What is the name of the water layer of the earth? Water shell of the earth

Water on our planet exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice, snow) and gaseous (steam). Currently water occupies 3/4.

Water forms the aquatic shell of our planet - the hydrosphere.

The hydrosphere (from the Greek words “hydro” - water, “sphere” - ball) includes three main components: the World Ocean, land waters and water in the atmosphere. All parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected by the process of the water cycle in nature, already known to you.

1. Explain how water from the continents enters the World Ocean.
2. How does water get into the atmosphere?
3. How does water get back onto land?

The World Ocean accounts for over 96% of all the water on our planet.

Continents and islands divide the World Ocean into separate oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,.

IN last years The maps highlight the Southern Ocean - the body of water surrounding Antarctica. The largest in area - Pacific Ocean, the smallest is Northern Arctic.

Parts of the oceans that extend into the land and differ in the properties of their waters are called seas. There are a lot of them. Largest seas planets - Philippine, Arabian, Coral.

Water under natural conditions contains various substances dissolved in it. 1 liter of ocean water contains on average 35 g of salt (mostly table salt), which gives it a salty taste and makes it unsuitable for drinking and use in industry and agriculture.

Rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers and groundwater are land waters. Most of the land's waters are fresh, but among lakes and groundwater there are also salty ones.

You know what a huge role rivers, lakes, and swamps play in nature and people’s lives. But here’s what’s surprising: in the total amount of water on Earth, their share is very small - only 0.02%.

Much more water is contained in glaciers - about 2%. They should not be confused with the ice that forms when water freezes. arise where more falls than has time to melt. Gradually, the snow accumulates, compacts and turns into ice. Glaciers cover approximately 1/10 of the land. They are located primarily on the mainland of Antarctica and the island of Greenland, which are covered with huge ice shells. Blocks of ice that break off along their shores form floating mountains - icebergs.

Some of them reach enormous sizes. Considerable areas are occupied by glaciers in the mountains, especially in such high ones as the Himalayas, Pamirs, and Tien Shan.

Glaciers can be called storehouses fresh water. So far it is almost not used, but scientists have long been developing projects for transporting icebergs to dry areas to ensure drinking water local residents.

They also make up about 2% of all water on Earth. They are located in the upper part of the earth's crust.

These waters can be salty and fresh, cold, warm and hot. They are often saturated with substances beneficial to human health and are medicinal (mineral waters).

In many places, for example along the banks of rivers, in ravines, underground waters come to the surface, forming springs (they are also called springs and springs).

Groundwater reserves are replenished by precipitation, which seeps through some of the rocks that make up the earth's surface. Thus, groundwater participates in nature.

Water in the atmosphere

Contains water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals. Together they make up a fraction of a percent of the total amount of water on Earth. But without them the water cycle on our planet would be impossible.

1. What is the hydrosphere? List its components.
2. What oceans form the World Ocean of our planet?
3. What makes up the waters of land?
4. How are glaciers formed and where are they located?
5. What is the role of groundwater?
6. What is water in the atmosphere?
7. What is the difference between a river, lake and ?
8. What danger does an iceberg pose?
9. Are there salty bodies of water on our planet other than seas and oceans?

The water layer of the Earth is called the hydrosphere. It consists of the World Ocean, land waters and water in the atmosphere. All parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected by the process of the water cycle in nature. The World Ocean accounts for more than 96% of the planet's total water. It is divided into separate oceans. The parts of the oceans that extend into the land are called seas. Land waters include rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, and groundwater. The atmosphere contains water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals.

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Water forms the aquatic shell of our planet - hydrosphere(from the Greek words “gidor” - water, “sphere” - ball). It includes water in three states - liquid, solid (ice, snow) and gaseous (steam). Currently, water occupies 3/4 of the Earth's surface.

The hydrosphere includes three main components: World Ocean, water sushi And water in the atmosphere. All parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected by the process of the water cycle in nature, already known to you.

The World Ocean accounts for over 96% of all the water on our planet. Continents and islands divide it into separate oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic. In recent years, maps have highlighted the Southern Ocean, the body of water surrounding Antarctica. The largest in area is the Pacific Ocean, the smallest is the Arctic Ocean. The parts of the oceans that extend into the land are called seas. There are a lot of them. The largest seas on the planet are the Philippine, Arabian, and Coral.

Water under natural conditions contains various substances dissolved in it. 1 liter of ocean water contains on average 35 g of salt (mostly table salt), which gives it a salty taste and makes it unsuitable for drinking and use in industry and agriculture.

Land waters include rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers and groundwater. Most of the land's waters are fresh, but among lakes and groundwater there are also salty ones.

You know what a huge role rivers, lakes, and swamps play in nature and people’s lives. But here’s what’s surprising: in the total amount of water on Earth, their share is very small - only 0.02%.

Much more water is contained in glaciers- about 2%. They should not be confused with the ice that forms when water freezes. Glaciers are formed from snow. They occur where more snow falls than has time to melt. Gradually, the snow accumulates, compacts and turns into ice. Glaciers cover approximately 1/10 of the land. Where are they located? First of all, on the mainland of Antarctica and the island of Greenland, which are covered with huge ice shells. Blocks of ice breaking off along their shores form floating mountains - icebergs. Some of them reach enormous sizes. Considerable areas are occupied by glaciers in the mountains, especially in such high ones as the Himalayas, Pamirs, and Tien Shan. The unique beauty of the mountain peaks, all year round covered with ice and snow!

Glaciers are formed by fresh ice and can therefore be called freshwater reservoirs. So far, it has hardly been used, but scientists have long been developing projects for transporting icebergs to dry areas to provide drinking water to local residents.

The groundwater also make up about 2% of all water on Earth. They are located in the upper part of the earth's crust. These waters can be salty or fresh, cold, warm or hot. They are often saturated with substances beneficial to human health and are medicinal (mineral waters). In many places, for example along river banks, in ravines, groundwater comes to the surface, forming sources(they are also called springs and springs). Groundwater supplies are replenished by precipitation, which seeps through some of the rocks that make up the earth's surface. Thus, groundwater participates in the water cycle in nature.

Water in the atmosphere is water vapor, water droplets, and ice crystals. Together they make up a fraction of a percent of the total amount of water on Earth. But without them the water cycle on our planet would be impossible.

Test your knowledge

1. What is the hydrosphere? List its components.
2. What oceans form the World Ocean of our planet?
3. What is called the sea?
4. What makes up the waters of land?
5. How are glaciers formed and where are they located?
6. What are underground waters?
7. What is water in the atmosphere?

Think!

1. How is the ice in the Arctic Ocean different from the ice in Antarctica?
2. What is the difference between a river, a lake and a swamp?
3. What danger does an iceberg pose?
4. Are there salty bodies of water on our planet other than seas and oceans?
5. What is the importance of water contained in the atmosphere?
6. Find on the map the seas washing the shores of our country. Name them.

The hydrosphere is the water shell of our planet and includes all water that is not chemically bound, regardless of its state (liquid, gaseous, solid). The hydrosphere is one of the geospheres, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere. This discontinuous envelope includes all oceans, seas, continental fresh and salt water bodies, ice masses, atmospheric water and water in living things.

Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by the hydrosphere. Its volume is about 1400 million cubic meters, which is 1/800 of the volume of the entire planet. 98% of the waters of the hydrosphere are the World Ocean, 1.6% is contained in continental ice, the rest of the hydrosphere is made up of fresh rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Thus, the hydrosphere is divided into the World Ocean, groundwater and continental waters, each group, in turn, including subgroups of lower levels. Thus, in the atmosphere, water is found in the stratosphere and troposphere, on the earth's surface there are waters of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, glaciers, in the lithosphere - waters of the sedimentary cover and foundation.

Despite the fact that the bulk of water is concentrated in the oceans and seas, and surface waters account for only a small part of the hydrosphere (0.3%), they play main role in the existence of the Earth's biosphere. Surface water is the main source of water supply, watering and irrigation. In the water exchange zone, fresh groundwater is quickly renewed during the general water cycle, so with rational use it can be used for an unlimited period of time.

During the development of the young Earth, the hydrosphere was formed during the formation of the lithosphere, which during the geological history of our planet released a huge amount of water vapor and underground magmatic waters. The hydrosphere was formed during the long evolution of the Earth and its differentiation structural components. Life first began in the hydrosphere on Earth. Later, at the beginning of the Paleozoic era, living organisms reached land, and their gradual settlement on the continents began. Life without water is impossible. The tissues of all living organisms contain up to 70-80% water.

The waters of the hydrosphere constantly interact with the atmosphere, the earth's crust, the lithosphere and the biosphere. At the boundary between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, almost all sedimentary rocks that make up the sedimentary layer of the earth's crust are formed. The hydrosphere can be considered as part of the biosphere, since it is completely populated by living organisms, which, in turn, influence the composition of the hydrosphere. The interaction of waters in the hydrosphere, the transition of water from one state to another manifests itself as a complex water cycle in nature. All types of water cycles of various volumes represent a single hydrological cycle, during which the renewal of all types of water occurs. The hydrosphere is an open system, the waters of which are closely interconnected, which determines the unity of the hydrosphere as a natural system and the mutual influence of the hydrosphere and other geospheres.

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The hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth, which partially covers the solid surface of the earth.

According to scientists, the Hydrosphere formed slowly, accelerating only during periods of tectonic activity.

Sometimes the Hydrosphere is also called the World Ocean. To avoid confusion, we will use the term Hydrosphere. You can read about the World Ocean as part of the Hydrosphere in the article THE WORLD OCEAN AND ITS PARTS → .

To better understand the essence of the term Hydrosphere, below are several definitions.

Hydrosphere

Ecological dictionary

HYDROSPHERE (from hydro... and Greek sphaira - ball) is the intermittent water shell of the Earth. Interacts closely with the living shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere is the habitat of hydrobionts found throughout the entire water column - from the surface tension film of water (epineuston) to the maximum depths of the World Ocean (up to 11,000 m). The total volume of water on Earth in all its physical states - liquid, solid, gaseous - is 1,454,703.2 km3, of which 97% is the waters of the World Ocean. In terms of area, the hydrosphere occupies about 71% of the total area of ​​the planet. Total share water resources hydrosphere suitable for economic use without special measures - about 5–6 million km3, which is equal to 0.3–0.4% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere, i.e. volume of all free water on Earth. The hydrosphere is the cradle of life on our planet. Living organisms play an active role in the water cycle on Earth: the entire volume of the hydrosphere passes through living matter in 2 million years.

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Dedu 1989

Geological encyclopedia

HYDROSPHERE - the discontinuous water shell of the Earth, one of the geospheres, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere; a collection of oceans, seas, continental bodies of water and ice sheets. The hydrosphere covers about 70.8% of the earth's surface. The volume of the planet is 1370.3 million km3, which is approximately 1/800 of the volume of the planet. 98.3% of the mass of gas is concentrated in the World Ocean, 1.6% in continental ice. The hydrosphere interacts with the atmosphere and lithosphere in complex ways. Most sediments are formed at the boundary between geology and the lithosphere. g.p. (see Modern sedimentation). Geography is part of the biosphere and is entirely populated by living organisms that influence its composition. The origin of gas is associated with the long evolution of the planet and the differentiation of its substance.

Geological Dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengoltz et al. 1978

Marine dictionary

The hydrosphere is the totality of oceans, seas and land waters, as well as groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often the hydrosphere refers only to oceans and seas.

EdwART. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

HYDROSPHERE (from hydro and sphere) - the totality of all water bodies the globe: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often the hydrosphere refers only to oceans and seas.

Big encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

HYDROSPHERE, -s, female. (specialist.). The totality of all the waters of the globe: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover.
| adj. hydrosphere, -aya, -oe.

Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949-1992

The beginnings of modern natural science

Hydrosphere (from hydro and sphere) is one of the geospheres, the water shell of the Earth, the habitat of aquatic organisms, the totality of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. The bulk of the water in the hydrosphere is concentrated in the seas and oceans (94%), the second place in volume is occupied by groundwater (4%), the third is the ice and snow of the Arctic and Antarctic regions (2%). Surface waters of land, atmospheric and biologically bound waters make up fractions (tenths and thousandths) of percent of the total volume of water in the hydrosphere. The chemical composition of the hydrosphere approaches the average composition of sea water. Participating in the complex natural cycle of substances on Earth, water decomposes every 10 million years and is formed again during photosynthesis and respiration.

The beginnings of modern natural science. Thesaurus. - Rostov-on-Don. V.N. Savchenko, V.P. Smagin. 2006

Hydrosphere (from Hydro... and Sphere) is a discontinuous water shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere (See Atmosphere) and the solid crust (lithosphere) and is a collection of oceans, seas and surface waters of land. In a broader sense, hydrocarbons also include groundwater, ice and snow in the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as atmospheric water and water contained in living organisms. The bulk of Georgian water is concentrated in the seas and oceans; the second place in terms of volume of water masses is occupied by groundwater, and the third place by ice and snow in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Land surface waters, atmospheric and biologically bound waters account for fractions of a percent of total volume G. water (see table). The chemical composition of hydrocarbons approaches the average composition of sea water.

Surface waters, occupying a relatively small share of the total mass of the earth, nevertheless play a vital role in the life of our planet, being the main source of water supply, irrigation, and water supply. The waters of Greece are in constant interaction with the atmosphere, the earth's crust, and the biosphere. The interaction of these waters and mutual transitions from one type of water to another constitute a complex water cycle on the globe. In G., life first arose on Earth. Only at the beginning of the Paleozoic era did the gradual migration of animals and plant organisms to land begin.

Types of waters	Name	Volume, million km 3	To total volume, %
sea ​​waters	Marine	1370	94
Groundwater (excluding soil water)	Unpaved	61,4	4
Ice and snow	Ice	24,0	2
Fresh surface waters of land	Fresh	0,5	0,4
Atmospheric waters	Atmospheric	0,015	0,01
Waters contained in living organisms	Biological	0,00005	0,0003

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978

For better mutual understanding, let us briefly formulate what we will understand by the Hydrosphere within the framework of this material and within the framework of this site. By hydrosphere we mean the shell Globe, which unites all the waters of the globe, regardless of their condition and location.

In the hydrosphere there is a continuous circulation of water between its various parts and the transition of water from one state to another - the so-called Water Cycle in nature.

Parts of the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere interacts with all geospheres of the Earth. Conventionally, the hydrosphere can be divided into three parts:

1. Water in the atmosphere;
2. Water on the surface of the Earth;
3. The groundwater.

The atmosphere contains 12.4 trillion tons of water in the form of water vapor. Water vapor is renewed 32 times a year or every 11 days. As a result of condensation or sublimation of water vapor on suspended particles present in the atmosphere, clouds or fogs are formed, and a fairly large amount of heat is released.

You can familiarize yourself with the waters on the surface of the Earth - the World Ocean - in the article "".

Groundwater includes: underground water, soil moisture, pressurized deep water, gravitational waters the upper layers of the earth's crust, water in bound states in various rocks, water found in minerals and juvenile water...

Distribution of water in the hydrosphere

• Oceans – 97.47%;
• Ice caps and glaciers – 1,984;
• Groundwater – 0.592%;
• Lakes – 0.007%;
• Wet soils – 0.005%;
• Atmospheric Water Vapor – 0.001%;
• Rivers – 0.0001%;
• Biota – 0.0001%.

Scientists have calculated that the mass of the hydrosphere is 1,460,000 trillion tons of water, which, however, is only 0.004% of the total mass of the Earth.

Hydrosphere - actively participates in the geological processes of the Earth. It largely ensures the interconnection and interaction between different geospheres of the Earth.

The hydrosphere is the water shell of our planet and includes all water that is not chemically bound, regardless of its state (liquid, gaseous, solid). The hydrosphere is one of the geospheres, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere. This discontinuous envelope includes all oceans, seas, continental fresh and salt water bodies, ice masses, atmospheric water and water in living things.

Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by the hydrosphere. Its volume is about 1400 million cubic meters, which is 1/800 of the volume of the entire planet. 98% of the waters of the hydrosphere are the World Ocean, 1.6% are contained in continental ice, the rest of the hydrosphere is made up of fresh rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Thus, the hydrosphere is divided into the World Ocean, groundwater and continental waters, each group, in turn, including subgroups of lower levels. Thus, in the atmosphere, water is found in the stratosphere and troposphere, on the earth's surface there are waters of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, glaciers, in the lithosphere - waters of the sedimentary cover and foundation.

Despite the fact that the bulk of water is concentrated in the oceans and seas, and surface waters account for only a small part of the hydrosphere (0.3%), they play a major role in the existence of the Earth's biosphere. Surface water is the main source of water supply, watering and irrigation. In the water exchange zone, fresh groundwater is quickly renewed during the general water cycle, so with rational use it can be used for an unlimited period of time.

During the development of the young Earth, the hydrosphere was formed during the formation of the lithosphere, which during the geological history of our planet released a huge amount of water vapor and underground magmatic waters. The hydrosphere was formed during the long evolution of the Earth and the differentiation of its structural components. Life first began in the hydrosphere on Earth. Later, at the beginning of the Paleozoic era, living organisms reached land, and their gradual settlement on the continents began. Life without water is impossible. The tissues of all living organisms contain up to 70-80% water.

The waters of the hydrosphere constantly interact with the atmosphere, the earth's crust, the lithosphere and the biosphere. At the boundary between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, almost all sedimentary rocks that make up the sedimentary layer of the earth's crust are formed. The hydrosphere can be considered as part of the biosphere, since it is completely populated by living organisms, which, in turn, influence the composition of the hydrosphere. The interaction of waters in the hydrosphere, the transition of water from one state to another manifests itself as a complex water cycle in nature. All types of water cycles of various volumes represent a single hydrological cycle, during which the renewal of all types of water occurs. The hydrosphere is an open system, the waters of which are closely interconnected, which determines the unity of the hydrosphere as a natural system and the mutual influence of the hydrosphere and other geospheres.

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