They are divided into 4 groups: simple (Simple/Indefinite), continuous (Continuous/Progressive), perfect (Perfect) and continuous perfect ( Perfect Continuous) times. What will help us choose the right option?

Table of satellite words for all tenses of the English language

Used to describe actions in the present that occur regularly, with repetition, and not just at the moment of speech. Used to describe a routine, schedule, habits, etc.

Usually- usually
I usually wake up at 7 o’clock. I usually wake up at 7 o'clock.
Always- Always
Alice always gets good marks at school. Alice always gets good grades at school.
Often- often
Terry often drinks tea in the morning. Terry often drinks tea in the morning.
Every day / morning / week – every day/every morning/every week
Every week Rob goes to the gym. Rob goes to the gym every week.
Sometimes / from time to time / occasionally - Sometimes
Sometimes I visit my Granny in the suberbs of Moscow. Sometimes I visit my grandmother in the suburbs of Moscow.
At the weekend / on weekends / on Saturdays / on Friday – On weekends / Saturdays / Fridays
We have a party on Fridays. On Fridays we have a party.
Seldom/rarely- rarely
We rarely go to the swimming pool. We rarely go to the pool.
Never* / hardly ever– never / almost never
Ann never watches horror films. Ann never watches horror films.

2. Companion words Past Simple

Used to describe actions that happened in the past.

Yesterday- yesterday
Yesterday we were at home. Yesterday we were at home.
A week / a year ago– a week/year ago
Alex moved to the USA a week ago. Alex moved to the USA a week ago.
Last month/year– last month/year
Last month Fred sold his car. Last month Fred sold his car.
When*- When
I was in the kitchen, when you came. I was in the kitchen when you came.

3. Future Simple satellite words

Used to describe actions that will occur in the uncertain future.

Tomorrow- Tomorrow
Tomorrow Jared will go to London. Jared is leaving for London tomorrow.
Next month/year– next month/year
Jack will finish school next year. Jack will graduate from school next year.
In…days/years– in … days/years
Ronald will arrive in 2 days. Ronald will arrive in 2 days.

4. Companion words Present Continuous

Used to describe actions occurring at the moment, at the time of speech.

Now- Now
Mary is playing the guitar now. Now Mary plays the guitar.
At the moment- At the moment
The refrigerator isn’t working at the moment. The refrigerator is not working at the moment.
Still*- still
John is still washing the dishes. John is still washing the dishes.

5. Companion words Past Continuous

Used to describe actions that occurred at some point or period in the past.

From…till…*- From to …
Helen was watching a movie at the cinema yesterday from 5 till 7. Helen yesterday watched a movie at the cinema from 5 to 7.
- all day
He was working hard all day long. He worked hard all day.

6. Future Continuous satellite words

Used to describe actions that will occur at a specific moment or period in the future.

from…till…*- From to …
Tony will be working in the office tomorrow from 9 to 11 o’clock. Tony will work in the office tomorrow from 9 to 11 o'clock.
All day long* / for the wholesale day* - all day
He will be writing an article all night long. He will write the article all night.

7. Companion words Present Perfect

Used to describe actions that have completed at the time of speech or the present as a whole.

Just- just now
Harry has just made a cake. Harry has just made a cake.
Already- already
I have already done my homework. I've already done my homework.
Yet- still
Liza hasn’t chosen the flowers yet. Lisa still hasn't chosen flowers.
Since- With
I haven’t played football since finishing the university. I haven't played football since graduating from university.
Recently- recently
Sally has recently been at the theater. Sally was recently at the theater.
Never* / ever*– never / ever
I have never been to London. I've never been to London.

8. Companion words Past Perfect

Used to describe an action that was completed at some point in the past.

Before* / after*- before after
I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed. I brushed my teeth before going to bed.
By*- To
Ann had spoken with her boss at 12 o’clock yesterday. Yesterday at 12 o'clock Ann spoke to her boss.

9. Future Perfect satellite words

Used to describe actions that will last until a specific point or period in the future.

By*- To
I will have been finished my project by the end of the month. I will finish my project by the end of the month.
Before*- before
Chris will have found a job before Christmas. Chris will find a job before Christmas.

10. Word-markers of Perfect Continuous tenses

As the name suggests, the band's Perfect Continuous times are a mixture of Perfect and Continuous. Therefore, their function is a long-term action that led to a result in the past / present / future.

for*- during
I had been reading for 5 hours. I've been reading for 5 hours already.
I have been reading for 5 hours. I've been reading for 5 hours already.
I will have been reading for 5 hours. I'll be reading for 5 hours already.

WARNING: marker words are not a panacea! As we see, some of them occur in several times at once. Often this can be explained like this: take the phrase “from ... till …” and see that it is a sign of the duration of an action, and duration can be in the past, present and future tenses. However, the presence of a companion word is a very good sign of the correct tense form.

Any tenses of the Perfect category indicate the perfection of the action, that the situation is complete, and not long-term or permanent. As for The Present Perfect Tense - ‘this is a tense that is certainly associated with the present action, as evidenced by its name.

general information

main feature This type of tense form is that in sentences with the Present Perfect we are talking about a completed action, the result of which has a direct connection with the current time. Very often there is a time where there is no emphasis on connections with the present, and it is based solely on the fact of the event that occurred.

Here are examples of sentences that show how the present perfect tense looks and is used in English:

· You have done more than stay young; you have stayed a child - You did more than just stay young - you remained a child
· I have made you a bed upstairs, make yourself at home - I made you a bed upstairs, make yourself at home

As can be seen from these examples, the present perfect tense, as it is called in Russian transcription, is used to express not just an event that took place in the past, but reflects the result of a completed action that is relevant now.

Education Present Perfect

The present completed tense often causes difficulties for those who are still at the stage of learning English, because here several nuances come into force at once, which are extremely important to take into account. Firstly, the Present Perfect is necessarily formed using auxiliary verbs. These are auxiliary verbs such as have and has (the latter is used only for third person pronouns used in the singular - he, she, it). Secondly, this verb in the present perfect tense is followed by a main verb, which is in the form Past Participle, or Participle II (popularly the third form of the verb). It is important to navigate the list here irregular verbs, but for the correct ones everything is simpler, because the ending –ed is simply added to the word.

Therefore, the classic Present Perfect formula looks like this:

Have
Has + V(3) (–ed)

· I have never had a chance to meet anyone here – I have never had the opportunity to meet anyone here
· She has worked in this company for 3 years already – She has worked in this company for 3 years already

Questions and denials

Interrogative sentences

here are formed with the same auxiliary verbs have and has, which are in general issue, i.e. in the one to which the answer can be “yes” or “no”, are in the original position:

· Have you already finished your course work? -Have you already finished your coursework?
· Has he just returned from his trip? – Has he just returned from his trip?

Special questions

at the beginning of which there is a question word like when, why, how, etc., are formed according to a similar principle, with the only difference being that these interrogative words occupy the initial position:

· How long has she been here? – How long has she been here?
· Why has he written so many articles today? – Why did he write so many articles today?

Present Perfect formula in a negative sentence

practically no different from the affirmative form. Here the grammar provides for the simple use of the particle not after the auxiliary verb, where have not = haven’t, hasn’t = has not. Negation looks like this:

· I haven’t completed my daily report yet – I have not yet completed my daily report
· He still hasn’t brought us money - He still hasn’t brought us money

Note: the rule provides for the use of this tense in special interrogative and negative constructions with the inclusion of the phrase “ever”, where the Present Perfect time markers used are the adverbs ever or never:

· Have you ever been to Bangkok? – Have you ever been to Bangkok?
· I have never seen such a beautiful landscape! – I have never seen such a beautiful landscape!

Using the Present Perfect

The use of the Present Perfect is typical for the following situations:

1. Completed action

In order to display a completed action, which has a clear echo in the present tense and, unlike the simple tense, is used to express completeness. Companions of the Present Perfect in such situations are specific adverbs already, ever, never, yet (typical for interrogative and negative sentences, where its frequent position is at the end of the phrase), just, for (shows the duration of the action), as well as those time frames which show that the action is not yet completed (this year, today, etc.).

· He hasn’t called me for ages – He hasn’t called me for ages
· We have already found out the latest news - We have already found out the latest news
· I have done much this year - This year I have done a lot (in the sense that the year is not over yet)

Note: in the Present Perfect just, this is one of the markers that translates as “just now.” But if the construction just now is used, then the Past Simple is typical, despite the fact that the translation will be identical:

· I have just cooked breakfast - I just cooked breakfast
· I cooked breakfast just now - I just cooked breakfast

Note: the so-called American English, which has become an integral part of modern life, very often does not provide for the use of the Present Perfect, even in such obvious situations when there are special helpers in the form of adverbs or there are other factors regulating the use of the Perfect. In this version, the perfect is ignored, although classical grammar does not approve of this:

I have lost my key – I lost my key (I lost the key)

2. With the preposition “since” + Past Simple

The situation deserves special attention when with the Present Perfect since, the preposition, which is translated as “from”, “from the moment”, is used in the same sentence together with. With this sense, the construction of the sentence is constructed as follows:

I haven’t seen her since I left for Sydney – I haven’t seen her since I left for Sydney

In this example, the first part of the sentence uses the Present Perfect, and the second uses the Past Simple. Very often in such sentences it is recommended to look for the so-called starting point, i.e. the action from which it all began. In this example, this is the part “since I left for Moscow.” Using Perfect here it is relevant for the reason that the action is performed (or not performed from then until now, which shows the result to date). In the Present Perfect, examples of such situations are not uncommon, and the English language in this case provides a well-founded reason for such use.

3. In subordinate tenses

The use of this tense is also typical for those cases when the perfect is part of the subordinate parts of time. Marker words Present The perfect in this case is the same as in (Conditional I): these are conjunctions unless, when, as soon as, before, after, etc. The main feature here is that the emphasis is on the completeness of the event, and not on its fact. Present Perfect sentences here could be as follows:

· I will not call him until you have told me everything - I won’t call him until you tell me everything
· They will come as soon as I have finished my work - They will come as soon as I finish work

Note: There is an exception to this rule. Provided that if the verbs in the Present Perfect here belong either to the category of movement (arrive, come, return, etc.) or sensory perception, then using the present perfect tense with them is undesirable; it would be correct to put the usual Present Simple, more often used in a conditional sentence first type:

· I will be glad when he comes - I will be glad when he comes
· She will get in a fury when she hears my words – She will get furious when she hears my words

But even here the Present Perfect is possible when there are indicators that the speaker is deliberately emphasizing completeness and not expressively emphasizing it; the translation in this case will prove the relevance of the use of the perfect:

I will learn the poem by heart when I have heard it a few times - I will learn the poem by heart when I listen to it several times(completeness, performed several times, is expressively emphasized)

Let's sum it up

As it becomes clear from all of the above, phrases in the perfect are formed and used when there is an intention to demonstrate the completeness of an action or to display the period of time that it occupies up to the present moment. The formation scheme for Present Perfect is quite simple, although it requires memorization. Like any other type of tense form, Present Perfect Tense has very clear rules for use, so the main thing is to strictly follow all the instructions, and then this time will not cause any inconvenience.

From scratch!
Lesson Thirty-One - Lesson 31

The Present Perfect. Time expressions

Giving Evidence

Pronunciation - Pronunciation

In some cases the vowel O and combination ou pronounced as [ʌ]. In a noun blood double O gives the same short sound. Examples: mother- mother; brother- Brother; son- son; among- among; another- another, one more; some- some; enough- enough; southern["sʌðǝn] - southern; blood- blood.

Reading - Reading

Let's return to the trial of the century. What's the matter? Has anyone killed someone? Did someone kill someone? Has anyone stolen something? Did someone steal something? And in general: who is who? Who is who?

Let's clarify: king (king), queen (queen) and jack (knave) - playing cards(playing cards), and of the same suit: They are hearts (worms). They are of one suit (suit). The other suits are diamonds (diamonds), clubs (clubs) and spades (spades). In the courtroom we will see a whole deck of cards. We are going to see a whole pack of cards in the court.

The king acts as a judge. He is the judge. Knave is accused. He is the accused. Verb accuse[ǝ"kju:z] means blame, after it a preposition is required of. The Knave is accused of stealing the tarts. Derived noun - accusation[ˌækju:"zeiʃn.] (accusation).

The decision of guilt or innocence is made by a jury. Jury["ʤuǝri] means jury in general, and everyone juror called juror["ʤuǝrǝ]. Witness in English witness["witnəs]. He gives readings:he gives evidence["evidǝns].

The Trial of the Century
Process of the century

Then... Look, one page is missing. A page has been torn out of the protocol! Oh yes, we tore it out and already read it: remember, about how the judge interrogated the first witness, the Hatter, trying to clarify when he started drinking tea. Perhaps there was intent and conspiracy? The Jack stole the pies and took them to the Hatter for tea! But let's hear what happens next. The interrogation of the Hatter continues. The Hatter is being questioned.

The Trial of the Century
Process of the century

Notes - Notes

1. The King deals with the Hatter, and we deal with judicial terms. After all the circumstances have been clarified, the judge must turn to the jury and ask: accept solution- give your verdict["vǝ:dikt]. The jury's decision (verdict) may be guilty["gilti] (guilty) or not guilty(not guilty). If guilty, the judge reads out sentence- he reads the sentence["sentǝns]. If the jury decides that the accused is not guilty, the judge sets him free.
But the King, getting ahead of himself, several times demanded that the jury make a decision without even understanding the case. Has not told the jury a few times to give their verdict.

2. The most important judicial term is the verb execute["eksikju:t] (to execute). Let's put it in the passive voice: be executed(to be executed). The judge, imitating the formidable queen wife, who every now and then sends someone to the scaffold, threatens the Hatter with execution. If the King were going to personally behead the Hatter, he would put it this way:

I will execute you on the spot! - I will execute you on the spot!
I will cut off your head. - I'll cut off your head.

But the King speaks I will have you executed, which is literally I will have you executed. That is, the King will not cut off the head of the poor Hatter with his own hands, he will not personally cut off the head of the poor Hatter, he will order, command that the Hatter be executed. Let's create examples with the same construction.

Doesn't have his car repaired once in two years. - His car is repaired every two years.

Didn't have it repaired a month ago. - He had it repaired a month ago.

3. Now let’s say a word about the poor witness: continuing to hold an unfinished cup of tea in one hand and a half-eaten sandwich with butter in the other, he cries: I am a poor man. To which the King throws: You are a poor speaker. There's a play on words here. It is a play on words. Let's look it up in the dictionary. Look up poor. Its meanings are poor, destitute, unfortunate, pitiful, insignificant, bad...

In the first statement poor- of course poor, in the second - bad, unskillful, worthless.

Let's see how one of the translators of "Alice", the writer Vpadimir Nabokov, got out of the situation:

I am a poor man, Your Majesty.
-Your language is poor.

Grammar - Grammar

The present perfect tells about events that happened in a certain period of time: this period began somewhere in the past, it did not end, it includes the present moment. In addition to those indicated already And yet, ever And never, since And for, you can use the following time "pointers".

I have not seen him today. - I haven't seen him today. ( Today still lasts).

She has come twice this week. - She came twice this week. ( The week is not over yet.)

Brown has been abroad many times in his life. - Brown has been abroad many times in his life. ( Brown's life goes on and he is still alive today.)

Adverb just also fits well into the present perfect tense.

We just had lunch. - We just had lunch.
Doesn't just left. - He just left.
The train has just arrived. - The train has just arrived.

If a past date or period is indicated, you need to “switch” to the simple past tense.

I saw him a minute ago. - I saw him a minute ago.
Not lived in Rome in 2001. - He lived in Rome in 2001.
Not phoned on Tuesday. - He called on Tuesday.

Conversation - Conversation

It Reminds Me of Something
This reminds me of something

Words - Words

bell-rope["belroup] - cord for a door bell; find- find; hang- hang; come off["kʌm"of] - fall off, bounce off; attach[ǝ"tæʧ] - to tie ( literally and figuratively).

Perfect tenses don't seem to be the easiest for English language learners. In Russian it is not always possible to find a successful analogue, especially for the Present Perfect tense. This results in a misunderstanding of what this form is and in what cases it is used.

The Present Perfect satellites - markers characteristic of this time - will help you figure it out. They often accompany the verb in sentences, so knowing the indicators of the present perfect it is easier to determine the context where this form should appear.

Such indicators cannot always clearly determine the right time, but they indicate a pattern that usually describes the situation.

Introducing the Present Perfect

Before learning to determine in what cases this time should be set and what satellites the Present Perfect has, let’s figure out what this form is. It is formed typically for all perfect forms: the construction involves the verb to have (which here is in the present tense have / has, taking into account the person indicator) and the action verb itself, placed in the third form.

Present Perfect is one of the tenses of the present. Therefore, it describes the plan of the present: what turns out to be true at the moment of speech, refers to the present moment. But the present perfect is also connected with the plan of the past, it concerns the previous situation. This atypicality of the Present explains the difficulties that arise when mastering time.

The connection with the past is explained by the perfect meaning of the form: it is based on the idea of ​​fixing the result. The result can be intermediate - and then the situation continues in the present, or completed, when the event itself occurred in the past - in this case, the Present Perfect emphasizes the consequences that are important for the current state of affairs.

That is, the Present Perfect is, first of all, emphasizing the result of an event at the present moment. This is its main characteristic, which determines many Present Perfect time indicators. For this form, what is important is not the fact of the action, but how it is displayed in the present situation.

Basic meanings of present perfect

From understanding the general idea we move on to specifics. There are three meanings of the Present Perfect, each of which has its own time markers. The first two are directly related to the idea of ​​effectiveness inherent in this temporary form.

• An event originates in the past, continues to last and has a result at the current moment.

  Mary have lived in Japan for six years – Mary has lived in Japan for six years

• An event happened in the past but has a clear effect now: the consequences of a past event have important implications for the present.

  My father has bought a new house – My father bought a new house

  These two meanings do not refer to the past (even though the Present Perfect is often translated into Russian as the past tense), but define the situation of the present. And, of course, past events led to this situation.

• An event that precedes an event in the future tense.
  The third meaning is not directly related to the result of the action, but acts as a connection between two situations. The present perfect can denote a previous event in relation to a future tense and appear in a subordinate clause.

  I will give you a toy as soon as you have eaten all your dinner - I will give you a toy as soon as you eat your lunch

Present Perfect indicators

Time markers depend on the meaning of the situation described in the sentence. Therefore, it is more convenient to consider present perfect indicators based on the highlighted meanings that this verb form has.

1. An event originates in the past, continues to last and has a result at the current moment.

Markers characteristic of such meaning emphasize the duration of the action and record the time period. Such Present Perfect indicators include since (from what moment) and for (for how long).

Since my visit this summer, little has changed - Little has changed since my arrival this summer
This house has been empty for nine years – This house has been empty for nine years

For the Present Perfect, the time indicators since and for are typical in situations that are simply impossible to cancel. For example, the present perfect is used when we say that we know a person:

She has known me since I was a child - She has known me since then
when I was a child
She has known me for many years - She knows me for many years

2. An event happened in the past, but has an obvious result now: the consequences of a past event have important implications for the present.

Long-term processes, the effect of which is valid in the present, have been dealt with. Although the markers characterize the previous period of time, the situation also applies to the current moment (the house is empty now, she still knows me).

But in the second meaning of the Present Perfect, situations relating to the past appear. In Russian, such situations are most often translated into the past tense, which makes things even more confusing.

Here special role are played by markers that help define the context for the present perfect. They are the ones who clearly connect the situation with the present moment. For example, in the Present Perfect recently (recently) it shows that the event has just happened and it is too early to attribute it to the plan of the past. And as we remember, the meaning of the perfect is to emphasize the significance of what happened for what we are talking about now.

Present Perfect tense indicators that refer to the current moment:

• just (just): She has just finished a portrait of a young lady - She just finished a portrait of a young girl
• already: They have already constructed three new buildings in this area - They have already constructed three new buildings in this area
• so far (to date): There have been no problems so far - No problems have arisen yet
• yet (yet): I really haven't decided where to go yet - I really haven't decided where to go yet
• before (before): I have not thought about it before - I didn’t think about it before
• by now (to date): I have translated four pages by now - I translated four pages by this time
• recently (recently): She has recently completed a course at Liverpool University - She recently completed a course at the University of Liverpool
• lately (lately): You "ve been so busy lately - Lately you have been so busy

Several formal clarifications can be made about these markers. For example, yet is inextricably linked with negation in a sentence and is used in final positions. And in the so far indicator, the time point can be specified relative to another event:

So far in our case studies we have examined only one side of this political situation - At this stage of the study, we examined only one side of this political situation

Other markers characterize the frequency of action. The present in this case acts as a feature in relation to which the event is considered. For example, clarifications of when an event occurs (It’s the first / second time...) are good clues - explicit indicators of the Present Perfect.

• never (never): I "ve never seen anything like It - I have never seen anything like it
• ever (ever): I doubt they"ve ever considered this opportunity - I doubt that they have ever considered this possibility
• always (always): I "ve always believed in life after death - I always believed in life after death
• often (often): I "ve often spoken to you about my childhood - I often told you about my childhood
• rarely: I have rarely seen children so eager to learn - I have rarely seen children who are so eager to learn
• X time (certain time): It’s the second time he’s been here - He’s here for the second time

For the Present Perfect, the companions accompanying the situation are the words once (once) / twice (twice).

I "ve seen this movie twice - I saw this film twice
I "ve seen this movie several times - I have seen this film several times

Present Perfect markers can also be indications of the time range in which an event occurs. This includes expressions such as today, this morning and others. The peculiarity of these indicators is that in this case the specified period of time is directly related to the present. And if you use them with the Present Perfect, it means it hasn’t ended yet.

I "ve heard so much gossip this morning - I heard so much gossip this morning(and it's not finished)

If the morning has already ended and you want to leave it in the past, use the past tense:

I heard so much gossip this morning - I heard so much gossip this morning(and it's already passed)

Therefore, circumstances such as “all my life” will act as indicators of the present perfect.

All my life I"ve wanted to see dragons - All my life I dreamed of seeing dragons

3. An event preceding an event in the future tense.

This case is clearly different in meaning from the idea of ​​effectiveness. And for this value, the present perfect time indicators will differ from the examples discussed above.

When it comes to using the Present Perfect as a precedence, the markers are allied words in a subordinate clause:

• when (when): I will write to him when I "ve come home - I will write to him when I get home
• after (after): I"ll call you after I"ve talked to Mr. Jones - I'll call you after I talk to Mr. Jones
• as soon as: We will inform you as soon as we have received a response to our request - We will inform you as soon as we receive a response to our request
• till (until): I won"t talk to you till my lawyer has arrived - I won’t talk to you until my lawyer arrives
• until (not yet): I won’t tell you the story until you have promised me to keep it secret - I won’t tell you the story until you promise me to keep it secret

Hi there! Today we’ll talk about the main secret of the English language - the Present Perfect and its adverbs. In this article, we will remind you how the Present Perfect is constructed and when it is used, what markers can be used with it, and we will tell you about the nuances of their use.

Present Perfect - past or present?

In English, the past tense can be presented in different variations, depending on what the author places emphasis on (the result of the action, time or duration).

Present Perfect —present perfect tense. It has no analogue in Russian and is translated by a perfective verb in the past tense (I have found it. - I found it.)

To construct the Present Perfect, take have/has as an auxiliary verb, and the main one will always be in the third form (the ending “-ed” or the third column in the table). In both negation and question, the verb will retain the third form.

I have finished my project. - I finished your project.
I haven't finished my project. - I didn't finish your project.
Have you finished your project? - You finished your project?

By using the Present Perfect we mean past actions that are related to the present. How can they be connected?

• The action began in the past and is still ongoing.

I have learned English since childhood. - I learned English since childhood (and still learning).

• The present is the result of a past action.

I have broken my leg and I am at hospital now. - I broke leg and I'm in the hospital now.

• The job is done, but the time is not over yet.

I have made all the tasks this week. - I did all the tasks for this week (and the week is still going on).

On simple examples everything is easy. And when you are faced with atypical contexts and experience doubts and the torment of choosing between the Present Perfect and other times, then special ones will come to the rescue markers.

Marker words Present Perfect

Usually Present Perfect markers are represented by adverbs, which very vaguely tell us about the time of action. For example, “already” - when exactly? Today? Yesterday?

In order not to be confused and doubtful, it is enough to learn these adverbs and always use the Present Perfect with them:

ever- ever, ever, ever;
never- never;
just- just, exactly, barely, just, only, completely, just, only, now;
already- already, earlier, even;
not … yet- still no, no yet, not yet, no, not yet;
before- before, before, not yet, already, before;
lately- a long time ago, recently, recently, lately;
of late- recently, lately, recently;
so far- already, by now, at this hour, so far, until now, up to this moment;
recently- recently, the other day, recently, just now, not so long ago;
by now- Nowadays;
up to now- until now, until now;
since- since (from some point);
still- still.

Where to put markers in a sentence?

Some Present Perfect adverbs have specific usage patterns.

• The most common Present Perfect markers "already" and "just" used before the semantic verb and after “have/has”.

I have already bought a gift. - I already bought a gift.
He has just started this task. - He only started this task.

There are cases when we will put " already” at the end to express surprise.

You have come already! - You came already!

• "Never"- a word that already contains a negation, so with its participation the verb will only be in the affirmative form.

I have never seen him. - I have never seen him (note, in the Russian version there is a double negative - “never + not”, in English “I have never seen him”).

• « Already», « lately», « recently», « of late" usually appear in the middle of a sentence (before the semantic verb), but they can also be placed at the end.

He has lately read many books. - He recently I read a lot of books.
She has made good progress recently. - She has made progress in Lately.
They have not spoken of late. - Lately they didn't talk.
I have already been here. - I already was here.

• « Before" And " yet", as a rule, are placed at the end of the sentence.

I have seen this film before. - I saw this film earlier.
They haven't finished their project yet. - They more haven't finished your project.

• « Yet"—for denials and questions. " Ever» - for questions only.

I haven't had lunch yet. - I more didn't have lunch.
Have you ever been to New York? - You When-someday been to New York?
Have you cooked dinner yet? - You already have you prepared dinner?

In questions " yet"used to find out something, to get information. Often " not yet" used for a short answer - " Not yet»:

- Have you congratulated Bill? - Not yet. I "ll call him right now. - Did you congratulate Bill? - Not yet. I'll call him right now.

• « So far», « up to now», « by now" are most often found at the end, but can be placed at the beginning and before the semantic verb.

She has read all his books by now. - To date she read all his books.
He has so far written ten letters to her. - By this time he had already written her ten letters.
Up to now I haven’t found my keys. - Still I didn't find my keys.

• « Still»indicates that the situation remains unchanged; The process has been delayed and has not yet been completed.

I still haven"t finished writing my composition. - I no way I won't finish writing my essay.
He still hasn't found a new job! - He no way won't find a job!

What to choose: Past Simple or Present Perfect?

In American English the markers " just», « already», « yet” are accompanied by both Present Perfect and Past Simple. Don't be surprised if you come across:

The mail just came. - The mail just arrived (American version).
The mail has just come(British version).
I already heard the news. - I have already heard this news (American).
I've already heard the news (British).

The combination " just now» is used exclusively with the Past Simple.

She was here just now. - She was just here.

At the marker recently There are 2 meanings: “not so long ago” and “lately”.

In the meaning of “not so long ago” we will use the Past Simple.

I started playing the piano only recently. - I started playing the piano not so long ago.

To mean “lately” we use the Present Perfect.

I haven't heard from her recently. - I haven't heard of her V Lately.

Conclusion

And that’s all for today! Not so scary Present Perfect how they write about him. We hope our secrets have helped you understand these slightly treacherous times.

May your English be perfect! And don't forget, there's always a better You living inside!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family