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Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.docx
- 16.51 KbArkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.
In 1862, Turgenev wrote the novel “Fathers and Sons.” During this period, a final break was outlined between two social camps: liberal and revolutionary-democratic. In his work, Turgenev showed a man new era. This is the democrat commoner Bazarov.
The reader meets Bazarov at the beginning of the novel. “A tall man in a long robe with tassels,” this is how we first see Evgeniy. Throughout the entire novel, Arkady Kirsanov is next to him, they study together at medical institute, they are connected by years of friendship. However, can the characters' relationship be called friendship?
Initially, Kirsanov and Bazarov seem like-minded people. Arkady falls under the influence of Bazarov, he idolizes his friend, admires his progressive views and independence. People like E.V. Bazarov needs students and admirers. But the further we delve into the novel, the more we understand that the relationships between the characters are ambiguous and bear little resemblance to friendship.
The main problem posed by the writer in the novel is already expressed in the title, which has a double meaning. On the one hand, this is a generational problem, on the other, a conflict between two socio-political forces operating in Russia in the 60s years XIX century: liberals and democrats. Evgeny Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov, due to their age, should belong to the same camp, but this is not so. Bazarov - new person, a representative of those young leaders who “want to fight,” nihilists. He is for a new life and remains true to his convictions to the end. He is the main and only exponent of democratic ideology. Arkady, in his views, belongs to the “fathers”, although he is carried away by the views of his “teacher”. “Young courage and youthful enthusiasm” force him to join the nihilists, but he often forgets about his nihilism and betrays ideological kinship with the older generation. It is no coincidence that he continually tries to convince Bazarov that Pavel Petrovich is better than he seems, and Nikolai Petrovich is a “golden” man. Arkady is not guided by Bazarov's ideas in life. They do not become an organic part of him, which is why Arkady will so easily abandon them later. The revolutionary democratic ideal of happiness is activity for the benefit of the people, despite personal adversity. Arkady is not ready for this, since he is a “soft liberal baric.” In “youthful enthusiasm,” liberals do not go beyond noble ebullience, but for Bazarov this is “nonsense.” Liberals do not “fight,” but “imagine themselves to be great; revolutionaries want to fight.” Giving an assessment of Arkady, Bazarov identifies him with the entire liberal camp. Spoiled by life in a noble estate, Arkady “involuntarily admires himself,” he enjoys “scolding himself.” This is boring for Bazarov, he “needs to break others.” Arkady just wanted to seem like a revolutionary; there was a lot of youthful posturing in him, but in his soul he always remained a “liberal gentleman.”
The image of Bazarov absolutely does not fit into the idle life of the Kirsanovs. And here, as a guest, Bazarov continues to work, gets up at first light, conducts experiments, etc.. The life of friends on the estate is described in one phrase: “Arkady was sybaritic, Bazarov worked.”
They have completely different opinions regarding art. For Bazarov, “Raphael is not worth a penny...”. He believes that “at 44 years old, playing the cello is stupid,” and reading Pushkin is “no good.” He considers art a form of profit. For him, “a decent chemist is more useful than any poet,” and art is not capable of changing anything in life. And this is the extreme of Bazarov’s nihilism. Many people evoke negative emotions in Bazarov, but Arkady has no enemies. Arkady cannot live without principles. In this way he is very close to his liberal father and Pavel Petrovich. Arkady is always neat, tidy, well dressed, and has aristocratic manners. Bazarov does not consider it necessary to observe the rules of good manners, so important in the life of a nobleman. This is reflected in all his actions, habits, manners, and speech patterns.
Friends also approach love differently. Bazarov is a skeptic here. He says that only a fool can feel free with a woman. However, meeting Odintsova makes him change his views. Arkady’s ideal, on the contrary, is family, comfort and peace; his marriage to Katya is further confirmation of this.
Bazarov's nihilism leads him to the point that he begins to be ashamed of natural human feelings. He is very demanding of himself, showing dryness even towards the closest people - his parents. But this does not mean at all that he does not love them.
Arkady and Bazarov seem to oppose each other, and this is the conflict of the novel, expressed by the technique of contrast.
Thus, the breakup between Bazarov and Arkady is inevitable. Arkady is not ready for the “tart, bitter, bourgeois life” of a democrat. And friends say goodbye forever. Bazarov breaks up with Arkady without saying a single friendly word to him. He says that he has other words for Arkady, but to express them is romanticism for Bazarov.
In the end, Bazarov dies, remaining true to his convictions. He calmly accepts his approaching death and is not afraid of his own death. His beliefs did not take root with Arkady, he realizes that they are not for him, over time he acquires his own opinion and stops blindly following the lead. So, Bazarov dies a nihilist, and Arkady remains a “liberal gentleman.” The relationship between Arkady and Evgeny cannot, in my opinion, be called friendship. Friendship cannot be based on the subordination of one to the other, and too obvious opposites will not attract. Turgenev gradually reveals to us the difference in worldviews, gradually the friends differ in their views on fundamental things, the “student” leaves his “teacher”.
“Bazarov’s attitude towards his comrade casts a bright streak of light on his character; Bazarov has no friend, because he has not yet met a person who would not give in to him. Bazarov’s personality closes in on itself, because outside of it and around it there are almost no elements related to it at all” (D. Pisarev).
Short description
In 1862, Turgenev wrote the novel “Fathers and Sons.” During this period, a final break was outlined between two social camps: liberal and revolutionary-democratic. In his work, Turgenev showed a man of a new era. This is the democrat commoner Bazarov.
The reader meets Bazarov at the beginning of the novel. "Human tall in a long robe with tassels,” this is how we first see Evgeniy. Throughout the entire novel, Arkady Kirsanov is next to him, they study together at medical institute, they are connected by years of friendship. However, can the characters' relationship be called friendship?
The novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev already reflected the main conflict of the work in its title. Like a sharp gust of fresh wind, a “new man” bursts into the midst of the “good representatives of the nobility” - the son of a doctor, democrat, nihilist Bazarov. He is the embodiment of the denial of the usual life of a noble estate, its emptiness. The contradictions between conservatives and democrats are at the forefront of the novel. However, the analysis of the conflict between characters who formally belong to the same camp, but are, at first glance, allies, is especially interesting. Almost at the very beginning of the work, the reader meets Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov. An advanced student, a democrat, comes to stay at his friend’s estate. Arkady is sincerely grateful for this, he tells his father: “He is so kind that he agreed to stay with us!”
We can say that Bazarov deigns to be friends with young Kirsanov. Arkady is passionate about Bazarov’s ideas, he is one of his best “students”. The man is smart and insightful. Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov quickly realized that it was impossible to make Arkady “one of his own,” to completely change his views. The image of Arkady Kirsanov, thus, occupies a very special place in the novel. On the one hand, he is adjacent to the camp of the “children,” in other words, the revolutionaries, and on the other hand, he is an integral part of the camp of the “fathers.” The author himself emphasizes this: “Look at the faces of Nikolai Petrovich. Pavel Petrovich. Arcadia. Weakness, lethargy or limitation."
One of the main techniques for creating images (in this work by Turgenev is contrast. Thus, Arkady differs in some character traits and in some views from his father and grandfather. He strives for something new, his passion for the natural sciences is probably not only a deer to fashion Arkady strives to imitate Bazarov in everything, he listens to his advice. Young Kirsanov is by no means deprived. positive qualities. He is intelligent and inquisitive. However, the main difference between these characters, also created on the basis of contrast, was pointed out by the author of the novel: “Arkady was a sybaritist, Bazarov worked.”
Bazarov does not want to be a slave to the principles that others have come up with, to blindly follow traditions; he denies principles “taken on faith.” He is a direct person, often even harsh. Speaking about his convictions, Evgeniy is not at all inclined to soften or smooth them out. It would seem that. Many of Bazarov’s views are shared by Arkady. But this “master’s” passion for nihilism is very superficial. In addition, some of Evgeniy’s statements unpleasantly offend Kirsanov. Such, for example, are Bazarov’s words about women and art.
To show common features Arkady and Bazarov and what distinguishes these heroes from each other, I. S. Turgenev, one might say, leads them through the same tests. The character traits of the characters are especially pronounced in situations where they need to make a choice. When the friends arrived at Kirsanov’s estate. Arkady realized that his uncle did not immediately like Evgeny Bazarov. But this time he took the side of someone who considered him not only his friend, but also his teacher. Bazarov was not at all embarrassed; he even deliberately emphasized the harshness of his own manners and judgments.
As the novel progresses, the author exposes both heroes to temptation; he invites them to choose “noble happiness.” It is embodied in the images of Katerina and Anna
Odintsov. Arkady, who was at first captivated by Anna Sergeevna’s extraordinary nature, this time listens to Evgeniy’s advice to pay attention to younger sister. In sweet Katerina Odintsova, Arkady finds spontaneity, sincerity, and openness. who are close to his nature. He even plays music, although he is embarrassed when he catches Bazarov doing this. Perhaps it is on Odintsova’s estate that Arkady realizes that harsh life, which Bazarov calls for, is not at all an ideal for him, Kirsanov. In Katenka he finds his destiny and is quite happy. By the way, his “nihilistic” knowledge came in handy in life. Arkady managed to run the household much better than his father. Bazarov finally realized that Arkady was only a temporary ally, which means it was necessary to part with him. Saying goodbye to him, Evgeniy says: “... we say goodbye forever, and you feel it yourself... There is neither insolence nor anger in you, but there is youthful courage and youth
fervor: this is not suitable for our destiny.” It is in this conversation that Bazarov utters words that can be called historical, gives unusual exact description and Arkady, and people like him: “You are a nice fellow, but you are still soft,
liberal barich...” Evgeniy understands that she is harsh. The life full of hardships for which he is preparing himself does not suit Kirsanov at all. In Bazarov's soul they are fighting different feelings: “regret, fear of being upset.” The author managed to psychologically correctly convey this state in the hero’s speech. Evgeniy says in a friendly manner: “Goodbye, brother!”, and then, as if having come to his senses, ironically adds:
“Farewell, sir!”
In the novel “Fathers and Sons,” it is Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov who is the most complex and contradictory character. He is lonely and his attempts to find friendship and love are practically fruitless. Turgenev believed that Bazarov was a “tragic face.” And this statement is true. The tragedy of Yevgeny Bazarov is not only that his time has not come yet, not only that he cannot find happiness, but also that. that he deliberately refuses this happiness. It seems that Evgeniy is afraid to freely express his feelings and is trying to seem harsher. even rude, more rational than he really is. Perhaps this reflects the same fear of “being overwhelmed.” Only before his death are qualities revealed in him that previously the reader could only guess about: tenderness for his parents hidden under external severity and indifference, the poetry of his love for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. The hero is filled with a thirst for life and work for the good of the country, but he understands that he can’t do anything; All that remains is to face death with dignity and courage. And Bazarov finally allows true feelings to break through, for the first time he speaks completely frankly about himself; “I also thought: I’ll screw up a lot of things, I won’t die anywhere! there is a task, because I am a giant.” Only now does he not hesitate to openly show concern for his parents. Entrusting their fate to Odintsova, Evgeniy says: “After all, there are people like them in your big world you can’t find one with fire during the day...” Yevgeny Bazarov dies “the day before”, he does not seem to do anything significant, but the strength and charm of this character are so strong that they literally attract the reader’s attention. I. S. Turgenev managed to show not only the main socio-political conflict of the era in the novel, but also to create vivid images of the heroes who provided such long life this work.
Turgenev's novel depicts an era when significant changes were brewing in Russian life. Disputes around the peasant question about ways to resolve social contradictions divided the intelligentsia into irreconcilably warring parties. At the center of the social struggle is the figure of the commoner revolutionary Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov. This is a powerful, titanic personality.
But in the novel there are also completely different characters, who apparently share Bazarov’s views, who are passionate modern ideas. However, Turgenev shows a deep difference between the main character and his “students”.
For example, Arkady Kirsanov. Unlike the commoner Bazarov, he is a young man from a noble family. From the very first pages of the novel we see friends nearby. And right away the author makes it clear how much Arkady depends on his friend, but is far from being like him in everything. Admiring nature in a conversation with his father, he suddenly “casts an indirect glance back and falls silent.” Arkady is under the spell of his older comrade’s personality, feels in him a wonderful, perhaps even a great person, and delights in developing his ideas, shocking his uncle, Pavel Petrovich. But deep down, Arkady is completely different: he is not alien to poetry, tender feelings, loves to “speak beautifully”, prefers an idle lifestyle labor activity. Nihilistic beliefs do not become his nature, like Bazarov’s. Gradually, a conflict brews between the friends; Arkady increasingly disagrees with his friend, but at first he does not dare to speak directly about it, he more often remains silent.
Saying goodbye to Arkady, Bazarov gives an accurate assessment of the personality of his friend, emphasizing the dissimilarity between them: “You are not created for our tart, bean-like life. You have neither insolence nor anger, but you have youthful courage and youthful enthusiasm, this is not suitable for our business... Your brother, a nobleman, cannot go further than a noble boiling point... But we want to fight...” In essence, Arkady is a “soft liberal gentleman” , and that is why he so easily abandons his democratic beliefs. “Now I’m not the arrogant boy I was before,” he tells Katya. At the end of the novel we see him as a zealous owner, whose farm brings in significant income.
But if this hero is shown by the author with sympathy, with gentle humor, then there are characters in the novel who are depicted with contemptuous ridicule. This is, firstly, Evgeniy’s “student”, as he introduces himself, Sitnikov and the emancipated Kukshina. These people also talk about natural sciences, talk about women's rights, about freedom of thought... But in fact, they are just a caricature of nihilists. No wonder Bazarov treats them with undisguised contempt.
Against the background of these characters, the authenticity of Bazarov’s convictions, the depth of his nature and boundless loneliness are especially clearly visible.
Dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov
The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov (Chapter X) is the highest point in the development of the conflict between democrats and liberals. The dispute is developing in several directions.
The first direction in the dispute is about the role of the nobility. Pavel Petrovich considers aristocrats to be the basis of society, since they live by principles, respecting themselves and demanding respect from others. Bazarov believes that inactive people cannot be the basis of society.
The second direction is about the role of democrats. Bazarov is guided in his actions by what he recognizes as useful for the people, for society. At the present time, Bazarov believes, it is useful to deny everything, and he denies autocracy, serfdom, religion. Weak side Bazarov is the lack of a positive program. “Building is no longer our business,” he asserts.
The third line in the dispute is the attitude towards the people. Pavel Petrovich talks about his love for the people, admires their patriarchy and religiosity. In fact, when talking to the peasants, he turns away “and sniffs the cologne.” And the peasant is unlikely to recognize him as his compatriot
Bazarov despises and hates everything that leads to ignorance and backwardness of the peasants, and at the same time he is aware of his blood connection with the people, considers himself an exponent of the “national spirit” not only because his grandfather plowed the land, but also because he himself expresses the progressive ideas of the time and intends to act in the name of the interests of the people.
The fourth line in the dispute is the attitude towards art and poetry. Bazarov believes that:
· “A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet”;
· “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it”;
· “Raphael is not worth a penny.”
These views of Bazarov are not accidental. For the progressive youth of the 60s of the 19th century, a passion for the natural sciences was characteristic. The discoveries of Sechenov, Botkin, and Pirogov contributed to the fact that materialism increasingly won the recognition of society, and art and poetry were relegated to the background.
In 1862, Turgenev describes the novel "Fathers and Sons." At that very time, a final break is emerging between two social camps: liberal and revolutionary-democratic. In his work, Turgenev showed a man of a new era. This is the democrat commoner Bazarov.
Throughout the entire novel, his friend Arkady stays next to Bazarov. They study together at the medical faculty of the university. They are connected by several years of friendship.
Arkady falls under the influence of Bazarov and wants to be like him. He wholeheartedly shares his views.
Arkady is forced to join the nihilists by “young courage and youthful enthusiasm.” But he is not guided by Bazarov’s ideas in life. They do not become an organic part of him, which is why Arkady will so easily abandon them later. The revolutionary democratic ideal of happiness is for the benefit of the people, despite personal adversity. Arkady is not ready for this, since he is a “soft liberal baric.” In their “youthful enthusiasm,” liberals do not go beyond noble ebullience, but for Bazarov this is “nonsense.” Liberals do not “fight,” but “imagine themselves to be great; revolutionaries want to fight.” Giving an assessment of Arkady, Bazarov identifies him with the entire liberal camp. Spoiled by life in a noble estate, Arkady “involuntarily admires himself,” he enjoys “scolding himself.” This is boring for Bazarov, he “needs to break others.” Arkady just wanted to look like a revolutionary; there was a lot of youthful posturing in him, but in his soul he always remained a “liberal gentleman.”
Arkady appreciates Bazarov for his willpower, energy, and ability to work. At the Kirsanov estate, Bazarov is received cordially. Arkady asks his family to take care of their friend. But Bazarov’s revolutionary democracy does not at all fit in with the liberal aristocracy of the Kirsanov house. He does not fit into their life, full of idleness. And in this place, on a visit, Bazarov continues to work. The lifestyle of friends on the estate is expressed in one phrase: “Arkady was a sybaritist, Bazarov worked.”
Bazarov considers nature not a temple, but a workshop, and a person in it as a worker. For Arkady, as for all the Kirsanovs, nature is an object of admiration and contemplation. Bazarov objects to the prayerful contemplation of nature, the lordly enjoyment of its beauty. He requires an active attitude towards her. He himself treats nature as a caring owner. Nature pleases him when he sees the fruits of man's active intervention in it.
Friends have different attitudes towards love. Bazarov is a skeptic here. He says that only a fool can feel free with a woman. However, meeting Odintsova changes his views on love. But Odintsova is an epicurean young lady. Peace is above all for her. And she does not allow the feeling that is emerging in her for Bazarov to flare up.
Arkady’s ideal is precisely in the family, on the estate, of which he is even more convinced after meeting Katya.
Bazarov is close to serfs. For them he is “a brother, not a master.” This is confirmed by his speech, which contains a lot folk proverbs and a saying. Arkady, for his peasants, always remains a master, a master.
Bazarov is too demanding of himself. He tells Arkady that “every person must educate himself.” His nihilism leads him to become ashamed of natural human feelings. He seeks to suppress their manifestations in himself. Hence, Bazarov’s dryness, moreover, in relation to people close to him. But when asked by Arkady whether Bazarov loves his parents, he answers simply and sincerely: “I love you, Arkady!”
Bazarov's nihilism leads to the denial of old and new art. For him, “Raphael is not worth a penny...”. He believes that “at 44 years old, playing the cello is stupid,” and reading Pushkin is “no good.” He considers art a form of profit. For him, “a decent chemist is more useful than any poet,” and art is not capable of changing anything in life. And this is the extreme of Bazarov’s nihilism. The hero emphasizes the importance of scientists for Russia, since Russia then lagged behind the West in science.
Arkady and Bazarov seem to be opposing each other, and this is the conflict of the novel, revealed by the technique of contrast.
Thus, the breakup between Bazarov and Arkady is inevitable. Arkady is not ready for the “tart, bitter, bourgeois life” of a democrat. And friends say goodbye forever. Bazarov breaks up with Arkady without saying a single friendly word to him. He says that he has other words for Arkady, but to lay them out is romanticism for Bazarov.
Bazarov dies, remaining true to his convictions. It is before death that their strength is tested. Nihilistic beliefs did not take root in Arkady. He understands that the life of a revolutionary democrat is not for him. Bazarov dies a nihilist, and Arkady remains a “liberal gentleman.”
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Irina PolyakovaEnlightened (24459)
From the first pages it becomes clear that Arkady is captivated by Bazarov, who became for him not just a senior comrade, but also a teacher and mentor. To his uncle’s question: “Well, what exactly is Mr. Bazarov himself?” - young Kirsanov proudly answers: “He is a nihilist.” Apparently, this philosophy attracts the young romantic so much that, without fully understanding it, he fiercely defends the position of nihilism from attacks from Pavel Petrovich, an Anglomaniac and aristocrat, in highest degree gentleman. However, nihilism in Arkady's view is much less militant than the nihilism of his friend Bazarov. Young Kirsanov sees in denial only a moral support for refuting the old and building a new one: “he does not accept a single principle on faith, no matter how respectful this principle may be.” Bazarov expresses himself much more revolutionaryly: before building, “you first need to clear the place.” "We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful. At the present time, it is most useful to deny - we deny." Bazarov’s denial borders on cynicism, but his expressed desire to “do nothing” and “just swear” stems not from arrogant laziness, but from the consciousness of the futility of any single actions. Bazarovo combines and great love towards the Russian people, and the deepest contempt for their ignorance, and pain for the inability to pull the people out of poverty, from superstition and disease. The differences between the heroes are manifested not only in the strength of their convictions or in their leadership qualities. Young people see the world around them differently. Kirsanov is a romantic, a sensitive person, he loves music and poetry, and is no stranger to dreamy contemplation of nature and empty philosophizing. He loves and appreciates art, is able to receive aesthetic pleasure from reading Heine, but he tries to overcome this side of his nature, submitting to the rational and logical principle that he sees in Bazarov and which he likes so much.
Bazarov, on the contrary, is an opponent of all “romanticism” and excessive sensitivity. Nature is a “workshop” for him, and like a true worker, he patiently works, dissecting frogs, caterpillars, and beetles. The heroes express themselves in love in just as different ways.
Arkady easily said goodbye to his old beliefs, said goodbye to Bazarov’s nihilism, his militant denial, and surrendered into the hands of his beloved woman as simply and naturally as if he had done this all his life.
Young Kirsanov does not have a core that would define his character, but that is why he is less vulnerable. Bazarov, on the contrary, having failed in love, lost the most important thing - confidence, the absence of doubts about the correctness of his actions. The meaning of life for Evgeniy was work - he stopped working. The meaning of life was denial - he recognized a force other than reason. As a result, there is a natural ending for two lives: Arkady Kirsanov will become happy husband, a landowner and will die in old age, surrounded by grandchildren,
