The use of Italian words in music. Musical terms

The world of music is multifaceted; several main directions form the basis of the entire musical culture. Classical, symphony, blues, jazz, pop music, rock and roll, folk, country - there are different genres and styles to suit every taste and every mood.

Origin

Music as an art arose at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the first bowed and plucked instruments. Much earlier, primitive pipes, horns and pipes were invented, which were made from reeds, animal horns and other improvised means. In the seventeenth century, musical culture was already developing at a rapid pace: more and more instruments appeared, musicians began to unite in groups, duets, trios, quartets, and later in orchestras.

Musical notation

Notation appeared before musical instruments, since singing and the art of vocals required some kind of consistency, the ability to write down invented melodies on paper and only then perform them. This is how the musical staff and the well-known seven notes appeared. By adding notes in a certain order, it was possible to obtain a melody that was compositionally simple, since there were no halftones. Then sharp and flat appeared, which immediately expanded the composer's capabilities. All this concerns the performing skills of musicians who adhere to theoretical foundations in music. But there are many masters who play only by ear, they are not familiar with music theory, they do not need it. Such musicians include country music. A few memorized chords on the guitar or piano, and natural talent completes the rest. Nevertheless, these musicians are familiar with the terms directly related to their art, but only superficially.

The emergence of musical terms

In order not to get confused in the styles and directions of music, various instruments and devices, musical terms were invented. Gradually, everything related to music received its name. And since music originated in Italy, almost all musical terms were adopted in Italian and in its transcription. Some song titles are written in French or Latin, depending on their origin. Italian musical terms reflect only the general picture and can be replaced in individual cases by other names that are similar in meaning.

Italian origin

Music is a vast layer of world culture that requires serious systematic approach. Musical terms were approved at the level of linguistics committees of leading European countries, including Italy, and thus received official status. Administrative support musical institutions throughout the world is based on the use of terms in accordance with their application - reference books and guides have been created for this purpose.

Known terms

The most famous musical term is “treble clef”, everyone knows it. The importance of the most popular names is difficult to overestimate; there is a kind of axiom in their spelling, the same thing happens when we hear a well-known phrase. For example, the most musical term is, of course, “jazz”. Many people associate it with black rhythms and exotic variations.

Names and classification

It is impossible to unambiguously define the most famous musical term. This category includes the name "symphony", a synonym for classical music. When we hear this word, an orchestra on stage appears before our eyes, violins and cellos, music stands with notes and a conductor in a tailcoat. Musical concepts and terms help to understand what is happening in concert hall and gain a deeper understanding of the essence of the work. The sophisticated audience attending concerts at the Philharmonic will never confuse adagio with andante, since each term has its own definition.

Fundamental terms in music

Let us present to your attention the most famous musical terms. The list includes titles such as:

• Arpeggio - alternation of notes when sounds are built one after another.
• An aria is a vocal work, part of an opera, performed accompanied by an orchestra.
• Variations are an instrumental work or its excerpts, performed with various complications.
• Gamma - alternating notes in a certain order, but without mixing, up or down to an octave repetition.
• Range is the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of an instrument or voice.
• Scale - sounds arranged in a row in height, similar to a scale. The scale may be present in or in their passages.
• Cantata is a work for concert performance by an orchestra, soloists or choir.
• Clavier - arrangement of a symphony or opera for interpretation on the piano or for singing with piano accompaniment.
• Opera is the most important musical genre, connecting drama and music, music and ballet.
• Prelude - an introduction before the main piece of music. Can be used as an independent form for a small piece.
• Romance is a work for vocal performance with accompaniment. It is distinguished by a romantic mood and melody.
• Rondo is a repetition of the main theme of the work with the inclusion of other accompanying episodes between the refrains.
• A symphony is a work performed by an orchestra in four parts. Based on the principles of sonata form.
• A sonata is an instrumental work of complex form consisting of several movements, one of which dominates.
• A suite is a musical work consisting of several parts, different in content and contrasting with each other.
• Overture is an introduction to a work that briefly reveals the main content. Orchestral overtures, as a rule, are an independent musical work.
• Piano is the unifying name for instruments that operate on the principle of hitting a hammer on a string using keys.
• The chromatic scale is a scale of semitones, formed by filling major seconds with intermediate semitones.
• Texture is a way of presenting music. Main types: piano, vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental.
• Tonality is the characteristic of a fret in height. Tonality is distinguished by key components that determine the composition of sounds.
• Third is a three-step interval. The major third is two tones, the minor third is one and a half tones.
• Solfeggio - classes based on the principle of tutoring with the aim of developing an ear for music and its further development.
• Scherzo is a musical sketch of the lungs, of a humorous nature. May be included in a major musical work as its integral part. It can also be an independent piece of music.

Musical term "allegro"

Some techniques are widely used. An example is the musical term - “fast”, “fun”, “expressive”. It immediately becomes clear that the work contains major expression. In addition, the musical term “allegro” denotes the unusual, and sometimes festive, nature of what is happening. The style that is characterized by this concept seems to be the most life-affirming. Only in rare cases does the musical term “allegro” denote a calm and measured development of a plot, performance or opera. But even in this case, the overall tone of the work is cheerful and expressive.

Terms defining style and genres of music

Titles are divided into several categories. Tempo, rhythm, or speed of performance define certain musical terms. List of symbols:

• Adagio - calm, slow.
• Adgitato - excited, excited, impulsive.
• - measuredly, slowly, thoughtfully.
• Appassionato - lively, with passion.
• Accelerando - increasing the pace, accelerating.
• Calando - with fading, reducing speed and reducing pressure.
• Cantabile - melodious, sing-song, with feeling.
• Con dolcherezza - softly, with tenderness.
• Con forza - with force, assertively.
• Decrescendo - gradually decreasing the sound strength.
• Dolce - tender, sweet, soft.
• Doloroso - with sadness, pitifully, with despair.
• Forte - loudly, with force.
• Fortissimo - very strong and loud, thunderous.
• Largo - wide, free, leisurely.
• Legato - smoothly, calmly, serenely.
• Lento - slowly, slowing down even more.
• Legiero - easily, smoothly, thoughtlessly.
• Maestoso - majestic, solemn.
• Misterioso - quiet, mysterious.
• Moderato - moderately, with arrangement, slowly.
• Piano - quietly, quietly.
• Pianissimo - very quiet, muffled.
• Presto - quickly, intensely.
• Sempre - constantly, without changing.
• Spirituozo - spiritually, with feeling.
• Staccato - abruptly.
• Vivace - lively, quickly, non-stop.
• Vivo - tempo intermediate between presto and allegro.

Technical Terminology

• The treble clef is a special symbol placed at the beginning of the musical line, indicating that the note of the first octave “G” is located on the second line of the staff.
• Bass clef - an icon confirming the location of the note “F” of the small octave on the fourth line of the staff.
• Bekar is an icon indicating the cancellation of the “flat” and “sharp” signs. It is a sign of alteration.
• Sharp is an icon indicating an increase in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Flat is an icon indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Double-sharp is an icon indicating an increase in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Double-flat is an icon indicating a decrease in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• A beat is an incomplete beat that gives rise to a piece of music.
• Signs that abbreviate musical notation serve to simplify musical notation if it is extensive. The most common: tremolo, reprise sign, melismatic signs.
• Quintole - a five-note form that replaces the usual group of four notes, symbolized by the number 5, below or above the notes.
• A key is an icon indicating the place where a sound is recorded on a musical scale in relation to other sounds.
• Key signs are alteration icons placed next to the key.
• A note is an icon placed on one of the lines of the staff or between them, indicating the pitch and duration of the sound.
• Staff - five parallel lines for placing notes. The arrangement of note symbols is carried out from bottom to top.
• Score - musical notation, separate for each participant in the performance of the work, taking into account the compatibility of voices and instruments.
• Reprise is an icon indicating the repetition of any part of a work. Repeating the fragment with some changes.
• Degree - designation of the order of the sounds of the scale, indicated by Roman numerals.

Musical terms for all times

Musical terminology is the basis of modern performing arts. Without terms it is impossible to write down notes, and without notes a professional musician or singer will not be able to play or sing. The terms are academic - they do not change over time and do not become a thing of the past. Invented more than three hundred years ago, they are still relevant.

The classic definition is that tempo in music is the speed of movement. But what does this mean? The fact is that music has its own unit of measurement of time. These are not seconds, as in physics, and not hours and minutes, which we are accustomed to in life.

Musical time most closely resembles the beating of the human heart, the measured beats of the pulse. These blows measure time. And the pace, that is, the overall speed of movement, depends on whether they are fast or slow.

When we listen to music, we do not hear this pulsation, unless, of course, it is specifically shown by percussion instruments. But every musician secretly, inside himself, necessarily feels these pulse beats, it is they that help to play or sing rhythmically, without deviating from the main tempo.

Here's an example. Everyone knows the melody of the New Year's song “A Christmas tree was born in the forest.” In this melody, the movement is mainly in eighth notes (sometimes there are others). The pulse beats at the same time, you just can’t hear it, but we will specially sound it using a percussion instrument. Listen to this example and you will begin to feel the pulse of this song:

What are the tempos in music?

All tempos that exist in music can be divided into three main groups: slow, moderate (that is, average) and fast. In musical notation, tempo is usually denoted by special terms, most of which are words of Italian origin.

So slow tempos include Largo and Lento, as well as Adagio and Grave.

Moderate tempos include Andante and its derivative Andantino, as well as Moderato, Sostenuto and Allegretto.

Finally, let's list the fast tempos: the cheerful Allegro, the lively Vivo and Vivace, as well as the fast Presto and the fastest Prestissimo.

How to set the exact tempo?

Is it possible to measure musical tempo in seconds? It turns out that it is possible. For this purpose, a special device is used - a metronome. The inventor of the mechanical metronome is the German mechanical physicist and musician Johann Maelzel. Nowadays, musicians in their daily rehearsals use both mechanical metronomes and electronic analogues - in the form of a separate device or application on the phone.

What is the principle of operation of a metronome? This device, after special settings (move the weight along the scale), beats the pulse at a certain speed (for example, 80 beats per minute or 120 beats per minute, etc.).

The click of a metronome resembles the loud ticking of a clock. One or another beat frequency of these beats corresponds to one of the musical tempos. For example, for a fast Allegro tempo the frequency will be approximately 120-132 beats per minute, and for slow tempo Adagio - about 60 beats per minute.

These are the main points regarding musical tempo that we wanted to convey to you. If you still have questions, please write them in the comments. Until next time.

You have found yourself in the section musical terms, where we will discuss all their concepts, meanings, definitions, show you translations from various languages ​​into Russian, give a list of basic musical definitions, and so on. Below are also articles that explain certain terms in more detail. You will find them at the very end of this page.

Musical terms and their meaning

Before we talk about musical terms and their meaning, first I want to give you one example. Let's imagine such a situation. You and your friend were treated to pies. He ate it, but you didn’t have time.

You ask him: “How’s it going?” He says: “Delicious!” However, what can you understand from this one word? You don't even know whether the pie was sweet or salty. With apples or cabbage. That is, nothing is clear.

It is only clear that it is delicious. After all, every pastry chef puts together his own bun or pie from various little things.

It's the same in music. The melody itself is very beautiful. However, her beauty consists of small parts. That's what we'll talk about.

Techniques for changing the sound that contribute to the greatest expressiveness in the melody are called nuances in music.

For example, let's take such a nuance as volume. Volume can change a lot in a melody. You can just play straight. Or you can first start with a quiet sound and gradually increase the volume. In general, the second option will turn out to be more expressive than the first.

The quietest sound in music is called pianissimo(pianissimo) from the Italian word piano (quiet). A little louder will be easy piano(piano) - just quiet. It will be even louder forte(forte) - loud. If it's very loud it will fortissimo(fortissimo) - very loud.

The transition from one sound to another is also important. For example, you can play very abruptly. This technique in Italian will be called staccato(staccato) - sharply or abruptly.

Or you can play smoothly. This technique is called legato(legato) - smoothly. That is, the sound smoothly passes from one to another, as if complementing each other.

The staff is drawn below. There are 10 notes written on it.

All levels in the scale have their own Latin names:

1. l is prima
2. ll - second
3. lll - third
4. lV - quart
5. V - fifth
6. Vl - sixth
7. Vll - septima
8. Vlll - octave
9. lX - nona
10. X - decima

Intervals in music

Let's talk about intervals in music. The interval itself denotes distance. Well, a musical interval indicates the distance between musical sounds in height.

Each scale has such already planned intervals. Above these 10 intervals are given in Latin. I recommend you remember them.

What are the intervals from the note to (tonic) to all other degrees of the scale?

There is a rather symbolic interval. There is practically no difference between the notes in this interval. Before - before is the interval between the first and the first step. But it still exists. There are even songs that start with two identical notes.

So, this do-do interval has a name prima. There is already some difference in height between the C and D of the second step. This interval will be called seconds th.

Between the first and third degrees of the scale (between C and E) there is an interval called third. Next comes the quart and so on in increasing order as in the list above.

Probably many will ask from what language all the musical terms were borrowed. It is worth saying that the main base of terminology is in Italian. In principle, this is not surprising. After all, music itself originated in Italy. That's why many dictionaries and textbooks give you terms in Italian.

In general, as you understand, special musical terms were invented to more accurately define music. There are even special dictionaries of musical terms. With the development of music, new terms come.

It is worth saying that all these terms were not written out of the blue. All of them were approved at the level of committees of European countries. After which, various reference books and dictionaries began to be published according to this standard.

Be sure to learn all this terminology! After all, normal things are impossible without her.

The most famous musical term

Probably the most famous musical term, which was heard even by those who are not close to music, is the treble clef. I think many have heard of him.

This key helps musicians understand notated notes. This is the main element on the staff.

Many musicians often call it the G key, since it is located on the same line of the G note. People agreed to write the treble clef on one ruler so that the musician could then easily navigate the notes.

Here we will look at musical notation for notes. You will learn how notes are called and written. And also where which note should be on the staff.

Here is the list:

• to (C) - written on an additional ruler
• re (D) - under the first line
• mi (E) - on the first line
• fa (F) - between the first and second line
• salt (G) - on the second line
• A (A) - between the second and third line
• si (H or B) - on the third line
• up to the second octave repeats the entire scale again

Italian musical terms

Below you will have access to a list of the main Italian musical terms for the piano.

• Adagio - adagio - slowly, calmly
• Ad libitum - ad libitum - at discretion, at will, freely
• Agitato - adjitato - excitedly, excitedly
• Alla marcia - alla marchia - marching
• Allegro - allegro - fun, fast
• Allegretto - allegretto, indicating a tempo slower than allegro
• Animato - animato - enthusiastically, animatedly
• Andante - andante - walking, flowing; average speed pace, corresponding to a calm step
• Andantino - andantino - tempo more lively than andante
• Appassionato - appassionatto - passionately
• Assai - assai - enough, enough
• A capriccio - and capriccio is the same as hell libitum
• A tempo - and tempo - at tempo (that is, at the main tempo indicated earlier)
• Accelerando - accelerando - accelerating
• Calando - kalyando - reducing strength and speed
• Cantabile - cantabile - melodious
• Cantando - cantando - melodious
• Cappricciozo - capricciozo - capriciously
• Con affetto - con affetto - with feeling, with passion
• Con anima - con anima - with enthusiasm, with animation
• Con brio - con brio - with fervor
• Con dolcezza - con dolcezza - gently, softly
• Con dolcherezza - con dolcherezza - gently, softly
• Con espressione - con espressione - with expression
• Con forza - con forza - with strength
• Con moto - con moto - movably
• Con passion - con passion - with passion
• Con spirit - con spirit - the same as Con anima (con anima)
• Crescendo - crescendo - increasing the strength of sound
• Da capo al fine - da capo al fine - from the beginning to the word “end”
• Decrescendo - decrescendo - reducing the sound strength
• Diminuendo - diminuendo - reducing the strength of sound
• Dolce - dolce - soft, gentle
• Doloroso - doloroso - sad, pitiful
• Energico - energetically - energetically
• Espressivo – espressivo – expressively
• Forte (often f in musical notation) – forte – loud, strong (more details)
• Fortissimo - fortissimo - very loud, very strong
• Grazioso - graciously - gracefully
• Grave - grave - important, ponderous
• Largo – largo – widely; very slow pace
• Legato - legato - smoothly, coherently (more details)
• Lento – lento – slow
• Leggiero - leggiero - easy
• Lugubre - lyugubre - gloomy
• Maestoso - maestoso - solemnly, majestically
• Marcato - marcato - emphasizing
• Marciale - marciale - marching
• Mezza voze - mezza voce - in a low voice
• Mezzo piano (often mp in musical notation) – mezzo drunk – not very quiet (more details)
• Mezzo forte (often mf in musical notation) - mezzo forte - not very loud (more details)
• Misteriozo - mysteriozo - mysterious
• Moderato - moderato - moderately
• Molto – molto – very, very much
• Non – non – not
• Non troppo - non tropo - not too much
• Piano (often p in musical notation) – quietly (more details)
• Pianissimo - pianissimo - very quiet (more details)
• Poco a poco - poco a poco - little by little, gradually
• Presto - presto - quickly
• Ritenuto - ritenuto - slowing down the movement
• Rizoluto - rizoluto - decisively
• Rubato – rubato – at a free tempo (more details)
• Semplice - sample - simple
• Sempre – sempre – always, constantly
• Simile - simile - similar to (previous)
• Shcerzando - scherzando - playfully
• Scherzoso - scherzoso - playfully
• Smorzando - smorzando - freezing
• Sostenuto - sostenuto - restrained, slowly
• Sotto voce - sotto voce - in a low voice
• Spirituozo - spiritual - spiritually
• Staccato - staccato - abrupt execution of sounds; the opposite of legato (more details)
• Tranquillo - tranquillo - calmly
• Tranquillamente - tranquillamente - calmly
• Vivace - vivache - soon, quickly
• Vivo - vivo - tempo, faster than allegro (allegro), but slower than presto (presto)

Now you know what musical terms are and what they are needed for. We have considered only a small base or list of definitions. Of course, we won’t reveal everything here. But nevertheless, I recommend that you pay attention to the articles that follow. They expand on certain terms in more detail. Therefore, I recommend paying attention to them too.

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You will learn everything about such a musical direction as cover versions of songs. Let's look at the features, listen to examples of the most best compositions, we will touch on many other important issues.

The music may be generic, but the musical notes are only in Italian. If you sing or play a musical instrument (or want to learn), learn the following Italian words first.

In one famous New York cartoon, a wife makes a caustic remark to her husband: “I think Italian is spoken in heaven, and German is spoken in hell.” Inclusiveness aside, whatever your thoughts on the phonetic merits or demerits of German, the Italian language certainly deserves its reputation. The tongue produces a mixture of mellifluous consonants and pleasant open vowels that will charm the ears of anyone. It is not surprising that the Italians Long story musical contribution.

Although the modern state of Italy did not emerge until 1861, many regions contributed to the development of its musical culture - mainly Tuscany. It was there, in Florence, that the traditions of placing music on notes gradually developed, and words such as “ crescendo" or " diminuendo" were written down in the Tuscan dialect due to the designation of expression and guiding interpretation.

It was the same Tuscan dialect, or rather an evolution of its Florentine variant, which eventually became Italian, the national language of a united Italy, and which is taught in foreign language courses around the world today. If you ever want to learn to play a musical instrument, sing or play the music of Scarlatti, Verdi and Puccini, you should also become familiar with some of these words. And if your place is in the audience rather than on stage, you can still practice by learning the meaning of these words, many of which are used in everyday speech.

ROLES AND PERFORMERS

Prima-Donna

If one of your friends acts as if the sun is behind them, the world owes them their lives, and buildings must bow to them, they are probably acting like a prima donna. We use this expression pejoratively to describe an arrogant, narcissistic person, and its literal meaning is “first lady” - not the wife of the president, but the leading female role in the opera. She always comes first and is the main attraction of everything, but don't envy her: in many opera performances, from Madama Butterfly to Salome, the leading lady ends up dying horribly!

Another word for an insufferable self-centered individualist is “ diva” . Literally, “female deity,” an interpretation you may have already guessed from its similarity to the English word “devine.” It also refers to the lead singer and has more positive connotations in opera, a form of praise for the goddess-like interpretive powers of the performer. (And if you want to call a male friend, use “ divo").

Or “master” in English. The term is usually applied to a conductor, but also to a music director or music teacher, composer, and other distinguished musicians and singers. If you have special skills and abilities that allow you to impart knowledge to others, you will likely be called “ maestro” .

EXPRESSIONS

No, this is not a musical instrument. In the score, if you find a passage indicating « piano» , you must play or sing calmly. “ Piano” means “soft and slow” (“soft and low”). If someone is talking too loudly or music is blaring from the speakers, you can always say “ Piano, perfavor” - which means “Not so loud, please!”

The opposite of " piano» , which in a musical score means “loud”, but in ordinary everyday Italian it means “strong” or “potent”. And if you join “ piano" To " forte“it will work out” pianoforte” - the original name of the musical instrument that we call the piano - now you understand where it got its name from.

Crescendo

“Crescendo" comes from " piano" To " forte” and both in music and in everyday speech means “development”. If you happen to meet your nephew six months later, you can always say “ Comestaicrescendo!”. - “You are growing fast!”

THEATER JARGON

Intermezzo

And here, you can instantly recognize its English equivalent “intermission”. In the field of music “ intermezzo” is a short instrument connection. In common parlance, simply an intermission during a show. From now on you will probably call coffee breaks “ intermezzo" Who knows, maybe it will gain popularity!

Opera/operetta

Every great artist leaves behind a legacy of enormous significance, i.e. “ grandiopera” - great works to admire. In this sense " opera" - "work". A " operetta” - « small show”, and indicates a comic opera, insignificant as regards music and subject matter. (And here, " operaio" is the Italian word for “worker” - usually in a factory. In this form it is easier to guess the meaning, since it is very close to the English word “operator”.

You know this word - it's what you shout at the end of a great performance or show. You might immediately remember the word “brave”, but “ bravo” will be more difficult. It has a number of meanings: “good”, “of value”, “daring”, “worthy of respect”, “courageous” ( "courageous") In musical terms, we can certainly translate it as “skillful,” a way of saying that the performer is truly gifted. In essence, you can use this word to describe the personality or actions of someone, but be careful not to confuse “ bravo” And " brava” , especially when you clap at the end of the show. The first exclamation is for the male performer and the second for the female performer.

PACE AND MIND

In the musical score, “ allegro” indicates a lively and fast pace, and in other cases its meaning is “joyful”. Perhaps you have heard the name “Allegra” when addressing a girl on the playground before?

Not " pesto", A " presto”! This word describes a very fast tempo when used as a sign of a musical interpreter, and also if you snap your fingers after preparing a wonderful meal and run to the dining room to announce that everything is ready, you can always shout “ Presto"– “Ready” (“Ready!”) - to your guests!

If you see the inscription on the score “ andante”, should be played moderately and calmly. Its next meaning is “walking”, so there is no need to rush.

There are many other Italian musical terms from which the above are derived, but we hope this introduction will whet your appetite for beautiful music and the superb language that makes musical expression possible.

Keywords: crescendo, diminuendo, music by Scarlatti, Verdi, Puccini, Prima-Donna, prima donna, Diva, Intermezzo, Opera, operetta

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BRIEF DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment(French accompagnement - accompaniment) - musical background to the main melodies, which is of secondary importance in the work.

Chord(Italian accordo, French accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see. consonance And dissonance).

Act(Latin actus - action) - a relatively completed part of a theatrical performance ( operas, ballet etc.), separated from another similar part by a break - intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into paintings.

Ensemble(French ensemble - together) - 1. Name of relatively independent musical episodes V opera, representing the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, vocal parts which are not identical; according to the number of participants A. are divided into duets, trio or terzets, quartets, quintets, sextets etc. 2. Play, intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.

Intermission(French entr'acte - letters, interaction) - 1. Break between acts theatrical performance or departments concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except the first (see. overture)

Arietta(Italian arietta) - small aria.

Arioso(Italian arioso - like an aria) - a variety arias, characterized by a freer construction, more closely related to the preceding and subsequent musical episodes.

Aria(Italian aria - song) - developed vocal episode in opera, oratorios or cantata sung by one singer accompanied by orchestra, having a wide-chanting melody and completeness of the musical forms. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting(see) sections. Varieties of A. - Arietta, arioso, Cavatina, cabaletta, canzone, monologue etc.

Ballet(French ballet from Italian ballo - dance, dance) - large musical choreographic(cm.) genre, in which the main artistic medium is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of operas.

Ballad(French ballade, Italian ballare - dance) - originally the name of the Provençal (France) dance songs; then - literary and poetic genre, associated with folk legends or telling about events of the past. From the beginning of the 19th century. - designation vocal and instrumental plays narrative warehouse.

Baritone(Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - male voice average between bass And tenor register; another name is high bass.

Barcarolle(from Italian barca - boat, barcaruola - boatman's song) - gender songs, common in Venice, also the name vocal and instrumental plays contemplative melodious character with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is gondolier (from the Italian gondola - Venetian boat).

Bass(Italian basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. General name for low orchestral register instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).

Bolero(Spanish bolero) - a Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, of moderately fast movement, accompanied by the blows of castanets; size 3/4.

Bylina- a work of Russian folk epic, a story about bygone times, about the exploits of folk heroes and heroes. B. has the character of a leisurely smooth recitative, similar to sing-song speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.

Waltz(French valse, German Walzer) is a dance descended from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, pace various - from very slow to the fastest. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive capabilities, V. became widespread from the middle of the 19th century not only as a dance and concert(cm.) genre, but also as an important part of music operas, ballet, symphonies and even chamber — solo And ensemble(see) works.

Variations(Latin variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change in what was stated at the beginning Topics, during which the initial image develops and enriches without losing its essential features.

Virtuoso(Italian virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) - a performing musician who has perfect command of his instrument or voice, easily and brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music that is replete with technical difficulties and requires brilliant, effective performance.

Vocal music(from Italian vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral(see) with accompaniment or without it.

Introduction- the initial section that directly introduces some vocal or instrumental piece, painting or Act musical and theatrical performance.

Gavotte(French gavotte) - an ancient French dance of folk origin; subsequently, from the 17th century, it entered into court use, and in the 18th century it took a place in dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast, in 4/4 time signature with a characteristic two-quarter beat.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chordal(see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. Science chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. General designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style(“Mussorgsky’s harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a solemn chant of praise.

Grotesque(French grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) - an artistic technique associated with deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.

Gusli(from Old Russian gusel - string) is an old Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. usually accompanied the performance of epics. The performer in G. is the guslar.

Declamation- artistic reading of poetry or prose in an emotionally uplifting manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - of expressive human speech.

Woodwind instruments- the general name of a group of instruments that includes the flute (with varieties piccolo flute and alto flute), oboe (with the variety alto oboe, or English horn), clarinet (with varieties piccolo clarinet and bass clarinet), bassoon (with a type of contrabassoon). D.d.i. also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles And How soloing(see) tools. In the orchestral score group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the order indicated above.

Decimet(from Latin decimus - tenth) - operatic or chamber ensemble ten participants.

Dialogue(Greek dialogos - conversation between two) - scene-conversation between two characters operas; roll call of alternating short musical phrases, as if answering each other.

Divertissement(French divertissement - amusement, entertainment) - a piece of music built like suites, consisting of several different types, mainly dance, numbers. D. also called separate instrumental play of an entertaining nature.

Dynamics(from the Greek dynamikos - power) - 1. Strength, volume of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“dynamics of development”).

Dramaturgy- literature that involves stage implementation; the science of the laws of constructing a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works not related to the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for the construction and development of music operas, ballet, symphonies etc. for the purpose of the most logical, consistent and effective implementation of the chosen plot, ideological plan.

Duma, Duma- narrative Ukrainian folk song free recitative-improvisational warehouse with instrumental support. Usually the song is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it takes on the features of a sincere, sad song of purely lyrical content.

Brass band— orchestra, consisting of copper And woodwinds And drums tools. Before. It has a powerful, bright sonority.

Wind instruments- instruments, various in shape, size and material, representing a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of the air column enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound production, D. and. are divided into copper And wooden. To the number of D. and. also belongs organ.

Duet(from Lat. duo - two) - operatic or chamber ensemble two participants.

Duettino(Italian duettino) - small duet.

Genre(French genre - type, manner) - 1. Type of musical work, determined by various signs: by the nature of the theme (for example, epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, historical, mythological), the composition of the performers (for example, operatic, ballet, symphonic, vocal(see), instrumental), circumstances of performance (for example, J. concert, chamber(see), household), features of the form (for example, Zh. romance, songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures) etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with characteristic features folk everyday music genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.

Solo- Start choral song, performed by one singer - lead singer.

Singspiel(German Singspiel from singen - sing and Spiel - play) - gender comic opera, which combined conversational dialogues with singing and dancing; Z. received its greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th century and the beginning. XIX centuries.

Improvisation(from Latin improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of execution, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain type of musical work or its individual episodes, characterized by a whimsical freedom of presentation.

Instrumentation- the same as orchestration.

Interlude(lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. Small musical play, placed between the more important parts of a larger work. 2. Plug-in episode or scene in large theatrical work, suspending the development of an action and not directly related to it. 3. Binder episode between two events Topics V fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(Italian intermezzo - pause, intermission) - play, connecting more important sections; also the name of individual, mainly instrumental, plays of varying character and content.

Introduction(Latin introductio - introduction) - 1. Small size opera house overture, directly putting into action. 2. Any initial section plays, having his own pace and the nature of the music.

Cabaletta(from Italian cabalare - to fantasize) - a small opera house aria, often of a heroically elevated character.

Cavatina(Italian cavatina) - a type of opera arias, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melodiousness, lack of tempo(see) contrasts.

Chamber music(from Italian camera - room) - music for soloists(see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles, intended for performance in small concert halls.

Canon(Greek kanon - rule, sample) - a type of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices from the same melody.

Kant(from Latin cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-voice choir without accompaniment; in the era of Peter I, greetings from K. vigorously spread march-shaped(cm. march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Cantata(from Italian cantare - to sing) - a large work for singers - soloists, choir And orchestra, consisting of a series of numbers - Aryan, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.

Cantilena(Latin cantilena - chanting) - wide melodious melody.

Canzona(Italian canzone - song) - the old name of the Italian lyric song songs with instrumental accompaniment; subsequently - the name of the instrumental plays melodious lyrical character.

Canzonetta(Italian canzonetta - song) - small canzone, melodious vocal or instrumental play small size.

Painting— 1. In a musical and theatrical work, part act, not separable intermission, but a short pause during which the curtain is briefly lowered. 2. Designation of instrumental symphonic works, which are characterized by special concreteness and clarity of musical images; sometimes such works belong to genre of program music.

Quartet(from Latin quartus - fourth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble four participants.

Quintet(from Latin quintus - fifth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble five participants.

Klavier(abbr. German Klavierauszug - piano extraction) - processing, arrangement for piano work written for orchestra or ensemble, and operas, cantatas or oratorios(with saving vocal parties).

Koda(Italian coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, rapid nature, affirming its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(Italian coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, variation vocal melodies in a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuoso decorations.

Color(from Latin color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of a particular episode, achieved by using various registers, timbres, harmonic(see) and other means of expression.

Kolyadka- the general name of Slavic folk rituals songs of pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (New Year's Eve).

Composer(Latin compositor - writer, compiler, creator) - author of a musical work.

Composition(Latin compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work is the same as the musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.

Contralto(Italian contralto) - the lowest female voice, the same as in choir alto.

Counterpoint(from Latin punctum contrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of combination of simultaneously sounding melodies, same as polyphony.

Contrast(French contraste - opposite) - bright means of expression music, which consists in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar, sharply different in the nature of musical episodes. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbral(see) and other oppositions.

Concert(from Latin concertare - compete, Italian concerto - agreement) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for solo(see) instrument with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, with developed elements virtuosity, in some cases approaching in richness and significance of ideological and artistic content to symphonies.

Climax(from Latin culmen - top, top) - the moment of highest tension in a musical development.

Verse(French couplet - stanza) - repeated part songs.

Banknote(French coupure - cutting, abbreviation) - reduction of a musical work by removing, omitting any episode, V opera — scenes, paintings or act.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Leitmotif(German Leitmotiv - leading motive) - musical thought, melody, associated in opera with a certain character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept, arising in music when it appears or is mentioned during a stage action.

Landler(German Ländler) - German and Austrian folk dance, predecessor waltz, lively, but not fast movement; size 3/4.

Libretto(Italian libretto - notebook, little book) - complete literary text operas, operettas; verbal presentation of content ballet. The author L. is a librettist.

Madrigal(Italian madrigale) - a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite character, usually with love content.

Mazurka(from Polish mazur - resident of Mazovia) - Polish dance of folk origin, lively character, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated(cm.) rhythm; size 3/4.

March(French marche - walking, procession) - genre, Related to rhythm walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. can be marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.

Brass instruments— wind instruments, made from copper and other metals, forming a special group in the symphonic orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M.D.I. are the basis brass band . In the symphony score group M.D.I. written under the group woodwind instruments, placed in the above order.

Meistersingers(German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) guild musicians.

Melodeclamation(from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading(most often poetry), accompanied by music.

Melody(Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) - the main idea of ​​a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expressiveness.

Melodrama(from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part dramatic work accompanied by music. 2. Negative characteristics of works or episodes characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, and bad taste.

Minuet(French menuet) - an ancient French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphonic dance cycle(cm. symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.

Mass(French messe, lat. missa) - a large multi-part work for choir with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of singers - soloists written in religious Latin text. M. is the same as Catholic mass, liturgy.

Mezzo-soprano(from Italian mezzo - middle and soprano) - a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano And contralto. mezzo-soprano in choir- the same as viola.

Miniature(Italian miniatura) - small orchestral, vocal(see) or instrumental piece.

Monologue(from the Greek monos - one, speech pronounced by one person) in music - one of the most effective solo vocal forms V opera, which usually captures a process of intense experience or reflection leading to a decision. M., as a rule, is constructed from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.

Motive(from Italian motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part melodies, having independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds - a melody, united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common meaning - tune, melody.

Musical drama- originally the same as opera. In its common meaning, one of genres opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action unfolding on stage and defining the principles of musical embodiment.

Musical comedy- cm. operetta.

Nocturne(French nocturne - night) - a name that spread in the 19th century for relatively small instrumental (rarely - vocal) plays lyrical-contemplative character with expressive melodious melody.

Number- the smallest, relatively complete, allowing separate, independent execution opera episode, ballet or operettas.

But no(from Latin nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of opera or chamber music ensemble for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a musical work borrowed from literature (more often - vocal) of a solemn laudatory nature.

Octet(from Latin octo - eight) - ensemble eight participants.

Opera(Italian opera - action, work, from Latin opus - work, creation) - synthetic genre musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as picturesque and decorative decoration. An operatic work is composed of solo episodes — Aryan, recitatives, and ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see. overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and pictures. As an independent genre, O. spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia from the mid-18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see. O. large French, O.-buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.-seria, O. epic, Singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of the diverse historical development, music has become the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.

Grand French Opera(French grandopéra) is a variety that became widespread in the middle of the 19th century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in effective moments.

Opera buffa(Italian opera-buffa) - Italian comic opera, which arose in the first half of the 18th century. About. was based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical overtones. Developed from the Italian folk “comedy of masks” (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic trends of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

Opera comic- a general specific name for the opera genre that arose in Europe from the mid-18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O.K. in different countries bore different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria - Singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad, song opera. O.K. is the generally accepted name for the French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of colloquial dialogues.

Lyric-dramatic opera- a variety that developed in the art of opera in the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. characterized by bringing to the fore dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful background of life, in-depth attention composer to the mental life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.

French lyric opera- proper name French lyric-dramatic opera.

Beggar's Opera(eng. beggarsopera) - English variety comic opera, in which folk songs were widely used - ballads.

Opera seria(Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the courtly aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. was distinguished by the pomp of its production, virtuoso shine vocal parts, but in its development it was constrained by the conventions of plots, situations and characters.

Opera epic- a type of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from folk epics - tales, legends and samples of folk song creativity. Stage action and music O. e. are maintained in the spirit of a majestic, leisurely narrative. TO genre O. e. there is also an opera-fairy tale attached.

Operetta(Italian operetta - small opera) - a theatrical performance combining singing and dancing accompanied by orchestra with conversational scenes, originating from comic opera XVIII century. European comedy of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often called musical comedy.

Oratorio(from Latin oratoria - eloquence) - large vocal-symphonic genre musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed in unison, soloists-singers and orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot, generally telling about historical or legendary events folk life, usually having a sublime, heroic connotation. The plot of O. is embodied in a number of completed solo, choral And orchestral(see) numbers, sometimes divided recitatives.

Organ(from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) is the largest of the modern musical instruments, which has existed and been improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a stream of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of various sizes and shapes allows you to produce sounds of different heights and timbre. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous switches registers. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, O. competes with symphonic orchestra.

Orchestra(from the Greek orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage on which the choir was located) - a large group of performing musicians, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike ensemble, some parties in O. they are performed simultaneously by several musicians, like a one-voice choir. Based on the composition of the instruments, the orchestras are divided into symphonic, brass, folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc. The operatic orchestra, like the symphonic orchestra, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups woodwinds, brass, drums, strings bowed instruments, and also includes some individual instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).

Orchestration- creation of an orchestral scores, the embodiment of musical thought through the means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing in reverse) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Score(Italian partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation ensemble, orchestral, opera, oratorio-cantata(see) etc. music that requires many performers. The number of lines of a song is determined by the number of parts included in it - instrumental, solo-vocal And choral, which are arranged in a certain order.

The consignment(from Latin pars - part) - part of the music ensemble, operas etc., performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.

Pastoral(from Latin pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, painting calm pictures of nature and an idealized serene rural life (cf. idyll).

Song- basic vocal genre folk musical creativity and the genre of vocal music in general, related to it in nature. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and slender melodies, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts not of an individual, but of a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songfulness as a special means of musical expressiveness, a special way of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres the most diverse aspects of the life of the people, is the main source of musical art. In the development of folk art and the highly artistic refraction of its national characteristics, the greatest merit belongs to the Russians classical composers. In their works P. is widely represented as everyday genre, at the same time, songfulness, the song principle, was for them the leading artistic device. In the narrow sense, a song is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, characterized by simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in verse form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.

Undervoice- more or less independent melody, accompanying the main melody in polyphonic music. The presence of developed P. - characteristic feature Russian folk choral(see) music.

Polyphony(from the Greek poly - many and phone - voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies having independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of music of a polyphonic nature, the same as counterpoint.

Prelude, foreplay(from Latin prae - before and ludus - play) - 1. Introduction, introduction to a play or completed musical episode, opera stage, ballet etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of varying content, character and structure.

Premiere- first performance operas, ballet, operettas at the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Chorus- Part songs, invariably, together with the same verbal text, repeated after each of its verse.

Lamentations, lamentations— song-crying, one of the most common pre-revolutionary Russia genres folk songs; usually has the character of a mournful-excited recitative.

Prologue(from Latin prae - before and Greek logos - word, speech) - the introductory part in a drama, novel, opera etc., introducing the narrative; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded those depicted.

Musical development- the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical theater performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. is an important factor in musical dramaturgy, directing the listener's attention to the most significant parts of the story. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression participate in it.

Requiem(from Latin requiem - peace) - a monumental work for choir, soloists-singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a funeral Catholic mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual-religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre, animated by deep universal feelings and great thoughts.

Recitative(from Latin recitare - read, recite) - musical speech, the most flexible solo form singing in opera, characterized by great rhythmic(see) diversity and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. R. often reproduces the characteristic intonations of living human speech, thanks to which it turns out to be an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of a character. The main varieties of R. are R.-secco (“dry”, accompanied by rare jerky orchestra chords or cymbal), R.-accompagnato (“accompanied”, sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato (“obligatory”, which indicates the need for an independent melodic thought in the orchestral accompaniment).

Rigodon(French rigodon, rigaudon) - an ancient Provençal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, with lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter time.

Rhythm(from the Greek rythmos - measured flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak beats. A periodically repeated group of strong and weak beats is called a beat. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, achieving particular richness and diversity in dance music associated with the plastic movement of the human body.

Romance(French romance) - solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and expressive variety accompaniment. Vocal melody R. often includes elements recitative.

Rondo(French rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an old French choral song) - form building a musical plays, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).

Sarabande(Spanish: zarabanda) - an ancient Spanish dance in the nature of a slow, majestic procession; size 3/4. Genre S. was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection and a funeral procession.

Seguidilla(Spanish seguidilla) - a fast Spanish dance accompanied by a whimsical rhythm castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.

Sextet(from Latin sextus - sixth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble seven participants.

Serenade(from Italian sera - evening, lit. "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy a love song sung with accompaniment guitars or mandolins under your beloved's window. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles And orchestra. Subsequently, S. - the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of a guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of the lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.

Symphony(from the Greek symphonia - consonance) - a monumental work for orchestra, genre which took shape in the 2nd half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large, diverse, contrasting parts, which reflect a wide range of life phenomena and embody a wealth of moods and conflicts. The first part of the poem usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is kept in fast motion; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. Third - minuet, scherzo or waltz- in a busy dance movement. Fourth - the final, the fastest, often of a festive, upbeat nature. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.

Scherzo(Italian scherzo - joke) - a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, perky character, with a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring dramatic overtones. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphony cycle, taking a place in it minuet.

Buffoons- native Russian speakers folk art in the XI-XVII centuries, wandering actors, musicians and dancers.

Solo(Italian solo - one, only) - an independent performance of one performer with a whole play or in a separate one episode, if the play is written for ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.

Sonata(from Italian sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, as opposed to vocal. 2. From the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four parts of a certain character, which form a sonata cycle, in general terms similar to the symphonic one (see. symphony).

Sonata allegro- the form in which the first parts are written sonatas And symphonies, - kept in fast (allegro) pace. Form S. a. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and recapitulation. An exposition is a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parties; development - development those the main and secondary parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - repetition of an exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. Form S. a. the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the mental life of a person in their internal inconsistency and continuous development. Form S. a. developed by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan’s aria in Glinka’s opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).

Soprano(from Italian sopra - above, above) - the highest female voice. S. is divided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.

Style(in music) - a set of characteristics characterizing the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, an individual composer.

Stringed instruments- instruments in which sound arises as a result of vibration (oscillation) of stretched strings. According to the method of sound production S. and. divided into bowed instruments (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboards ( piano and his predecessors, see hammer) and plucked instruments (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).

Scene(Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). — 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of a theatrical performance, separate episode act or paintings.

Scenario(Italian scenario) - a more or less detailed description of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet And operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. Based on S. it is created libretto operas.

Suite(French suite - series, sequence) - the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which the parts are compared according to the principle contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in the symphonic cycle (see. symphony). Usually the song is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative plays of a programmatic nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work ( operas, ballet, operettas, movie).

Tarantella(Italian tarantella) - a very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.

Musical theme(Greek theme - subject of the story) - main, subject development a musical idea expressed in a relatively small, complete, relief, clearly expressive and memorable melody (see also leitmotif).

Timbre(French timbre) - a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.

Pace(from Italian tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is defined by reference to the well-known nature of movement: “at the pace waltz", "at pace march" Since the mid-19th century, T. has also been indicated by a metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a piece or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle- allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).

Tenor(from Lat. tenere - to hold, to guide) - a high male voice. T, divided into lyrical and dramatic.

Tercet(from Latin tertius - third) - operatic vocal ensemble three participants. Another name for T. is trio, also used to denote instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.

Trio(Italian trio from tre - three) - 1. In vocal music the same as tercet. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. Middle section in march, waltz, minuet, scherzo more smooth and melodious character; this meaning of the term arose in ancient instrumental music, in the works of which the middle section was performed by three instruments.

Troubadours, trouvères- knights-poets and singers in medieval France.

Overture(French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. An orchestral piece performed before the start operas or ballet, usually based on and succinctly embodying the themes of the work it precedes main idea. 2. The name of an independent one-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.

Percussion instruments- musical instruments from which sound is produced by striking. U. and. There are: 1) with a certain pitch of sound - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tom-tom, big and small drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.

Texture(lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including melody accompanying her echoes or polyphonic vote, accompaniment etc.

Fandango(Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing castanets; size 3/4.

Fantasy(Greek phantasia - imagination, generally fiction, fiction) - virtuoso free work forms. 1. In the 17th century improvisational character introduction to fugue or sonata. 2. Masterly composition on Topics any operas, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrasing). 3. An instrumental work characterized by a bizarre, fantastic character of the music.

Fanfare(Italian fanfara) - a trumpet signal, usually of a festive, solemn nature.

The final(Italian finale - final) - the final part of a multi-part work, operas or ballet.

Folklore(from English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) - a set of works of oral literary and musical folk art.

Musical form(lat. form— appearance, outlines) - 1. Means of embodying ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, invoice, as well as compositional principles of construction or f. in the narrow sense. 2. F. in a narrow sense - historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, layout patterns and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are F. tripartite, verse, variational, rondo, sonata, as well as F. construction suite, sonata And symphonic(cm.) cycles.

Piano(from Italian forte-piano - loud-quiet) - the general name of a keyboard string instrument (grand piano, upright piano), which, unlike its predecessors - the harpsichord, allows hammer, clavichord, receive sounds of varying strengths. Audio range and speakers, expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, great virtuoso-technical capabilities made F. predominantly solo and concertgoers (see concert) instrument, as well as a participant in many chamber instrumental ensembles.

Fragment(from lat. fragmentum - fragment, piece) - a fragment of something.

Phrase(Greek phrasis - figure of speech, expression) - in music a short relatively complete passage, part melodies, framed by pauses (caesuras).

Fugue(Italian and Latin fuga - running) - a one-part work, which is polyphonic(see) presentation and subsequent development one melodies, Topics.

Fugato(from fuga) - polyphonic episode in instrumental or vocal play, built like fugues, but not finished and turning into music of an ordinary, non-polyphonic type.

Fuguetta(Italian fugetta - small fugue) - fugue small in size, with a reduced development section.

Furiant(Czech, lit. - proud, arrogant) - fast-paced, temperamental Czech folk dance; variable size - 2/4, 3/4.

Habanera(Spanish habanera - lit. Havana, from Havana) - Spanish folk song- a dance characterized by a discreet, clear rhythm; size 2/4.

Choir(from Greek choros) - 1. A large singing group, consisting of several groups, each of which performs its own party. 2. Works for choir, independent or included in an operatic work, in which they are one of the most important forms, often used in the creation of mass folk scenes.

Chorale(from Greek choros) - 1. Church choral singing on a religious text common in the Middle Ages. 2. Choral or other work or episode based on uniform, leisurely movement chords, characterized by a sublimely contemplative character.

Khota(Spanish jota) - Spanish folk dance of temperamental live movement, accompanied by song; size 3/4.

Musical cycle(from the Greek kyklos - circle, circuit) - a set of parts of a multi-part work, following each other in a certain order. Color is based on the principle of contrast. The main varieties are sonata-symphonic music, suite music (see. symphony, suite); The cyclic forms also include masses And requiem.

Cembalo(Italian cembalo, claviecembalo) is the Italian name for the harpsichord, the predecessor of the modern piano. In the 17th–18th centuries, Ch. was part of operatic or oratorio orchestra, accompanying the execution recitatives.

Ecosez(French écossaise - “tartan”) - Scottish folk dance of fast movement; size 2/4.

Expression(from Latin expressio - expression) in music - increased expressiveness.

Elegy(Greek elegia from elegos - complaint) - play sad, thoughtful character.

Epigraph(Greek epigraphe - lit. inscription on a monument) - a figurative name for the initial musical phrase borrowed from literature, Topics or a passage that determines the predominant character, the leading thought of the entire work.

Episode(Greek epeisodion - incident, event) - a small part of the musical and theatrical action; sometimes a section introduced into a piece of music that has the character of a digression.

Epilogue(Greek epilogos from epi - after and logos - word, speech) - the final part of the work, summing up the events, sometimes telling about events that happened after some time.

Epitaph(Greek epitaphios) - funeral word.

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