Homonyms. Lesson plan for a lesson in the Russian language (2nd grade) on the topic: Topic: Words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning (homonyms)

• Complete (absolute) homonyms are homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key (for lock) - key (spring), forge (blacksmith) - bugle (wind instrument).
• Partial homonyms are homonyms in which not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel (animal) And caress (show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive case plural (caresses - caress).
• Graphic homonyms. See homographs. (Graphic homonyms in the Wikipedia project are presented in the category Polysemous terms)
• Phonetic homonyms. See homophones.
• Homonymous morphemes. See homomorphemes.
• Grammatical homonyms. See homoforms.

Examples

Words

• A scythe is on a girl’s head, a scythe is a tool for mowing, a scythe is geographical name(Curonian Spit)
• The key is a musical sign, the key is a door, the key is a natural source of water.
• Onion is a plant, onion is a weapon.
• A pen is a writing pen (gel, ballpoint, etc.), a pen is a human hand.

Phrases from homonyms

• Mowed with a scythe with a scythe (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners):

see also

Homonymy in taxonomy

Links

• Homonym- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Homonyms” are in other dictionaries:

- (Greek) words that coincide with each other in their sound but have a complete discrepancy in meaning. Example: “bow” (weapon) “bow” (plant). Usually the appearance of O. in the language is explained by the random coincidence of once different stems as a result of a series of... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (Greek homonymos, from homos similar, and onoma name). Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings or are spelled differently but pronounced the same way. For example, a stove pipe and a musical pipe, flour like suffering, and ground flour... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Homonyms- HOMONYMS are words that have the same sound but different meanings. For example, “swords” (from the word “sword”) and “swords” (from the word “throw”); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A pun game is built on homonyms (see pun), and already with ... Dictionary literary terms

- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, trot running and lynx animal... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name) different, but identically sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos – identical + onyma – name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same, but have different meanings. There are O. complete (in which the entire system of forms is the same), partial (in which the sound is the same... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onyma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are written and pronounced the same. For example, in English O.'s language includes the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris of the eye and rainbow); in Russian language... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms ... Technical Translator's Guide

Homonyms- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “trot” running and “lynx” animal. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

homonyms- (ancient Greek ομος homos identical + onyma, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound, but different meaning: braid1 (girl's hairstyle), scythe2 (tool), scythe3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow sandbank). Interlingual homonyms occur... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of homonyms in Russian dialect speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. Refers to the partial explanatory type of dictionaries. Called up…

In many languages ​​of the planet there is such a thing as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes that are identical in sound and spelling have different meanings. They are called "homonyms". Examples of them are found everywhere. We use them extremely often in ordinary speech.

Homonyms

Examples confirming this phenomenon, are known to many. These are the common words:

• “bow” in the meaning of plant and weapon;
• “escape”, in one case denoting a young branch, and in the other - an unauthorized hasty departure.

Out of context, it is difficult to determine in what exact meaning these homonyms are used. Example sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.

• Green onions are especially good in vegetable salads.
• A boy was given a toy bow and arrow for his birthday.
• The apple tree produced a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
• The Count of Monte Cristo escaped from prison in a creative way, replacing the prisoner's corpse with himself.

Examples of phrases will help you understand what homonyms mean:

• “green onions” and “sharp onions”;
• “maiden braid” and “river braid”;
• "three apples" and "three rag stain".

This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by Russian language teachers as an entertaining technique in studying the subject, a way to expand lexicon and the outlook of students.

Games with homonyms in lessons and extracurricular activities

To conduct this competition, you should prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Players are offered only meanings, and the words themselves (you can use the same spelling for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a template of a tree leaf, an apple, a gold bar. The participant who correctly names the homonyms receives this emblem as a point after the correct answer. At the end of the game, the token points are tallied and a winner is chosen.

Homonyms are suitable for the competition, examples of which can be as follows (it should be recalled that only pictures are presented to participants and spectators, the words themselves are closed):

• “shop” as a piece of furniture and a small retail outlet;
• the word "Lama", appearing in one meaning as an animal, and in another as a Tibetan monk.

During the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. Completing this task will only take a few minutes, but the benefits will be enormous. Indeed, in addition to the above, this type of activity generates and strengthens interest in learning the Russian language.

Homonymy and polysemy

Many words have more than one meaning. Although they have the same spelling, they differ lexically. It is necessary to distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words. Examples of polysemy are also quite common. For example, two words pronounced like “key” can act as homonyms in the following way:

• spring and device for opening.

But in the meanings of “violin”, “wrench”, “from a door lock”, “a device for rolling up cans”, “key” is one word. This is an amazing linguistic feature that should already be considered a phenomenon of polysemy. After all, each listed option involves the key’s ability to open something: a line of music or some object. This is one word with different meanings, and not different homonyms.

There are a great many examples of such polysemantic words in Russian speech. Sometimes it is quite difficult to separate them from homonyms.

Polysemy sometimes occurs from the transition of a name based on external similarity. This is

• “sleeve” - a separate river bed and part of the shirt;
• “ribbon” is a device for a girl’s hairstyle and a long road, a moving part of a conveyor.

The ambiguity of these words arose from the external similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in clothing is separated from a common large item. And the branching of the riverbed resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word “trouser leg” could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose “sleeve”.

The tape is a narrow, long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl’s hairstyle. This is how the name transition occurred, the phenomenon of polysemy.

Etymological homonymy

A group of words belongs to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task “Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically,” you need to select words that came into Russian speech from different languages. To do this, you should look into the etymological dictionary.

These are the word “boron”, meaning chemical element, and its homonym is pine forest. The first noun came into Russian speech from the Persian language, where it sounded like “borax,” that is, boron compounds. The name is pine forest is of Slavic origin.

Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the etymology of the words itself differs.

These same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun “ether” as organic matter and in the meaning of “radio broadcasting and television”. After all, historically both words have a common etymology. They come from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means “mountain air.” And if the task says: “Give examples of homonyms,” and the answerer uses the word “ether” in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.

Disputes between linguists about polysemy and homonymy

However, not everyone can determine offhand historical origin words This often requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word “ether” are completely different and classify them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see the polysemy here. The explanatory dictionary classifies them as different words with different meanings.

Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are:

• “braid” in the meaning of a hairstyle and a tool for mowing, since some argue that there is a transition of the name based on external similarity (thin and long);
• “pen” as a tool for writing, a device for opening, turning on, since some people determine ambiguity by the fact that they overlap in the method of action (writing and opening with the hand);
• “feather” in the sense of “handle” and as a cutaneous horny formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical method of writing with bird feathers.

Some linguists classify as homonymy all words in which polysemy can be traced. They consider polysemy to be only a special case.

Full homonyms

Linguists divide words that have the same pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Full lexical homonyms belonging to the same grammatical category are divided into one category. Examples of these: “braid”, “tongue”, “escape”, “key” and others. In all their forms, these words are the same both in spelling and pronunciation.

Incomplete or partial homonyms

Words that coincide only in some forms are also highlighted. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often refer to different parts of speech:

• “three” is a 2nd person singular verb of the imperative mood with the initial form “to rub” and “three” is a cardinal number;
• “oven” is an infinitive verb and “oven” is a feminine singular noun;
• “saw” is a feminine singular verb in the past tense and “saw” is a feminine singular noun.

Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words belonging to the same part of speech. For example, the 1st person singular verbs of the present tense are “I’m flying.” The first word is defined as an action related to medicine. Already the infinitive will sound like “to treat.” And the second verb has the initial form “fly” and denotes the action of flying.

Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This occurs when words differ in only one form. For example, the two nouns “caress” - animal and manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive plural. These homonyms in this form will look like “weasel” and “weasel”.

Homonyms and homophones

Some people confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are the same sounding words, having different meanings, but differing in spelling. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.

• “Cat” is a pet, and “code” is most often a certain set of symbols or sounds.

Everyone will notice that these words should be written differently. But it is almost impossible to hear the difference by ear. The word “code” must be pronounced with deafening of the final consonant. This is where the sound similarity comes from.

Homonymy and homography

There are other linguistic phenomena similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they have the same spelling, but are pronounced differently, most often due to stress. These are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are:

• gate - gate;
• castle - castle;
• smell - smell.

Homographs are also interesting for composing tasks for competitions and games. Using picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, you can diversify linguistic activities.

Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but identical sounding or spelling units of language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and onyma- Name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.

U full/absolute homonyms the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key(for castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
U partial Not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive plural form - caress - caress.

Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that are the same in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek homos- identical and graphic- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
great - great
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
hell - hell
pier - pier
forty - forty
Already - already

Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and I'm flying throat (in other forms - fly and heal, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saw and drink, etc.).

Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that are the same in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and morphe- form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning actor) And switch(the meaning of the current item); suffix -ets in words sage, male, cutter and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.

And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones- words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο - "sound-likeness".
Examples in Russian:

threshold - vice - park,
meadow - onion, fruit - raft,
mascara - mascara,
fall - you will fall,
ball - score,
inert - bony,
betray - give,
emit - imitate.

In the Russian language, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of deafening consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.

Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be completely identical and the difference in spelling is only in the placement of spaces:

in place - together,
in everything - at all,
from mint - crushed,
from the hatch - and the angry one,
not mine - dumb.

In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designations in writing for the same consonant or vowel sound, for example:

whole-hole,
knew - new.

In the French language, there are a whole series of homophones consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not readable.

Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Directories

Goals:
Planned results:
Subject:

· Deepen knowledge about words that sound the same but have different meanings;

· Know the meaning of the term homonyms;

· Distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words;

· Show the role of homonyms in speech;

· Develop speech when explaining the meaning of homonym words and when composing sentences with them.

Metasubject:

· Understand that the specific meaning of a word can only appear in the text;

· Be able to compare words by meaning and sound;

Personal:

· Develop a desire to make your speech precise and avoid ambiguity in it.

Equipment: Textbook

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Lesson notes on the Russian language.

Topic: Words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning (homonyms)

Goals: Introduce words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, “homonyms”.
Planned results:
Subject:

• Deepen knowledge about words that sound the same but have different meanings;
• Know the meaning of the term homonyms;
• Distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words;
• Show the role of homonyms in speech;
• Develop speech when explaining the meaning of homonym words, when composing sentences with them.

Metasubject:

• Understand that the specific meaning of a word can only appear in the text;
• Be able to compare words by meaning and sound;

Personal:

• Develop a desire to make your speech precise and avoid ambiguity in it.

Equipment: Textbook L.F. Klimanova, T.V. Babushkina. "Enlightenment" 2nd ed. M.: Education, 2012., presentation.