Combined heat and power plant (CHP)
CHP plants were most widespread in the USSR. The first heat pipelines were laid from power plants in Leningrad and Moscow (1924, 1928). Since the 30s. design and construction of thermal power plants with a capacity of 100-200 MW By the end of 1940, the capacity of all operating thermal power plants reached 2 GW, annual heat supply - 10 8 Gj, and the length of heating networks (See Heating network) - 650 km. In the mid-70s. the total electrical power of the thermal power plant is about 60 GW(with a total capacity of TPP 220 and TPP 180 GW). The annual electricity generation at thermal power plants reaches 330 billion. kWh, heat release - 4․10 9 Gj; capacity of individual new thermal power plants - 1.5-1.6 GW with hourly heat release up to (1.6-2.0)․10 4 Gj; specific electricity generation during supply 1 Gj heat - 150-160 kWh Specific consumption of equivalent fuel for production 1 kWh electricity averages 290 G(while at GRES - 370 G);
the lowest average annual specific consumption of equivalent fuel at thermal power plants is about 200 g/kWh(at the best state district power plants - about 300 g/kWh). This reduced (compared to state district power plant) specific fuel consumption is explained by the combined production of two types of energy using the heat of exhaust steam. In the USSR, thermal power plants provide savings of up to 25 million. T standard fuel per year (CHP 11% of all fuel used for electricity production). CHP is the main production link in the centralized heat supply system. The construction of thermal power plants is one of the main directions of development of the energy sector in the USSR and other socialist countries. In capitalist countries, CHP plants have limited distribution (mainly industrial CHP plants). Lit.: Sokolov E. Ya., District heating and heating network, M., 1975; Ryzhkin V. Ya., Thermal power plants, M., 1976. V. Ya. Ryzhkin.
Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what “Thermal Power Plant” is in other dictionaries:
- (CHP), a steam turbine thermal power plant that produces and supplies consumers simultaneously with 2 types of energy: electrical and thermal (in the form of hot water, steam). In Russia, the capacity of individual thermal power plants reaches 1.5-1.6 GW with an hourly holiday... ... Modern encyclopedia
- (CHP cogeneration power plant), a thermal power plant that generates not only electrical energy, but also heat, supplied to consumers in the form of steam and hot water... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Combined Heat and Power Plant, and, women. Thermal power plant generating electricity and heat ( hot water, steam) (CHP). Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
CHPP 26 (Yuzhnaya CHPP) in Moscow ... Wikipedia
An electric station is a set of equipment designed to convert the energy of any natural source into electricity or heat. There are several varieties of such objects. For example, thermal power plants are often used to generate electricity and heat.
Definition
A thermal power plant is an electric power plant that uses any fossil fuel as an energy source. The latter can be used, for example, oil, gas, coal. On currently thermal complexes are the most common type of power plants in the world. The popularity of thermal power plants is explained primarily by the availability of fossil fuels. Oil, gas and coal are available in many parts of the planet.
TPP is (transcript from Its abbreviation looks like “thermal power plant”), among other things, a complex with a fairly high efficiency. Depending on the type of turbines used, this figure at stations of this type can be equal to 30 - 70%.
What types of thermal power plants are there?
Stations of this type can be classified according to two main criteria:
- purpose;
- type of installations.
In the first case, a distinction is made between state district power plants and thermal power plants.A state district power plant is a station that operates by rotating a turbine under the powerful pressure of a steam jet. The deciphering of the abbreviation GRES - state district power plant - has currently lost its relevance. Therefore, such complexes are often also called CES. This abbreviation stands for “condensing power plant”.
CHP is also a fairly common type of thermal power plant. Unlike state district power plants, such stations are equipped not with condensation turbines, but with heating turbines. CHP stands for "heat and power plant".
In addition to condensation and heating plants (steam turbine), the following types of equipment can be used at thermal power plants:
- steam-gas.
TPP and CHP: differences
Often people confuse these two concepts. CHP, in fact, as we found out, is one of the types of thermal power plants. Such a station differs from other types of thermal power plants primarily in thatpart of the thermal energy it generates goes to boilers installed in rooms to heat them or to produce hot water.
Also, people often confuse the names of hydroelectric power stations and state district power stations. This is primarily due to the similarity of abbreviations. However, hydroelectric power stations are fundamentally different from state regional power plants. Both of these types of stations are built on rivers. However, at hydroelectric power plants, unlike state regional power plants, it is not steam that is used as an energy source, but the water flow itself.
What are the requirements for thermal power plants?
A thermal power plant is a thermal power station where electricity is generated and consumed simultaneously. Therefore, such a complex must fully comply with a number of economic and technological requirements. This will ensure uninterrupted and reliable supply of electricity to consumers. So:
- thermal power plant premises must have good lighting, ventilation and aeration;
- the air inside and around the plant must be protected from pollution by solid particles, nitrogen, sulfur oxide, etc.;
- water supply sources should be carefully protected from the ingress of wastewater;
- water treatment systems at stations should be equippedwaste-free.
Operating principle of thermal power plants
TPP is a power plant, on which turbines can be used different types. Next, we will consider the principle of operation of thermal power plants using the example of one of its most common types - thermal power plants. Energy is generated at such stations in several stages:
Fuel and oxidizer enter the boiler. Coal dust is usually used as the first one in Russia. Sometimes the fuel for thermal power plants can also be peat, fuel oil, coal, oil shale, and gas. In this case, the oxidizing agent is heated air.
The steam generated as a result of burning fuel in the boiler enters the turbine. The purpose of the latter is to convert steam energy into mechanical energy.
The rotating shafts of the turbine transmit energy to the shafts of the generator, which converts it into electricity.
The cooled steam that has lost some of its energy in the turbine enters the condenser.Here it turns into water, which is fed through heaters into the deaerator.
Deae The purified water is heated and supplied to the boiler.
Advantages of TPP
A thermal power plant is therefore a station whose main type of equipment is turbines and generators. The advantages of such complexes include primarily:
- low cost of construction compared to most other types of power plants;
- cheapness of the fuel used;
- low cost of electricity generation.
Also, a big advantage of such stations is that they can be built in any desired location, regardless of the availability of fuel. Coal, fuel oil, etc. can be transported to the station by road or rail.
Another advantage of thermal power plants is that they occupy a very small area compared to other types of stations.
Disadvantages of thermal power plants
Of course, such stations have not only advantages. They also have a number of disadvantages. Thermal power plants are complexes that, unfortunately, heavily pollute the environment. Stations of this type can emit simply huge amounts of soot and smoke into the air. Also, the disadvantages of thermal power plants include high operating costs compared to hydroelectric power plants. In addition, all types of fuel used at such stations are considered irreplaceable natural resources.
What other types of thermal power plants exist?
In addition to steam turbine thermal power plants and thermal power plants (GRES), the following stations operate in Russia:
Gas turbine (GTPP). In this case, the turbines rotate not from steam, but from natural gas. Also, fuel oil or diesel fuel can be used as fuel at such stations. The efficiency of such stations, unfortunately, is not too high (27 - 29%). Therefore, they are mainly used only as backup sources of electricity or intended to supply voltage to the network of small settlements.
Steam-gas turbine (SGPP). The efficiency of such combined stations is approximately 41 - 44%. In systems of this type, both gas and steam turbines simultaneously transmit energy to the generator. Like thermal power plants, combined hydroelectric power plants can be used not only for generating electricity itself, but also for heating buildings or providing consumers with hot water.
Examples of stations
So, any object can be considered quite productive and, to some extent, even universal. I am a thermal power plant, a power plant. Examples We present such complexes in the list below.
Belgorod Thermal Power Plant. The power of this station is 60 MW. Its turbines run on natural gas.
Michurinskaya CHPP (60 MW). This facility is also located in the Belgorod region and runs on natural gas.
Cherepovets GRES. The complex is located in Volgograd region and can run on both gas and coal. The power of this station is as much as 1051 MW.
Lipetsk CHPP-2 (515 MW). Powered by natural gas.
CHPP-26 "Mosenergo" (1800 MW).
Cherepetskaya GRES (1735 MW). The fuel source for the turbines of this complex is coal.
Instead of a conclusion
Thus, we found out what thermal power plants are and what types of such objects exist. The first complex of this type was built a long time ago - in 1882 in New York. A year later, such a system started working in Russia - in St. Petersburg. Today, thermal power plants are a type of power plant, which account for about 75% of all electricity generated in the world. And apparently, despite a number of disadvantages, stations of this type will provide the population with electricity and heat for a long time. After all, the advantages of such complexes are an order of magnitude greater than the disadvantages.
5.7. Organizational structure of CHP management and main functions of personnel
At the power plant there are administrative, economic, production and technical, and operational and dispatch management.
The administrative and economic manager is the director. Directly subordinate to him is one of the main departments of the thermal power plant - the planning and economic department of the PEO.
The PEO is in charge of production planning issues. The main task of production planning is the development of long-term and current plans for the operation of thermal power plants and monitoring the implementation of planned indicators.
The CHP accounting department keeps track of the plant's cash and material assets; settlements of personnel wages (settlement part), current financing (banking operations), settlements under contracts (with suppliers), preparation of financial statements and balance sheets, and compliance with financial activities.
The logistics department is in charge of supplying the station with all necessary operating materials, spare parts and materials, and tools for repairs.
The HR department deals with the selection and study of personnel, formalizes the hiring and dismissal of employees.
The technical manager of the thermal power plant is the first deputy director - chief engineer. The production and technical department of VET is directly subordinate to him.
PTO CHP develops and implements measures to improve production, performs operational and commissioning tests of equipment, develops operating standards and operating schedules for equipment, develops, together with the PEO, annual and monthly technical plans and planned targets for individual units and keeps records of fuel, water, and electricity consumption; prepares technical reports for thermal power plants. The PTO includes three main groups: technical (energy) accounting (TU), adjustment and testing (NI), repair and design (RK). The main production includes workshops: electrical shop, turbine and boiler shops, etc.
In addition to the main production, auxiliary production is considered. The auxiliary workshops at the thermal power plant include: the thermal automation and TAI measurement workshop, the heat supply and underground sewerage section, which is in charge of the general station workshops, heating and ventilation installations of production and service buildings, and sewerage. The repair and construction shop, which carries out operational supervision of production and service buildings and their repairs, carries out work to maintain roads and the entire territory of the thermal power plant in proper condition. All CHP shops (main and auxiliary) are administratively and technically subordinate to the chief engineer. The head of each workshop is the workshop manager, subordinate for all production and technical issues to the chief engineer of the station, and for administrative and economic issues to the director of the thermal power plant.
The power equipment of the workshops is maintained by the workshop operational personnel on duty, organized in shift teams. The work of each shift is supervised by shift supervisors on duty at the main workshops, subordinate to the station shift supervisor (SS).
The NSS provides operational management of all station operating personnel on duty during the shift. In administrative and technical terms, the NSS is subordinate only to the duty dispatcher of the power system and carries out all his orders for the operational management of the production process of the thermal power plant.
In operational terms, the NSS is the sole commander at the station during the corresponding shift, and his orders are carried out by shift personnel on duty through the corresponding shift supervisors of the main shops. In addition, the station engineer on duty immediately responds to all problems in the workshops and takes measures to eliminate them.
5.8. Drawing up a business plan
5.8.1. Project development goals
This section of the project contains information about the technical and economic feasibility of the new power plant project.
The thermal power plant is located in Eastern Siberia. The power plant is designed to supply electricity and heat to an industrial area. The total electrical load of consumers in the location area is approximately 50 MW. The thermal power plant fully supplies the local load, and transfers excess power to the system. The station is connected to the system via a 110 kV power line.
Before the construction of the thermal power plant, the industrial area received electricity from neighboring power systems. In order to eliminate dependence on neighboring power systems, an open joint stock company is being created, which will construct and operate the thermal power plant and sell electricity from the power plant buses to the power system. The latter is a joint-stock company that distributes electricity and delivers it to consumers.
The purpose of creating JSC TPP is to obtain high profits on the share capital and ensure reliable and economical energy supply to consumers.
By voltage: Uset= UР - by current: Imax< Iуст 2,8868< 4,125 - по роду установки: внутренней. Выбираем реактор типа РБДГ-10-4000-0,18 9 ВЫБОР АППАРАТОВ И ТОКОВЕДУЩИХ ЧАСТЕЙ ДЛЯ ЗАДАННЫХ ЦЕПЕЙ 9.1 Выбор сборных шин и ошиновки на стороне 220 кВ. - Провести выбор сечения сборных шин по допустимому току при максимальной нагрузки на шинах. - Выбираем провод АС 240/32 ...
The post-emergency condition, if the current is less than or equal to AA. The condition is met, line reinforcement is not required 4. Selection of the substation circuit diagram The choice of the main circuit is decisive when designing the electrical part of substations, since it determines the composition of the elements and connections between them. The main electrical connection diagram of substations depends on the following factors...
Once, when we were entering the glorious city of Cheboksary, from the eastern direction my wife noticed two huge towers standing along the highway. "And what is it?" – she asked. Since I absolutely did not want to show my wife my ignorance, I dug a little into my memory and came out victoriously: “These are cooling towers, don’t you know?” She was a little embarrassed: “What are they for?” “Well, there’s something there to cool, it seems.” "And what?". Then I became embarrassed because I didn’t know how to get out of it any further.
This question may remain forever in the memory without an answer, but miracles happen. A few months after this incident, I see a post in my friend feed about a recruitment of bloggers who want to visit the Cheboksary CHPP-2, the same one that we saw from the road. You have to suddenly change all your plans; missing such a chance would be unforgivable!
So what is CHP?
According to Wikipedia, CHP - short for combined heat and power plant - is a type of thermal station that produces not only electricity, but also a source of heat, in the form of steam or hot water.
I’ll tell you how everything works below, but here you can see a couple of simplified diagrams of the station’s operation.
So it all starts with water. Since water (and steam, as its derivative) at a thermal power plant is the main coolant, before it enters the boiler, it must first be prepared. In order to prevent scale from forming in boilers, at the first stage, the water must be softened, and at the second, it must be cleaned of all kinds of impurities and inclusions.
All this happens on the territory of the chemical workshop, in which all these containers and vessels are located.
Water is pumped by huge pumps.
The work of the workshop is controlled from here.
There are a lot of buttons around...
Sensors...
And also completely incomprehensible elements...
The quality of the water is checked in the laboratory. Everything is serious here...
The water obtained here will be called “Clean Water” in the future.
So, we've sorted out the water, now we need fuel. Usually it is gas, fuel oil or coal. At the Cheboksary CHPP-2, the main type of fuel is gas supplied through the Urengoy – Pomary – Uzhgorod gas pipeline. Many stations have a fuel preparation point. Here, natural gas, like water, is purified from mechanical impurities, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
The thermal power plant is a strategic facility, operating 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. Therefore, here everywhere, and for everything, there is a reserve. Fuel is no exception. In the absence of natural gas, our station can operate on fuel oil, which is stored in huge tanks located across the road.
Now we have Clean water and prepared fuel. The next point of our journey is the boiler-turbine shop.
It consists of two sections. The first contains boilers. No not like this. The first contains BOILERS. To write it differently, a hand doesn’t rise, each one is the size of a twelve-story building. There are five of them at CHPP-2 in total.
This is the heart of the power plant and where most of the action takes place. The gas entering the boiler burns, releasing a crazy amount of energy. “Clean water” is also supplied here. After heating, it turns into steam, more precisely into superheated steam, having an outlet temperature of 560 degrees and a pressure of 140 atmospheres. We will also call it " Pure steam", because it is formed from prepared water.
In addition to steam, we also have exhaust at the exit. At maximum power, all five boilers consume almost 60 cubic meters of natural gas per second! To remove combustion products, you need a non-childish “smoke” pipe. And there is one like this too.
The pipe can be seen from almost any area of the city, given the height of 250 meters. I suspect that this is the tallest building in Cheboksary.
Nearby there is a slightly smaller pipe. Reserve again.
If the thermal power plant operates on coal, additional exhaust cleaning is necessary. But in our case this is not required, since natural gas is used as fuel.
In the second department of the boiler-turbine shop there are installations that generate electricity.
There are four of them installed in the turbine hall of the Cheboksary CHPP-2, with a total capacity of 460 MW (megawatt). This is where superheated steam from the boiler room is supplied. It is directed under enormous pressure onto the turbine blades, causing the thirty-ton rotor to rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm.
The installation consists of two parts: the turbine itself, and a generator that generates electricity.
And this is what the turbine rotor looks like.
Sensors and pressure gauges are everywhere.
Both turbines and boilers can be stopped instantly in case of an emergency. For this, there are special valves that can shut off the supply of steam or fuel in a fraction of a second.
I wonder if there is such a thing as an industrial landscape, or an industrial portrait? There is beauty here.
There is a terrible noise in the room, and in order to hear your neighbor you have to strain your ears. Plus it's very hot. I want to take off my helmet and strip down to my T-shirt, but I can’t do that. For safety reasons, short-sleeved clothing is prohibited at the thermal power plant; there are too many hot pipes.
Most of the time the workshop is empty; people appear here once every two hours, during their rounds. And the operation of the equipment is controlled from the Main Control Panel (Group Control Panels for Boilers and Turbines).
This is what it looks like workplace duty officer
There are hundreds of buttons around.
And dozens of sensors.
Some are mechanical, some are electronic.
This is our excursion, and people are working.
In total, after the boiler-turbine shop, at the output we have electricity and steam that has partially cooled and lost some of its pressure. Electricity seems to be easier. The output voltage from different generators can be from 10 to 18 kV (kilovolts). With the help of block transformers, it increases to 110 kV, and then electricity can be transmitted over long distances using power lines (power lines).
It is not profitable to release the remaining “Pure Steam” to the side. Since it is formed from " Clean water", the production of which is a rather complex and costly process, it is more expedient to cool it and return it back to the boiler. And so on in a vicious circle. But with its help and with the help of heat exchangers, you can heat water or produce secondary steam, which you can safely sell to third-party consumers.
In general, this is how you and I get heat and electricity into our homes, having the usual comfort and coziness.
Oh yes. But why are cooling towers needed anyway?
The modern world requires huge amounts of energy (electrical and thermal), which is produced at power plants various types.
Man has learned to extract energy from several sources (hydrocarbon fuel, nuclear resources, falling water, wind, etc.) However, to this day thermal and nuclear power plants, which will be discussed, remain the most popular and efficient.
What is a nuclear power plant?
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a facility that uses the decay reaction of nuclear fuel to produce energy.
Attempts to use controlled (i.e. controlled, predictable) nuclear reaction to generate electricity were undertaken by Soviet and American scientists simultaneously - in the 40s of the last century. In the 50s, the “peaceful atom” became a reality, and nuclear power plants began to be built in many countries around the world.
The central node of any nuclear power plant is nuclear installation in which the reaction occurs. When radioactive substances decay, a huge amount of heat is released. The released thermal energy is used to heat the coolant (usually water), which, in turn, heats the secondary circuit water until it turns into steam. Hot steam rotates turbines, resulting in the generation of electricity.
There is ongoing debate around the world about the feasibility of using nuclear energy to generate electricity. Supporters of nuclear power plants talk about their high productivity, the safety of the latest generation of reactors, and the fact that such power plants do not pollute the environment. Opponents argue that nuclear power plants are potentially extremely dangerous, and their operation and, especially, the disposal of spent fuel are associated with enormous costs.
What is TES?
The most traditional and widespread type of power plants in the world are thermal power plants. Thermal power plants (as this abbreviation stands for) generate electricity by burning hydrocarbon fuels - gas, coal, fuel oil. 
The operation scheme of a thermal power plant is as follows: when fuel burns, a large amount of thermal energy is generated, with the help of which water is heated. The water turns into superheated steam, which is supplied to the turbogenerator. Rotating, the turbines set in motion the parts of the electric generator, forming Electric Energy.
At some thermal power plants, the heat transfer phase to the coolant (water) is absent. They use gas turbine units, in which the turbine is rotated by gases obtained directly from the combustion of fuel.
A significant advantage of thermal power plants is the availability and relative cheapness of fuel. However, thermal stations also have disadvantages. This is, first of all, a threat environment. When fuel is burned, large amounts of fuel are released into the atmosphere. harmful substances. To make thermal power plants safer, a number of methods are used, including: fuel enrichment, installation of special filters that trap harmful compounds, the use of flue gas recirculation, etc.
What is CHP?
The very name of this object resembles the previous one, and in fact, thermal power plants, like thermal power plants, transform thermal energy burned fuel. But in addition to electricity, combined heat and power plants (CHP stands for) supply heat to consumers. CHP plants are especially relevant in cold climate zones, where it is necessary to provide residential buildings and industrial buildings with heat. This is why there are so many thermal power plants in Russia, where central heating and water supply to cities are traditionally used.
According to the principle of operation, thermal power plants are classified as condensing power plants, but unlike them, at thermal power plants, part of the generated thermal energy is used to produce electricity, and the other part is used to heat the coolant, which is supplied to the consumer. 
CHP is more efficient compared to conventional thermal power plants, since it allows you to use the received energy to the maximum. After all, after the electric generator rotates, the steam remains hot, and this energy can be used for heating.
In addition to thermal power plants, there are nuclear thermal power plants, which in the future should play a leading role in the electricity and heat supply of northern cities.
