of Pugachev” Pushkin, as a historian, wrote about Pugachev only what was “ reliably" known. In the novel, Pushkin the artist creates image character, using fiction: after all, he couldn’t know what the real Pugachev was thinking about, and there are many fictitious events. And Pushkin creates a complex image, a complex character, although Pushkin was given some reason for the traits of humanity to appear in Pugachev known facts. Pushkin could not help but see the intelligence, courage and contradictory nature of Pugachev. After all, what his hero Grinev is thinking about, everything that in Pugachev evokes involuntary respect for Grinev, these are the traits that Pushkin endowed his hero with. Pushkin sees further and wider than his hero-storyteller. So, as a nobleman who himself had serfs, Pushkin could not help but be horrified by the cruelty of the rebels, but he sees not only the atrocity, but also the reasons that gave rise to the rebellion when the people's patience runs out. And in this, Pushkin took a step forward in understanding Russian history, because before him, representatives of the noble culture assessed any popular rebellion only as a crime and villainy, while in folk culture There was a different idea of ​​popular riots. Works of folklore glorified the leaders of the riots as folk heroes. But even the best representatives of the nobility, such extraordinary personalities, like Suvorov and Derzhavin, were among those who suppressed the Pugachev uprising. And among those who almost died at the hands of the rebels was a boy, the future poet Ivan Andreevich Krylov, then still just a child. Pushkin in his historical novel posed very complex problems of contradictions between different classes of society and tried to evaluate them from the standpoint of humanity and humanism. Homework assignment. Write an essay on one of the topics: “Pugachev in the author’s assessment,” “Masha Mironova in the author’s assessment,” “Russian nobility in the author’s assessment.”

Lesson 31. About A. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter”

Discussion of essays

From the essays

U. Today you have to discuss your essays. Let's start with how you felt about the given topics. What topics were given? D.“Pugachev in the author’s assessment”, “Masha Mironova in the author’s assessment”, “Russian nobility in the author’s assessment”. U. And your task as reader-critics was to choose one of the topics and try to reveal it. The topics were set and could not be changed. But here we have a work called: “Essay on the Captain’s Daughter.” What would that mean? The reader-critic abandoned the topic and wrote an essay in the genre of review: what is interesting and what is not. And this review contains many interesting observations, for example: “But when I read last time, I realized that everything is somewhat reminiscent of our life. Petrusha’s mother hopes that he will go to St. Petersburg, under the patronage of the prince. And his father wants to send him to real service. It is clear that the mother is worried about her child, and the father, in his own way, is afraid that in St. Petersburg he will learn to “drag and hang around.” Or: “Savelich trembles for the life of his beloved master’s child. And the sheepskin coat is sorry. Petrusha, who has already turned into officer Grinev, has matured feelings of patriotic duty; he understands that Pugachev is a robber, and he, Grinev, must fight him. But Savelich tells him: kiss the hand, and that’s enough.” This is one of the main problems in life: is it possible to make concessions? Which ones are possible, which ones are not? Very interesting and important reflections of the reader, who was able to see close in the distant, to see eternal problems. That is why real works of art do not die with the past era, since their authors show not only the transitory, that which will go into the past forever, but also the eternal, that which remains with people. But against the backdrop of these important reader reflections, the question arises: how to evaluate an essay if it is not written on the topic? If the reader has arbitrarily come up with his own topic. How would you solve this issue? D.... U. But two more students wrote essays on the topic “Pugachev in the assessment of the narrator.” Why do you think? D. Maybe they were inattentive to the topic, or maybe because Grinev’s assessment is understandable and easier to write about than the author’s assessment. U. It may be true that this happened because the topic proposed by the boys was easier. But in fact, which of the available topics is the most difficult and why? D.... U. I think that the most difficult topic is “Russian nobility of the 18th century as assessed by the author.” It is more difficult because it was necessary not only to highlight the features of one hero in the author’s assessment, but, having highlighted the features of individual heroes, to find commonality in them, to combine the features of the nobles. Apparently, you also felt the difficulty of the topic, because few people decided to take it, and those who took it couldn’t cope with it. For example, is the following reader making the correct conclusion: “And through this very strong nature of Pugachev, Pushkin’s nobility looks like a bunch of frightened people clinging to power and the patronage of the empress”? D. Of course not. Among the nobles there were also frightened ones, as can be seen at the meeting of the military council in Orenburg: they were more afraid to attack than to defend. Shvabrin went over to Pugachev’s side, but he is shown as a vile person in general. But the rest were not afraid, took care of their honor, were faithful to their duty, as they understood it, and died like heroes. U. That's right, and these are the features that another reader highlighted. This is what he writes: “But it was they who had to meet the first onslaught of the enemy and, although their fortresses were taken and destroyed from the first attack, Pugachev failed to defeat these people morally. After all, when Mironov was brought to Pugachev for the oath, he told him: “You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor.” It would be possible to give other examples confirming the moral strength of nobles who were ready to die in the name of duty, to die, but not to break the oath. And once again about Grinev. Although there was no special topic dedicated to this hero, nevertheless, a number of works naturally talk about him. And, apparently, our thoughts about the relationship between the points of view of Pushkin and Grinev, about the difference between the author and his narrator, led some readers to the conclusion that Grinev is poorly educated and narrow-minded. We really talked about the fact that Pushkin is smarter than his hero, that he sees wider and further, but this does not detract from the hero. After all, Grinev was well educated for his time, especially by the time he wrote his notes, and it was not for nothing that his poems, even from his youth, were praised by a famous Russian poet. And most importantly, who “composed” everything you read? D. According to the text, it turns out that Grinev. U. Remember the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” by Tolstoy? There, too, the narrator is a simple, even very poorly educated person, clearly different from the author, but this does not prevent such a narrator from raising very complex problems that are not so easy for us, the readers, to judge. And Petrusha Grinev? Remember what subtle observations, what a subtle sense of humor he shows, he knows how to see humorous traits even in his own father, with all due respect to him. Which subtle characteristics Grinev gives to those he is talking about what smart solution he proposes at the military council. With what feeling he describes the tragic events! All this makes it easier to understand the author’s point of view, because the points of view of RG and Pushkin are in many ways close. Although, of course, there are other ways to find the author’s point of view: through conflict, the actions of the characters, their characters, their speech. Now try to evaluate one entire essay.

Composition 1. “Masha Mironova in the author’s assessment”

Masha Mironova - “The Captain's Daughter” - plays a very important role in A. S. Pushkin’s work. She gives impetus to the entire life plot of Grinev. After all, because of her, the events of this line occur, such as the duel between Grinev and Shvabrin. Because of Masha, Grinev returns to the Belogorsk fortress, not being afraid of being captured by the Pugachevites. Well, if it weren’t for Masha, Grinev would be in Siberia, in eternal settlement. I believe that in the story “The Captain's Daughter” everything is interconnected. Those. the author A.S. Pushkin creates a situation, and then the attitude of the RG is given. I think the main thing in understanding the author is to find out what qualities he wanted to show in a particular episode. So, for example, to show that the heroine is a modest girl, the author gives a line from her mother in the first episode with Masha, in which she says: “One problem: Masha, a girl of marriageable age, what is her dowry? A fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money (God forgive me!), with which to go to the bathhouse. Okay, if you can find it a kind person, otherwise you’ll sit like an eternal bride.” And Masha immediately blushes and feels embarrassed. After the duel, the author shows the kindness of Masha, who immediately begins to care for Grinev. Next is the incident with the letter from Father Grinev. Here Masha’s honor and integrity are revealed when she does not agree to get married without the permission of Grinev’s parents. The author tries to sharpen Masha's steadfastness in love, how she expects help from Grinev, and how she does not agree to marry Shvabrin. And at the very end of the story, Masha is shown as a brave, faithful and grateful girl who, for the sake of the people who have done good to her, and first of all for her most beloved person, Grinev, goes to Catherine and, without embarrassment, proves Grinev’s innocence. If we put all of Masha’s qualities together, we see that throughout the entire story the author paints a portrait of a modest, kind, faithful and grateful girl who, in my opinion, deserves to get a happy ending in the story. Dima. Masha was not embarrassed in front of Catherine because she did not know that the queen was in front of her, and in general the topic was revealed: both the character and the author’s attitude were clear. Dina. It’s somehow not very clear: “she deserves to get a happy ending in the story.” U. Yes, it’s not very well said stylistically. Help the critic. How would it be better to say? Children offer your options. U. Indeed, on the whole the essay was a success, the topic was covered. And it is interesting that the critical reader, trying to understand the author, pays attention to those episodes in which the author “wanted to show” certain qualities of his heroine. The following statement from the reader-critic is especially interesting, although linguistically it is not entirely well-formed: “The author tries to sharpen Masha’s steadfastness in love, how she expects help from Grinev, and how she does not agree to marry Shvabrin.” In other words, the critic believes that the author specifically “creates” situations in which certain character traits of the hero can appear. In any epic text, starting with a fairy tale, the hero is tested. And in a certain situation, the hero can pass this test or not. That is, the author can specially, arbitrarily come up with an episode, an event that shows character. But can he arbitrarily come up with a good ending? Why? D.... U. For Masha, everything ended happily, like in a fairy tale. And remember the bitter fate of another, real woman - Kharlova. She died. Could Pushkin come up with a sad ending? D.... U. Complex issue. The author, of course, is free to come up with a bad or good ending, but this will depend not only on his will, his plan, but also on what he writes about, what events lie at the basis. And if the author is more or less free to choose events that do not depend on the hero himself, then is the author free to choose the actions of the hero within these events? Can he, as one critic writes, “attribute any (or almost any) actions to the hero”? D.... U. Could Pushkin have made Grinev commit meanness? D. No, of course, this is not in his character. U. The author's arbitrariness not unlimited, it is limited by the character of the hero: the hero can begin to “resist” the author’s tyranny.

Composition 2 "Pugachev in Pushkin's assessment"

The author of "The Captain's Daughter" - A. S. Pushkin largely puts his assessment of Pugachev into the mouth of his RG - Grinev. However, in addition to this, there are other sources of the author's assessment. Epigraphs (in the last paragraph of the story - from the publisher - it is written: “having found a decent epigraph for each chapter”): “ Uninvited guest worse than a Tatar,” “At that time the lion was well-fed, even though he has been ferocious since birth. “Why did you deign to welcome me to my den?” - he asked affectionately.” One of the most important sources is historical documents, Pushkin’s personal notes, letters, and, finally, his “History of the Pugachev Rebellion.” The assessment of Pushkin the historian is harsher and more terrible than the assessment of Pushkin the artist through Grinev. In “The Captain's Daughter,” the descriptions of many of the atrocities committed by Pugachev, which are contained in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion,” are softened. Pushkin, through Grinev, shows the versatility of Pugachev’s character. On the one hand: cruelty, lust for power, however, caused by the attitude of the nobles towards the people (for example, the fate of Yulay), it is better to drink fresh blood once. On the other hand, Pugachev is brave, on occasion he likes to show generosity - “to execute, so to execute, to favor, to favor.” Pugachev is a man of a broad soul. He understands well the troubles of the people and sympathizes with them: “Are you safe? - repeated Pugachev. - And the people are dying of hunger! The impostor was telling the truth." Pushkin, as a historian and a person, understood Pugachev in this: “There will be half a million holidays: what will a people dying of hunger say?” (A.S. Pushkin - from the diaries of 1834). Pushkin wrote this two years before writing The Captain's Daughter, when he had already become interested in Pugachev. Pushkin writes at the same time in “The History of Pugachev”: “The name of the terrible rebel still thunders in the lands where he was rampant. The people still vividly remember the bloody time, which he so expressively called Pugachevism.” U. The last quote from “The History of Pugachev” - by the way, Pushkin himself called his historical research “The History of Pugachev”, and Nicholas I, who was his personal censor, recommended calling it “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” - requires comment. It is censorship that must be taken into account when assessing Pushkin’s last statement. After all, he had to hide his true attitude to a riot, otherwise his work would not have been published. And the people, as you know, considered Pugachev a hero and composed songs about him. D. The topic has been resolved. And mainly through the interpretation of epigraphs and comparison of the novel and “The History of Pugachev”. She explains the role of Grinev interestingly: Firstly, thanks to Grinev, a lot is softened, and, secondly, the versatility of Pugachev’s character is shown. U. Well done, they very correctly noted the dignity of the work. It should be noted, by the way, that often when writers create artistic image, it turns out to be deeper and more multifaceted than in cases where they give direct assessments of certain events. Homework assignment . Make a dramatization of an episode from “The Captain’s Daughter” (optional): Ch. IV “We entered the commandant’s house... - No way! not for any well-being!”; Ch. XI “I went to the Belogorsk fortress to deliver an orphan ... Khlopusha and Beloborodov did not say a word and looked at each other gloomily.”

Lesson 32. Dramatizations of episodes from the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”

Discussion of re-enactments

The main task of the stage designer when translating an epic text into a dramatic one is not just to “remove” the narrator’s speech, but to create a work for the stage with a clear and dynamic development of the action. How this work happens - see the discussion of children's dramatizations of fairy tales (UMK 5th grade “Stagings of the fairy tale “Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo”) The following dramatizations can serve as an example of what our students achieved.

Dramatization1.

Ch. IV. DUEL

(excerpt)

Act I

The dark, cozy room is illuminated only by the morning light from the window. Standing at the door are Ivan Ignatich, Grinev and Shvabrin. Grinev looks down, chuckling. Shvabrin looks forward proudly. An irritated Vasilysa Yegorovna is walking around the room. Ivan Kuzmich sits at a wooden table.

V a s i l i s a E g o r o v n a. Ah, my fathers. What does it look like? How? What? start a murder in our fortress! Ivan Kuzmich, they are now under arrest. Pyotr Andreich, Alexey Ivanovich! Bring your swords here, bring them, bring them. (Turns to the second door.) Broadsword! (The yard girl comes out of the door.) Broadsword, take these swords to the closet.

Broadsword takes their swords and leaves.

V a s i l i s a E g o r o v n a. Peter Andreich! I didn't expect this from you. How are you not ashamed? Good Alexey Ivanovich: he was discharged from the guard for murder, he does not believe in the Lord God; and what about you? Is that where you're going? Ivan Kuzmich. And listen, Vasilisa Egorovna is telling the truth, fights are formally prohibited in the military article.

Grinev laughed.

Shvabrin (proudly). With all due respect to you, I cannot help but notice that it is in vain that you deign to worry by subjecting us to your judgment. Leave this matter to Ivan Kuzmich: this is his business (with importance and composure). V a s i l i s a E g o r o v n a. Ah, my father! But aren’t husband and wife one spirit and flesh? Ivan Kuzmich? Why are you yawning? Now seat them in different corners on bread and water so that their stupidity goes away; Yes, let Father Gerasim impose penance on them, so that they pray to God for forgiveness and repent before people.

Ivan Kuzmich is at a loss.

V a s i l i s a E g o r o v n a. (over time). Broadsword! You can give them the swords. Well, now kiss each other, kiss, kiss.

Grinev and Shvabrin kiss with disdain. Palashka enters and gives them their swords. Grinev, Shvabrin and Ivan Ignatich leave the hut reconciled.

Act II

Morning. Winter. Snowing. There is no one in the yard.

Grinev (angrily to Ignatyich). Were you not ashamed? Report on us to the commandant after they gave me their word not to do this? Ignatich. Like God is holy, I didn’t tell Ivan Kuzmich that. Vasilisa Egorovna found out everything from me. She ordered everything without the knowledge of the commandant. However, thank God it all ended like this (turns and walks towards the house). Grinev (to Shvabrin). Our business cannot end. Shvabrin. Of course, you will answer me with your blood for your insolence; but they will probably keep an eye on us. We have to pretend for a few days. Goodbye!

They part as if nothing had happened.

Dramatization 2

Ch. XI. REBEL SLOBODA

(excerpt)

Characters:

Petr Andreich Grinev, officer, 16 years old. Pugachev. Khlopusha is tall, broad-shouldered, with a red beard. B elo beardov is an old man with a gray beard and a blue ribbon over his shoulder. Comrade Pugacheva.

A room in a hut. The walls are covered with gold paper. Pugachev is sitting under the images, next to him are several people, including Khlopusha and Beloborodov. Grinev enters.

P u g a c h e v (with liveliness). Ah, your honor! How are you doing? Why did God bring you? Grinev. Yes, I was traveling on business, but your people detained me. Pugachev. And for what reason?

Grinev is silent.

Pugachev. So you don't want to be in front of witnesses? (To comrades). Hey, come out and let me talk.

Everyone leaves except Beloborodov and Khlopushi.

Pugachev. Speak boldly in front of them. I don't hide anything from them.

Grinev silently examines Beloborodov and Khlopusha.

Pugachev. Well, tell me, what business did you leave Orenburg for? Grinev (shuddering). I was going to the Belogorsk fortress to deliver an orphan who was being abused there. P u g a c h e v (jumps up, screams). Which of my people dares to offend an orphan? Even if he is a genius, he will not escape my judgment! Speak: who is to blame? Grinev. Shvabrin is guilty. P u g a c h e v (calming down). I'll teach Shvabrin a lesson. He will learn what it is like to be willful and offend people. I will hang him. Cotton (hoarsely). Order the word to be spoken. You were in a hurry to appoint Shvabrin as commandant, and now you are in a hurry to hang him. You have already insulted the Cossacks by placing a nobleman as their leader; Don’t frighten the nobles by executing them at the first slander. B elo bo r o d o v. There is no point in pitying or favoring them. It doesn’t matter if Shvabrin is executed; and it would not be a bad idea to interrogate the gentleman officer in order: why did he deign to come? If he doesn’t recognize you as sovereign, then there’s no point in looking for government from you, but if he admits that until today he was sitting in Orenburg with his adversaries? Would you like to order him to be taken to the office and light a light there: it seems to me that his honor was sent to us from the Orenburg commanders.

Grinev shudders.

P u g a c h e v (noticing Grinev’s embarrassment, winking). Ah, your honor? My field marshal speaks his mind, it seems. How do you think? Grinev. I'm in your power. You are free to do with me as you please. Pugachev. Okay, now tell me what the state of your city is. Grinev. Thank God, everything is fine. Pugachev. Safely? And the people are dying of hunger! Grinev (thinking, aside). But he’s telling the truth, the impostor. (to Pugachev). Yes, all empty rumors, there are enough reserves in Orenburg, everything is fine. B eloborodov (picks up). You see that he is deceiving you to your face. All the fugitives agree that there is famine and pestilence in Orenburg, that they eat carrion there, and that only for honor; and His Grace assures us that there is enough of everything. If you want to hang Shvabrin, then hang this fellow on the same gallows, so that no one will be jealous.

Pugachev thinks and looks questioningly at Beloborodov.

Cotton (To Beloborodov). That's enough, Naumych! You should strangle and cut everything. What kind of hero are you? Look at what the soul holds. You look into your own grave, but you destroy others. Isn't there enough blood on your conscience? B elo bo r o d o v. What kind of a saint are you? Where did your pity come from? Cotton. Of course, I am a sinner, and this hand (clenches a fist, rolls up his sleeve, shows his hand), and this hand is guilty of shed Christian blood. But I destroyed the enemy, not the guest; at a free crossroads, in dark forest, not at home, sitting at the stove; with a flail and a butt, and not with a woman’s slander! B eloborodov (to the side, quietly). Torn nostrils! Cotton (screams furiously). What are you whispering there, you old brat? I'll give you ragged nostrils; wait, your time will come! God willing, and you will smell the tongs ... In the meantime, make sure I don’t tear out your beard! P u g a c h e v (with importance). Gentlemen generals! It's enough for you to quarrel. It wouldn’t be a problem if all the Orenburg dogs kicked their legs under the same crossbar; it would be a problem if our male dogs squabbled among themselves. Well, make peace.

Khlopusha and Beloborodov look at each other gloomily. Grinev frowns, then pretends to be cheerful.

Grinev (as if having come to his senses, to Pugachev). Oh! I forgot to thank you for the horse and sheepskin coat. Without you, I wouldn’t have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road. Thank you. P u g a c h e v (funny). Debt good turn deserves another. ( Squinting). Tell me: what do you care about that girl whom Shvabrin offends? Isn’t it a sweetheart for a young man’s heart, huh? Grinev. She is my bride. Remember, you saw her sick at the priest's. P u g a c h e v (screams cheerfully). Your bride! Why didn't you say it before? Are we having a feast at your wedding? (To Beloborodov). Listen, Field Marshal! His honor and I are old friends; Let's sit down and have dinner; The morning is wiser than the evening. Tomorrow we'll see what we do with it.

1 N.V. Gogol, “Arabesques”. St. Petersburg, 1835. Part 1. pp. 216–217.

1 Melmoth is the hero of Mathurin's novel Melmoth the Wanderer.

2 Failed beings, failed existences.

1 Volmar is the hero of Rousseau’s novel “Julia, or New Eloise" Malek-Adele is the hero of the novel “Matilda, or the Crusades” by the French writer Marie Cotten, the ideal of romantic young ladies. De-Linar is the hero of the novel “Valeria or Letters of Gustave de Linard to Ernest de-G” by the French writer Krudner. Werther is the hero of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther.2 Clarice is the heroine of Richardson's novel Clarice Harlow. Julia is the heroine of the novel “The New Heloise” by Rousseau. Delphine is the heroine of Madame de Staël's novel Delphine.

Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich is one of the negative characters of this work. In the novel, he represents the image of a young officer from a fairly wealthy family of a noble family. As an officer, he was demoted to the Belgorod fortress due to the murder of his comrade.

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin did not have very beautiful facial features, but there were notes of liveliness in him. He also did not differ in height and, moreover, suffered from excessive thinness.

Among his personal qualities, Shvabrin had a fairly good mind, intelligence and wit. His dialogues are filled with poignant and fascinating themes that further engage the reader. But the way he appeared negative character Shvabrin was endowed with such qualities as slander and invention. So, for example, he described Maria Mironova as an absolute fool, but in reality she was a very smart and good-natured girl.

In many scenes he maintained his importance and a very pompous appearance. He constantly made inappropriate and rude jokes who were alien to his surroundings. Shvabrin always loved to laugh at someone and received great pleasure from it. This man had nothing sacred. He completely refused to believe in God, and therefore he did not care that he was ranked among the murderers.

A deceitful, impudent, and also vile man who betrayed his army and then calmly joined the forces of the impostor Pugachev. After which, Shvabrin received the post of chief of the Belgorod fortress in Pugachev’s detachment. And taking advantage of his position, he kidnaps Masha and holds her by force, thus trying to gain favor from her. But as a result, there is justice in everything and Shvabrin is arrested for committing treason.

Essay Image and characteristics of Shvabrin

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a minor and negative hero of the story “The Captain's Daughter”. This is a young, educated officer from a wealthy family. He was short in stature, his face was dark and ugly. He knew French and skillfully wielded a sword.

He once served in the guard. There he stabbed one lieutenant with a sword and was sent to serve in the remote Belogorsk fortress.

In the fortress, Shvabrin meets Pyotr Grinev, who has arrived for service. At first, he seems to be a very friendly and witty person, with whom it is interesting and fun to spend time.

But, in the future, the hero reveals himself on the other side. He was in love with the daughter of Captain Mironov, but she did not reciprocate his feelings. Being a vindictive, cowardly and vile person, he began to spread bad rumors about her and her family.

He quarrels with Pyotr Grinev because of his jealousy of Masha Mironova and wants to fight him in a duel. During the fight, he stabs his opponent in the back, who momentarily turns away. He writes a false letter to Grinev's father, after which Peter's mother falls ill.

Alexey Shvabrin is a dishonest and unscrupulous person. During the attack of Pugachev's gang on the fortress, he betrays his own and immediately goes over to the side of the villains. Then the impostor Pugachev appoints him commandant of the fortress. His appearance changes, he becomes important, dresses in Cossack clothes and grows a beard.

He takes advantage of his new position and forcibly holds captain's daughter I wave. He treats her poorly, keeps her locked up, humiliates her in every possible way and starves her. But all his attempts to force Masha Mironova to become his wife are in vain.

At the end of the story, Alexei Shvabrin is arrested. He looks thin and emaciated, his face becomes pale, and his once black hair turns gray. Out of overwhelming powerlessness and anger, he tries to annoy his rival Pyotr Grinev. Shvabrin gives false testimony about him. He claims that Grinev joined the ranks of Pugachev and is a traitor to his homeland. He reveals himself as a vile, hypocritical and deceitful person.

Shvabrin's character does not evoke any respect or compassion.

Option 3

Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich is a minor character, an aristocrat, a nobleman who, for one reason or another, ended up in the Belgorod fortress. He is a young officer of average height. He is well educated and knows how to talk. There is always a joke and wit in his speech. Once upon a time, he was in love with Masha Mironova, the only daughter of the commander of the fortress, but was refused, which he was not particularly pleased with. He has been serving in the Belgorod fortress for five years.

After Masha Mironova’s refusal, Shvabrin begins to spread dirty rumors about her in the fortress and beyond. Considering this circumstance, we can say with confidence that this is not a very honest person.

His cunning and deceit is proven by the fact that he took advantage of the fact that during the duel, Grinev was distracted by Savelich, and it was Alexey Ivanovich who shot at him. Next, Shvabrin writes a letter about the duel to Grinev’s father, knowing that this could aggravate the situation for Grinev Jr.

At the moment of the capture of the Belgorod fortress, seeing that Pugachev and his comrades were winning. Shvabrin, without thinking about anything, goes over to the side of the barbarian and the robber. In the service of Pugachev, Grinev continues to lie and commit all sorts of tricks and meanness. Having learned that Masha Mironova was alone in the fortress and no one could protect her, he decided to use his power. He rudely harasses the daughter of the murdered commandant of the fortress, which does not indicate his love for Masha Mironova.

When Shvabrin saw that Grinev was under the protection of Pugachev, he fell at the feet of the sovereign, forgetting about his sense of self-worth and honor. He doesn't honor anyone or anything. He is only afraid for his own skin, which is worth nothing. But we should not forget that Shvabrin is a nobleman, and it is disgusting to see a nobleman lying on the ground.

When Grinev took Maria Ivanovna with him, Shvabrin felt anger and a desire to take revenge on him. He wanted to take revenge not out of love for Maria Mironova, but out of rivalry and personal vileness and flattery. In the end, Shvabrin Alexei Ivanovich is arrested for treason.

When Shvabrin is arrested, he will slander Grinev, although he will know that he did not swear allegiance to Pugachev and did not participate in his robberies.

When characterizing the image of Shvabrin, it should be noted that Pushkin introduced this negative hero not only to diversify the plot, but also to remind the reader that in life there are real scoundrels who can ruin the lives of the people around them.

Shvabrin in Pushkin's story

In the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", the main villain and anti-hero is not the robber Pugachev with his henchmen, but a young Russian officer - Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin. This is a young man with a quarrelsome disposition, coming from an aristocratic family, with an inflated opinion of himself and his own actions. This character lacks the concept of honor and duty, because after the capture of the Belgorod fortress, without hesitation, he sided with the enemy, without even remembering that he had taken the most important oath - to defend his homeland.

Alexey Ivanovich is not familiar with true love. He really liked the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, Masha, so in a fit of his feelings Shvabrin proposed marriage to her. The girl refused the young officer, as she felt bad intentions and deception from him. After the refusal, Alexey did not reconcile himself and decided that he would take revenge on Maria, calling her names and spreading inappropriate rumors about the life of the poor girl. But Masha steadfastly endured Shvabrin’s attacks, while Shvabrin himself became angrier. During the capture of the fortress, Alexei Ivanovich managed to get closer to Maria, he put her under lock and key, did not give her normal food, but only bread and water, thereby hoping to extract consent to marriage from the exhausted Masha. This act shows that Alexey has no mercy and sympathy, he does not feel sorry for the girl, he only thinks about his own benefit and enrichment.

Shvabrin also did not strive to create faithful and sincere friendship. His meanness and cowardice hurt people. In a duel with Pyotr Grinev, Alexey Shvabrin behaved basely and dishonestly; he stabbed Pavel in the back when he was distracted. Thus, with his cowardly and dishonest act, Shvabrin won a victory over Peter. Alexey also often slandered Grinev, presenting his comrade in a bad light.

Even when a righteous trial of Pugachev’s robbers took place, Shvabrin did not admit his guilt, but was only looking for a reason to evade justice and shift his guilt onto others.

The image of the dishonest, envious and cowardly Shvabrin is very carefully conveyed by the author, thus A.S. Pushkin wanted to show what an officer in the Russian army should not be, and what lies, envy, meanness and cowardice can lead to.

Katasonov V.N.

Let's move on to analyzing the next meeting between Grinev and Pugachev (the third, if you count from the meeting in the steppe). Let us remember the circumstances that preceded it. Grinev, released by Pugachev, fought against the latter as part of the Orenburg garrison. Through the former Belogorsk police officer Maksimych, Marya Ivanovna gave Grinev a letter. In this letter, she described her catastrophic situation - Shvabrin was forcing her to marry him - and tearfully asked for help. Grinev, together with the faithful Savelich, goes to the Belogorsk fortress. But on the way, in Berdskaya Sloboda, he is stopped by Pugachev’s posts, arrested and brought to his chieftain. Pugachev and his comrades prepared to meet the captured Orenburg officer, to play the role of the tsar and his retinue in front of him, but as soon as Pugachev recognizes Grinev, the conversation immediately takes on a private character. “Pugachev recognized me at first sight. His false importance suddenly disappeared. “Ah, your honor! - he told me with liveliness. - How are you doing? Why did God bring you?” I replied that I was going about my business and that his people stopped me. “What business?” - he asked me."

Grinev acutely feels the non-coincidence of what is happening. In a strange way, his personal fate, the fate of his bride, turns out to be connected, on the one hand, with the fate of the impostor and, on the other, with historical destiny states. “I couldn’t help but marvel at the strange coincidence of circumstances,” Grinev reflected after his first miraculous salvation in the Belogorsk fortress - “a children’s sheepskin coat, given to a tramp, saved me from the noose, and a drunkard, wandering around the inns, besieged the fortresses and shook the state!” . Some higher, unconditional force inexorably throws personal and national stories of fate into a boiling cauldron, mixes everything - good, evil, hatred and love, greatness and insignificance, in order to achieve in a new higher synthesis some of its own, for the time being hidden from people and goals known only to her... However, something from this higher meaning history begins to “shine through” here, in the human empiricity. Grinev’s famous prophetic dream during a snowstorm in the steppe seems to indicate in advance the “trajectory” of the relationship with Pugachev throughout the story. And every new meeting with Pugachev is marked for Grinev with a sense of predestination. So here, in Berdskaya Sloboda: “A strange thought came to my mind: it seemed to me that providence, which had led me to Pugachev for the second time, was giving me an opportunity to put my intention into action.” Private life Grineva turns out to be closely connected with the historical fate of the Pugachev rebellion. History in the image of Pushkin turns out to be humane- not only class, national, military, economic - all these abstract definitions are insufficient, do not cover its essence - history turns out to be human responsive. The “own business” of the young man Pyotr Andreevich Grinev in love and the historical events of the Pugachev rebellion turn out to be commensurate. And to Pugachev’s question about what business he left Orenburg on, Grinev replies: “I was going to the Belogorsk fortress, to save an orphan who was being abused there.” And - oh, miracle! – Pugachev, the formidable chieftain of a huge army, wants to help an honest man Pyotr Grinev, the same officer Grinev who is fighting against him, Pugachev.

The logic of these relations is by no means understandable at the ordinary – factual – level of existence. The logic of the everyday world is clearly and unambiguously expressed by Pugachev’s accomplice, the fugitive corporal Beloborodov. “It’s not a bad thing to execute Shvabrin,” he says, “but it’s not a bad thing to question the gentleman officer in order: why did he deign to come. If he doesn’t recognize you as sovereign, then there’s no point in looking for government from you, but if he admits that until today he was sitting in Orenburg with your adversaries? Would you please order him to be taken to the office and light a light there: it seems to me that his honor was sent to us from the Orenburg commanders.” This is the logic of a world divided by barricades of struggle - cruel, inexorable and in its own way legal and correct. These are the rules of the game. Grinev understands this perfectly: “The logic of the old villain seemed quite convincing to me. Frost ran through my whole body at the thought of whose hands I was in.”

But in Pugachev’s relationship with Grinev, the tone is set on a different level, where all actual divisions between people become one way or another conditional. It is from this level that Pugachev turns to Grinev, noticing the latter’s embarrassment. “Asya, your honor,” he said winking. - My field marshal seems to be speaking the truth. How do you think?" . Two levels: on one – hatred and fear, on the other – mutual assistance and hope. But not only this is revealed to our heroes, who conduct their dialogue on a deeper level of reality. There is also some special joy of liberation from the oppressive cruel logic of this everyday world of factual reality, where everything is impenetrable, social roles cruelly demarcated and inexorably predetermined. The joy of overcoming the burden of facticity through freedom, the joy of flying, soaring, the joy of play... Playing with being itself - with life itself! - special metaphysical courage moves Pugachev, who slyly winks at Grinev - “Asya, your honor?” As if: although it’s scary, you and I know that everything can’t end so flatly and mediocrely - it shouldn’t! This metaphysical courage of human freedom was often expressed by Pushkin and, perhaps, best of all in famous song Walsingam from "A Feast in Time of Plague":

There is rapture in battle, And in the dark abyss on the edge, And in the furious ocean, Among the menacing waves and stormy darkness, And in the Arabian hurricane, And in the breath of plague. Everything, everything that threatens death, conceals inexplicable pleasures for the mortal heart - Immortality, perhaps a guarantee! And happy is the one who, in the midst of excitement, could find and know them.

“Immortality may be a guarantee!” – Those who did not take risks may not have lived, and the risk in itself – immortality, perhaps is a guarantee... Pushkin touches here on deeply archaic pagan beliefs about salvation through heroism... Walsingham argues with a priest in the "Feast"... The theme of nobility (knighthood) and priesthood and, more in a general way, the theme of State and Church worried Pushkin all his life. And here, in The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin gave a relatively balanced interpretation of this topic. If in such works as “A Feast in the Time of Plague”, rather, the question is only posed, then in “The Captain’s Daughter” some answer is already given, a deeply national answer, as if on behalf of Russian history.

This life, like a risk, like an exciting game with death in Pugachev’s “Hello, your honor?”, like everything that concerns freedom, is split into two topics, corresponding to our two levels of freedom (second and third). There is a high play of heroism here, but there is also a life-affirming hope for salvation. And it is precisely the latter that Grinev immediately picks up: “Pugachev’s ridicule restored my vigor. I answered calmly...” However, there can be no peace in this world, torn apart by an irreconcilable struggle: Pugachev’s accomplice Beloborodoye again demands the interrogation of Grinev. The dispute between Beloborodov and Khlopushi aggravates the situation even more. Both Pugachev and Grinev sense danger. We need to somehow return to that special level of communication that is dear – and vital – to both. At least a reminder of him. “I saw the need to change the conversation, which could end in a very unfavorable way for me, and, turning to Pugachev, I told him with a cheerful look: “Ah! I forgot to thank you for the horse and sheepskin coat. Without you, I wouldn’t have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road.” My trick was a success. Pugachev was amused." This is not only gratitude - and, as it were, flattery - for Pugachev’s kindness. It is a reminder of another possible life. It’s like a memory on a gloomy and cold day about the spring sun and streams... And the ice of suspicion (on Pugachev’s part) has been melted. The conversation again takes on a private character, beyond all dividing barriers. Pugachev finds out that we are talking about Grinev’s fiancee, and is inclined to help the groom.

The next morning, Pugachev and Grinev set off for the Belogorsk fortress. Pugachev, who does so many evil things every day, is going to do a good deed! And his mood is appropriate: “Pugachev greeted me cheerfully and ordered me to sit in the wagon with him.” On the way, a most wonderful conversation takes place between our heroes, one might say the culmination in the sphere of what can be expressed in words. What remains beyond its borders is already difficult to explain, “What follows is silence...”. This dialogue begins with silence. “Suddenly Pugachev interrupted my thoughts, turning to me with a question:

– What, your honor, did you deign to think about?

“How can I not think about it,” I answered him. - I am an officer and a nobleman; Yesterday I fought against you, and today I’m riding with you in the same tent, and the happiness of my whole life depends on you. - Well? – asked Pugachev. -Are you scared? I answered that, having already been pardoned by him once, I hoped not only for his mercy, but even for his help.

– And you’re right, by God, you’re right! - said the impostor - You saw that my guys looked at you askance: and the old man even today insisted that you were a spy and that you should be tortured and hanged; but I didn’t agree,” lowering my voice so that Savelich and the Tatar could not hear him, “remembering your glass of wine and the hare’s sheepskin coat.” You see that I am not such a bloodsucker as your brothers say about me.”

What's going on? We suddenly see that in the relationship between Pugachev and Grinev, all established concepts are confused. An officer and nobleman collaborates with a rebel and impostor. Enemies who are not fighting in jest, but for destruction, suddenly become friends, and one hopes not just “for mercy, but even for help” of the other. All social institutions, all irreconcilable social contradictions, the story itself suddenly seems to be canceled! The conflagration of the peasant war, mercilessly swallowing up hundreds and hundreds of lives every day - “the Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless,” in the words of Pushkin himself - does not seem to concern our heroes at all, who, in fact, are clear and conscious participants in this national strife. What's happening? What should we call it? Perhaps the most adequate name for this is a name that appeals to the gospel image - walking on the waters. Like walking on water, which he demonstrated and taught! – Christ, the physical laws of the world are overcome, and so it is here, in strange story relationship between officer Grinev and the impostor Pugachev, told by Pushkin, social laws, laws of division and enmity are abolished. And the heroes, sometimes hesitantly, sometimes with jubilant childish joy, like the Apostle Peter in the Gospel, learn to walk on the stormy sea of ​​history... And the experience of this freedom from the – often fatal – weight of social determinations is truly joyful. Pugachev is happy to help Grinev. Joyfully tell him: “You see that I am not such a bloodsucker as your brothers say about me.” How important it is for a person - especially one who has violated moral norms, who has “burned bridges behind him” - at least in the eyes of someone not to be a bloodsucker, because quite often this means - to find oneself again in one’s own eyes, recover... .

This sympathy, this opportunity for dialogue with a “decent person” is especially important for Pugachev (as Pushkin portrays him). He assesses his situation quite soberly, despite all the courage of his impostor, all the seriousness of the drama that he plays out on stage Russian history. “My guys are smart. They are thieves,” says Pugachev. I have to keep my ears open; at the first failure, they will ransom their neck with my head.” Actually, Pugachev’s position is unenviable. He doesn’t believe in the possibility of pardon either – he’s gone too far. He can only go forward and forward - over corpses, through new crimes to the implementation of a titanic plan to overthrow the existing state power. In the fatal necessity of this movement, in its coercion, in the almost inevitable failure of the entire adventure, there is something deeply humiliating and no longer compatible with all those noble “poses” that Pugachev took in front of Grinev. Feeling this, tormented and wanting to justify himself - before Grinev, before himself and, perhaps, before something higher - Pugachev uses his “trump card”, a Kalmyk parable. This parable is like symbol of faith Pugachev, that image, that intuition, which not only expresses his position, but also serves as the source that feeds and directs the entire dynamics of “self-expression” of Pugachev’s adventure. This parable in Pushkin is clearly presented as a kind of religious symbol, and according to the dialectics of the latter, we can say that Pugachev himself - in the dimension of his imposture - turns out to be just an image of this parable. Let's present it in full.

“Listen,” said Pugachev with some wild inspiration. “I’ll tell you a fairy tale that an old Kalmyk woman told me when I was a child.” One day an eagle asked a raven: tell me, raven bird, why have you lived in this world for three hundred years, and I am only thirty-three years old? “Because, father,” the raven answered him, “you drink living blood, and I feed on carrion.” The eagle thought: let's try and eat the same thing. Fine. The eagle and the raven flew away. They saw a dead horse; came down and sat down. The raven began to peck and praise. The eagle pecked once, pecked again, waved his wing and said to the raven: no, brother raven; than to eat carrion for three hundred years, better time drink living blood, and then what God will give! – What is a Kalmyk fairy tale? “Intricate,” I answered him. “But to live by murder and robbery means, for me, to peck at carrion.”

Here Pushkin, in this terrible parable, written in the 30s of the 19th century, has everything ready. Even before all the “blond beasts”, theoretically glorified or practically cultivated, before Nechaev, before “Narodnaya Volya”, before the “expropriation of expropriators”, before all the “red brigades” and “Action Direct”, everything was already ready - the whole philosophy of “heroic” Arbitrariness , all the romance of savage self-will, all the aesthetics of the “heroic pessimism” of the superman... The assessment born and suffered by Pushkin’s heart by the 37th year of his life is also ready... If, at the meeting in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev could not argue with Pugachev on ideological problems - it was dangerous, and it was still unclear - why? – now the situation is different. Grinev sees that it is very important for Pugachev not to be just a “bloodsucker” in his eyes. Pugachev vital This “metaphysical luxury” is necessary - communication with a person in the face of Truth, and not just in the grip of historical necessity. Therefore, Grinev can answer Pugachev sincerely. Pugachev, having told a Kalmyk fairy tale, seems to be formulating his life ideal. AND in a short phrase Grinev answers on behalf of his ideological ideal: “To live by murder and robbery means, for me, to peck at carrion.” This is a strong blow to Pugachev’s position. Grinev seems to be saying: you are a difficult person, Pugachev, you deeply feel life and guess that perhaps the final truth is revealed not in military victories and defeats, but in such sincere conversations that you and I are having... That’s why it’s so and you value them... But precisely in the sense in which we communicate with you, you are wrong... This is a strong blow to Pugachev. And as often happens, especially strong, perhaps because something was said that he was afraid to admit to himself...

“Pugachev looked at me in surprise and did not answer.” Our heroes fell silent. More precisely, the dialogue continues, but through silence. The deepest possible dialogue at the third level is dialogue-silence... “We both fell silent, each immersed in our own thoughts. The Tatar began to sing a sad song; Savelich, dozing, rocked on the beam. The wagon flew along a smooth winter path...” The dialogue continues. With the master's brilliant tact and laconicism, Pushkin shows that at the deepest levels of dialogue, nature itself is involved in it. Just as in medieval thinking nature never remains indifferent to human problems, but serves as a special symbolic text, a message from God to man, which one only needs to be able to read, so here - nothing in nature, in external reality, is indifferent to this deep touch of one soul to another, this presence of the face to the face in front of the Face... Everything external expresses the internal, everything continues a silent dialogue and unobtrusively, chastely performs him... Why is the Tatar song so sad? Yes, probably because if in life there are only “heroic” turns of self-will, raising ashes to the skies and turning mountains into deserts, then it’s as if there’s nothing then, and then it’s very sad to live in the world, gentlemen, or maybe and it's not worth it at all...

What follows is a chapter dedicated to the release of Marya Ivanovna. Infuriated, Shvabrin commits another crime: he announces that Marya Ivanovna is not the niece of the Belogorsk priest - as she was presented to Pugachev - but the daughter of the hanged captain Mironov, commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. Pugachev is unhappy that Grinev did not tell about this in advance. But Grinev still manages to persuade Pugachev. “Listen,” I continued, seeing his good disposition. “I don’t know what to call you, and I don’t want to know... But God sees that with my life I would be glad to pay you for what you did for me.” Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience. You are my benefactor. Finish as you began: let me go with the poor orphan, where God will show us the way. And we, no matter where you are and no matter what happens to you, every day we will pray to God for the salvation of your sinful soul...” Grinev asks, almost demands: Pugachev, be a man, complete the good deed that you started. It doesn’t matter anymore who you really are and what dangerous games you play with people and with history...

It is joyful and sweet for Pugachev to respond to this call from his friend-enemy Grinev: it means that there is someone in the world whose prayer for his wild little head will burn like an eternal, unburnt candle before God! This means that he is no longer a “bloodsucker”!.. “It seemed that Pugachev’s stern soul was touched. “Have it your way!” - he said. - Execute like this, execute like this, favor like this: this is my custom. Take your beauty; take her wherever you want, and God give you love and advice!” God bless you! - also a prayer. How to pay for prayer? - only by prayer.

And now, finally, departure from the Belogorsk fortress. A certain feeling of unreality, or rather, otherworldliness what is happening, does not leave our hero. “An hour later, the constable brought me a pass, signed with Pugachev’s scribbles, and called me to him on his behalf. I found him ready to hit the road. I cannot explain how I felt when I parted with this terrible man, a monster, a villain to everyone except me. Why not tell the truth? At that moment, strong sympathy attracted me to him. I ardently wished to snatch him from the midst of the villains whom he led, and to save his head while there was still time. Shvabrin and the people crowding around us prevented me from expressing everything that filled my heart.” There is a miracle: this is the axiom of life discovered by Grinev. And if there is a miracle, then everything is possible and there is no need to be afraid of anything. And if pride, always looking down from above, arrogantly and arrogantly, even in good things will look for bad things - in order, so to speak, a posteriori to confirm its superiority! - then love, sympathy, even in bad things, will look for good in order to support, not to let you fall into the abyss of despair. You are better than you are, Pugachev, I know that,” Grinev seems to be saying. “You just need to help this good thing grow in you and get stronger.” And you yourself know this good thing in yourself and value it very much. Oh, if only we could combine our efforts, because on actually we are at the same time... However, the world, fussy, rumbling and confusing, as usual, prevented me from saying and doing what my heart was full of.

“Pugachev left. I looked for a long time at the white steppe along which his troika rushed.” Pugachev left from this life, from this oasis where people deeply sympathize and - at risk to themselves - help each other, to that life, real, where in the conflagration of passions and the struggle of self-will, everything burns and perishes, leaving behind only a flat, endless steppe covered with snow and a groaning, sad song... There is reality, but what is here? There, “for everyone” - a monster and a villain, here - for one - a savior and helper. Pushkin's entire story is, as it were, one big proof that life is not exhausted only by the reality of the factual level (the first level). It is deeper, more unexpected, more wonderful. There - only reality, and here - reality itself.

The image and characterization of Shvabrin in the story “The Captain's Daughter” will reveal to the reader the cruel truth about how easily a person betrays those around him and his own homeland. Life punishes traitors, and so will the hero of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Appearance of Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin

In the service of Pugachev, he turned into a thin and pale old man, his hair turned grey. Only grief and experiences could change so quickly appearance person. But there is no turning back now.

The first opinion turns out to be deceptive

He wooed Masha and was refused. The young lady intelligently described the reason why she could not become his wife. She simply could not imagine life with someone for whom she had no feelings.

The honor of the beloved is hurt. Duel

In the duel the officer performed poorly. Grinev recalls that the enemy overtook him at the moment when he was distracted.

“I looked back and saw Savelich running down the path. At this time I was hit hard in the chest, I fell and lost consciousness.”

It was dishonest and unmanly.

Deceit and duplicity

“He expressed deep regret about what happened, admitted that he was to blame, and asked to forget about the past.”

Enemy for one's own state

Shvabrin occupies the place that belonged to the father of Maria Mironova. He keeps Masha locked up on bread and water and threatens her with violence. When the leader of the peasant war demands to release the girl, Shvabrin will tell whose daughter she is, putting at great risk the one to whom he recently declared his love. This proves that sincere feelings are alien to him.

Even after a while, when fate separates him from Grinev, the traitor to his homeland will remember him in order to stab him in the back again. He will accuse Peter of aiding Pugachev when he himself is tried for all his misdeeds.

Grinev in the Belogorsk fortress.

The main character of the story is Peter Grinev. He appears before us as a young man from a poor noble family. His father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, was a simple military man. Even before his birth, Grinev was enrolled in the regiment. Peter received home education. At first he was taught by Savelich, a faithful servant. Later, a Frenchman was specially hired for him. But instead of gaining knowledge, Peter chased pigeons. According to established tradition, noble children had to serve. So Grinev’s father sent him to serve, but not in the elite Semenovsky regiment, as Peter thought, but in Orenburg, so that his son would experience real life, so that he would become a soldier, and not a shamaton.

But fate threw Petrusha not just to Orenburg, but to the distant Belogorsk fortress, which was an old village with wooden houses, surrounded by a log fence. The only weapon was an old cannon, and it was filled with rubbish. The entire team of the fortress consisted of disabled people. Such a fortress made a depressing impression on Grinev. Peter was very upset...

But gradually life in the fortress becomes bearable. Peter becomes close to the family of Captain Mironov, the commandant of the fortress. He is accepted there as a son and taken care of. Soon Peter falls in love with Maria Mironova, the daughter of the commandant of the fortress. His first love turned out to be mutual, and everything seemed fine. But then it turns out that Shvabrin, an officer exiled to the fortress for a duel, had already wooed Masha, but Maria refused him, and Shvabrin takes revenge by denigrating the girl’s name. Grinev stands up for the honor of his beloved girl and challenges Shvabrin to a duel, where he is wounded. After recovery, Peter asks his parents for his parents’ blessing for his marriage to Mary, but his father, angry at the news of the duel, refuses him, reproaching him for this and saying that Peter is still young and stupid. Masha, passionately loving Peter, does not agree to marriage without the blessing of her parents. Grinev is very upset and upset. Maria tries to avoid him. He no longer visits the commandant's family, life becomes more and more unbearable for him.

But at this time the Belogorsk fortress is in danger. The Pugachev army approaches the walls of the fortress and quickly captures it. All residents immediately recognize Pugachev as their emperor, except for commandant Mironov and Ivan Ignatich. They were hanged for disobedience to the “one and true emperor.” It was Grinev’s turn; he was immediately led to the gallows. Peter walked forward, looked death in the face boldly and courageously, preparing to die. But then Savelich threw himself at Pugachev’s feet and stood up for the boyar’s child. Emelyan ordered Grinev to be brought to him and ordered him to kiss his hand, recognizing his power. But Peter did not break his word and remained faithful to Empress Catherine II. Pugachev was angry, but remembering the hare sheepskin coat given to him, he generously released Grinev. Soon they met again. Grinev was traveling from Orenburg to save Masha from Shvabrin when the Cossacks caught him and took him to Pugachev’s “palace”. Having learned about their love and that Shvabrin was forcing a poor orphan to marry him, Emelyan decided to go to the fortress with Grinev to help the orphan. When Pugachev found out that the orphan was the commandant’s daughter, he got angry, but then he released Masha and Grinev, keeping his word: “To execute like this, to execute like this, to favor like that: that’s my custom.”

The Belogorsk fortress greatly influenced Peter. From an inexperienced youth, Grinev turns into a young man capable of protecting his love, maintaining loyalty and honor, and able to judge people sensibly. \