American artists are very diverse. Some were clearly cosmopolitan, like Sargent. American by origin, but lived almost his entire adult life in London and Paris.

Among them there are also authentic Americans who depicted the lives of only their compatriots, like Rockwell.

And there are also artists who are not of this world, like Pollock. Or those whose art has become a product of consumer society. This is, of course, about Warhol.

However, they are all Americans. Freedom-loving, daring, bright. Read about seven of them below.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

Whistler can hardly be called a real American. Growing up, he lived in Europe. And he spent his childhood... in Russia. His father built a railway in St. Petersburg.

It was there that the boy James fell in love with art, visiting the Hermitage and Peterhof thanks to his father’s connections (at that time these were still palaces closed to the public).

What is Whistler famous for? Whatever style he writes in, from realism to tonalism*, he can be recognized almost immediately by two characteristics. Unusual colors and musical names.

Some of his portraits are imitation of old masters. Like, for example, his famous portrait “The Artist’s Mother”.

The artist created an amazing piece of work using colors ranging from light gray to dark gray. And a little yellow.

But this does not mean that Whistler loved such colors. He was an extraordinary person. He could easily appear in society wearing yellow socks and carrying a bright umbrella. And this was when men dressed exclusively in black and gray.

He also has much lighter works than “Mother”. For example, “Symphony in White”. This is what one of the journalists at the exhibition called the painting. Whistler liked this idea. Since then, he has titled almost all of his works musically.

But then, in 1862, the public did not like the Symphony. Again, because of Whistler’s peculiar color schemes. People thought it strange to paint a woman in white on a white background.

In the picture we see Whistler's red-haired mistress. Quite in the spirit of the Pre-Raphaelites. After all, at that time the artist was friends with one of the main founders of Pre-Raphaelism, Gabriel Rossetti. Beauty, lilies, unusual elements (wolf skin). Everything is as it should be.

But Whistler quickly moved away from Pre-Raphaelism. Since it was important to him not outer beauty, but mood and emotions. And he created a new direction - tonalism.

His landscape nocturnes in the style of tonalism are truly like music. Monochrome, viscous.

Whistler himself said that musical titles help focus on the painting itself, lines and colors. At the same time, without thinking about the place and people who are depicted.

But she remained true to her style to the end. Impressionism. Soft pastel. Mothers with children.

For the sake of painting, Cassatt abandoned motherhood. But her feminine side increasingly manifested itself in such tender works as “Sleeping Child.” It’s a pity that conservative society once confronted her with such a choice.

3. John Sargent (1856-1925)

John Sargent was sure that he would be a portrait painter all his life. My career was going well. Aristocrats lined up to order from him.

But one day, according to society, the artist crossed the line. It is now difficult for us to understand what is so unacceptable in the film “Madame X”.

True, in the original version the heroine had one of her straps down. Sargent “raised” her, but this did not help matters. Orders have dried up.

What obscene thing did the public see? And the fact that Sargent portrayed the model in an overly self-confident pose. Moreover, translucent skin and a pink ear are very eloquent.

The picture seems to say that this woman with increased sexuality is not averse to accepting the advances of other men. Moreover, being married.

Unfortunately, contemporaries did not see the masterpiece behind this scandal. A dark dress, light skin, a dynamic pose - a simple combination that only the most talented craftsmen can find.

But every cloud has a silver lining. Sargent received his freedom in return. I began to experiment more with impressionism. Write to children in immediate situations. This is how the work “Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose” appeared.

Sargent wanted to capture a specific moment of twilight. Therefore I only worked 2 minutes a day when the lighting was suitable. Worked in summer and autumn. And when the flowers withered, I replaced them with artificial ones.

In recent decades, Sargent developed such a taste for freedom that he began to abandon portraits altogether. Although his reputation has already been restored. He even rudely dismissed one client, saying that he would be more happy to paint her gate than her face.

Contemporaries treated Sargent with irony. Considering it obsolete in the age of modernism. But time has put everything in its place.

Now his works are worth no less than the works of the most famous modernists. Well, there’s nothing to say about the love of the public. Exhibitions with his works are always sold out.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

It is difficult to imagine a more popular artist during his lifetime than Norman Rockwell. Several generations of Americans grew up with his illustrations. Loving them with all my soul.

After all, Rockwell portrayed ordinary Americans. But at the same time showing their lives from the most positive side. Rockwell did not want to show either evil fathers or indifferent mothers. And you won’t meet any unhappy children with him.

His works are full of humor, rich colors and very skillfully captured facial expressions from life.

But it is an illusion that the work was easy for Rockwell. To create one painting, he might first take up to a hundred photographs of his subjects to capture the right gestures.

Rockwell's works had a tremendous influence on the minds of millions of Americans. After all, he often spoke out through his paintings.

During World War II, he decided to show what his country's soldiers were fighting for. Having also created the painting “Freedom from Want”. In the form of Thanksgiving, where all family members, well-fed and satisfied, rejoice at the family holiday.

After 50 years at the Saturday Evening Post, Rockwell left for the more democratic Look magazine, where he was able to express his views on social issues.

The most striking work of those years is “The Problem We Live With.”

This is the true story of a black girl who went to a white school. Since a law was passed that people (and therefore educational institutions) should no longer be separated by race.

But there was no limit to the anger of the townsfolk. On the way to school, the girl was guarded by the police. This is the “routine” moment that Rockwell showed.

If you want to know the life of Americans in a slightly embellished light (as they themselves wanted to see it), be sure to watch Rockwell’s paintings.

Perhaps, of all the painters presented in this article, Rockwell is the most American artist.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

Unlike Rockwell, Wyeth was not as positive. A recluse by nature, he did not try to embellish anything. On the contrary, he depicted the most ordinary landscapes and unremarkable things. Just a wheat field, just a wooden house. But he even managed to glimpse something magical in them.

His most famous work is “Christina’s World.” Wyeth showed the fate of one woman, his neighbor. Paralyzed since childhood, she crawled around her farm.

So there is nothing romantic in this picture, as it might seem at first. If you look closely, the woman is painfully thin. And knowing that the heroine’s legs are paralyzed, you understand with sadness how far she is still from home.

At first glance, Wyeth wrote the most ordinary thing. Here is an old window of an old house. A shabby curtain that has already begun to turn into shreds. The forest is dark outside the window.

But there is some mystery in all this. Some other look.

This is how children know how to look at the world with an open mind. Wyatt looks the same way. And we are with him.

All of Wyeth's affairs were handled by his wife. She was a good organizer. It was she who contacted museums and collectors.

There was little romance in their relationship. The muse had to appear. And she became a simple, but with an extraordinary appearance, Helga. This is exactly what we see in numerous jobs.

It would seem that we are seeing only a photographic image of a woman. But for some reason it’s hard to tear yourself away from her. Her look is too complicated, her shoulders tense. It’s as if we are internally tense together with her. Trying to find an explanation for this tension.

Depicting reality in every detail, Wyeth magically endowed it with emotions that cannot leave one indifferent.

The artist was not recognized for a long time. With its realism, albeit magical, it did not fit into the modernist trends of the 20th century.

When museum workers bought his works, they tried to do it quietly, without attracting attention. Exhibitions were rarely organized. But to the envy of the modernists, they always had a resounding success. People came in droves. And they still come.

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

Jackson Pollock cannot be ignored. He crossed a certain line in art, after which painting could not be the same. He showed that in art it is generally possible to do without boundaries. When I laid the canvas on the floor and splashed it with paint.

And this American artist began with abstract art, in which the figurative could still be traced. In his work of the 40s, “Stenographic Figure,” we see the outlines of both the face and hands. And even symbols that we understand in the form of crosses and zeros.

His work was praised, but people were in no hurry to buy it. He was as poor as a church mouse. And he drank shamelessly. Despite the happy marriage. His wife admired his talent and did everything for her husband’s success.

But Pollock was initially a broken personality. From his youth, it was clear from his actions that early death was his destiny.

This brokenness will ultimately lead to his death at the age of 44. But he will have time to make a revolution in art and become famous.

And he did this during a period of two years of sobriety. He was able to work fruitfully in 1950-1952. He experimented for a long time until he came to the drip technique.

Laying out a huge canvas on the floor of his barn, he walked around it, as if being in the painting itself. And splashed or simply poured paint.

People began to willingly buy these unusual paintings from him for their incredible originality and novelty.

Pollock was overwhelmed by fame and fell into depression, not understanding where to move next. The deadly mixture of alcohol and depression left him no chance of survival. One day he got behind the wheel very drunk. Last time.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Only in a country with such a cult of consumption as in America could pop art be born. And its main initiator was, of course, Andy Warhol.

He became famous for taking the most ordinary things and turning them into a work of art. This is what happened with a can of Campbell's soup.

The choice was not accidental. Warhol's mother fed her son this soup every day for more than 20 years. Even when he moved to New York and took his mother with him.

After this experiment, Warhol became interested in screen printing. From then on, he took pictures of pop stars and painted them in different colors.

This is how his famous painted Marilyn Monroe appeared.

A countless number of such Marilyn acid flowers were produced. Warhol put art on stream. As it should be in a consumer society.

Warhol did not come up with painted faces out of nowhere. And again, it was not without the influence of the mother. As a child, during her son’s protracted illness, she brought him packs of coloring books.

This childhood hobby grew into what became his business card and made him fabulously rich.

He painted not only pop stars, but also the masterpieces of his predecessors. I got it too.

“Venus”, like Marilyn, has been done a lot. The exclusivity of a work of art was “erased” into powder by Warhol. Why did the artist do this?

To popularize old masterpieces? Or, conversely, try to devalue them? Immortalize pop stars? Or spice up death with irony?

His colored works of Madonna, Elvis Presley or Lenin are sometimes more recognizable than the original photographs.

But the masterpieces were hardly eclipsed. All the same, the pristine “Venus” remains priceless.

Warhol was an avid party animal, attracting a lot of marginalized people. Drug addicts, failed actors or simply unbalanced individuals. One of which shot him once.

Warhol survived. But 20 years later, due to the consequences of a wound he had once suffered, he died alone in his apartment.

US melting pot

Despite the short history of American art, the range is wide. Among American artists there are the impressionists (Sargent), the magical realists (Wyeth), the abstract expressionists (Pollock), and the pioneers of pop art (Warhol).

Well, Americans love freedom of choice in everything. Hundreds of denominations. Hundreds of nations. Hundreds of art styles. That's why it is the melting pot of the United States of America.

In contact with

"Card Players"

Author

Paul Cezanne

A country France
Years of life 1839–1906
Style post-impressionism

The artist was born in the south of France in the small town of Aix-en-Provence, but began painting in Paris. Real success came to him after a personal exhibition organized by collector Ambroise Vollard. In 1886, 20 years before his departure, he moved to the outskirts of his hometown. Young artists called their trips to him “a pilgrimage to Aix.”

130x97 cm
1895
price
$250 million
sold in 2012
at private auction

Cezanne's work is easy to understand. The artist’s only rule was the direct transfer of an object or plot onto the canvas, so his paintings do not cause bewilderment to the viewer. Cezanne combined in his art two main French traditions: classicism and romanticism. With the help of colorful textures, he gave the shape of objects amazing plasticity.

The series of five paintings “Card Players” was painted in 1890–1895. Their plot is the same - several people enthusiastically play poker. The works differ only in the number of players and the size of the canvas.

Four paintings are kept in museums in Europe and America (Museum d'Orsay, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Barnes Foundation and the Courtauld Institute of Art), and the fifth, until recently, was an adornment of the private collection of the Greek billionaire shipowner Georg Embirikos. Shortly before his death, in the winter of 2011, he decided to put it up for sale. Potential buyers of Cezanne’s “free” work were art dealer William Acquavella and world-famous gallery owner Larry Gagosian, who offered about $220 million for it. As a result, the painting went to the royal family of the Arab state of Qatar for 250 million. The largest art deal in the history of painting was closed in February 2012. Journalist Alexandra Pierce reported this in Vanity Fair. She found out the cost of the painting and the name of the new owner, and then the information penetrated the media around the world.

In 2010, the Arab Museum of Modern Art and the Qatar National Museum opened in Qatar. Now their collections are growing. Perhaps the fifth version of The Card Players was acquired by the sheikh for this purpose.

The mostexpensive paintingin the world

Owner
Sheikh Hamad
bin Khalifa al-Thani

The al-Thani dynasty has ruled Qatar for more than 130 years. About half a century ago, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered here, which instantly made Qatar one of the richest regions in the world. Thanks to the export of hydrocarbons, this small country has the largest GDP per capita. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani seized power in 1995, while his father was in Switzerland, with the support of family members. The merit of the current ruler, according to experts, is in a clear strategy for the country's development and in creating a successful image of the state. Qatar now has a constitution and a prime minister, and women have the right to vote in parliamentary elections. By the way, it was the Emir of Qatar who founded the Al-Jazeera news channel. The authorities of the Arab state pay great attention to culture.

2

"Number 5"

Author

Jackson Pollock

A country USA
Years of life 1912–1956
Style abstract expressionism

Jack the Sprinkler - this was the nickname given to Pollock by the American public for his special painting technique. The artist abandoned the brush and easel, and poured paint over the surface of the canvas or fiberboard during continuous movement around and inside them. From an early age, he was interested in the philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti, the main message of which is that the truth is revealed during a free “outpouring.”

122x244 cm
1948
price
$140 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Sotheby's

The value of Pollock's work lies not in the result, but in the process. It is no coincidence that the author called his art “action painting.” With him light hand it became America's greatest asset. Jackson Pollock mixed paint with sand and broken glass, and painted with a piece of cardboard, a palette knife, a knife, and a dustpan. The artist was so popular that in the 1950s imitators were found even in the USSR. The painting “Number 5” is recognized as one of the strangest and most expensive in the world. One of the founders of DreamWorks, David Geffen, purchased it for a private collection, and in 2006 sold it at Sotheby's auction for $140 million to Mexican collector David Martinez. However, the law firm soon issued a press release on behalf of its client stating that David Martinez was not the owner of the painting. Only one thing is known for certain: the Mexican financier has indeed recently collected works of modern art. It is unlikely that he would have missed such a “big fish” as Pollock’s “Number 5”.

3

"Woman III"

Author

Willem de Kooning

A country USA
Years of life 1904–1997
Style abstract expressionism

A native of the Netherlands, he immigrated to the United States in 1926. In 1948, the artist’s personal exhibition took place. Art critics appreciated the complex, nervous black and white compositions, recognizing their author as a great modernist artist. He suffered from alcoholism for most of his life, but the joy of creating new art is felt in every work. De Kooning is distinguished by the impulsiveness of his painting and broad strokes, which is why sometimes the image does not fit within the boundaries of the canvas.

121x171 cm
1953
price
$137 million
sold in 2006
at private auction

In the 1950s, women with empty eyes, massive breasts, and ugly facial features appeared in de Kooning’s paintings. "Woman III" was the last work from this series to be auctioned.

Since the 1970s, the painting was kept in the Tehran Museum of Modern Art, but after the introduction of strict moral rules in the country, they tried to get rid of it. In 1994, the work was exported from Iran, and 12 years later its owner David Geffen (the same producer who sold Jackson Pollock’s “Number 5”) sold the painting to millionaire Steven Cohen for $137.5 million. It is interesting that in one year Geffen began to sell off his collection of paintings. This gave rise to a lot of rumors: for example, that the producer decided to buy the Los Angeles Times newspaper.

At one of the art forums, an opinion was expressed about the similarity of “Woman III” with the painting “Lady with an Ermine” by Leonardo da Vinci. Behind the toothy smile and shapeless figure of the heroine, the connoisseur of painting saw the grace of a person of royal blood. This is also evidenced by the poorly drawn crown crowning the woman’s head.

4

"Portrait of AdeleBloch-Bauer I"

Author

Gustav Klimt

A country Austria
Years of life 1862–1918
Style modern

Gustav Klimt was born into the family of an engraver and was the second of seven children. Ernest Klimt's three sons became artists, but only Gustav became famous throughout the world. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. After his father's death, he became responsible for the entire family. It was at this time that Klimt developed his style. Any viewer freezes in front of his paintings: frank eroticism is clearly visible under the thin strokes of gold.

138x136 cm
1907
price
$135 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Sotheby's

The fate of the painting, which is called the “Austrian Mona Lisa,” could easily become the basis for a bestseller. The artist’s work caused a conflict between an entire state and one elderly lady.

So, “Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I” depicts an aristocrat, the wife of Ferdinand Bloch. Her last wish was to donate the painting to the Austrian State Gallery. However, Bloch canceled the donation in his will, and the Nazis expropriated the painting. Later, the gallery with difficulty bought the Golden Adele, but then an heiress appeared - Maria Altman, the niece of Ferdinand Bloch.

In 2005, the high-profile trial “Maria Altmann against the Republic of Austria” began, as a result of which the film “left” with her for Los Angeles. Austria took unprecedented measures: negotiations were held on loans, the population donated money to buy the portrait. Good never defeated evil: Altman raised the price to $300 million. At the time of the proceedings, she was 79 years old, and she went down in history as the person who changed Bloch-Bauer’s will in favor of personal interests. The painting was purchased by Ronald Lauder, owner of the New Gallery in New York, where it remains to this day. Not for Austria, for him Altman reduced the price to $135 million.

5

"Scream"

Author

Edvard Munch

A country Norway
Years of life 1863–1944
Style expressionism

Munch’s first painting, which became famous throughout the world, “The Sick Girl” (there are five copies) is dedicated to the artist’s sister, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 15. Munch was always interested in the theme of death and loneliness. In Germany, his heavy, manic painting even provoked a scandal. However, despite the depressive subjects, his paintings have a special magnetism. Take "Scream" for example.

73.5x91 cm
1895
price
$119.992 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

The full title of the painting is Der Schrei der Natur (translated from German as “the cry of nature”). The face of either a human or an alien expresses despair and panic - the same emotions the viewer experiences when looking at the picture. One of key works expressionism warns of themes that have become acute in the art of the 20th century. According to one version, the artist created it under the influence of a mental disorder that he suffered from all his life.

The painting was stolen twice from different museums, but was returned. Slightly damaged after the theft, The Scream was restored and was again ready for display at the Munch Museum in 2008. For representatives of pop culture, the work became a source of inspiration: Andy Warhol created a series of print copies of it, and the mask from the film “Scream” was made in the image and likeness of the hero of the picture.

Munch wrote four versions of the work for one subject: the one that is in a private collection is made in pastels. Norwegian billionaire Petter Olsen put it up for auction on May 2, 2012. The buyer was Leon Black, who did not spare a record amount for “Scream”. Founder of Apollo Advisors, L.P. and Lion Advisors, L.P. known for his love of art. Black is a patron of Dartmouth College, the Museum of Modern Art, the Lincoln Art Center, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It has the largest collection of paintings by contemporary artists and classical masters of past centuries.

6

"Nude against the background of a bust and green leaves"

Author

Pablo Picasso

A country Spain, France
Years of life 1881–1973
Style cubism

He is Spanish by origin, but by spirit and place of residence he is a true Frenchman. Picasso opened his own art studio in Barcelona when he was only 16 years old. Then he went to Paris and spent most of his life there. That is why his surname has a double accent. The style invented by Picasso is based on the denial of the idea that an object depicted on canvas can only be viewed from one angle.

130x162 cm
1932
price
$106.482 million
sold in 2010
on the auction Christie's

During his work in Rome, the artist met dancer Olga Khokhlova, who soon became his wife. He put an end to vagrancy and moved into a luxurious apartment with her. By that time, recognition had found the hero, but the marriage was destroyed. One of the most expensive paintings in the world was created almost by accident - out of great love, which, as always with Picasso, was short-lived. In 1927, he became interested in the young Marie-Therese Walter (she was 17 years old, he was 45). Secretly from his wife, he left with his mistress to a town near Paris, where he painted a portrait, depicting Marie-Therese in the image of Daphne. The canvas was purchased by New York dealer Paul Rosenberg, and in 1951 he sold it to Sidney F. Brody. The Brodys showed the painting to the world only once and only because the artist was turning 80 years old. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Brody put the work up for auction at Christie’s in March 2010. Over six decades, the price has increased more than 5,000 times! An unknown collector bought it for $106.5 million. In 2011, an “exhibition of one painting” took place in Britain, where it was released for the second time, but the name of the owner is still unknown.

7

"Eight Elvises"

Author

Andy Warhole

A country USA
Years of life 1928-1987
Style
pop Art

“Sex and parties are the only places where you need to appear in person,” said the cult pop art artist, director, one of the founders of Interview magazine, designer Andy Warhol. He worked with Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, designed record covers, and designed shoes for the I.Miller company. In the 1960s, paintings appeared depicting symbols of America: Campbell's and Coca-Cola soup, Presley and Monroe - which made him a legend.

358x208 cm
1963
price
$100 million
sold in 2008
at private auction

The Warhol 60s was the name given to the era of pop art in America. In 1962, he worked in Manhattan at the Factory studio, where all the bohemians of New York gathered. Its prominent representatives: Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Truman Capote and other famous personalities in the world. At the same time, Warhol tested the technique of silk-screen printing - repeated repetition of one image. He also used this method when creating “The Eight Elvises”: the viewer seems to be seeing footage from a movie where the star comes to life. Here there is everything that the artist loved so much: a win-win public image, silver color and a premonition of death as the main message.

There are two art dealers promoting Warhol's work on the world market today: Larry Gagosian and Alberto Mugrabi. The former spent $200 million in 2008 to acquire more than 15 works by Warhol. The second one buys and sells his paintings like Christmas cards, only at a higher price. But it was not they, but the modest French art consultant Philippe Segalot who helped the Roman art connoisseur Annibale Berlinghieri sell “Eight Elvises” to an unknown buyer for a record amount for Warhol – $100 million.

8

"Orange,Red Yellow"

Author

Mark Rothko

A country USA
Years of life 1903–1970
Style abstract expressionism

One of the creators of color field painting was born in Dvinsk, Russia (now Daugavpils, Latvia), into a large family of a Jewish pharmacist. In 1911 they emigrated to the USA. Rothko studied at the Yale University art department and won a scholarship, but anti-Semitic sentiments forced him to leave his studies. Despite everything, art critics idolized the artist, and museums pursued him all his life.

206x236 cm
1961
price
$86.882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Christie's

Rothko's first artistic experiments were of a surrealist orientation, but over time he simplified the plot to color spots, depriving them of any objectivity. At first they had bright shades, and in the 1960s they became brown and purple, thickening to black by the time of the artist’s death. Mark Rothko warned against looking for any meaning in his paintings. The author wanted to say exactly what he said: only color dissolving in the air, and nothing more. He recommended viewing the works from a distance of 45 cm, so that the viewer would be “drawn” into the color, like into a funnel. Be careful: viewing according to all the rules can lead to the effect of meditation, that is, the awareness of infinity, complete immersion in oneself, relaxation, and purification gradually come. The color in his paintings lives, breathes and has a strong emotional impact (they say, sometimes healing). The artist declared: “The viewer should cry while looking at them,” and such cases actually happened. According to Rothko's theory, at this moment people live the same spiritual experience as he did while working on the painting. If you were able to understand it on such a subtle level, you will not be surprised that these works of abstract art are often compared by critics to icons.

The work “Orange, Red, Yellow” expresses the essence of Mark Rothko’s painting. Its initial price at Christie’s auction in New York is $35–45 million. An unknown buyer offered a price twice the estimate. The name of the lucky owner of the painting, as often happens, is not disclosed.

9

"Triptych"

Author

Francis Bacon

A country
Great Britain
Years of life 1909–1992
Style expressionism

The adventures of Francis Bacon, a complete namesake and also a distant descendant of the great philosopher, began when his father disowned him, unable to accept his son’s homosexual inclinations. Bacon went first to Berlin, then to Paris, and then his tracks became confused throughout Europe. During his lifetime, his works were exhibited in leading cultural centers of the world, including the Guggenheim Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.

147.5x198 cm (each)
1976
price
$86.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

Prestigious museums sought to possess Bacon's paintings, but the prim English public was in no hurry to fork out for such art. The legendary British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said about him: “The man who paints these terrifying pictures.”

The artist himself considered the post-war period to be the starting period in his work. Returning from service, he took up painting again and created major masterpieces. Before the participation of “Triptych, 1976,” Bacon’s most expensive work was “Study for a Portrait of Pope Innocent X” ($52.7 million). In “Triptych, 1976” the artist depicted the mythical plot of the persecution of Orestes by the Furies. Of course, Orestes is Bacon himself, and the Furies are his torment. For more than 30 years, the painting was in a private collection and did not participate in exhibitions. This fact gives it special value and, accordingly, increases the cost. But what is a few million for an art connoisseur, and a generous one at that? Roman Abramovich began creating his collection in the 1990s, in which he was significantly influenced by his friend Dasha Zhukova, who became a fashionable gallery owner in modern Russia. According to unofficial data, the businessman personally owns works by Alberto Giacometti and Pablo Picasso, purchased for amounts exceeding $100 million. In 2008 he became the owner of the Triptych. By the way, in 2011, another valuable work by Bacon was acquired - “Three Sketches for a Portrait of Lucian Freud.” Hidden sources say that Roman Arkadyevich again became the buyer.

10

"Pond with water lilies"

Author

Claude Monet

A country France
Years of life 1840–1926
Style impressionism

The artist is recognized as the founder of impressionism, who “patented” this method in his canvases. The first significant work was the painting “Luncheon on the Grass” (the original version of the work by Edouard Manet). In his youth he drew caricatures, and took up real painting during his travels along the coast and in the open air. In Paris he led a bohemian lifestyle and did not leave it even after serving in the army.

210x100 cm
1919
price
$80.5 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's

In addition to the fact that Monet was a great artist, he was also a keen gardener and adored wildlife and flowers. In his landscapes, the state of nature is momentary, objects seem to be blurred by the movement of air. The impression is enhanced by large strokes; from a certain distance they become invisible and merge into a textured, three-dimensional image. In the paintings of late Monet, the theme of water and life in it occupies a special place. In the town of Giverny, the artist had his own pond, where he grew water lilies from seeds specially brought by him from Japan. When their flowers bloomed, he began to paint. The “Water Lilies” series consists of 60 works that the artist painted over almost 30 years, until his death. His vision deteriorated with age, but he did not stop. Depending on the wind, time of year and weather, the appearance of the pond was constantly changing, and Monet wanted to capture these changes. Through careful work, he came to understand the essence of nature. Some of the paintings in the series are kept in leading galleries in the world: National Museum Western art(Tokyo), Orangerie (Paris). A version of the next “Pond with Water Lilies” went into the hands of an unknown buyer for a record amount.

11

False Star t

Author

Jasper Johns

A country USA
Year of birth 1930
Style pop Art

In 1949, Jones entered design school in New York. Along with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and others, he is recognized as one of the main artists of the 20th century. In 2012, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States.

137.2x170.8 cm
1959
price
$80 million
sold in 2006
at private auction

Like Marcel Duchamp, Jones worked with real objects, depicting them on canvas and in sculpture in full accordance with the original. For his works, he used simple and understandable objects: a beer bottle, a flag or cards. There is no clear composition in the film False Start. The artist seems to be playing with the viewer, often “wrongly” labeling the colors in the painting, inverting the very concept of color: “I wanted to find a way to depict color so that it could be determined by some other method.” His most explosive and “unconfident” painting, according to critics, was acquired by an unknown buyer.

12

"Seatednudeon the couch"

Author

Amedeo Modigliani

A country Italy, France
Years of life 1884–1920
Style expressionism

Modigliani was often ill since childhood; during a feverish delirium, he recognized his destiny as an artist. He studied drawing in Livorno, Florence, Venice, and in 1906 he went to Paris, where his art flourished.

65x100 cm
1917
price
$68.962 million
sold in 2010
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1917, Modigliani met 19-year-old Jeanne Hebuterne, who became his model and then his wife. In 2004, one of her portraits was sold for $31.3 million, which was the last record before the sale of “Nude Seated on a Sofa” in 2010. The painting was purchased by an unknown buyer for the maximum price for Modigliani at the moment. Active sales of works began only after the artist’s death. He died in poverty, sick with tuberculosis, and the next day Jeanne Hebuterne, who was nine months pregnant, also committed suicide.

13

"Eagle on a Pine"

Author

Qi Baishi

A country China
Years of life 1864–1957
Style Guohua

Interest in calligraphy led Qi Baishi to painting. At the age of 28, he became a student of the artist Hu Qingyuan. The Chinese Ministry of Culture awarded him the title of "Great Artist of the Chinese People", and in 1956 he received the International Peace Prize.

10x26 cm
1946
price
$65.4 million
sold in 2011
on the auction China Guardian

Qi Baishi was interested in those manifestations of the surrounding world that many do not attach importance to, and this is his greatness. A man without education became a professor and an outstanding creator in history. Pablo Picasso said about him: “I am afraid to go to your country, because there is Qi Baishi in China.” The composition “Eagle on a Pine Tree” is recognized as the artist’s largest work. In addition to the canvas, it includes two hieroglyphic scrolls. For China, the amount for which the work was purchased represents a record - 425.5 million yuan. The scroll of the ancient calligrapher Huang Tingjian alone was sold for 436.8 million.

14

"1949-A-No. 1"

Author

Clyfford Still

A country USA
Years of life 1904–1980
Style abstract expressionism

At the age of 20, I visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and was disappointed. Later he signed up for a course at the Student Arts League, but left 45 minutes after the start of the class - it turned out to be “not for him.” The first personal exhibition caused a resonance, the artist found himself, and with it recognition

79x93 cm
1949
price
$61.7 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

Still bequeathed all his works, more than 800 canvases and 1,600 works on paper, to an American city where a museum named after him will be opened. Denver became such a city, but construction alone was expensive for the authorities, and to complete it, four works were put up for auction. Still's works are unlikely to be auctioned again, which has increased their price in advance. The painting “1949-A-No.1” was sold for a record amount for the artist, although experts predicted the sale for a maximum of 25–35 million dollars.

15

"Suprematist composition"

Author

Kazimir Malevich

A country Russia
Years of life 1878–1935
Style Suprematism

Malevich studied painting at the Kyiv Art School, then at the Moscow Academy of Arts. In 1913, he began to paint abstract geometric paintings in a style he called Suprematism (from the Latin for “dominance”).

71x 88.5 cm
1916
price
$60 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

The painting was kept in the Amsterdam City Museum for about 50 years, but after a 17-year dispute with Malevich's relatives, the museum gave it away. The artist painted this work in the same year as the “Manifesto of Suprematism,” so Sotheby’s announced even before the auction that it would not go into a private collection for less than $60 million. And so it happened. It is better to look at it from above: the figures on the canvas resemble an aerial view of the earth. By the way, a few years earlier, the same relatives expropriated another “Suprematist Composition” from the MoMA Museum in order to sell it at the Phillips auction for $17 million.

16

"Bathers"

Author

Paul Gauguin

A country France
Years of life 1848–1903
Style post-impressionism

Until the age of seven, the artist lived in Peru, then returned to France with his family, but childhood memories constantly pushed him to travel. In France, he began to paint and became friends with Van Gogh. He even spent several months with him in Arles, until Van Gogh cut off his ear during a quarrel.

93.4x60.4 cm
1902
price
$55 million
sold in 2005
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1891, Gauguin organized a sale of his paintings in order to use the proceeds to travel deep into the island of Tahiti. There he created works in which the subtle connection between nature and man is felt. Gauguin lived in a thatched hut, and a tropical paradise blossomed on his canvases. His wife was 13-year-old Tahitian Tehura, which did not stop the artist from engaging in promiscuous relationships. Having contracted syphilis, he left for France. However, Gauguin found it crowded there, and he returned to Tahiti. This period is called the “second Tahitian” - it was then that the painting “Bathers” was painted, one of the most luxurious in his work.

17

"Daffodils and tablecloth in blue and pink tones"

Author

Henri Matisse

A country France
Years of life 1869–1954
Style Fauvism

In 1889, Henri Matisse suffered an attack of appendicitis. When he was recovering from surgery, his mother bought him paints. At first, Matisse copied color postcards out of boredom, then he copied works of great painters that he saw in the Louvre, and at the beginning of the 20th century he came up with a style - Fauvism.

65.2x81 cm
1911
price
$46.4 million
sold in 2009
on the auction Christie's

Painting "Daffodils and tablecloth in blue and pink tones" for a long time belonged to Yves Saint Laurent. After the death of the couturier, his entire art collection passed into the hands of his friend and lover Pierre Berger, who decided to put it up for auction at Christie’s. The pearl of the sold collection was the painting “Daffodils and a tablecloth in blue and pink tones,” painted on an ordinary tablecloth instead of canvas. As an example of Fauvism, it is filled with the energy of color, the colors seem to explode and scream. From the famous series of paintings painted on tablecloths, today this work is the only one that is in a private collection.

18

"Sleeping Girl"

Author

RoyLee

htenstein

A country USA
Years of life 1923–1997
Style pop Art

The artist was born in New York, and after graduating from school, he went to Ohio, where he took art courses. In 1949, Lichtenstein received a Master of Fine Arts degree. His interest in comics and his ability to use irony made him a cult artist of the last century.

91x91 cm
1964
price
$44.882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

One day, chewing gum fell into Lichtenstein's hands. He redrew the picture from the insert onto canvas and became famous. This story from his biography contains the entire message of pop art: consumption is the new god, and there is no less beauty in a chewing gum wrapper than in the Mona Lisa. His paintings are reminiscent of comics and cartoons: Lichtenstein simply enlarged the finished image, drew rasters, used screen printing and silk-screen printing. The painting “Sleeping Girl” belonged to collectors Beatrice and Philip Gersh for almost 50 years, whose heirs sold it at auction.

19

"Victory. Boogie Woogie"

Author

Piet Mondrian

A country Netherlands
Years of life 1872–1944
Style neoplasticism

The artist changed his real name, Cornelis, to Mondrian when he moved to Paris in 1912. Together with the artist Theo van Doesburg, he founded the Neoplasticism movement. The Piet programming language is named after Mondrian.

27x127 cm
1944
price
$40 million
sold in 1998
on the auction Sotheby's

The most “musical” of the 20th century artists made a living from watercolor still lifes, although he became famous as a neoplastic artist. He moved to the USA in the 1940s and spent the rest of his life there. Jazz and New York are what inspired him the most! Painting “Victory. Boogie Woogie" - the best one example. The signature neat squares were achieved using adhesive tape, Mondrian’s favorite material. In America he was called “the most famous immigrant.” In the sixties, Yves Saint Laurent released world-famous “Mondrian” dresses with large checkered prints.

20

"Composition No. 5"

Author

BasilKandinsky

A country Russia
Years of life 1866–1944
Style avant-garde

The artist was born in Moscow, and his father was from Siberia. After the revolution, he tried to cooperate with the Soviet government, but soon realized that the laws of the proletariat were not created for him, and not without difficulties he emigrated to Germany.

275x190 cm
1911
price
$40 million
sold in 2007
on the auction Sotheby's

Kandinsky was one of the first to completely abandon object painting, for which he received the title of genius. During Nazism in Germany, his paintings were classified as “degenerate art” and were not exhibited anywhere. In 1939, Kandinsky took French citizenship, and in Paris he freely participated in the artistic process. His paintings “sound” like fugues, which is why many are called “compositions” (the first was written in 1910, the last in 1939). “Composition No. 5” is one of the key works in this genre: “The word “composition” sounded like a prayer to me,” said the artist. Unlike many of his followers, he planned what he would depict on a huge canvas, as if he were writing notes.

21

"Study of a Woman in Blue"

Author

Fernand Léger

A country France
Years of life 1881–1955
Style cubism-post-impressionism

Léger received an architectural education and then attended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The artist considered himself a follower of Cezanne, was an apologist for Cubism, and in the 20th century was also successful as a sculptor.

96.5x129.5 cm
1912–1913
price
$39.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

David Norman, president of the international department of impressionism and modernism at Sotheby's, considers the huge amount paid for “The Lady in Blue” to be completely justified. The painting belongs to the famous Léger collection (the artist painted three paintings on the same subject, the last of them is in private hands today. - Ed.), and the surface of the canvas has been preserved in its original form. The author himself gave this work to the Der Sturm gallery, then it ended up in the collection of Hermann Lang, a German collector of modernism, and now belongs to an unknown buyer.

22

“Street scene. Berlin"

Author

Ernst LudwigKirchner

A country Germany
Years of life 1880–1938
Style expressionism

For German expressionism, Kirchner became an iconic person. However, local authorities accused him of adhering to “degenerate art,” which tragically affected the fate of his paintings and the life of the artist, who committed suicide in 1938.

95x121 cm
1913
price
$38.096 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Christie's

After moving to Berlin, Kirchner created 11 sketches of street scenes. He was inspired by the bustle and nervousness of the big city. In the painting, sold in 2006 in New York, the artist’s anxious state is especially acutely felt: people on a Berlin street resemble birds - graceful and dangerous. It was the last work from the famous series sold at auction; the rest are kept in museums. In 1937, the Nazis treated Kirchner harshly: 639 of his works were removed from German galleries, destroyed or sold abroad. The artist could not survive this.

23

"Vacationist"dancer"

Author

Edgar Degas

A country France
Years of life 1834–1917
Style impressionism

Degas's history as an artist began with his work as a copyist at the Louvre. He dreamed of becoming “famous and unknown,” and in the end he succeeded. At the end of his life, deaf and blind, 80-year-old Degas continued to attend exhibitions and auctions.

64x59 cm
1879
price
$37.043 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

“Ballerinas have always been for me just an excuse to depict fabrics and capture movement,” said Degas. Scenes from the lives of the dancers seem to have been spied on: the girls do not pose for the artist, but simply become part of the atmosphere caught by Degas’s gaze. “Resting Dancer” was sold for $28 million in 1999, and less than 10 years later it was bought for $37 million—today it is the most expensive work by the artist ever put up for auction. Degas paid great attention to frames, designed them himself and forbade them to be changed. I wonder what frame is installed on the painting sold?

24

"Painting"

Author

Joan Miro

A country Spain
Years of life 1893–1983
Style abstract art

During the Spanish Civil War, the artist was on the Republican side. In 1937, he fled from the fascist regime to Paris, where he lived in poverty with his family. During this period, Miro painted the painting “Help Spain!”, drawing the attention of the whole world to the dominance of fascism.

89x115 cm
1927
price
$36.824 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

The second title of the painting is “Blue Star”. The artist painted it in the same year when he announced: “I want to kill painting” and mercilessly mocked the canvases, scratching the paint with nails, gluing feathers to the canvas, covering the works with garbage. His goal was to debunk the myths about the mystery of painting, but having coped with this, Miro created his own myth - surreal abstraction. His “Painting” belongs to the cycle of “dream paintings”. At the auction, four buyers fought for it, but one phone call incognito resolved the dispute, and “Painting” became the artist’s most expensive painting.

25

"Blue Rose"

Author

Yves Klein

A country France
Years of life 1928–1962
Style monochrome painting

The artist was born into a family of painters, but studied oriental languages, navigation, the craft of a frame gilder, Zen Buddhism and much more. His personality and cheeky antics were many times more interesting than monochrome paintings.

153x199x16 cm
1960
price
$36.779 million
sold in 2012
at Christie's auction

The first exhibition of monochromatic yellow, orange, and pink works did not arouse public interest. Klein was offended and next time presented 11 identical canvases, painted with ultramarine mixed with a special synthetic resin. He even patented this method. The color went down in history as “international Blue colour Klein." The artist also sold emptiness, created paintings by exposing paper to the rain, setting fire to cardboard, making prints of a person’s body on canvas. In a word, I experimented as best I could. To create “Blue Rose” I used dry pigments, resins, pebbles and a natural sponge.

26

"In Search of Moses"

Author

Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema

A country Great Britain
Years of life 1836–1912
Style neoclassicism

Sir Lawrence himself added the prefix “alma” to his surname so that he could be listed first in art catalogues. In Victorian England, his paintings were so in demand that the artist was awarded a knighthood.

213.4x136.7 cm
1902
price
$35.922 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

The main theme of Alma-Tadema's work was antiquity. In his paintings, he tried to depict the era of the Roman Empire in the smallest detail, for this he even carried out archaeological excavations on the Apennine Peninsula, and in his London house he reproduced the historical interior of those years. Mythological subjects became another source of inspiration for him. The artist was extremely in demand during his lifetime, but after his death he was quickly forgotten. Now interest is being revived, as evidenced by the cost of the painting “In Search of Moses,” which is seven times higher than the pre-sale estimate.

27

"Portrait of a sleeping naked official"

Author

Lucian Freud

A country Germany,
Great Britain
Years of life 1922–2011
Style figurative painting

The artist is the grandson of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. After the establishment of fascism in Germany, his family emigrated to Great Britain. Freud's works are in the Wallace Collection Museum in London, where no contemporary artist has previously exhibited.

219.1x151.4 cm
1995
price
$33.6 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's

Bye fashion artists The 20th century created positive “color spots on the wall” and sold them for millions; Freud painted extremely naturalistic paintings and sold them for even more. “I capture the cries of the soul and the suffering of fading flesh,” he said. Critics believe that all this is the “legacy” of Sigmund Freud. The paintings were so actively exhibited and sold successfully that experts began to doubt: do they have hypnotic properties? The Portrait of a Nude Sleeping Official, sold at auction, according to the Sun, was purchased by a connoisseur of beauty and billionaire Roman Abramovich.

28

"Violin and Guitar"

Author

Xone Gris

A country Spain
Years of life 1887–1927
Style cubism

Born in Madrid, where he graduated from the School of Arts and Crafts. In 1906 he moved to Paris and entered the circle of the most influential artists of the era: Picasso, Modigliani, Braque, Matisse, Léger, and also worked with Sergei Diaghilev and his troupe.

5x100 cm
1913
price
$28.642 million
sold in 2010
on the auction Christie's

Gris, in his own words, was engaged in “planar, colored architecture.” His paintings are precisely thought out: he did not leave a single random stroke, which makes creativity similar to geometry. The artist created his own version of cubism, although he greatly respected Pablo Picasso, the founding father of the movement. The successor even dedicated his first work in the cubist style, “Tribute to Picasso,” to him. The painting “Violin and Guitar” is recognized as outstanding in the artist’s work. During his lifetime, Gris was famous and favored by critics and art critics. His works are exhibited in the world's largest museums and are kept in private collections.

29

"PortraitFields of Eluard"

Author

Salvador Dali

A country Spain
Years of life 1904–1989
Style surrealism

“Surrealism is me,” Dali said when he was expelled from the surrealist group. Over time, he became the most famous surrealist artist. Dali's work is everywhere, not just in galleries. For example, it was he who came up with the packaging for Chupa Chups.

25x33 cm
1929
price
$20.6 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1929, the poet Paul Eluard and his Russian wife Gala came to visit the great provocateur and brawler Dali. The meeting was the beginning of a love story that lasted more than half a century. The painting “Portrait of Paul Eluard” was painted during this historic visit. “I felt that I was entrusted with the responsibility of capturing the face of the poet, from whose Olympus I stole one of the muses,” said the artist. Before meeting Gala, he was a virgin and was disgusted at the thought of sex with a woman. The love triangle existed until Eluard's death, after which it became the Dali-Gala duet.

30

"Anniversary"

Author

Marc Chagall

A country Russia, France
Years of life 1887–1985
Style avant-garde

Moishe Segal was born in Vitebsk, but in 1910 he emigrated to Paris, changed his name, and became close to the leading avant-garde artists of the era. In the 1930s, during the seizure of power by the Nazis, he left for the United States with the help of the American consul. He returned to France only in 1948.

80x103 cm
1923
price
$14.85 million
sold 1990
at Sotheby's auction

The painting “Anniversary” is recognized as one of best works artist. It contains all the features of his work: the physical laws of the world are erased, the feeling of a fairy tale is preserved in the scenery of bourgeois life, and love is at the center of the plot. Chagall did not draw people from life, but only from memory or imagination. The painting “Anniversary” depicts the artist himself and his wife Bela. The painting was sold in 1990 and has not been auctioned since then. Interestingly, the New York Museum of Modern Art MoMA houses exactly the same one, only under the name “Birthday”. By the way, it was written earlier - in 1915.

prepared the project
Tatiana Palasova
the rating has been compiled
according to the list www.art-spb.ru
tmn magazine No. 13 (May-June 2013)

In 1776, America declared its independence, and from that time on, the development of national fine art actually began, which was designed to reflect the history of the country.

Artists of the 18th century Most were self-taught and based on the style of British art.
And in the 19th century. The first school of painting had already been created - the Hudson River School.

Hudson River School

The Hudson River School was the name of a group of American landscape painters. Their work developed in the style of romanticism. The paintings depicted the Hudson River Valley and its surroundings. Artists most often depicted American wildlife and questioned the feasibility of technological progress.

Thomas Cole "Oxbow" (1836). Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
The Hudson River School was not a homogeneous phenomenon in painting at that time: for example, there was an offshoot in the style of impressionism, which was called luminism. Luminism paid great attention to the artist's perception of light. Luminism differs from impressionism in that here more attention is paid to details and a hidden brushstroke is made. But in general, these two styles are similar.

Fitz Henry Lane "Ship in the Fog" (1860)
The founder of the School was the artist Thomas Cole. He set out on the Hudson River in the fall of 1825. He was then joined by his close friend Asher Brown Durand. Other artists of the School:

Albert Bierstadt
John William Casilier
Frederic Edwin Church
Thomas Cole
Samuel Coleman
Jasper Francis Cropsey
Thomas Doty
Robert Scott Duncanson
Sanford Robinson Gifford
James McDougal Hart
William Hart
William Stanley Haseltine
Martin Johnson Hedy et al.

The paintings of the Hudson School artists were characterized by simplicity and spontaneity.

Thomas Cole (1801-1848)

Thomas Cole was born in England. In 1818, his family emigrated to the United States. Cole learned the basics of his profession from the traveling portrait artist Stein. But portrait painting was not successful for him, and he began to paint landscapes. He was also successful in allegorical paintings, for example, the “Journey of Life” series, consisting of paintings about four periods of a person’s life: childhood, youth, maturity and old age. This cycle is kept in the National Gallery of Art (Washington, USA)

T. Cole "Childhood"
In the first painting, the artist depicted a child in a boat floating along the river of life. This boat is steered by an angel, because... The child is not yet capable of independence. His horizons, like in the painting, are limited. The figure at the bow of the boat holds an hourglass, symbolizing time.

T. Cole "Youth"
The same boat, but there is already a young man in it. He already controls the boat on his own, but the angel still does not leave him - he watches him from the shore.

The angel continues to watch the man, but he is immersed in his own problems that overwhelm him - this is emphasized by the gloomy coloring of the picture, the trees fallen by the storm...

T. Cole "Old Age"
And now a person’s life journey is coming to an end. Figures with hourglass no longer on the boat - the time of earthly life is over. And the boat became completely decrepit...
A guardian angel came down to him to guide his further path to another world, and other angels were visible in the distance. Cole said about this picture: “The fetters of bodily existence fall away, and the mind is already able to see glimpses of eternal life.”

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Photo from 1880
American artist and graphic artist, founder of realistic painting. Best known for his seascapes. He painted in oils and watercolors. His work influenced all subsequent development of American painting.
Homer was influenced by various artistic movements, but was based primarily on purely American subjects.
His painting early period- light and serene, and for last period characterized by dark tones and tragic themes.

W. Homer “Fog Signal”. Boston Museum of Fine Arts (USA)
The theme of the painting is the struggle of man with the sea, the relationship between fragile human life and eternal nature.

Thomas Cowperthwaite Eakins (Akins) (1844-1916)

American artist, photographer, teacher, leading representative of American realistic painting.

T. Eakins. Self-Portrait (1902)
He graduated from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and further improved his skills in Europe, mainly in Paris under the guidance of Jean Leon Gerome. He taught at the Academy of Fine Arts and was its director.
He paid great attention to the study and depiction of nudity, showing freethinking, for which he was fired. In Eakins's paintings and photographs, the nude and semi-nude body occupies a central place. He owns many images of athletes. Eakins was particularly interested in conveying the movements of the human body.

T. Eakins "Swimming" (1895)
He painted portraits in a multi-figure environment.
The most famous work is “The Gross Clinic”.

T. Eakins "Gross Clinic" (1875)
The painting depicts the famous Philadelphia surgeon Samuel Gross, who is leading an operation in front of students at the medical academy. The artist portrays Dr. Gross as a genius of human thought, but the picture shocked contemporaries with its realism.
T. Eakins is also known for a number of significant portraits, including a portrait of the American poet and publicist Walt Whitman (1887-1888), which the poet himself considered the best.

T. Eakins. Portrait of Whitman (1887)

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)

Anglo-American artist, portrait painter, etching and lithographer. Predecessor of impressionism and symbolism.

D. Whistler. Self-portrait. Art Institute (Detroit)
Born in Lowell, Massachusetts. His father, George Washington Whistler, a famous railroad engineer, was invited to build roads in Russia in 1842; he designed the Nikolaev Railway. In Russia, James attended the Academy of Arts. In the USA he studied at a military school, but was expelled for poor academic performance.

D. Whistler “Arrangement in gray and black. The Artist's Mother (1871). Orsay Museum (Paris)
This is the most famous work James Whistler.
He studied painting in Paris, then in Venice (he studied watercolor sketches and etchings).
In the first period of Whistler's work, he was close to impressionism in his desire to capture the first impression of an object - a landscape or a person. But on many issues he disagreed with the impressionists: he did not approve of the cult of plein air, and thought about color tonality in advance. In his later works, Whistler uses extremely diluted, watercolor-like transparent paints, which convey the feeling of the unsteady mobility of the atmospheric environment.

D. Whistler “Symphony in the Gray and Green Ocean” (1866-1872)

Everyday genre

Great development in American painting of the 19th century. received everyday genre. At first, this genre was based on the depiction of provincial life with cards, dances, etc.

Eastman Johnson, The Happiness of an Abandoned Stagecoach (1871)
But after the industrial revolution and urbanization began in the United States, artists began to depict the life of residents of large cities.

John Gast "American Progress" (circa 1872)
The painting depicts an allegorical Colombia with a textbook in her hands. She leads civilization to the west along with American settlers, stretching a telegraph line along the way. The picture shows different types of economic activities of the first settlers, the history of transport. Indians and wild animals are depicted fleeing from settlers.

"Garbage Pail School"

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The United States experienced rapid growth of large cities. Cameras of that time could not yet be used to quickly photograph incidents, so news newspapers hired artists for illustrations. This formed the Garbage Pail School, which included Robert Henry, Glenn Coleman, Jerome Myers, and George Bellows. The main subjects of the studio's sketches were the streets with their typical representatives: street children, prostitutes, street performers and immigrants. Origin, education and Political Views these artists were different. But Robert Henry believed that the life and activities of the poor, proletariat and middle class are worthy of embodiment in painting - these are the realities of the time.

George Bellows "The Help of Nurse Edith Cavell" (1918)
“The Garbage Pail School” revolutionized the visual arts of the United States, it was the forerunner

Alena Vantyaeva

American landscape painting of the nineteenth century was represented by two main movements: romanticism and realism. With the annexation of new territories to the United States of America, including the movement of settlers to the West, previously unknown horizons for inspiration opened up for artists. Image of American nature and its national identity became the main theme in landscape art.

One of the most famous and influential schools of painting in the United States in the nineteenth century was the Hudson River School, formed in the 1850s by followers of the work of landscape artist Thomas Cole (the heyday of his work was in the 20s-40s of the 19th century). The School mainly included artists from the New York National Academy of Arts, as well as other creative associations. The paintings of the Hudson School artists and their aesthetic vision of the world were influenced by the romantic movement in art. The main motive of the work of more than 50 of its representatives was the image of American wildlife, often shown in an idealistic light. Most often, the Hudson Valley and surrounding areas, as well as mountains, became the objects of the image. The Hudson School was more likely to unite people inspired by a common idea than to be an educational institution.

Paintings by Hudson River School artists not only depicted the beauty of American nature, but also had a certain thematic character. The canvases depicted scenes of the discovery, exploration, and settlement of the American continent. One of the features of the depiction of the American landscape was the incredibly harmonious, peaceful coexistence of man and nature. In the works of artists, nature was depicted as a standard of purity and virginity, and the divinity of its origin was emphasized.

The most prominent artists of the Hudson River School are Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) and Frederic Edwin Church (1826-1902).

Among the most amazing and famous paintings, written by Church and emphasizing the natural beauty of water, mountains and sky, we can note “Niagara Falls” and “Heart of the Andes”.

“Falls of Niagara”, 1857, Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

“Heart of the Andes” 1859, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York

American artist with German roots Albert Bierstadt amazed the public with his mountain landscapes on huge canvases. One of the artist’s most impressive paintings is “Rocky Mountains.”

“The Rocky Mountains” by Albert Bierstadt, 1863, Metropolitan Museum, New York

In opposition to the idealistic perception of the surrounding world of the artists of the Hudson School, the realistic art of Winslow Homer (1836-1910) acted. He also studied at the National Academy of Arts, but the realities of the mid-nineteenth century became the subject of the images on his canvases. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Homer was a war artist. The fact of his participation in military operations influenced the veracity of the depiction of military scenes. One of the most famous is his painting “Prisoners from the Front.” After the end of the war, W. Homer painted canvases, drawing inspiration from everyday peaceful life, however, he also found interesting subjects in it.

“Prisoners from the Front” by W. Homer, 1866, Metropolitan Museum in New York

The nineteenth century brought with it difficult trials for the American people. However, despite all the difficulties of rebuilding American society, much was gained. With the inclusion of new territories into the United States, new spaces and beauties of the American land opened up to people, and the events of the Civil War provided people with “food for thought.” The experiences of the American people could not help but be reflected in art. This is probably why American landscape painting reached its peak in the nineteenth century.

US Artists Paintings by US Artists (paintings by American artists)

United States of America (USA) History of the USA Culture of the USA Artists of the USA
United States of America, USA (English: Estados Unidos de Amrica).
United States of America, USA is a country located in North America.
The United States of America, the USA is a big country. The USA ranks fourth in the world in terms of territory (9,518,900 km², 9,522,057 km².
The United States of America, the USA is the third largest country in the world in terms of population (more than 309 million people according to 2010 data).
United States of America, USA, the capital of this North American state is the city of Washington.
The United States of America, the USA borders on Canada in the north, Mexico in the south, and also has a maritime border with Russia. They are washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west and the Atlantic Ocean from the east. Administratively, the country is divided into 50 states and federal district Colombia also has a number of island territories under its control. Residents of the United States are called Americans, and the general name America is applied to the United States itself. In the Russian language, until the mid-20th century, the name North American United States (NAS) was also common.
United States of America, USA Currently, the United States of America has the world's largest economy ($14.2 trillion), powerful armed forces, including the largest navy, and has a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
The United States of America, the USA is the founding state of the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). The United States of America (USA) has a huge nuclear potential in terms of total power.

America History of America America History of the American Continent
America History of America It is believed that the first people appeared in America 10-15 thousand years ago, arriving in Alaska through the frozen or shallowed Bering Strait. The tribes of mainland North America were divided and periodically fought with each other.
America History of America Five centuries before Columbus, the famous Icelandic Viking Leif Eriksson sailed to America and named it Vinland.
America History of America Leif Eriksson the Happy (c. 970 - c. 1020) - Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. Son of the Viking Erik the Red, discoverer of Greenland, and grandson of Thorvald Asvaldsson. Leif Eriksson can probably be considered the first European to visit North America.
America History of America The campaigns of Leif Eriksson are known from such manuscripts as “The Saga of Eric the Red” and “The Saga of the Greenlanders.” Their authenticity has been confirmed by archaeological discoveries of the 20th century.
America History of America On the eve of his trip to America, Leif Eriksson made a trading expedition to Norway. Here Leif Eriksson was baptized by Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway and former pupil of Prince Vladimir. Following the example of Olaf Tryggvason, Leif Eriksson brought a Christian bishop to Greenland and baptized its population. His mother and many Greenlanders converted to Christianity, but his father, Erik the Red, remained a pagan. On the way back, Leif Eriksson saved the shipwrecked Icelander Thorir, for which he received the nickname “Leif the Happy.”
America History of America Upon his return from Norway, Leif Eriksson met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that while sailing he saw the outlines of land in the west, far out to sea. Leif Eriksson became interested in this story and decided to explore these new lands.
America History of America Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson and a crew of 35 sailed west on a ship purchased from Bjarni Herjulfsson. They discovered three regions of the American coast: Helluland (presumably the Labrador Peninsula), Markland (probably Baffin Island) and Vinland, which received its name for the large number of grape vines growing there (perhaps it was the coast of Newfoundland near the modern town of L'Anse- o-Meadows). Leif Eriksson also built several settlements where the Vikings settled for the winter.
America History of America Upon his return to Greenland, Leif Eriksson handed over the ship to his brother Thorvald. Torvald went further to explore Vinland discovered by Leif. Torvald's expedition was unsuccessful: the Scandinavians encountered the "skralings" - North American Indians, and in a skirmish with them Torvald died.
America History of America According to Icelandic legends, Erik and Leif did not make their expeditions blindly, but based on the stories of eyewitnesses like Bjarni, who saw unknown lands on the horizon. Thus, in a sense, America was discovered even before the year 1000. However, it was Leif who was the first to make a full-fledged expedition along the shores of Vinland, gave it a name, landed on the shore and even tried to colonize it. Based on the stories of Leif Eriksson and his people, which formed the basis of the Scandinavian epics: “The Saga of Erik the Red” and “The Saga of the Greenlanders,” the first maps of Vinland were compiled.
America History of America However, these first visits to America by Europeans did not have an impact on the life of its indigenous population and they became widely known much later than the discoveries of Columbus.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America Discovery of America by Columbus
America History of America After the Vikings, the first Europeans in the New World were the Spaniards. In October 1492, a Spanish expedition led by Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of San Salvador.
America History of America In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Europeans made several expeditions to regions of the Western Hemisphere.
America History of America The Italian Giovanni Cabot, who was in the service of the English king Henry VII, reached the coast of Canada (1497-1498).
America History of America The Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil (1500-1501).
America History of America The Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa founded the first city on the American continent and reached the Pacific Ocean (1500-1513).
America History of America Ferdinand Magellan, who was in the service of the Spanish king, circumnavigated America from the south in 1519-1521.
America History of America In 1507, the Lorraine geographer Martin Waldseemuller proposed to call New World America in honor of the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci. At the same time, extensive exploration and development of the new continent began.
America History of America In 1513, the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon discovered the Florida Peninsula, where in 1565 the first permanent European colony arose and the city of St. Augustine was founded. In the late 1530s, Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi and reached the Arkansas River Valley.
America History of America By the time the colonization of America by the British and French began, the Spaniards were already firmly established in Florida and the American Southwest. The power and influence of the Spaniards in the New World began to decline after the defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada in 1588. During the 16th century, information about the new lands was collected, and documentary sources were translated into many European languages.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America The beginning of the colonization of America by the British (1607-1775)
History of America History of the development of North America The first English settlement in America arose in 1607 in Virginia and was named Jamestown. The trading post, founded by the crews of three English ships under the command of Captain Newport, also served as a guard post on the way of the Spanish advance deeper into the continent. In just a few years, Jamestown became a thriving community thanks to tobacco plantations established there in 1609. By 1620, the population of the village was about 1000 people. European immigrants were drawn to America by the distant continent's rich natural resources and its distance from European religious dogma and political leanings. The exodus to the New World was financed primarily by private companies and individuals who received income from transporting goods and people. In 1606, the London and Plymouth Companies were formed in England and began exploring the northeast coast of America. Many immigrants moved to the New World with entire families and communities at their own expense. Despite the attractiveness of new lands, there was a constant shortage of human resources in the colonies.
History of America History of the development of North America At the end of August 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Virginia, bringing black Africans to America, twenty of whom were immediately purchased by the colonists as slaves. In December 1620, the Mayflower ship carrying 102 Calvinist Puritans arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts. This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British. They entered into an agreement between themselves, called the Mayflower Agreement. It reflected in the most general form the ideas of the first American colonists about democracy, self-government and civil liberties. Later, similar agreements were made between the colonists of Connecticut, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. After 1630, at least a dozen small towns emerged in Plymouth Colony, the first New England colony that later became the Massachusetts Bay Colony, to accommodate newly arriving English Puritans. The immigration wave of 1630-1643 brought about 20 thousand people to New England, and at least 45 thousand more settled in the colonies of the American south or on the islands of Central America.
History of America History of the exploration of North America Colonization of America by the British Over the course of 75 years after the appearance of the first English colony of Virginia in 1607, the British founded 12 more colonies - New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey , Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
History of America History of the exploration of North America The first colonists of North America were not distinguished by either common religious beliefs or equal social status. For example, shortly before 1775, at least a third of the population of Pennsylvania was already made up of Germans (Lutherans), Mennonites, and representatives of other religious beliefs and sects. English Catholics settled in Maryland, and French Huguenots settled in South Carolina. Swedes settled Delaware, Polish, German and Italian artisans preferred Virginia. From among them, farmers recruited hired workers. Colonists often found themselves defenseless against Indian raids, one of which sparked the 1676 Virginia uprising known as Bacon's Rebellion. The uprising ended inconclusively after Bacon's unexpected death from malaria and the execution of 14 of his most active comrades.
History of America History of the development of North America Beginning in the mid-17th century, Great Britain tried to establish complete control over the economic transactions of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all manufactured goods (from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported into the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods. Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the English government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone other than the English metropolis itself.
History of America History of the development of North America Despite this policy of Great Britain, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) achieved significant success. American industrialists especially succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufacturing.
History of America History of the development of North America The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 they passed a law prohibiting the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting shops in the colonies. The foreign trade of the colonies was also subject to oppression. In 1763, shipping laws were passed, according to which goods were allowed to be imported and exported from the American colonies only on British ships. In addition, all goods destined for the colonies had to be loaded in Great Britain, regardless of where they came from. Thus, the metropolis tried to bring all foreign trade of the colonies under its control. And this does not count the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists personally brought home.

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History of America Growing tensions between the colonies and the mother country
History of America By the second half of the 18th century, the population of the North American colonies increasingly emerged as a community of people who were in confrontation with the mother country. The development of the colonial press played a significant role in this. The first American newspaper appeared in April 1704, and by 1765 there were already 25 of them. The Stamp Act, which hit American publishers hard, added fuel to the fire. American industrialists and traders also showed dissatisfaction, extremely dissatisfied with the colonial policy of the metropolis. The presence of British troops (remaining there after the Seven Years' War) on the territory of the colonies also caused discontent among the colonists. Demands for independence were increasingly heard.
American History Sensing the seriousness of the situation, both Great Britain and the American bourgeoisie sought a solution that would satisfy the interests of both the mother country and the colonies. History of America In 1754, on the initiative of Benjamin Franklin, a project was put forward to create a union of the North American colonies with their own government, but headed by a president appointed by the British king. Although the project did not provide for complete independence of the colonies, it caused an extremely negative reaction in London.
American History Before dawn on June 10, 1772, the first blood was shed in the history of the American Revolution. This case was called the Gaspée Affair. A group of 50 men led by Abraham Whipple, on the night of 9–10 June, captured the English warship Gaspie, which was pursuing smugglers when the vessel ran aground. The invaders stripped the ship of all weapons, robbed and burned it. During the attack, the commander of the Gaspie ship, Lieutenant William Dudingston, was wounded. Joseph Bucklin shot him.
American History In 1773, a group of conspirators from the Sons of Liberty cell, disguised as Indians, boarded three ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 boxes of tea into the water. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party. The British government responded with repressions against Massachusetts: maritime trade was banned in Boston, the Massachusetts Party was abolished, and its legislative assembly was dissolved. But all of America stood behind Massachusetts: other legislative assemblies had to be dissolved. The British, meanwhile, stubbornly did not want to notice the breadth of the nascent rebellion, considering it the work of a small group of radical fanatics.
History of America The punitive action of Great Britain against Boston not only failed to pacify the rebels, but also served as a call for all American colonies to rally together to fight for independence.

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American History American Revolution
History American Revolution of America On September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress began its work in Philadelphia with the participation of 55 representatives from all colonies, with the exception of Georgia. One of Virginia's seven delegates was George Washington. During the congress, which lasted until October 26, demands were formulated for the metropolis. The “Declaration of Rights” developed by the congress contained a statement of the rights of the American colonies to “life, liberty and property,” and the document “Continental Association”, developed at the same congress, authorized the renewal of the boycott of British goods in the event of the British crown’s refusal to make concessions in its financial and economic policy. The declaration also expressed the intention to reconvene the Continental Congress on May 10, 1775, if London remained adamant in its intransigence.
History of America American Revolution The reciprocal steps of the mother country were not long in coming - the king put forward a demand for the complete subordination of the colonies to the power of the British crown, and the English fleet began to blockade the northeastern coast of the American continent. General Gage was ordered to suppress "open rebellion" and ensure that the colonies complied with the Repressive Laws, resorting to the use of force if necessary. The First Continental Congress and especially London's reaction to its decisions convincingly demonstrated to the Americans that their strength lay in unity and that they should not count on the favor of the British crown and its lenient attitude towards their demands for independence. There were approximately six months left before the outbreak of active open hostilities in the Revolutionary War.
History of America American Revolution American Revolutionary War, American War of Independence, in American literature it is more often called the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) - a war between Great Britain and the loyalists (loyal to the legitimate government of the British crown) with one on the other side and by the revolutionaries of the 13 English colonies (patriots) on the other, who declared their independence from Great Britain as an independent union state in 1776. Significant political and social change in the lives of the inhabitants of North America, caused by the war and the victory of supporters of independence in it, are called in American literature the “American Revolution”.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History American Revolution Timeline of the American Revolution (1775-1783)
- On April 19, 1775, the first armed clash occurred between British troops and American separatists. A British detachment (700 soldiers) under the command of Smith was sent to Concord (a suburb of Boston) to seize weapons from a cache belonging to American separatists. However, the detachment was ambushed and retreated. A similar incident occurred in Lexington. British troops holed up in Boston. On June 17, they launched a sortie against the Separatists on Bunker Hill, where a bloody battle took place. The Separatists retreated, but the British garrison of Boston suffered serious losses and refrained from further active action.
- On May 10, the Second Continental Congress of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia, which, on the one hand, submitted a petition to King George III of England for protection from the arbitrariness of the colonial administration, and on the other, began mobilizing an armed militia, headed by George Washington. The king described the situation in the North American colonies as a rebel uprising
- Encouraged by the inaction of British troops, American separatists launched an invasion of Canada in the fall, hoping for help from the anti-British French population of Quebec. However, British troops repelled the invasion.
- In the spring of 1776, the King sent a fleet with a landing party of Hessian mercenaries to suppress the uprising. British troops went on the offensive. In 1776, the British occupied New York, and in 1777, as a result of the Battle of Brandywine, Philadelphia.
- Amid escalating violence, on July 4, 1776, colonial lawmakers adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Formation of the United States.
- At the Battle of Saratoga, American separatists defeated the royal forces for the first time. France, hoping to weaken its longtime rival, supported the American separatists and formed the Franco-American Alliance on February 6, 1778. French volunteers were sent to America. In response, Great Britain declared war on France in 1778, but France and, accordingly, the American separatists were supported by Spain.
- In 1778-1779, British General Clinton successfully fought against the separatists in Georgia and South Carolina, and established complete control over them. However, after the landing of 6,000 French troops (Marquis Rochambeau) on June 17, 1780 on Rhode Island, General Clinton hurried to New York to relieve it. In early June, Lord Gordon's riot broke out in London in protest against the improvement of the legal status of Catholics being drafted into the army at the height of the war with France.
- 1779 - the American-French squadron of Commodore John Paul Jones successfully operates off the coast of England.
- In 1780-1781, the new British general Cornwallis successfully operated in North Carolina, but his troops were exhausted by guerrilla warfare. Therefore, he was forced to retreat to Virginia.
- 1781 - a 20,000-strong American-French army (Lafayette, Marquis Rochambeau, George Washington) forced the 9,000-strong army of British General Cornwallis to capitulate on October 19 at Yorktown in Virginia, after the French fleet of Admiral de Grasse (28 ships) cut off British troops from the mother country on September 5. The defeat at Yorktown was a severe blow for England, predetermining the outcome of the war. The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle on land, although the 30,000-strong British army still held New York and a number of other cities (Savannah, Charleston).
- Late 1781-1782 - several naval battles and a number of minor clashes on land took place.
- June 20, 1783 - The Battle of Cuddalore is the last battle of the American War of Independence (took place between the British and French fleets after the armistice, but before information about it reached the East Indies).

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America American Revolution Results of the American Revolution (1775-1783)
American History US History When the main British troops in North America were lost, the war lost support in Britain itself. On March 20, 1782, Prime Minister Frederick North resigned after a vote of no confidence was passed against him. In April 1782, the House of Commons voted to end the war.
American History US History Great Britain was forced to begin peace negotiations. On November 30, 1782, a truce was concluded in Paris, and on September 3, 1783, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. On November 25 of that year, the last British troops left New York.
American History US History An independent American government gave Florida to Spain, renounced rights to the west bank of the Mississippi in favor of France, and recognized British rights to Canada. Support for the American separatist Republicans turned into France’s own revolution, in which veterans who took part in the “American War” took an active part.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America Formation of the American state (1783-1861)
American History US History “Manifest Destiny” is a catchphrase used to justify American expansionism.
American History US History "Manifest Destiny" is a term first used by Democrat John O'Sullivan in 1845 in an article on Annexation with a hint that the United States of America should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. During the Mexican-American War and later, the term was used to justify the annexation of the western territories of the United States (Oregon, Texas, California, etc.) On the eve of the Spanish-American War, the term was revived by the Republicans to provide theoretical justification for US foreign expansion.
American History US History The term "manifest destiny" has fallen out of widespread use in politics since the early 20th century, but it continues to be widely used in journalism to describe the American "mission" to promote democracy around the world. Understood in this sense, the “manifest purpose” of American statehood continues to influence the ideology of the US ruling circles.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America The formation of a new empire
History of America History of the United States Having gained strength, the United States began to actively pursue a policy of expansion (1803-1853)
US History Key milestones in US history during the period of expansion (1803-1853):
1.Louisiana Purchase (1803-1804)
In 1803, thanks to the successful actions of American diplomats, a deal was concluded between the United States of America and France, called the Louisiana Purchase, which allowed the United States to practically double its territory.
2.Anglo-American War (1812-1815)
This war was called by the Americans the Second War of Independence, which confirmed the status of the United States as a sovereign power.
The events of the war (the siege of Baltimore) inspired Francis Key's song “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which became the US anthem.
3.Anglo-American Convention of 1818
Anglo-American Convention (London, October 20, 1818) - a treaty between the United States and the British Empire that defined the border between the independent United States and the central part of British Canada.
This convention was concluded following the agreement on mutual demilitarization of the Great Lakes of 1817. In April 1818, an agreement was also concluded regarding the rights of countries to fishing grounds.
For simplicity, the state border between the two countries was straightened and ran strictly along the 49th parallel from Lake Erie to the Rocky Mountains. Part of the American territory in the Milk River basin was given to Canada and became part of the province of Southern Alberta.
It is noteworthy that in October, Great Britain also confirmed its obligations regarding fugitive slaves from the United States, whose owners the British administration agreed to either pay compensation or deport the slaves back to their rightful owners.
The more western territories of Oregon remained in American-British co-ownership, which continued to cause mutual claims. Only the Treaty of Oregon, concluded on June 15, 1846, put an end to territorial disputes between the two countries as the US-Canadian border ran from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
4.Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
5.Texas Revolution (1836-1846)
The Texas War of Independence or the Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 was a war between Mexico and Texas (which until 1836 was part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas).
The result of the Texas Revolution was the transformation of Texas into an independent republic (though not recognized by Mexico).
6. Anti-Rent War, 1839-1846
Farmers in upstate New York resented old leasing laws based on semi-feudal practices that had been stopped by previous Dutch landowners. In 1839, Albany County tenants refused to pay what they considered extortionate rents. The impetus for this was the death on January 26, 1839 of the largest landowner and lieutenant governor of New York, Stephen Van Rensselaer.
The tenants initially organized protest rallies of thousands, however, they quickly grew into real pogroms. The state governor was forced to turn to the security forces to put an end to the violence arising from this discontent. Large-scale opposition to the collection of taxes and rents quickly spread throughout the state, and in 1845, the governor declared martial law in the region.
American farmers (unlike, for example, Russian peasants) were well armed and had excellent weapons skills, and the fighting took place on territory that was very familiar to them, where they enjoyed the full support of almost all local residents. Besides this, the US Army soldiers were also not very enthusiastic about this. armed conflict. Therefore, the US government made concessions in 1846 and abolished the enslaving rental laws.
7.Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which was signed in Washington on August 9, 1842 by US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and the British special envoy Lord Alexander Ashburton. The treaty settled a number of controversial issues regarding the border between the United States and British possessions in Canada, and also provided for cooperation between the parties in maritime control over compliance with the ban on the export of slaves from Africa.
8. Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
The Mexican-American War is the name given to the military conflict between the United States and Mexico in 1846-1848. In Mexico, the war is called the North American Intervention (and also the War of '47). In the US the war is known as the Mexican War.
The Mexican-American War was the result of territorial disputes between Mexico and the United States following the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Although Texas declared its independence from Mexico back in 1836 (and the Texans defended it with arms in their hands), the Mexican government consistently refused to recognize Texas's independence, viewing it as its rebellious territory. Mexico agreed to recognize the independence of Texas only after Texas's entry into the United States became a fait accompli, but at the same time insisted that Texas should develop as an independent state and not be part of the United States. The immediate cause of the war was the dispute between Mexico and Texas over the territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers. The United States (USA) insisted that the territory in question was included with Texas, while Mexico argued that these lands were never part of Texas and, accordingly, always remained and would remain part of Mexico.
The annexation of Texas and the outbreak of war with Mexico caused a mixed reaction in American society. In the United States, the war was supported by the majority of Democrats and rejected by the majority of Whigs. In Mexico, the war was considered a matter of national pride.
The most important consequences of the war were extensive territorial concessions to Mexico, which resulted in the ceding of Alta California and New Mexico to the United States - the lands of the modern states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah. American politicians spent several years intensely debating slavery in the new territories, and finally decided on the Compromise of 1850 (only California was recognized as a state free from slavery). In Mexico, the loss of vast territory encouraged the government to define a policy of colonization of the northern territories as a means of preventing further losses.
9.Oregon Treaty (1846-1848)
The treaty was signed on June 15, 1846 in Washington, with the terms:
- the border between English and American possessions was drawn along the 49th parallel, while Vancouver Island remained entirely with Great Britain.
- navigation through canals and straits south of 49° N latitude. remained open to both sides.
- Hudson's Bay Company property located on American territory remains inviolable.
Due to inaccuracies in the text of the treaty, the section of the border passing through the San Juan Islands was defined ambiguously. This ambiguity led to a territorial conflict in 1859, also known as the Pig War.
The continental border between the United States and Canada, established by the Oregon Treaty, was subsequently not changed. Today, the territory of Oregon includes the Canadian province of British Columbia, the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and partially the states of Wyoming and Montana.
10.Gadsden Purchase (1853)
The Gadsden Purchase was the US purchase of Mexican lands. As a result of this transaction, in 1853 the United States acquired a territory of 77,700 km² from Mexico. The transaction value is 10 million US dollars. The acquired lands are located south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande. Currently form part of the states of Arizona and New Mexico. This is the latest major expansion of the mainland of the United States, which finally formed its border with Mexico.
The main reason for justifying the acquisition of land was the developed project of the transoceanic railway, which was supposed to pass through these places. In addition, strained relations remained with the Mexican leadership, who were dissatisfied with the amount of money received from the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. James Gadsden, who had financial interests in the implementation of the railway project, on behalf of US President Franklin Pierce, concluded this deal with representatives of Mexico.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA

History of America History of the United States In the first half of the 19th century, two systems developed in the United States - slavery in the south of the country and capitalism in the north. These were two completely different socio-economic systems that coexisted in one state. The situation was aggravated by the fact that, despite the steady population growth and growth in economic development, the United States was a federal country. Each state lived its own political and economic life, integration processes proceeded slowly. Therefore, the South, where slavery and the agrarian economic system was widespread, and the industrial North were separated into two separate economic regions.
History of America History of the United States Entrepreneurs and the bulk of emigrants strove to the North of the United States. Mechanical engineering, metalworking, and light industry enterprises were concentrated in this region. Here's the main one labor force there were numerous emigrants from other countries who worked in factories, factories and other enterprises. There were enough workers in the North, the demographic situation here was stable and the standard of living was sufficient. A completely opposite situation developed in the South. During the Mexican-American War, the United States received vast territories in the south, where there was a large amount of free land. Planters settled on these lands and received huge plots of land. That is why, unlike the North, the South became an agricultural region. However, in the South there was one a big problem: there were not enough workers. The majority of emigrants went to the North, so black slaves were imported from Africa, starting from the 17th century. By the beginning of secession, 1/4 of the white population of the South were slave owners.
American History US History Despite all the differences between regions, the same social changes were carried out in the South as in the North. In the North, a flexible tax policy was pursued, money from state budgets was allocated for charity, and the government to a certain extent tried to improve the living conditions of the black population. However, in the conservative and closed South, no measures were taken to emancipate women and equalize the rights of blacks with whites. A major role in the worldview of the southerners was played by the so-called “elite” - wealthy slave owners who had large plots of land in private ownership. This “elite” played a certain role in the politics of the southern states, as it was interested in maintaining its dominant position.
History of America History of the United States The South of the United States was an agricultural “appendage” of the United States, crops such as tobacco, sugar cane, cotton and rice were grown here. The North needed raw materials from the South, especially cotton, and the South needed the machines of the North. Therefore, for a long time, two different economic regions coexisted in one country. However, gradually contradictions grew between them. Among the most pressing conflict issues are the following:
- tax on imported goods (the North sought to make them as high as possible in order to protect its industry, the South wanted to trade freely with the whole world).
- problems around slavery (whether runaway slaves should be considered free in free states, whether those who provide them asylum should be punished, whether southern states can ban free blacks on their territory, etc.).
- the situation was not static: the United States captured new territories, and disputes arose regarding the constitution of each of the future states, first of all, whether the new state would be free or slave-owning. The coming to power of Lincoln, who declared that all new states would be free, meant for the southern states the prospect of remaining in the minority and in the future losing in Congress on all conflict issues to the North.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
Division of the United States into Union and Confederacy
American History US History Political and public organizations, opposed to slavery, formed in 1854 Republican Party. The victory of this party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, in the presidential election of 1860 became a danger signal for slaveholders and led to secession and secession from the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina set the example, followed by:
Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861).
History of America History of the United States The legal justification for such actions was the absence in the US Constitution of a direct ban on the secession of individual states from the United States (although there was also no permission for this). These 6 states formed a new state in February 1861 - the Confederacy of the States of America. On March 1, Texas declared independence, which joined the Confederacy the very next day, and in April-May its example was followed by:
Virginia (independence - April 17, 1861, joining the CSA - May 7, 1861),
Arkansas (independence - May 6, 1861, joining the CSA - May 18, 1861),
Tennessee (independence - May 7, 1861, joining the CSA - July 2, 1861),
North Carolina (independence - May 20, 1861, joining the CSA - May 21, 1861).
American History US History These 11 states adopted a constitution and elected as their president former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis, who, along with other leaders of the country, declared that slavery would exist in their territory “forever.” The capital of the Confederacy became the Alabama city of Montgomery, and after the annexation of Virginia - Richmond. These states occupied 40% of the entire US territory with a population of 9.1 million people, including over 3.6 million blacks. On October 7, Indian Territory, whose population was loyal neither to the Confederacy (most Indians were expelled from the territories in which slave states were formed), nor to the US government, which actually authorized the deportation of Indians from Georgia and other southern states, became part of the Confederacy. However, the Indians did not want to give up slavery and became part of the Confederacy. The CSA Senate was formed by two representatives from each state, as well as one representative from each Indian republic (in total, the Indian Territory included 5 republics according to the number of Indian tribes: Cherokee - the most slaves - Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole). Indian representatives in the Senate had no voting rights.
History of America History of the United States There were 23 states left in the Union, including slaveholding Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri and Maryland, which, not without a struggle, chose to remain loyal to the federal Union. Residents of a number of western Virginia counties refused to submit to the decision to secede from the Union, formed their own governments and in June 1863 were admitted to the United States as a new state. The population of the Union exceeded 22 million people, almost all of the country's industry was located on its territory, 70% railways, 81% of bank deposits, etc.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
War between the Union and the Confederacy First period of the war (April 1861 - April 1863)
1861
American History US History Fighting between the Union and the Confederacy began on April 12, 1861, with the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, which was forced to surrender after 34 hours of bombardment. In response, Lincoln declared the southern states in a state of rebellion, declared a naval blockade of their coasts, called for volunteers, and later introduced conscription. At first the advantage was on the side of the South. Even before Lincoln’s inauguration, a lot of weapons and ammunition were brought here, and seizures of federal arsenals and warehouses were organized. The most combat-ready units were located here, which were replenished by hundreds of officers who left the federal army, including T. J. Jackson, J. I. Johnston, R. E. Lee and others. The main goal of the northerners in the war was the preservation of the Union and the integrity of the country, the southerners - recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the Confederation. The strategic plans of the parties were similar: an attack on the enemy’s capital and the dismemberment of its territory.
History of America History of the United States The first serious battle took place in Virginia at the Manassas railroad station on July 21, 1861, when poorly trained Northern troops, crossing the Bull Run Creek, attacked the Southerners, but were forced to begin a retreat that turned into a rout. By the fall, in the eastern theater of operations, the Union had a well-armed army under the command of General J. B. McClellan, who became commander-in-chief of all armies on November 1. McClellan turned out to be an incompetent military leader, often avoiding active action. On October 21, its units were defeated at Ball's Bluff near the American capital. The blockade of the Confederate seacoast was much more successful. One of its consequences was the seizure on November 8, 1861 of the British steamer Trent, which was carrying southern emissaries, which brought the United States to the brink of war with Great Britain.
1862
History of America History of the United States In 1862, the northerners achieved their greatest success in the western theater of military operations. In February-April, the army of General W. S. Grant, having captured a number of forts, drove the southerners out of Kentucky, and after a hard-fought victory at Shiloh, cleared Tennessee of them. By the summer, Missouri was liberated, and Grant's troops entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama.
American History US History April 12, 1862 went down in war history thanks to the famous episode of the hijacking of the General locomotive by a group of Northern volunteers, known as the Great Locomotive Race.
History of America History of the United States The capture on April 25, 1862 (during a joint landing operation by the units of General B.F. Butler and the ships of Captain D. Farragut) of New Orleans, an important commercial and strategic center, was of great importance. In the east, McClellan, nicknamed “the procrastinator” by Lincoln, was removed from his post as commander-in-chief and sent at the head of one of the armies to attack Richmond. The so-called “Peninsula Campaign” began.
American History US History While McClellan planned to advance on Richmond from the east, other units of the Union Army were to advance on Richmond from the north. There were about 60 thousand of these units, however, General Jackson with a detachment of 17 thousand people managed to delay them in the Valley Campaign, defeat them in several battles and prevent them from reaching Richmond.
History of America History of the United States Meanwhile, in early April, more than 100 thousand soldiers of the federal army landed on the Virginia coast, but instead of a frontal attack, McClellan chose a gradual advance in order to strike the flanks and rear of the enemy. The Southerners slowly retreated, and Richmond prepared to evacuate. After General Johnston was wounded, Robert E. Lee took command of the southerners.
History of America History of the United States General Lee managed to stop the northern army in a series of clashes of the Seven Days Battle, and then completely oust it from the peninsula.
History of America History of the United States McClellan was removed and General Pope was appointed in his place. However, the new commander was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run (29-30 August). General Lee entered Maryland, intending to cut off the federal army's communications and isolate Washington during the Maryland Campaign. On September 15, Confederate troops under the command of T. J. Jackson occupied Harpers Ferry, capturing its 11,000-strong garrison and significant supplies of equipment. On September 17, at Sharpsburg, Lee's 40,000-man army was attacked by McClellan's 70,000-man army. During this "bloodiest day" of the war (known as the Battle of Antietam), both sides suffered 4,808 killed and 18,578 wounded. The battle ended in a draw, but Lee chose to retreat. McClellan's indecisiveness in refusing to pursue the enemy saved the Southerners from defeat. McClellan was removed and Ambrose Burnside took his place.
History of America History of the USA The end of the year was unsuccessful for the northerners. Burnside launched a new attack on Richmond, but was stopped by General Lee's army at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. The superior forces of the federal army were completely defeated, losing twice as many as the enemy in killed and wounded. Burnside conducted another unsuccessful maneuver, known as the "Mud March", after which he was relieved of command.
Emancipation Proclamation
American History US History On December 30, 1862, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation for slaves, effective January 1 of the following year. Slaves in states hostile to the Union and under Confederate rule were declared free. The path to slavery to the “free lands” of the West was closed even earlier by an act adopted in May 1862, which provided everyone American family the opportunity to obtain a land plot of 160 acres (64 hectares).

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
War between the Union and the Confederacy Second period of the war (May 1863 - April 1865)
1863
American History US History The 1863 campaign became a turning point in the war, although its beginning was unsuccessful for the northerners. In January 1863, Joseph Hooker was appointed commander of the federal army. He resumed his attack on Richmond, this time choosing maneuvering tactics. The beginning of May 1863 was marked by the Battle of Chancellorsville, during which the 130,000-strong army of northerners was defeated by the 60,000-strong army of General Lee. In this battle, the southerners successfully used scattered attack tactics for the first time. The losses of the parties were: the northerners had 17,275, and the southerners 12,821 people killed and wounded. In this battle, General T. J. Jackson, one of the best commanders of the Confederacy, who received the nickname “Stonewall” for his steadfastness in battle, was mortally wounded. After this defeat, the northerners retreated again to Pennsylvania.
American History US History Having won another brilliant victory, General Lee decided to launch a decisive offensive to the north, defeat the Union army in a decisive battle and offer the enemy a peace treaty. In June, after careful preparation, a Confederate army of 80,000 crossed the Potomac and invaded Pennsylvania, beginning the Gettysburg Campaign. General Lee marched around Washington from the north, planning to lure out the Northern army and defeat it. For the Union Army, the situation was made worse by the fact that at the end of June, President Lincoln replaced the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Joseph Hooker, with George Meade, who had no experience in commanding large forces.
History of America History of the United States The decisive battle between northerners and southerners took place on July 1-3, 1863 near the small town of Gettysburg. The battle was extremely stubborn and bloody. The southerners sought to achieve decisive success, but the northerners, who defended their native land for the first time, showed exceptional courage and perseverance. On the first day of the battle, the southerners managed to push back the enemy and inflict heavy damage on the Union army, but their attacks on the second and third days were ineffective. The Southerners, having lost about 27,000 people, retreated to Virginia. Northern losses were slightly less and amounted to approximately 23,000 people, so General Meade did not dare to pursue the retreating enemy.
American History US History On July 3, the same day the Southerners were defeated at Gettysburg, the Confederacy suffered a second terrible blow. In the Western Theater of Operations, General Grant's army captured the Vicksburg fortress during the Vicksburg Campaign, after a multi-day siege and two unsuccessful assaults. About 25,000 southerners surrendered. On July 8, General Nathaniel Banks' soldiers took Port Hudson in Louisiana. Thus, control over the Mississippi River valley was established, and the Confederacy was divided into two parts.
History of America History of the United States Despite two terrible defeats, the morale of the southerners was far from broken; on the contrary, they were eager to take revenge for the defeats they had suffered. In September, in the Western Theater, General Braxton Bragg's army defeated General Rosecrans' Army of the Ohio at the Battle of Chickamauga and surrounded its remnants in the city of Chattanooga. If the northerners surrendered in Chattanooga, the consequences could be unpredictable. However, on November 23-25, General Ulysses Grant, in the battle of Chattanooga, managed to relieve the city and then defeat Bragg’s army.
American History US History After the severe defeats of the 1863 campaign, the Confederacy lost its chance of victory, as its human and economic reserves were exhausted. From now on, the only question was how long the southerners would be able to hold out against the immeasurably superior forces of the Union.
1864
History of America History of the United States During the war, a strategic turning point occurred. The plan for the 1864 campaign was developed by Grant, who led the Union forces. The main blow was dealt by the 100,000-strong army of General W. T. Sherman, who launched the invasion of Georgia in May. Grant himself led the army against Lee's forces in the eastern theater. On May 4, 1864, Grant's 118,000-strong army entered the Wilderness forest, met a 60,000-strong Southern army, and the bloody Battle of the Wilderness began. Grant lost 18 thousand people in the battle, the southerners - 8 thousand, but Grant continued the offensive and made an attempt to occupy Spotsylvania in order to cut off the Army of Northern Virginia from Richmond. The Battle of Spotsylvania followed from May 8-19, in which Grant lost 18,000 men but failed to break the Confederate defenses. Two weeks later came the Battle of Cold Harbor, which turned into a kind of trench warfare. Unable to take the fortified positions of the southerners, Grant made a detour and reached Pittersburg, beginning its siege, which took almost a year.
History of America History of the United States General Sherman, having regrouped his units, began the famous “march to the sea” on November 15, which led him to Savannah, which was taken on December 22, 1864. Military successes affected the outcome of the 1864 presidential election. Lincoln, who advocated making peace on the terms of restoring the Union and abolishing slavery, was re-elected to a second term.
History of America History of the United States Meanwhile, the Battle of Atlanta began in the west. General Sherman's troops, taking advantage of the weakness of the Tennessee Army after Chattanooga, began to advance on Atlanta. After 4 months of offensive, on September 2, the federal army entered Atlanta. General Hood marched to Sherman's rear, hoping to divert his army to the northwest, but Sherman at some point abandoned pursuit and turned east, beginning his famous "march to the sea." Then General Hood decided to strike at the army of General Thomas and break it up piece by piece. At the Battle of Franklin, the Southerners suffered heavy losses, failing to destroy General Schofield's army. Having met the main enemy forces near Nashville, Hood decided on cautious defensive tactics, but as a result of a number of command miscalculations, the Battle of Nashville on December 16 led to the defeat of the Tennessee Army, which practically ceased to exist.
1865
History of America History of the United States On February 1, General Sherman's army set out from Savannah to the north to join Grant's main forces. The advance through South Carolina, which was accompanied by significant damage, ended with the capture of Charleston on February 18. A month later, the Union armies met in North Carolina. By the spring of 1865, Grant had an army of 115 thousand people. Lee had only 54 thousand men left, and after the unsuccessful Battle of Five Foxes (April 1), he decided to abandon Pittersburg and evacuate Richmond on April 2. The fighting remnants of the Southern army surrendered to Grant at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. After the arrest of J. Davis and members of his government on May 10, the Confederacy ceased to exist.
American History US History The surrender of the remaining parts of the Confederate army continued until the end of June. The last of the CSA generals to capitulate was Stand Watie and his Indian units. This happened on June 23.
History of America History of the United States President Lincoln, who made a huge contribution to the victory of the northerners, became one of the last victims of the Civil War. On April 14, 1865, an attempt was made on his life. President Lincoln was mortally wounded and died the next morning without regaining consciousness.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of the United States of America American Civil War (1861-1865)
American History US History Results of the American Civil War:
- the American Civil War remained the bloodiest in US history (on all fronts of World War II, despite its worldwide scale and the destructiveness of weapons of the 20th century, American losses were fewer).
- Northern losses amounted to almost 360 thousand people killed and died from wounds and more than 275 thousand wounded. The Confederates lost, respectively, 258 thousand killed and about 137 thousand wounded.
- US government military spending alone reached $3 billion. The war demonstrated new capabilities of military equipment and influenced the development of military art. It ended with the victory of the Union and made the United States a united and strong country.
- the prohibition of slavery was enshrined in the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which came into force on December 18, 1865 (slavery in the rebellious states was abolished back in 1863 by presidential decree proclaiming emancipation).
- conditions were created in the country for the accelerated development of industrial and agricultural production, the development of Western lands, and the strengthening of the domestic market. Power in the country passed to the bourgeoisie of the northeastern states. The war did not solve all the problems facing the country. Some found solutions during Southern Reconstruction, which lasted until 1877. Others, including granting blacks equal rights with whites, remained unresolved for many decades.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History Reconstruction and Industrialization (1865-1890)
American History US History Reconstruction took place almost a decade after the Civil War. During this era, the "Reconstruction Amendments" were introduced, expanding civil rights for black Americans. These amendments included the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship to all those born or naturalized in the United States, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which guaranteed the right to vote for men of all races. In response to Reconstruction, in the late 1860s, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) emerged in America (USA), an organization of white supremacy and terror against blacks.
American History US History Increased violence from organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) influenced both the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870, which classified the KKK as a terrorist organization, and the Supreme Court decision in 1883 overturning the Civil Rights Act. 1875; However, in the US Supreme Court case Cruikshank, the Fifteenth Amendment declared civil rights to be the responsibility of the states themselves.
History of America History of the United States The end of the 19th century was a time of powerful industrial development in the United States. “The Golden Age”, as the classic of American literature Mark Twain dubbed this era. The development of the American industrial industry led to the fact that end of the 19th century century, per capita income in the United States was the highest in the world, behind only Great Britain. Later, an unprecedented wave of immigrants brought not only labor for American industry, but also created a diversity of ethnic communities that populated the sparsely populated western territories. Inhumane industrial practices played a major role in the rise of the labor movement in the United States.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America History of the USA USA on the threshold of the 20th century (1890-1914)
American History US History After the Gilded Era came the Progressive Era, whose followers called for reform against industrial corruption. Progressive demands included federal regulation of anti-trust laws and control of the meatpacking, pharmaceutical, and railroad industries. Four new constitutional amendments - from the 16th to the 19th - are the result of the work of progressives. The era lasted from 1900 to 1918, the year the First World War ended.
American History US History Beginning with the administration of James Monroe, the US federal government removed indigenous peoples from white settlements onto Indian reservations. The tribes were mostly moved onto small reservations so that their land was taken over by white farmers.
American History US History During this period, the United States began its rise as an international power with a solid population and industrial growth. The United States began to play a prominent role in world politics, and in numerous military adventures around the world, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the United States blamed Spain for the sinking of the American battleship Maine. The United States had an interest in the liberation of Cuba, an island nation fighting for freedom from Spain, as well as Puerto Rico and the Philippines, also Spanish colonies seeking liberation. In December 1898, representatives from Spain and the United States signed the Paris Peace Treaty to end the war, according to which Cuba gained independence, and Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became US territories.
American History US History President Woodrow Wilson announced the United States' entry into World War I in April 1917, after a long policy of neutrality. Previously, the United States showed interest in world peace by participating in the Hague conferences. American participation in the war confirmed the importance of the Allies in the victory (the USA was not part of the Entente, they were only an ally).

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History US in World War I (1914-1918)
American History US History World War I Period of Neutrality (1914-1917). At the beginning of the war, the United States generally sympathized with Western European countries, but the desire to maintain neutrality was dominant. Wilson, shocked by the destructive nature of the conflict and concerned about the possible adverse consequences for the United States if hostilities dragged on, tried to act as a mediator. His ultimate goal was to achieve "peace without victory." Peace efforts were unsuccessful, mainly due to the fact that both sides did not lose hope of winning the decisive battle. Meanwhile, the United States became increasingly bogged down in a dispute over neutral countries' maritime rights. Great Britain controlled the situation on the World Ocean, allowing neutral countries to carry out trade and at the same time blocking German ports. Germany tried to break the blockade using new weapons - submarines.
American History US History In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing more than 100 American citizens. Wilson immediately told Germany that unprovoked submarine attacks on neutral ships were a violation of generally accepted international law and must be stopped. Germany eventually agreed to end unrestricted submarine warfare, but only after Wilson threatened to take drastic measures. Germany took this step at the beginning of 1917, believing that it could win the war while the United States was deprived of the opportunity to influence its outcome. However, the sinking of several American ships in February and March 1917 and Zimmerman's telegram to the Mexican government proposing an alliance against the United States forced Wilson to seek Congressional consent for the country's entry into the war. A group of Midwestern progressives opposed this decision, but on April 6, 1917, Congress nevertheless declared war on Germany.
American History US History US Participation in the First World War, 1917-1918. Having failed as a peacemaker in attempts to achieve peace on terms acceptable to the United States, Wilson hoped to achieve this goal by contributing to the victory over Germany. His two main goals, outlined even before the US entered the war and gradually became clearer throughout 1917-1918, were to restore stability in Europe and create a League of Nations that could ensure peace and serve as an effective instrument of international development.
American History US History From the moment the United States entered the war, its economic and naval assistance to the Allies was immediately expanded. At the same time, preparations were carried out for the expeditionary force to enter into hostilities in Western Front. According to the law on limited military service adopted on May 18, 1917, 1 million men aged 21 to 31 were drafted into the army. General John Pershing was appointed commander in chief and energetically began preparing the US military for war.
History of America History of the United States From the beginning of March 1918, the Allies held back a powerful German offensive. By the summer, with the support of American reinforcements, a counteroffensive was launched. The US Army played a significant role in the defeat of Germany and the German army, successfully acting against the enemy's Saint-Miel group that had penetrated and taking part in the general offensive of the Allied forces.
American History US History For effective organization On the home front, Wilson took unprecedented measures of state control over the economy. The Federal Control Act, passed on March 21, 1918, placed all railroads in the country under the authority of William McAdoo, and a specially created military administration railways had to end competition and ensure strict coordination of their activities. The Military Industrial Directorate was given expanded powers to control enterprises in order to stimulate production and prevent unnecessary duplication. Guided by the Food and Fuel Control Act (August 1917), Herbert Hoover, head of the federal food control agency, fixed wheat prices at high levels and, in order to increase food supplies to the army, introduced the so-called “meatless” and “wheatless” » days. Harry Garfield, head of the agency's fuel control agency, also took tough measures regarding the production and distribution of fuel resources. In addition to solving military problems, these measures brought considerable benefits to low-income social strata, in particular farmers and industrial workers.
History of America History of the United States In addition to the large expenditures on the development of its own military industry, the United States provided such large loans to the allies that between December 1916 and June 1919 the total debt of the latter (including interest) grew to $24,262 million. Large expenditures were made possible only by the issuance of Freedom Loan bonds. Serious flaw domestic policy Wilson was incapable of reliably protecting civil liberties: war hysteria within the country resulted in persecution of Americans German origin, members of anti-war groups and other dissidents.
American History US History In January 1918, President Wilson presented to Congress his 14 Points, a general declaration of US goals in the war. The declaration outlined a program for restoring international stability and called for the creation of a League of Nations. This program was in many ways at odds with the military goals previously approved by the Entente countries and included in a number of secret treaties.
History of America History of the United States In October 1918, the Central European countries turned with a proposal for peace directly to Wilson, over the heads of their European opponents. After Germany agreed to make peace under the terms of Wilson's program, the President sent Colonel E. M. House to Europe to secure the agreement of the Allies. House successfully completed his mission. On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice agreement. Despite the preliminary agreement on its terms, differences in the positions of Europe and America indicated that serious contradictions would arise during the post-war negotiations. Another problem was the actual disintegration of old Europe, which did not promise a quick and easy restoration of economic life.
1919-1920 USA and the League of Nations
American History US History During the peace negotiations, Wilson subordinated all other objectives to the creation of the League of Nations. To achieve this goal, he made a number of compromises, in particular on indemnities and territorial issues, hoping to subsequently adjust them within the framework of the future League. At the negotiating table with the other members of the Big Four—Lloyd George for Great Britain, Clemenceau for France, and Orlando for Italy—Wilson proved himself to be a very skilled diplomat. The treaty of June 28, 1919 was the culmination of his political career.
History of America US History After the Republican victory in the 1918 elections, internal political tensions intensified. Senator Lodge led the movement against the League of Nations, he and his supporters managed to block the rapid consideration of the treaty in the Senate, which threatened to derail its ratification. The opposition senators received support, firstly, from Republicans who feared the adverse political consequences of Wilson's diplomatic triumph, secondly from representatives of those ethnic groups whose countries suffered from the Versailles agreements, and, finally, from those radical progressives who believed that international US obligations will slow down further development American democracy.
History of America History of the United States The pro-League camp was unexpectedly weakened when Wilson, who had undertaken an exhausting propaganda tour of the country in support of the peace treaty, fell seriously ill in the midst of the debate. The Red Scare, born out of fear of communists, added to the disillusionment that gripped the country after the war. It was clear that the Senate would not pass the treaty without changes, but Wilson refused to compromise, and the Senate rejected it twice (in November 1919 and March 1920). Therefore, the United States formally remained at war until July 2, 1921, when Congress (already under the Harding administration) finally adopted a joint resolution of both chambers, officially declaring the end of hostilities. The League of Nations began its work without the participation of the United States.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA

American History US History "Prosperity" (1921-1929)
History of America History of the USA “Prosperity” (English prosperity - prosperity): 1) Prosperity - a period of economic growth in the USA, in particular after the First World War; 2) Prosperity - economic recovery, temporary prosperity. The era of “prosperity” is a short-term period of economic growth in the United States after the First World War. In literature, the era of “prosperity” most often means unhealthy, dubious prosperity.
History of America History of the United States During these post-war years, America became the absolute leader in economic growth rates. Thanks to this, it further strengthened its leading position in the world. By the end of the 1920s, America produced almost as much industrial output as the rest of the world. These were, indeed, years of growth. The average worker increased his salary by 25%. The unemployment rate did not exceed 5%, and in some periods 3%. Consumer credit flourished. In the 1920s, a period of prosperity, the price level was absolutely stable. The pace of economic development in the United States was the highest in the world.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History US between the world wars (1918-1941)
History of America History of the USA The first mass motorization of the population
History of America History of the United States In the 1920s, the United States became the first country to experience mass motorization. In 1929, 5.4 million cars were produced in the United States; in total, about 25 million cars were produced in the 1920s (the US population was 125 million).

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History US between the world wars (1918-1941)
American History US History Great Depression (1929-1933)
History of America History of the United States In 1929, a severe global economic crisis broke out, which lasted until mid-1933 and shook the entire system of capitalism to its core. Industrial production during this crisis decreased in the USA by 46%, in the UK by 24%, in Germany by 41%, and in France by 32%. Share prices of industrial companies fell by 87% in the US, 48% in the UK, 64% in Germany, and 60% in France. Unemployment has reached colossal proportions. According to official data, in 1933 there were 30 million unemployed in 32 capitalist countries, including 14 million in the United States. The global economic crisis of 1929-1933 showed that the contradiction between the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of the results of production has reached such an acute point that the capitalist economy can no longer function more or less normally. This circumstance required state intervention in the economy, the use of methods of state influence on spontaneous processes in the capitalist economy in order to avoid shocks, which accelerated the development of monopoly capitalism into state-monopoly capitalism.
American History US History The Great Depression was a global economic recession that began in most places in 1929 and lasted until 1939. However, until 1945, the world was emerging from depression, so the 1930s are generally considered to be the period of the Great Depression. In Russian, the term global economic crisis is more common, and the term “Great Depression” is usually used only in relation to the crisis in the United States.
History of America History of the United States The global economic crisis greatly affected the most developed countries, including the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany and France, but also affected other countries. Industrial cities suffered the most, and construction virtually ceased in a number of countries. Due to a reduction in effective demand, prices for agricultural products fell by 40-60%.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History World War II (1939-1945)
American History US History As during World War I, the United States was of course in no hurry to engage in direct hostilities during World War II. However, already in September 1940, the United States provided assistance with weapons to Great Britain, which was fighting alone against Nazi Germany, under the Lend-Lease program. The US also supported China, which was waging war on Japan, and declared an embargo on oil supplies to Japan. After Germany attacked the USSR in June 1941, the Lend-Lease program was extended to the USSR.
American History US History After the infamous December 7, 1941, when Japan unexpectedly attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor (justifying its actions by citing the American embargo), the United States declared war on Japan the very next day on December 8th. In response, Germany declared war on the United States.
History of America History of the United States In the Pacific theater of operations, the situation for the United States was initially unfavorable. On December 10, 1941, the Japanese launched an invasion of the Philippines and captured it by April 1942, with most American and Philippine troops captured. But the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942 was a turning point in the Pacific War.
History of America History of the United States On November 8, 1942, American troops under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower - three corps (western, central and eastern) with the support of one British division landed on the Atlantic coast of Morocco and on the Mediterranean coast - in Algeria, in territories controlled by the puppet government of Vichy. By May 1943, German and Italian forces in North Africa were defeated.
American History US History On July 10, 1943, the American 7th Army and the British 8th Army successfully landed on the southern coast of Sicily. The Italians have long understood that the war into which the Duce dragged them did not meet the interests of Italy. King Victor Emmanuel III decides to arrest Mussolini, and on July 25, 1943, Mussolini was arrested, and the new Italian government led by Marshal Badoglio began to conduct secret negotiations with the American command regarding the conclusion of a truce. On September 8, Badoglio officially announced the unconditional surrender of Italy. On September 9, 1943, the American 5th Army landed in the Salerno area.
History of America History of the United States According to the decision of the Tehran Conference, where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met, the second front of the war with Germany was opened on June 6, 1944, US, British and Canadian troops landed in Normandy. The operation ended on August 31 with the liberation of the entire northwestern part of France. Allied forces liberated Paris on August 25, which had already been almost liberated by French partisan forces. On August 15, American-French troops landed in the south of France, where they liberated the cities of Toulon and Marseille. After a series of military failures in the autumn of 1944 and winter of 1945, at the end of March 1945, the 6th, 12th and 21st Allied Army Groups crossed the Rhine, and in April encircled and defeated the Ruhr group of German troops. On April 25, the American 1st Army met Soviet forces on the Elbe River. On May 9, Nazi Germany surrendered.
American History US History In the Pacific theater of operations, the largest naval battle in history took place in Leyte Gulf in October 1944. The Japanese fleet suffered catastrophic losses, after which the American Navy gained absolute supremacy at sea. Japanese aircraft also suffered catastrophic losses from the superior US Air Force. On October 20, the Americans under the command of General Douglas MacArthur began landing on the island of Leyte (southern Philippines) and cleared it of Japanese troops by December 31. On January 9, 1945, the Americans landed on the main island of the Philippine archipelago - Luzon. During January and February they defeated most of the Japanese forces in Luzon, and liberated Manila on March 3. By May 1945, most of the Philippines had been liberated, with only remnants of Japanese troops in the mountains and jungle continuing to resist until August.
American History US History On February 19, 1945, US Marines landed on the island of Iwo Jima, where the Japanese put up very strong resistance. The island was captured by March 26, 1945. On April 1, American troops landed on the island of Okinawa with the support of the US Navy and the British Navy, and captured it by June 22, 1945.
American History US History In July 1945, the Allies presented Japan with an ultimatum, but it refused to capitulate. On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 Superfortress bomber dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and on August 9 on Nagasaki, causing enormous destruction. This is the only example of combat use in the history of mankind. nuclear weapons. On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's unconditional surrender. The Japanese surrender was signed on September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History Beginning of the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement (1945-1964)
American History US History On December 4, 1945, the US Congress approved the country's entry into the United Nations (UN), thereby moving away from the traditional policy of isolationism towards greater involvement in international relations.
History of America History of the United States After World War II, the United States became, along with the USSR, one of the two world superpowers and the Cold War began - the United States and the Soviet Union tried to increase their influence in the world and pursued an arms race policy. This policy was fueled by various conflicts, such as the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War and the politics of confrontation also led to the “space race” between the United States and the USSR in the 1950s and 1960s.
American History US History In the post-war period, the United States began to have global influence in economics, politics, military affairs, culture and technology. Since the early 1950s, the so-called “consumer society” has developed in the United States.
History of America History of the United States In 1960, John Kennedy, famous for his charisma, was elected President of the United States. During his time in power, the confrontation between the USA and the USSR reached its peak of tension during Cuban missile crisis. President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963, and his assassination came as a shock to US citizens.
American History US History Since the second half of the 1950s, in connection with ongoing racial segregation in the southern states, the Black Civil Rights Movement emerged and strengthened, led by Martin Luther King, who was later shot dead. Racial protests rocked the United States.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History Countercultural Revolution and Détente (1964-1980)
History of America History of the United States When President Lyndon Johnson came to power in 1964, he proclaimed the policy of the “Great Society,” which meant measures to reduce social inequality. During the 60s, a number of social programs were launched. Racial discrimination was prohibited by law.
American History US History In the mid-1960s, the United States became involved in the Vietnam War, the unpopularity of which contributed to the emergence of anti-war social movements, including movements among women, minorities and youth. Feminism and the advocacy movement have also become political forces. environment. The United States and much of the Western world were gripped by the “countercultural revolution” in the late 1960s.
History of America History of the United States In 1969, Richard Nixon succeeded Lyndon Johnson as President of the United States. Under him, the war in Vietnam continued, but in 1973, American troops were nevertheless withdrawn from South Vietnam after the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. The Americans lost 58,000 people during the war. Nixon took advantage of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the PRC, which was beneficial for the United States, by moving towards rapprochement with the PRC. A new era of the Cold War, known as détente, began. In 1973, the US economy was seriously affected by the oil crisis. Nixon was forced to resign due to the Watergate political scandal in August 1974.
History of America History of the United States In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected President of the United States. The US suffered from an energy crisis, slow economic growth, high unemployment and high interest rates. On the world stage, Carter mediated the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. In 1979, Iranian students seized the American embassy in Tehran and took 52 American diplomats hostage. Carter lost the 1980 election to Republican Ronald Reagan, who promised to “bring morning to America.”

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
American History US History "Reaganomics" and the end of the Cold War (1981-1989)
History of America History of the United States Having come to power, Reagan began to implement the so-called “Reaganomics” policy, which meant cutting taxes while simultaneously cutting social programs. In 1982, the United States experienced a recession, with unemployment rates and bankruptcies close to Great Depression levels. But in next year The situation changed dramatically: inflation fell from 11% to 2%, unemployment to 7.5%, and economic growth increased from 4.5% to 7.2%.
History of America History of the United States Reagan adhered to the course of a tough confrontation with the USSR and called the USSR an “evil empire.” However, the coming to power in the USSR in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev and the policy of perestroika he began led in the late 1980s to the end of the period of forceful confrontation between the two superpowers. The Cold War is over. A new era of world development has begun.

United States of America (USA) History of America History of the USA
History of America History of the USA USA leader in world economics and politics
History of America History of the USA After the collapse of the USSR, the USA strengthened its leadership position on the world stage. Today, the United States remains a leader in many areas of science and industrial production. However, the development of the world community does not always go smoothly, and economic and social crises are a common pattern for everyone. It does not bypass the USA either.

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United States of America (USA)
Culture of America Culture of the USA Fine arts of the USA
Art USA Painting USA Artists USA (American artists)
American Culture American Culture American culture began to develop even before the United States became a country. Its early formation was influenced by British culture, due to colonial ties with the British who spread English language, legal (legal) system and other cultural inheritances. Other European countries also had a strong influence, from which large numbers of immigrants came. These are Ireland, Germany, Poland, Italy.
Culture of America Culture of the USA A certain contribution to the development of US culture was made by the peoples who originally lived in America (Indian tribes), as well as the ancestors of the majority of African-Americans who arrived from Africa.
American Culture US Culture The United States of America has traditionally been known as a cultural melting pot, but recent academic opinion tends toward cultural diversity rather than blending. Within American culture there are many adapted but unique subcultures. That is, American culture is many different cultures.
American Culture US Culture A person's membership in a particular culture depends on social class, political orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
American Culture US Culture At the same time, there are common symbols of American culture (US Culture): apple pie, baseball and the American flag.

Art of the USA Painting of America Artists of the USA Twentieth century in painting of the USA. At the beginning of the 20th century, imitations of French impressionism were most valued in America (USA). Public taste was challenged by a group of eight artists: Robert Henry (1865-1929), W. J. Glackens (1870-1938), John Sloan (1871-1951), J. B. Lax (1867-1933), Everett Shinn ( 1876-1953), A. B. Davis (1862-1928), Maurice Prendergast (1859-1924) and Ernest Lawson (1873-1939). Critics dubbed them the "garbage can" school for their penchant for depicting slums and other prosaic subjects. In 1913 on the so-called "Armory Show" exhibited works by masters belonging to various directions post-impressionism. American artists were divided: some of them turned to exploring the possibilities of color and formal abstraction, others remained in the bosom of the realistic tradition. The second group included Charles Burchfield (1893-1967), Reginald Marsh (1898-1954), Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Fairfield Porter (1907-1975), Andrew Wyeth (b. 1917) and others. The paintings of Ivan Albright (1897-1983), George Tooker (b. 1920) and Peter Bloom (1906-1992) are written in the style of “magical realism” (the resemblance to nature in their works is exaggerated, and reality is more reminiscent of a dream or hallucination). Other artists, such as Charles Sheeler (1883-1965), Charles Demuth (1883-1935), Lionel Feininger (1871-1956) and Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), combined elements of realism, cubism, and expressionism in their works and other movements of European art. Marine views of John Marin (1870-1953) and Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) are close to expressionism. Images of birds and animals in the paintings of Maurice Graves (b. 1910) still retain a connection with the visible world, although the forms are different. his works are greatly distorted and taken to almost extreme symbolic designations.
Art of the USA Painting of America Painting of the USA Artists of the USA After World War II, non-objective painting became the leading direction in American art. The main attention was now paid to the pictorial surface itself. It was considered as an arena for the interaction of lines, masses and color spots. Abstract expressionism occupied the most significant place in these years. It became the first movement in painting that arose in the United States and had international significance. The leaders of this movement were American artists: Arshile Gorky (1904-1948), Willem de Kooning (Kooning) (1904-1997), Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), Mark Rothko (1903-1970) and Franz Kline (1910-1962) .
Art of the USA Painting of America Painting of the USA Artists of the USA One of the most interesting discoveries of abstract expressionism was the artistic method of Jackson Pollock, who dripped or threw paints onto the canvas to create a complex labyrinth of dynamic linear forms. Other artists of this movement - Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Clyford Still (1904-1980), Robert Motherwell (1915-1991) and Helen Frankenthaler (b. 1928) - practiced the technique of painting canvases. Another version of non-objective art is the painting of Josef Albers (1888-1976) and Ad Reinhart (1913-1967). Their paintings consist of cold, precisely calculated geometric shapes. Other American artists who worked in this style include Ellsworth Kelly (b. 1923), Barnett Newman (1905-1970), Kenneth Noland (b. 1924), Frank Stella (b. 1936), and Al Held (b. 1928). Later they headed the wholesale art direction.
Art of the USA Painting of America Painting of the USA Artists of the USA In the late 1950s, Robert Rauschenberg (b. 1925), Jasper Johns (b. 1930) and Larry Rivers (b. 1923), who worked in mixed media, including in the technique of assemblage. They included fragments of photographs, newspapers, posters and other objects in their “paintings”. In the early 1960s, assemblage gave birth to a new movement, the so-called. pop art, whose representatives very carefully and accurately reproduced in their works various objects and images of American pop culture: cans of Coca-Cola and canned food, packs of cigarettes, comics. Leading artists of this movement are Andy Warhol (1928-1987), James Rosenquist (b. 1933), Jim Dine (b. 1935) and Roy Lichtenstein (b. 1923). Following pop art, optic art appeared, based on the principles of optics and optical illusion. In the 1970s, various schools of expressionism, geometric hard edge, pop art, increasingly fashionable photorealism and other styles of fine art continued to exist in America. Painting in the USA. Fine art in the USA is the most a shining example how controversial and scandalous art turned into an object of adoration for the entire world elite. If you purchase fine art by US artists (American artists), then this is a more than serious application for belonging to strong of the world this.

America United States of America Artists of the USA (American artists) Artists of the USA are known in many countries of the world Artists of the USA write wonderful, varied, multi-genre, original, beautiful pictures
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America United States of America Artists of the USA (American artists) In our gallery you can get acquainted with the works of the best American artists and American sculptors.

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