One of my friends wrote a post on Facebook:
And I dreamed that I was burned at the stake. Along with my new dress. It was very painful and scary.
Fine. that it’s already evening and I’m alive :)
What color is the dress?
- Green with some stains. The colors of grass. Horror and pain, I remember more than the dress.
Wikipedia:
Joan of Arc, Maid of Orleans (modern French Jeanne d'Arc; January 6, 1412 - May 30, 1431) - national heroine of France, one of the commanders of the French troops in the Hundred Years' War. Having been captured by the Burgundians, she was handed over to the British, condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. She was subsequently rehabilitated and canonized - canonized by the Catholic Church.
We are introduced to the name Jeanne - where the first two letters stand for I=je
So this name is nothing more than I am Anna
d" Ark - from Ark.
Full name: I am Anna from Arki.
So: I am Anna from Arch. Anna from the portal. Anna is from another world, coming to help the people who deceived her. She helped people, and while she was needed, she was alive and respected. Look, Anna was invited to the coronation:
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc at the coronation of Charles VII. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1854. Kara Dag Rupor
Wikipedia: The news that the army was led by a messenger of God caused an extraordinary morale surge in the army. The hopeless commanders and soldiers, tired of endless defeats, were inspired and regained their courage.
On April 29, Jeanne and a small detachment entered Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the Saint-Loup bastion. Victories followed one after another, and already on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, Joan of Arc solved the task, which other French military leaders considered impossible, in four days.
After the victory at Orleans, Jeanne was nicknamed the “Maid of Orleans” (French: la Pucelle d’Orléans). The day of May 8th is celebrated every year in Orleans to this day as main holiday cities.
May 8th is the day of the arrival on Earth, the awakening of feminine energy, which can break any resistance. A woman's energy can change the world. Direct it towards good, destroy evil.
Wikipedia: In the spring of 1430, hostilities were resumed, but proceeded sluggishly. Jeanne was constantly faced with obstacles by the royal courtiers. In May, Jeanne comes to the aid of Compiegne, besieged by the Burgundians. On May 23, as a result of betrayal (the bridge to the city was raised, which cut off Joan’s escape route), Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians. King Charles, who owed her so much, did nothing to save Jeanne. Soon the Burgundians sold it to the British for 10,000 gold livres. In November-December 1430, Jeanne was transported to Rouen.
Wikipedia: In the chronicles of the Venetian Morosini it is directly stated: “The English burned Joan because of her success, for the French were successful and, it seemed, would succeed endlessly. The English said that if this girl died, fate would no longer be favorable to the Dauphin.” During the trial, it became clear that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl stood at the trial with amazing courage and confidently refuted accusations of heresy and relations with the devil, avoiding numerous traps. Since it was not possible to get her to confess to heresy, the court began to concentrate on those facts where Jeanne's voluntary confession was not required - for example, wearing men's clothing, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil . Contrary to the norms of the ecclesiastical court, Joan was not allowed to appeal to the Pope and the favorable conclusions of the Poitiers trial were ignored.
It's about not about the loss of favor to the Dauphin of fate, the British did not care about that. The point is that if this girl dies, then there will be no female power capable of destroying evil. Thus, the English embodied evil for Anna from the Arch, for Anna from another world, the world of good and light.
Wikipedia:
In the hope of breaking the will of the prisoner, she is kept in terrible conditions, the English guards insult her, during the interrogation on May 9, the tribunal threatened her with torture, but all in vain - Zhanna refuses to submit and admit guilt. Cauchon understood that if he condemned Jeanne to death without getting her to admit guilt, he would only contribute to the emergence of an aura of martyrdom around her. On May 24, he resorted to outright meanness - he presented the prisoner with a ready-made pyre for her execution by burning and already near the pyre he promised to transfer her from an English prison to a church prison, where she would be provided with good care if she signed a paper renouncing heresies and obedience to the Church. At the same time, the paper with the text read to the illiterate girl was replaced by another, on which there was a text about the complete renunciation of all her “misconceptions”, on which Zhanna put an end to it. Naturally, Cauchon did not even think of fulfilling his promise and sent her back to her previous prison.
http://www.kommunicera.umea.se/hemma/mathias/
http://www.kommunicera.umea.se/hemma/mathias/
Cochon - in French means PIG = le cochon. That is, we may not know the name. I remember the great magician violinist Paganini, when the mayor of the city entered the hall for his concert, Paganini played on his violin: Pig, pig. The audience laughed. The angry mayor ran from the hall.
A few days later, under the pretext that Jeanne had put on men’s clothes again (women’s clothes had been taken from her by force) and thus “fell into her previous errors,” the tribunal sentenced her to death. On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. They put a paper miter on Jeanne’s head with the inscription “Heretic, apostate, idolater” and led her to the fire.
Joan of Arc at the stake
In the picture Anna is wearing a red dress. This is the color of blood. It is unlikely that the Inquisition gave her a red dress. Most likely grey. But my friend saw GREEN. The color green is the color of reflection. The best reflection through green color. As you know, green screen color is now used for video recordings. The desired image is projected onto a green screen, and it is embodied as if it were a living reality. That's why my friend was wearing green. A living image of Anna from the Arch was projected onto her.
With the death of Anna, her mother, who descended from heaven to Earth, EVIL settled on earth. Since then, for many years, Evil has ruled the roost. The inquisitor fathers have multiplied, their descendants are destroying the Light on earth. After Anne of Arc, from another world, they began to burn all the women in France. It was believed that Anna gave all the women of France her strength, which was directly connected to the Cosmos. This is exactly what the Inquisition feared. Women and little girls were burned in the thousands.
- APOSTROPHE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek apostrophos - facing to the side or back) a superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don t ... - APOSTROPHE in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
(French apostrophe, from Greek arustrophos), superscript comma, used in alphabetic writing in different functions: 1) in French, Italian, English. And … - APOSTROPHE V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Greek) - a sign ("), placed instead of a released vowel at the beginning, middle or end of a word or when merging two ... - APOSTROPHE
[from the ancient Greek apostrophos facing to the side or back] an icon in the form of a comma above a line, replacing a dropped vowel (for example, Joan of Arc ... - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[not: apostrophe], a, m. A comma icon at the top of a line used when writing certain words (e.g.... - APOSTROPHE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a, m. Superscript in the form of a comma (), e.g. written by Zhanna... - APOSTROPHE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
APOSTROPH (from the Greek apostrophos - facing to the side or back), a superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don "t ... - APOSTROPHE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - a sign ("), placed instead of a released vowel at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or when merging two ... - APOSTROPHE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
apostrophe"f, apostrophe"f, apostrophe"fa, apostrophe"fov, apostro"fu, apostro"fam, apostrophe"f,apostrophe"f,apostro"fom,apostro"fami,apostro"fe, ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(Greek apostrophes - facing to the side or back). A superscript in the form of a comma, used: a) to separate function words... - APOSTROPHE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostrophe "ofa, m. A superscript character in the form of a comma ("), used in writing for various purposes. Using an apostrophe in foreign-language proper names. ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Superscript... - APOSTROPHE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. apostrophes) an icon in the form of a comma, placed at the top of the line when writing certain words, in particular replacing the omitted ... - APOSTROPHE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[gr. apostrophes] an icon in the form of a comma, placed at the top of the line when writing certain words, in particular replacing an omitted vowel, ... - APOSTROPHE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- APOSTROPHE in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. A superscript in the form of a comma, usually indicating the omission of a vowel ... - APOSTROPHE in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostrophe, -a (superscript... - APOSTROPHE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostrophe, -a (superscript... - APOSTROPHE in the Spelling Dictionary:
apostrophe, -a (superscript... - APOSTROPHE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
superscript in the form of a comma ("), for example in the spelling Zhanna ... - APOSTROPHE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek apostrophos - facing to the side or back), a superscript comma used to indicate the omission of a vowel (for example, English don "t instead of ... - APOSTROPHE in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
apostrophe, m. (Greek apostrophos - facing backward). A comma-shaped superscript, e.g.: John... - APOSTROPHE in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. A superscript in the form of a comma (facing to the side or back), usually indicating the omission of a vowel ... - APOSTROPHE in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. Superscript in the form of a comma (facing to the side or back), usually indicating the omission of a vowel ... - THE NIGHT WATCH in the List of Easter eggs and codes for games:
Find the cfg directory in the game folder, and inside there is the nwinput.cfg file. Open it using any text editor. ...
1431st year. Location: France, Rouen. The great ascetic of the French land, Joan of Arc Domremy, is burning in the fire of hatred. The peak of the events of the Hundred Years' War occurred in 1420, precisely in the youth of the future martyr, and for more than five hundred years she has been considered the brightest symbol of selfless courage and true Christian virtue. There is hardly an enlightened person in the world who has never heard her name and does not know her short but glorious biography. The reward for her exploits was an accusation of witchcraft and a fire. However, the truth prevailed and the great Warrior Virgin was recognized as a saint.
An image familiar from an illustration in a school textbook: a girl on a horse, in armor, with a banner and a sword, rides into a besieged city. The legendary Joan of Arc. What was she really like?
How did she look?
We do not know a single authentic image of Joan. The only now known “portrait” of her during her lifetime is a pen drawing made by the secretary of the Parisian parliament in the margins of her register on May 10, 1429, when Paris learned of the lifting of the English siege of Orleans. This drawing has nothing in common with the original. It shows a woman with long curls and a dress with a gathered skirt; she holds a banner and is armed with a sword. Jeanne really did have a sword and a banner. But she wore a man's suit and her hair was cut short.
Some vague and generalized features appearance Joan can be identified by those “verbal portraits” that her contemporaries left. People who saw Zhanna said that she was a tall, black-haired and black-eyed girl.
She was distinguished by good health, which allowed her to lead the difficult life of a warrior. The power of her personal charm was experienced by everyone who met her, even her opponents. Time has not been kind to the images of Jeanne. But it preserved something much more valuable than silent portraits and statues: a lot of reliable and expressive evidence. 
Official legend N1: Zhanna - folk heroine
Joan of Arc, born into the family of a village headman in the village of Domremy during the Hundred Years' War, realized her calling early on. One day she heard the voices of Saints Margaret and Catherine, who told the girl that it was she who had to save France from the English invasion. Zhanna left native home, achieved a meeting with the Dauphin Charles VII and became the head of the French army. She liberated several cities, in particular Orleans, after which she began to be called the Maid of Orleans. Soon Charles VII was crowned in Reims, and Joan won a number of important military victories. On May 23, 1430, during a sortie near the city of Compiegne, Jeanne's detachment was captured by the Burgundians, who handed her over to the Duke of Luxembourg, and he, in turn, to the British. There were persistent rumors that Jeanne was betrayed by those close to Charles VII. 
In January 1431, the trial of Joan of Arc began in Rouen. The Inquisition brought forward 12 charges. At this time, Henry VI was proclaimed king of France and England in Paris. The trial of Joan was intended to prove that Charles VII was placed on the throne by a heretic and a witch. The trial was led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, who, even before the trial began, subjected Jeanne to a medical examination in order to establish that the girl was not innocent, that she had entered into a relationship with the devil. But an examination showed that Zhanna was a virgin, and the court had to abandon this charge. Process, complete tricky questions and the traps into which, according to the inquisitors, Jeanne was supposed to fall, lasted several months. Finally, on May 29, 1431, the judges made a final decision that the defendant was handed over to the secular authorities. She was sentenced to be burned at the stake. Zhanna was only 21 years old at that time. On May 30, 1431, the sentence was carried out. The tablet on the pole to which the girl was tied read: “Jeanne, who calls herself the Virgin, is an apostate, a witch, a damned blasphemer, a bloodsucker, a servant of Satan, a schismatic and a heretic.” The execution was carried out in front of a large crowd of people; the scaffold was surrounded by ranks of English soldiers. 25 years after her death, Joan of Arc was rehabilitated and recognized national heroine, and in the 20th century Catholic Church declared her a saint. However, rumors that in fact Joan of Arc did not die at the stake, but was saved, began to circulate among the people immediately after the execution. 
Legend N2: Zhanna does not burn in fire
Ukrainian anthropologist Sergei Gorbenko made sensational statement: Joan of Arc was not burned, but lived to be 57 years old (Ukrinform reports). She was not a shepherdess, as the legend says, but came from the royal Valois dynasty.
The specialist is sure that historical name Maid of Orleans - Marguerite de Champdiver. Examining the remains in the sarcophagus of the Notre Dame temple
Clery Saint André nearby
from the city of Orleans, Sergei Gorbenko discovered that the female skull, stored together with the skull of the king, did not belong to Queen Charlotte, who died at 38, but to a completely different woman, who was at least 57 years old. The scientist came to the conclusion that in front of him were the remains of Joan of Arc, who in reality was an illegitimate princess of the house of Valois. Her father is King Charles VI, and her mother is his last mistress Odette de Champdivers. The daughter was raised under the supervision of her father-king as a warrior, so she could wear knightly armor. Now it becomes clear how Jeanne could write letters (an illiterate peasant woman would not have done this). King Charles VII faked the death of the Maid of Orleans: another woman was burned in her place. 
Rumors that the real Joan of Arc did not burn in the fire of the Inquisition in Rouen in 1431 have always circulated in France. In the account book of the city of Orleans there are entries indicating that five years after the execution, Jeanne’s brother corresponded with his sister, went to see her “in Luxembourg” and received money for postal and travel expenses. There is a version that Jeanne was in honorable captivity with her aunt, the Duchess of Luxembourg. According to another version (since Jeanne, imprisoned in Rouen Castle, was not forbidden to receive visitors), one of her friends could well have prepared an escape. Already today, in 1995, the remains of an underground passage were discovered, leading somewhere from the very Rouen castle in which Jeanne languished. Perhaps it was along this path that the escape was carried out. Perhaps not even an escape, but an honorable surrender. 
Legend N3: Jeanne's doubles
Representatives have doubles political elite have always been. This was never given much publicity. But it was not denied as a matter of course. And in our time, the institution of doubles has not exhausted itself. If some other woman was burned in Rouen in 1431, who was she? A double volunteer who knew that due to duty he could die under someone else’s name? Or an unfortunate woman, unrelated to Jeanne, who was sacrificed to save the original? Many facts speak about this. It is strange that, given the strictest discipline and scrupulousness of the inquisitors, there is no record of the costs specifically for the execution of Joan of Arc. While records of sums of money for firewood and other “entourage” for other executions are available. It seems that everything was really done so that no one could see who exactly was being led onto the platform.
It was surrounded by English soldiers, and the convict’s face was covered. True, during the trial it was unlikely that anyone except the inquisitors could see Jeanne, so the precaution was unnecessary. But she was. When everything had already happened, the crowd was asked to make sure that the heretic was burned: the executioner cleared away the still burning brands. Those who wished could actually see the charred corpse. But it was absolutely impossible to say whose it was.
Legend N4: the maiden gets married 
According to one of the legends, which, in particular, is set out in Chernyak’s book “The Judicial Loop,” Joan of Arc not only escaped death, but also settled down, married a certain Robert d’Armoise and gave birth to two sons. The descendants of this d’Armoise still consider themselves relatives of Jeanne and claim that their venerable ancestor would never have married a woman who would not provide him with authentic documents certifying her origin. People who knew the real Jeanne, in particular, her brothers from the village of Domremy and the soldiers who fought with her, were firmly convinced that this was her. It is known that this mysterious lady lived in Arlon, where she led a stormy social life, then in Cologne, and later, due to political intrigue, returned to Arlon. In 1439, the miraculously resurrected Jeanne appeared in Orleans. Judging by the entries in the same account book, the residents of the city she liberated received Jeanne d’Armoise more than cordially. She was not only recognized - in her honor, noble townspeople gave a gala dinner, and presented her with 210 livres as a gift: “for the good service she rendered to the specified city during the siege.” 
Legend N5 (scandalous version): Zhanna was one third a man
Journalist Nikolai Nikolaev reports this. The scandalous diagnosis was made by the Russian scientist Efroimson. Only five centuries after the events, the domestic aesculapius became aware of the reasons why Joan of Arc... was accused of having connections with the devil. It was possible to solve the mystery of Jeanne's death by studying the biographical data and materials from the investigation of the period during which the Maid of Orleans was in English captivity. Having brought together many signs and symptoms, the scientist came to the conclusion that the famous peasant woman suffered from a rare gynecological abnormality.
According to the Republican Center for Human Reproduction, on average, only five out of one hundred thousand women suffer from Morris syndrome. Thus, the French king Charles VII was very lucky. If Joan of Arc had been completely healthy, the monarch would have been left without a crown, and France without independence. 
Legend N6: Jeanne's clothes ruined her
Absolutely no one, except the Rouen judges and their Parisian associates, considered Jeanne an apostate and a heretic because she wore a man's suit. But tens of thousands of people saw her in this costume. In it, she not only fought, but also visited churches, prayed, confessed, took communion, and received pastoral blessings. She communicated with many priests, but never heard them reproach her for inappropriate dress. 
Furthermore. Jeanne also wore a man’s suit when she stood before the commission in Poitiers, which specifically inquired into the question of whether the girl’s words and actions complied with the norms of Christian morality. The theology professors and canon law experts who were part of this commission did not find anything reprehensible in the behavior of the subject. Therefore, they were not embarrassed by such a seemingly obvious violation of the canonical prohibition. 
According to the greatest French theologian of that time, Jean Gerson, this prohibition was not a generally binding legal norm, but an ethical rule, main goal which was the suppression of debauchery and debauchery. Zhanna put on a men's suit for a charitable purpose.
By the way, the lawyers of the papal tribunal Theodore de Leliis and Paolo Pontano, having familiarized themselves with the materials of the indictment during the preparation of Jeanne’s rehabilitation, came to the conclusion that by putting on a man’s suit and refusing to take it off, Jeanne did not violate the canonical prohibition at all. 
On the contrary, both lawyers saw this as evidence of the girl’s moral purity, because with the help of a man’s suit she defended her honor from attacks by soldiers and guards. As we see, both theoretical theology and applied jurisprudence did not consider wearing clothing inappropriate for one’s sex to be an unconditional manifestation of heresy.
The passions boiling around the life and, most importantly, the death of the national French heroine Joan of Arc are similar only to the centuries-old dispute about who William Shakespeare was and whether he even existed. Her story short life and martyrdom invariably excites the minds of respectable historians and people of art, but what was real life Joan of Arc, no one knows. 
Distribute these words into word-formation types, taking into account that one type in word-formation includes words formed from the same part of speech, with the same word-formation affix and the same word-formation meaning. Grove, ashtray, witness, little book, lioness, she-wolf, sugar bowl, comforter, cornea, eagle, puddle, winner, editorial, she-bear, dumbass, breadbox, soapbox, smart girl.
These nouns are divided into the following word-formation types: Derived from nouns using the suffix -ITs with the word-formation meaning of diminutive: grove, puddle, little book. Derivations from nouns using the suffix -ITs with the derivational meaning of femininity: lioness, eagle, she-wolf, she-bear. Derivations from adjective names using the suffix -ITs with the word-formation meaning “carrier of a characteristic named by the generating word”: stupid, smart, cornea (cornea of the eye), editorial (editorial article in a newspaper); Derivatives from nouns with the suffix -NITs with the word-formation meaning “an object intended for what is named by the generating word”: sugar bowl, soap dish, ashtray, bread box. From nouns using the suffix -NITs with the derivational meaning of “femininity”: witness, winner, comforter.
“How do I know: maybe in three weeks the world will end!” (With)
Regine Pernu, Marie-Veronique Clain
Joan of Arc
The name of Joan of Arc
“In my homeland they called me Jeannette, but when I came to France, they began to call me Jeanne,” Jeanne answered at the first hearing of the indictment, when she was asked to give her last name and first name.
During her lifetime, Jeanne was never called Joan of Arc. In the 15th century, it was customary to add the name of a locality, village, or a mention of origin to the name; sometimes a nickname was added to the name. Jeanne's mother Isabella was called Isabella Romeu in the texts, she received this nickname thanks to the supposedly perfect On her pilgrimage to Rome, Jeanne also said that in her homeland her daughters bear the name of her mother. But she called herself “Jeanne the Virgin.” She was proud of this name and saw in it a symbol of her calling.
In a letter to the English, dictated on March 22, 1429 in Poitiers, she addresses the regent and his assistants as follows: “Render to the Virgin sent here by God... and firmly believe that the King of Heaven will give strength to the Virgin.” On May 5, 1429, in a warning letter to the English, the scribe took her dictation: “The King of Heaven warns you and conveys it through me, Jeanne the Virgin.” In addresses to the inhabitants of Tournai on June 22, 1429, to the inhabitants of Troyes on July 4 of the same year, to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, on July 17, 1429, she still calls herself “Joan of the Virgin.”
Residents of Reims (letter dated August 1429) and the Count d'Armagnac (letter dated August 22) also call her by this name. Three letters that have survived to this day are signed by her in her own hand, “Jeanne.” For people from the Armagnac party, for the townspeople of Orleans , for her comrades she is Jeanne the Virgin. Enemies, for example Jean, Duke of Bedford, speak of her: “called the Virgin.” For the Duke of Burgundy she is “the one who is called the Virgin,” for her worst enemy Cauchon - “Jeanne, called the Virgin,” finally, for the University of Paris: "mulier quae Johannam se nominebat."
Chroniclers, supporters of the Armagnacs or Burgundians, also do not know “Joan of Arc”, be it Jean Chartier or William Caxton, or the author of the “Diary of the Siege of Orleans”, Antonio Morosini or Georges Chatellin. For the poets Christine of Pisa or François Villon, she is the “Virgin” ", "Jeanne, good Lorraine", "French Virgin" or "Virgin of God".
The historian finds the name Joan of Arc in the materials of the process to overturn the sentence. In 1445, Pope Calixtus III in a rescript calls her brothers: “Pierre and Jean Darc and their sister quondam Johanna Darc”; the Archbishop of Reims also mentions the Dark family: “Isabella Darc, Pierre and Jean Darc, mother and brothers of the late Jeanne Darc, usually called the Virgin (...Isabelle Darc, Pierre et Jean Darc, mere et freres defunctae quondam Jeannе Darc, vulgariter dictae la Pucelle)". At the same time, in the family's petition we read: " Isabella Darc, mother of the late Joan, usually called the Virgin ("Ysabellis Darc, mater quondam Johannae vulgariter dictae la Pucelle")." The expression "Maiden of Orleans" appears in the 16th century... First great biography Joan, written by Edmond Richet, was published in 1630 under the title "History of Jeanne, Maid of Orleans."
How were the surnames of her father and her brothers written? Famous historians Kishera, Simeon Luce, Eyrol, Champion write d'Arc. Following them, Pierre Tisse, having studied the texts of the indictment, accepts the spelling d'Arc. Pierre Duparc, translating materials from the process to overturn the verdict, also uses this already accepted spelling.
If we turn to the original texts, then there is a wide variety of spellings: Dark or d "Arc, but also Dars, Day, De, Darks, Dar, Tark, Tard or Dart (Darc, d" Arc, Dars, Day, Dai, Darx, Dare, Tare, Tard, Dart). Consequently, there was no firmly accepted spelling in Joan's time. In the 15th century, an apostrophe was never used: Dalbre, Dalanson or Dolon wrote in one word; Only in modern spelling does a separate spelling indicate origin from a certain area or belonging to the nobility. They write the Duke d'Alençon, the Duke d'Armagnac, but also Jean d'Olon, Jean d'Auvergne, Guillaume d'Etivet, indicating only the place of origin.
As for the Virgo family, research was carried out in two directions. Depending on the conclusions drawn, Jeanne became either a commoner or an aristocrat.
In his “Short treatise on the name and coat of arms, and on the birth and relatives of the Maid of Orleans and her brothers, written in October 1612 and revised in 1628,” Charles du Lys writes in chapter II: “On the coat of arms of the relatives and other descendants of the said Jacques Darc depicted a bow strung with three arrows." Thus, the descendants of Jeanne's family do not put an apostrophe and simply write "Dark". Charles du Lys, “an enlightened man who asked Louis XIII for permission to attach the coat of arms of the senior branch to his own, never forgets in his “Treatise” - intended to substantiate his request - to separate a particle from his own own name Du Lys: and if he never put an apostrophe in Dark's name, then he couldn't legally do it."
By attributing the coat of arms to the Virgo's father - "a golden bow on an azure stripe", they want to prove the noble origin of the family. The question then must be asked: why did Charles VII ennoble the family by giving it a different coat of arms instead of its own? This expressive coat of arms did not exist before the grant of nobility and was invented at a later time.
Father Doncoeur concludes: “We believe that, in the absence of sufficient evidence, we have no reason to change the spelling of Dark to d'Arc. The Latin texts in which this name appears confirm this. If the surname indicated the place of origin, then in Latin the name of the area would be preceded by the particle de. Thus, Guillaume Detoutville would be written in Latin Estoutevilla, Guillaume Dativet would be written de Estiveto, Georges d'Amboise would be written de Ambasia or Ambasianus, Jacques d'Arc would be written in Latin de Agso, as in 1343 a certain Pierre Darc, Canon of Troyes, written Petrus de Agso." Nowhere do we find such a spelling.
The apostrophe is sometimes thought to indicate aristocratic origin. Let us refer a contrario to the conclusion of “Moniteur du Soir”, made in 1866 regarding the controversy about the spelling of the surname of Joan of Arc’s father: “From all of the above it follows that the spelling Dark is preferable to any other, since it is more consistent with the rules of etymology and the common origin of the girl , who became famous thanks to her courage and patriotism! "
In conclusion, we note an interesting fact: the Minute francaise document preserved in Orleans gives the spelling "Tart", which corresponds to the rough Lorraine pronunciation.
VI. The language of Joan of Arc and her contemporaries
Let us remember that in response to the question of Seguin Seguin, one of the judges at the trial in Poitiers: “What language does your voice speak?” - she replied: “In a language that is better than yours.” Seguin Seguin clarifies that he himself spoke the Limousin dialect with a strong accent.
We learn about the peculiarities of Virgo’s language from the testimony of witnesses at the acquittal process. Jean Pasquerel, her confessor, quotes her appeal to Glasdale: “Glasidas, rends-ti, rends-ti au roi du ciel” (Glasidas, surrender! Surrender to the Heavenly King!) - “ti” instead of “toi”. From a letter dated March 16, 1430 to the residents of Reims, it is clear that Jeanne pronounced “ch” (w) instead of “j” (g) or “u” (i). So, the clerk, not hearing “joyeux” (cheerful), wrote “choyeux” (pampered); then, mindful of Jeanne's accent, he crossed out the word and wrote it correctly. As for the words used by Jeanne “en nom De” (au nom de Dieux - in the name of God), as mentioned by Eamon de Masy and Colette, Millet’s wife, this expression is typical of the inhabitants of Lorraine; and Dunois says: "fille De", i.e. "fille de Dieux" (daughter of God).
Consequently, Jeanne spoke French, but with a Lorraine accent (this accent has survived to this day). In Lorraine, "i" (i) was added to the end of the word, and "e" (e) was pronounced "e" (e). Domremy is a “border mark” in the upper Meuse valley. Regardless of whether it was part of the French Kingdom or the Empire, this region remained French - both in morals and in language, and the dialect of its inhabitants, its culture and art were strongly influenced by the province of Champagne.
