contex condoms: all types of products with detailed descriptions. What types of context are

Anyone involved in translation understands that no less than the construction of a phrase, the difficulty in the work of a translator is the choice of a suitable word - equivalent. The translator, as it were, constantly weighs various lexical possibilities, synonyms, and, in the end, selects a word (rarely, two or three words) that can fully reproduce the sound of the original. At the same time, a wide variety of considerations pass through the mind of the translator, by virtue of which he makes the final choice. This is why contextualization is so important. Looking for a suitable equivalent, we always have in mind a word in context or a word conditioned by all the previous and subsequent presentation. Each word in any literary work is associated with the entire work as a whole, with its features, with the history of its creation, often with the personality of the author, etc. Within one paragraph (narrow context) - and the entire given work (broad context) you need to be able to embrace the idea as a whole.

We can say that the translator must, to a certain extent, adhere to the method that K. S. Stanislavsky recommended to the actors. According to Stanislavsky's method, the actor must see what is going on by the actions of the play: before the beginning, and partly even after the end of it. In necessary cases, the translator must feel what is happening outside the text, must be able to see the so-called "subtext" and see the very background of the work. It is necessary to translate in such a way that the intention and style of the author is preserved - both what the author says directly, and what he means silently, by means of peculiarly colored words, the introduction of a certain musicality, rhythm, etc. It is also necessary to remember about the “subtext emotional", which is hidden behind the peculiarities of the author's style. (S.S. Tolstoy. Fundamentals of translation from English into Russian, 63)

There are the following types of context:

Linguistic - this is the language environment of the use of one or another component of the language. Within this concept of context, a narrow context (or "micro context") and a broad context (or "macro context") are distinguished. Narrow context refers to the context of the sentence, that is, the linguistic units that make up the environment of this unit within the sentence. (Komisarov, 142)

By broad context, we mean the linguistic environment of a given unit, which goes beyond the scope of the sentence; this is a textual context, that is, a set of language units surrounding a given unit within limits that lie outside the given sentence, in other words, in sentences adjacent to it. The exact scope of the broad context cannot be specified - it can be the context of a group of sentences, a paragraph, a chapter, or even the entire work (for example, a story or a novel) as a whole.

The narrow context, in turn, can be divided into syntactic and lexical contexts. (In relation to the phoneme and morpheme, one can also distinguish the phonological and morphological context)

The syntactic context is the syntactic construction in which the given word, phrase or (subordinate) sentence is used.

The lexical context is a set of specific lexical units, words and set phrases, in the environment of which this unit occurs.

Situational context (extralinguistic) - the setting, time and place to which the statement refers; any facts of reality, the knowledge of which helps the receptor and the translator to correctly interpret the meanings of linguistic units in the statement.

Occasional correspondence (contextual replacement) is a very rare way of translating the original, which can only be used in this particular case. In some cases, the conditions for the use of a language unit in a context force the translator to abandon the use of regular correspondence and find a translation option that most accurately conveys the meaning of the FL unit in this context. An irregular, exclusive way of translating a unit of the original, suitable only for a given context, is called occasional matching or contextual replacement. It can appear and disappear as a manifestation of the subjective use of words by one or another author and is most often found in fiction.

Conditions of the context may induce the translator to refuse to translate even the use of a single match. Thus, geographical names have constant correspondences, which, as a rule, are created by imitation in translation of the sound of a foreign name. The name of the American city of New Haven in Connecticut is regularly translated into Russian as New Haven. But in the translation of Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby", the translator E. Kalashnikova refused to use the constant correspondence and translated the sentence I graduated from New Haven in 1915, as I graduated from Yale University in 1915. The context clearly shows that the name of the city is used in the original in a figurative sense instead of an educational institution located in this city. And knowledge of reality prompted the translator that Yale University, widely known in the USA, is located in New Haven. Since this fact may not be known to the Russian Receptor, the use of constant correspondence will not ensure the communicative equivalence of the translation. (Compare the possibility of maintaining such a transfer of meaning in the sentence I graduated from Oxford in 1915, since the name of this English town is strongly associated with the University of Oxford.) (Parshin)

INTERTEXTUALITY, a term coined in 1967 by the poststructuralist theorist Yulia Kristeva (b. 1941) to refer to a common property of texts, which is the existence of links between them, thanks to which texts (or parts of them) can explicitly or implicitly refer to each other in many different ways.

Despite the fact that various manifestations of intertextuality have been known since time immemorial, the emergence of the corresponding term and theory was precisely in the last third of the 20th century. seems to be non-random. The significantly increased accessibility of works of art and mass education, the development of mass media and the spread of mass culture (however one may refer to it) have led to a very strong semiotization of human life, to the feeling that, in the words of the Polish paradoxicalist Stanislaw Jerzy Lec, "About everything has already been said. Fortunately, not everything has been thought of" (by the way, this quotation in this paragraph is at the same time an illustration of his main thesis), and if you manage to come up with something new, then for the very assertion of novelty it is necessary to compare the new content with that what has already been said; if there is no claim to novelty, then the use of an already existing form to express some content often becomes a prestigious indication that the author of the text is familiar with the cultural and semiotic heritage, with the "treasures of the semiosphere." Art, and from some point on, everyday semiotic processes in the 20th century. become largely "intertextual".

Each new text - consciously or not - is generated by the author, taking into account already created texts, traces of which can always be identified in this text. These traces can take the form of quotation, allusion, reminiscence, parody, burlesque, travesty, remake, plot similarity, thematic, aesthetic and ideological commonality, etc. Of particular note in this series is the phenomenon of precedent texts - texts that have become widespread in a given culture, individual fragments of which are regularly reproduced in later texts in the form of citations and references. As a rule, precedent texts are texts of classical literature, cult films and songs, well-known jokes and humoresques, etc. All these phenomena of intertextuality are studied in literary criticism, however, intertextuality can also be described in terms of linguistic parameters.

The linguistic aspects of intertextuality are usually associated with the concept of the so-called "word memory". At the same time, the following types of it are distinguished: referential, combinatorial, sound and rhythmic-syntactic. If the combinatorial memory of a word is a fixed compatibility of a given word both in general and in an individual poetic language, then the referential memory of a word brings to the threshold of consciousness circles of meanings and associations from previous contexts, thereby creating additional increments of meaning in the generated text. The referential memory of a word, as it were, absorbs the meaning of previous and subsequent words, thereby expanding the scope of the meaning of this word. Precisely because its combinatorial memory is already embedded in the referential memory of a word, metaphors, riddles, and more complex allegories are deciphered. Restoration of intertextual relations simultaneously occurs at the phonic level, when the sound and rhythmic-syntactic memory of the word come into play. The sound memory of a word is understood as its ability to recall in memory close-sounding words belonging to other texts, or to “collect” words from the sounds of a given text, building relationships with other texts on the basis of the so-called paronymic attraction. The rhythmic-syntactic memory of a word, first of all, includes the memory of a rhyme, which connects it with combinatorial and sound memory, and secondly, stable rhythmic-syntactic formulas created on the basis of sound, syntactic, rhythmic and metric correspondences. Rhythmic-syntactic memory is the memory not only of rhythmic-syntactic, but also of rhythmic-semantic and morphological structures in poetic language.

The theory of the text usually involves the consideration of issues related to the context. In contextology, many types of contexts are distinguished, of which in this lecture we will consider two - horizontal and vertical - as less often considered in grammar textbooks, but the most relevant from the point of view of modern linguistic research in the field of text.

By horizontal we will mean a context that describes a series of events that directly replace each other within the framework of a dynamically developing situation in time, for example: A boy entered the room. He came up to the window and opened it. Looking out of the window, he saw a girl crossing the street. Having crossed the street the girl disappeared behind the doors of a nearby cafe.

By vertical we mean a context that describes a situation or situations preceding or simultaneous with the one given in the initial sentence of the context; time in such a context, as it were, freezes or acquires regressive properties, for example: A boy entered the room. He was dressed poorly but neatly. He was thin and pale and looked very tired. It was obvious that he had not eaten for days as he was very weak. He was standing in the doorway ready to faint.

The main differential features of the two types of contexts under consideration are semantics and species-temporal forms of predicates. If in the contexts of the first type the actional type of the predicate prevails (to enter, to come up, to open, to look out, to cross, to disappear), then in the contexts of the second type - static predicates (to be poorly dressed, to look pale, to be weak). If the contexts of the first type are characterized by the use of predicates in the form of the simple past tense (in English, as is known, this tense form is widely used to describe the sequence of actions in the past), then for contexts of the second type, the forms of the past continuous (was standing) and past perfect (had eaten) tenses to denote, respectively, actions simultaneous with the action indicated by the predicate in the initial sentence of the context, or preceding it. This observation, carried out within the framework of the theory of context, makes it possible to argue that aspect tense forms of the verb can be considered as another means of cohesion.

As part of real texts, horizontal and vertical contexts can occur both in pure form and, more often, combined. The combination of contexts means that a horizontal context can include elements of a vertical one, and vice versa - a vertical context can include elements of a horizontal one.

An example of a horizontal context interspersed with vertical: A boy entered the room. He looked pale and exhausted. He came up to the window and opened it. Having had nothing to eat for days he found it difficult to move. Looking out of the window he saw a girl crossing the street. He thought that he had already seen the girl somewhere. Having crossed the street the girl disappeared behind the doors of a nearby cafe. An example of a vertical context with elements of a horizontal one: A boy entered the room. He was dressed poorly but neatly. He said that three years before his parents had been killed in a car-crash and he was then adopted by a family who did not care much about him. His stepparents made him do all the work about the house and look after their own two babies. The boy had to quit school and do odd jobs earning money for his family. One day he met a friend who persuaded him to run away from his new family and now he was standing in the doorway of a police station asking for food and shelter.

There is another understanding of the vertical and horizontal contexts - more literary than linguistic. According to him, the horizontal context of a speech segment or speech unit means the surrounding text of the given work. The vertical context of a literary work refers to the so-called context of the era, that is, the entire wide historical and cultural background of its existence, its place in the aesthetic and literary direction, its significance in the world literary and artistic process.

In the Russian market, condoms of the Contex brand occupy the first positions in sales. This is facilitated by a competent pricing policy, product quality and assortment. Let's talk about the last advantage in more detail. In the article you will learn about the types of condoms, description, advantages and prices.

Contex Tornado

These condoms are designed to fit the anatomical features of the penis of men whose foreskin is uncircumcised. The condom, which has a standard width at the base, expands towards the sperm reservoir. Hence the name of the condom: there is some resemblance to a tornado.

Product Features:

size - standard, fits most men;
material - latex;
color - transparent;
shell thickness - 0.06 mm.

According to men, the Contex Tornado condom does not compress the head too much, thereby achieving the optimal quality of sexual intercourse. The product on the Russian market is found in two types of packaging: three and twelve pieces. The average cost, depending on the number of products in the package, is 150 and 550 rubles, respectively.

romantic love

This type of Contex condoms is among the top ten male contraceptives in Russia. Thanks to modern manufacturing technologies, the guarantee of protection against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is 95%. The condom is made of natural latex. Lubrication - from neutral compositions. Thanks to this, the risk of developing allergic reactions is minimized.

The composition of the lubricant includes an aromatic substance. The consumer can choose one of three, at his discretion:

strawberry;
orange;
banana.

The cost of Contex Romantic Love condoms in pharmacies is 150 - 550 rubles. The price depends on the distribution network, the number of condoms in the package and the region of sale.

Contex Ribbed

This type of condom is designed to enhance sensations during sex. The product has a relief surface (ribbed), which enhances the stimulation of the erogenous points of the penis and vagina. The condom is made of durable latex, has a hypoallergenic lubricant based on silicone oil.

Sizes of the Contex Ribbed condom:

length - 180 mm;
width - 52 mm;
the wall thickness of the product is 0.06 mm.

The reliability of the Contex condom is guaranteed by electronic controls. The cost, depending on the region and outlet, varies from 160 to 200 rubles per pack (3 pcs.).

Contex Relief

Another type of condom designed to enhance sensation during intercourse. The difference from previous products lies in the range of condoms inside the package. Contex Relief contains 6 condoms with ribs and 6 with pimples.

Product properties:

standard sizes: suitable for penis length 15-18 cm;
high-quality and durable latex;
silicone oil-based lubricant that does not cause allergic reactions in humans;
quality control by means of electronic systems.

A package containing 12 condoms with dots and ribs will cost you 500-600 rubles. The price may be different and depends on the region of your residence, the price policy of the distribution network or outlet.

Read also: What are the best condoms - top 8 popular products

long love

This type of Contex condom is designed specifically for men who have problems with early ejaculation. The composition of the lubricant, which is applied to the inner surface of the condom, includes benzocaine. It is a strong anesthetic that blocks the sensitivity of nerve receptors located on the head and shaft of the penis. This achieves the following features:

Decreased sensitivity of the penis.
Prolongs the time of sexual intercourse.
The interval between the introduction of a penis into the vagina and ejaculation increases.

The properties listed above, in combination, make the orgasm brighter and add self-confidence in a man. It is better to buy Contex Long Love condoms in specialized stores for intimate goods and pharmacies. In supermarkets, proper storage conditions are not observed, which reduces the anesthetic effect of the product. Estimated cost of packaging is 500 rubles.

Lights type condoms

The thickness of the latex sheath in this type of condom is only 0.05 mm. This result became possible due to the use of modern technologies, in which the minimum thickness of the latex product is combined with increased wall strength.

Lights condoms are sold in three versions, depending on the number of pieces in the package:

twelve;
eighteen.

Although the durability of the product is electronically tested, it is not recommended to use Contex Lights for anal sex. In this case, you will not receive a guarantee of the integrity of the product: the ultra-thin latex walls of the condom do not withstand friction in the rectum. The average cost is 50 rubles for one condom. The more of them in the package, the lower the final cost.

Condoms Imperial

When using a condom during sex, men complain of a decrease in sensation. This is usually due to the incomplete fit of the condom to the skin of the penis. To remove this nuisance and make the sensations of sex in a condom as realistic as possible, the company has developed the Contex Imperial product.

Condom Features:

latex cover with a wall thickness of 0.06 mm;
anatomical contour of the product;
hypoallergenic silicone-based lubricant;
standard size, suitable for men with a penis up to 18 cm in length.

The price of Imperial condoms, as well as other types of Contex, varies between 50-70 rubles per piece. The total cost depends on the number of products in the package and the outlet.

Contex Forced

Condoms designed specifically for anal or particularly passionate sex. Unlike other types of rubber products of a well-known company, these condoms have a wall thickness of 0.09 mm.

Combined with silicone lubricant, which can be purchased separately, these condoms will provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases that are transmitted during anal sex.

The manufacturer paid special attention to the sperm storage tank, making its walls more durable in comparison with other models. This quality will be appreciated by lovers of traditional but passionate sex as an additional guarantee of preventing unplanned pregnancy.

Important! Contex Forced condoms are not compatible with oil-based lubricants. Failure to do so will result in product rupture and increase the risk of pregnancy or STDs (sexually transmitted diseases).

The concept of correspondence is closely related to the concept of context.

Context- this is a segment of speech that is complete in a semantic sense, allowing you to set the meaning of the language unit included in it. The context determines the choice of one or another correspondence in the translation or the refusal to use known correspondences and the need to search for other ways of translation.

Under linguistic context the linguistic environment in which this or that unit of language is used in the text is understood. The context of a word is a set of words, grammatical forms and constructions in which the given word is used.

Under narrow context meaning the context of a phrase or sentence, i.e. language units that make up the environment of this unit within the sentence.

Under broader context refers to the linguistic environment of a given unit, which goes beyond the scope of the sentence; this is a text context, i.e. a set of language units in related sentences. The exact scope of the broad context cannot be specified - it can be the context of a group of sentences, a paragraph, a chapter, or even the entire work as a whole.

Narrow context, in turn, can be divided into context with intactic and lexical.

Syntactic context- this is the syntactic construction in which the given word, phrase or subordinate clause is used.

Lexical context- this is a set of lexical units, words and set phrases, in the environment of which this unit is used.

Situational (extralinguistic) context includes the setting, time and place to which the statement refers, as well as any facts of reality, the knowledge of which helps the Receptor (and the translator) to correctly interpret the meanings of linguistic units in the statement.

Peculiarities of translation of newspaper texts

Texts have a different character: newspaper, newspaper-journalistic, historical, popular science and fiction. This selection is caused by the desire of the authors to give students the opportunity to get acquainted with the peculiarities of translating texts of various styles and genres (Levitskaya T. R., A. M. Fiterman Theory and practice of translation from English into Russian Publishing house of literature in foreign languages. Moscow 1963 P. 9) .

Revealing the specifics of a separate subspecies of translation, the special theory of translation studies three series of factors that should be taken into account when describing translations of this type. First, the mere fact that the original belongs to a particular functional style can influence the nature of the translation process and require the translator to use special methods and techniques. Secondly, the focus on a similar original can predetermine the stylistic characteristics of the translation text, and, consequently, the need to choose such language means that characterize a similar functional style already in the TL. And, finally, as a result of the interaction of these two factors, translation features proper can be found, associated both with common features and differences between the linguistic features of similar functional styles in FL and TL, and with the special conditions and tasks of this type of translation process. In other words, the special theory of translation studies the impact on the process of translation of the linguistic features of a certain functional style in the FL, the functional style similar to it in the TL, and the interaction of these two series of linguistic phenomena.

The language of newspaper articles is often emotionally saturated, which brings it closer to the language of fiction. We find in it figurative comparisons, metaphors, idioms, elements of humor, sarcasm, irony, etc.

In addition to all this, a newspaper article usually has a certain political focus.

The newspaper text is abundantly saturated with special terms related to political and state life; we meet here the names of political parties, state institutions, public organizations and terms related to their activities, for example:

House of Commons House of Commons

Trades Union Congress

Security Council

term of office

mission of good will

cold war cold war, etc.

While technical terminology has a relatively narrow scope of circulation and, basically, does not go beyond the limits of this specialty, socio-political terms are much more widespread: they penetrate into all areas of life and are made public.

The newspaper text as a whole is characterized by the following specific features:

a) The frequent use of phraseological combinations that are in the nature of a kind of speech stamps, for example: on the occasion of no occasion

by the decision of no

in reply to

in a statement of

with reference to

to draw the conclusion

to attach the importance

to take into account

b) The use of constructions like "verb + that" when presenting someone else's statement, commenting on the statements of political figures, etc., for example:

The paper argues that this decision will seriously handicap the country's economy.

The newspaper believes that this decision will cause serious damage to the country's economy.

c) The use of phraseological combinations such as "verb + noun", for example: to have a discussion instead of to discuss

to give support instead of to support

to give recognition instead of to recognize

d) The use of neologisms formed with the help of some productive suffixes, for example: -ism (Bevinism)

Ite (Glasgovite)

Ize (to atomize)

Ation (marshallization)

and prefixes:anti- (anti-American campaign)

pro- (pro-Arab movement)

inter- (inter-European relations)

e) The widespread use of impersonal phrases as an introductory part of messages, for example: it is generally believed that ... no general belief ...

it is officially announced that ...

it is rumoured that … there are rumors that …

it is reported that ...

it is suggested that ... and others.

f) Frequent use of abbreviations, for example:

M.R. -Member of Parliament

T.U.K. – Trade Union Congress

Syntactically, the newspaper text is much simpler than the language of scientific and technical publications; complex grammatical constructions and turns are less common in it.

The newspaper-information style also has specific features that affect the translation process. The main task of materials of this style is to communicate certain information from certain positions and thereby achieve the desired effect on the Receptor. The content of newspaper information messages differs from scientific and technical information, in particular, in that here we are talking about phenomena that are understandable to a wide range of non-specialists, directly or indirectly related to their lives and interests. Since, however, the task is to communicate some facts, and here it is necessary to accurately designate concepts and phenomena. Hence the important role of terms, names and titles, unambiguously pointing to the subject of thought.

Political terminology, especially characteristic of the newspaper-informational style, has the same basic features that are characteristic of scientific and technical terminology. At the same time, they also reveal some differences related to the less rigor and orderliness of terminological systems in the socio-political sphere, as well as the dependence of the meanings of a number of terms on the corresponding ideological concepts. In newspaper and information materials, there are often polysemantic terms, synonymous terms, abbreviated terms and names. The term state in US political terminology can mean both "state" and "state": Both the state and Federal authorities are bent on establishing a police state. In the first case, the term state is on a par with the definition of "federal" and undoubtedly refers to the governments of the states, as opposed to the government of the whole country. In the second case, state is used in the meaning of "state". The term Congressman can have a broader meaning - "member of the American Congress" or a narrower one - "member of the House of Representatives (US Congress)": Last year a number of American Senators and Congressmen visited the Soviet Union. Along with Congressman, its synonym Representative is also used in its narrow sense. The charters of various organizations may be referred to in English as Regulations, Rules, Constitution, Statutes or Charter. Well-known terms are often used in the text in an abbreviated form: Youth is also virtually excluded from Congress, the average age of members of the Senate being 56 years and of the House 51 years. Here the abbreviated House is used instead of the full term The House of Representatives.

One and the same term may receive a different meaning depending on the ideological orientation of the text in which it is used. The term idealism can be used in a philosophical sense as the name of a worldview opposed to materialism, and have a positive or negative meaning, depending on the ideological position of the author. But even more often it is used in a positive sense, directly related to the concept of ideals - "ideals" and meaning "service (commitment) to high ideals (or principles)", for example: The Foreign Secretary "s most elaborate and numerous speeches seem to prove that idealism is his guiding star.

Widespread use of names and titles in the newspaper-information style makes the message specific and relates the information transmitted to certain individuals, institutions or areas. This implies significant prior (background) knowledge in the Receptor, allowing it to associate the name with the named object. Thus, the English Receptor out of context is well aware that Park Lane is a street, Piccadilly Circus is a square, and Columbia Pictures is a film company. Names and names are often used in newspaper and information materials in an abbreviated form. Often these abbreviations may be unknown to the general reader and their meaning is immediately deciphered in the note or message itself. But there are many such abbreviated names, which the readers of the newspaper have long been accustomed to and which therefore do not need explanations. The abundance of abbreviations is a characteristic feature of the newspaper-informational style of modern English. Wed names of parties, trade unions, various organizations and positions: AFL-CU = American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, OOP = Grand Old (Republican) Party, DD = Defense Department, NAACP = National Association for Advancement of Colored People, DA = District Attorney; surnames or familiar nicknames of famous political or public figures: JFK = John F, Kennedy, Rocky = Rockefeller, Ike = Eisenhower, RLS = Robert Louis Stevenson; place names: NJ. = New Jersey, Mo. = Missouri, S.F. = San Francisco, S.P. = South Pacific, E-W = East-West, etc (Komisarov V.N., Theory and practice of translation, M.: Prosveschenie, 1980, pp. 56-57).

Abbreviations are most relevant for newspaper-information style. Knowing and being able to translate abbreviations is necessary for the correct understanding of modern English-language newspaper articles.

AAC, alternative control center

AAP, arc allotment problem

AAT, availability analysis tool

AATSR, advanced along track scanning radiometer

AAX, automated attendant exchange

ABR, automatic bit rate detection

ACA, adaptive channel assignment

ACB, automatic call back

ACC, area control center

A characteristic feature of the English newspaper-information style is the stylistic diversity of vocabulary. Along with book vocabulary, colloquial and poetic words and combinations are widely used here:

Instead of answering the Minister took the line of "you"re another", that other West German Ministries and the police had still more ex-Nazis in them than Ms own ministry.

The Tories hope to get away with it by invoking their old familiar maxim: When in trouble, Wave the Flag.

The much-vaunted the New Frontiers, the Alliance for Progress and other similar programs have joined the snows of the yesteryear.

You are another (The Fool Himself), to invoke an old maxim and to join the snows of the yesteryear.

Newspaper and journalistic texts are very diverse.

The most concise, businesslike and dry in style are messages and articles of an informational nature. Accuracy in the translation of such messages and articles is often achieved by syntactic restructuring of sentences, structural substitutions, and the use of lexical correspondences. Here's an example:

Taking part in the discussion with the President will be the new Secretary of State, the Defense Secretary and the special assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Daily Worker September 1961).

The meeting with the President will be attended by the new Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense and Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.

In the field of phraseology, the newspaper-information style is distinguished by the widespread use of "ready-made formulas" or clichés. Here we find both numerous introductory phrases indicating the source of information (it is reported, it is claimed, our correspondent reports from, according to well-informed sources), stable combinations with obliterated imagery (to set the tone, to throw light, to lay the corner-stone, to give the lie), as well as a number of political clichés such as: government reshuffle, vested interests, an unnamed Power, generation gap

Newspaper and information materials also note some features of the syntactic organization of the text: the presence of short independent messages (1-3 statements) consisting of long sentences with a complex structure (Marooned by a gale on a skeleton of a fire-gutted Wyle light-house in Morecombe Bay, with their dingey swamped, nine workmen last night decided to risk the two-mile journey back over the sands to Fleetwood), the maximum fragmentation of the text into paragraphs, when almost every sentence starts on a new line, the presence of subheadings in the body of the text to increase interest readers, frequent use of numerous attribute groups (Paris underground and bus transport services were stopped today by a 24-hour warning strike called by the CGT (French TUC) with the support of other unions). The lexical and grammatical specificity of the newspaper-information style is especially clearly manifested in newspaper headlines (V.N. Komissarov, Theory and Practice of Translation, M.: Prosveschenie, 1980s. 56-70).

In the field of vocabulary, English newspaper headlines are characterized by the frequent use of a small number of special words that make up a kind of "headline jargon": ban, bid, claim, crack, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz , rap, rush, slash, etc. A distinctive feature of such "headline vocabulary" is not only the frequency of their use, but also the universal nature of their semantics. The word pact in the title can mean not only "pact", but also "agreement", "agreement", "deal", etc. The verb hit can be used in connection with any critical speech. Red can mean both "communist", and "socialist", and "progressive"; bid means both "call", and "invitation", and "attempt to achieve a certain goal", etc.: National Gallery Launches Bid to Buy the Titian - The National Gallery is trying to acquire a painting by Titian; Bid to Stop New Police Powers - A call to prevent police empowerment; Sudan Army Regime "s Bid to Crush the Left - An attempt by the Sudanese military regime to suppress the progressive movement (Komisarov V.N., Theory and practice of translation M .: Prosveschenie 1980 pp. 74-80).

Newspaper headlines especially use jargon and other colloquial vocabulary: Report Raps Lack of Law Reform, Hits GOPers Housing Stand, Dief Lends JFK a Helping Hand, etc. Even if the article itself describes a situation in a more restrained style, the title is often more conversational. Wed the beginning of an article in an English newspaper: A leading Chinese diplomat has been accused of responsibility for violence against foreign embassies with its headline: China Blames Diplomat for Embassy Rows.

Newspaper headlines also have a number of grammatical features. English and American newspapers are dominated by verbal headlines like: Floods Hit Scotland, William Faulkner Is Dead, Exports to Russia Are Rising. The verbosity is usually preserved also in headings consisting of an interrogative sentence: Will There Be Another Major Slump Next Year?. A specific feature of the English title is the ability to omit the subject: Hires Teen-Agers as Scabs, Want No War Hysteria in Toronto Schools, Hits Arrests of Peace Campaigners, etc.

Significant differences from other functional styles of modern English are noted in the nature of the use of verb tense forms in headings. English and American newspapers tend to use non-perfect forms of the verb in their headlines. When talking about events that occurred in the recent past, the present historical time is usually used: Russia Condemns West Provocation, Richard Aldington Dies 70, Concorde Lands at Heathrow. This is the most common type of header; the use of present historical time gives them liveliness, brings events closer to the reader, makes him, as it were, a participant in these events, and thereby enhances his interest in the published material. The Past Indefinite Tense is used in headings relating to past events, mainly when the heading contains a time adverb, or if the reader knows that the event described happened at a certain point in the past: Husband Disappeared Two Years Ago, Why Rockefeller Couldn't Buy a Landslide Victory?, Wave of Peace Action Swept the Nation, etc.

The infinitive is widely used in headings to indicate the future tense: America To Resume Testing, Laundry Workers To Vote on New Contract, World Unions To Fight Monopoly, etc.

An important feature of English newspaper headlines is the prevalence of the elliptical form of the passive voice in them with the omission of the auxiliary verb to be to describe events both in the past and in the present tense: Paris Protest March Staged by Students, 8-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped in Miami, All Piers Paralysed on East Coast, etc.

Newspaper headlines also clearly show the general features of the newspaper-information style. Names and political terms, abbreviations and attributive groups, colloquial and slang elements, etc. are widely represented here (Klimenko A.V. Translation, Translation Craft. M .: International relations 1999 C 342).

Identification of the language specificity of a particular type of speech or functional style is carried out within the framework of a special translation theory to determine the impact of this specificity on the translation process, on the nature and methods of achieving equivalence in the translation of materials of this type. The degree of such impact depends not only on the lexical and grammatical features of the original, but also on their relationship with similar phenomena in the target language. The course and result of the translation process is largely determined by the common and distinctive linguistic features of similar types of materials in FL and TL. Therefore, the description of the characteristic features of the materials of scientific-technical and newspaper-informational styles in modern English should be followed by the identification of the language specifics of Russian texts related to these functional styles.

Elements of similarities and differences are also found in the analysis of Russian newspaper and information materials in comparison with similar English texts. And here the main functions of materials of this kind - the communication of information and the provision of the desired effect on the Receptor - determine the widespread use of political terms, names and titles. Russian newspaper and informational texts are also distinguished by the stylistic diversity of vocabulary, the abundance of clichés and neologisms, the use of abbreviations, the prevalence of the present tense, the desire for catchy headlines, etc. At the same time, the newspaper-information style in the Russian language has many linguistic features that are not characteristic of similar English materials. In the field of vocabulary, one can note the prevalence of uplifted and solemn words (accomplishments, initiative, worker, destiny, grain grower, right-flank, sons of the people, steady, etc.), words with negative evaluation (clique, intrigues, voyage, outrages, fuss, thugs, puppet, etc.), military terms in extended and figurative use (field work front, attack on virgin lands, struggle for harvest, combat review of reserves, fire of criticism, five-year milestones, surrender won positions, declare a merciless war on spoilers, etc.). A characteristic feature of the Russian newspaper is the use of words with an abstract generalized meaning, formed with the help of suffixes -ost (party spirit, nationality, ideology, mismanagement, splendor), -ism (collectivism, internationalism, subjectivism, materialism, extremism), -shchina (storming, gruppovshchina, vkusovshchina, Oblomovism, militarism), etc. Adverbial prefix-suffix formations are widely used (in a state, in a party way, in a worker way, in a businesslike way, in a communistic way), as well as compound words (ideological and political, party - Komsomol, worker-peasant, bourgeois-nationalist, cultural-mass, literary-creative, etc.).

The grammatical specificity of the newspaper-information style in the Russian language is less clearly expressed. In general, the syntax of informational materials is bookish in nature with frequent use of complex, especially complex sentences, participial and adverbial phrases. The use of passive constructions is also noted (a high harvest has been harvested, a new health resort has been opened, etc.), as well as generalized-personal forms of verbs of informational semantics (report, inform, transmit). Particular attention should be paid to the nominal nature of newspaper speech, which is expressed, in particular, in the high frequency of denominative prepositions (in the area, in relation, in order, along the line, in accordance), complex denominative unions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that , in order to), verb-nominal combinations with a weakened meaning of the verb (to provide assistance, express satisfaction, find application, pay a visit, take steps), etc. (V.N. Komissarov, Theory and practice of translation M .: Education, 1980s. 89-92).

Thus, the linguistic features of similar styles in FL and TL often do not coincide. Therefore, the belonging of the original and translated texts to a certain functional style makes special demands on the translator and affects the course and result of the translation process. The specificity of a certain type of translation depends not only on the linguistic features that are found in the corresponding style of each of the languages involved in the translation, but mainly on how these features relate to each other, how much the stylistic characteristics of this type of material coincide in both languages. If some features are found only in one of the languages, then a kind of stylistic adaptation occurs during translation: specific means of presentation in the original are replaced by linguistic means that meet the requirements of this style in the TL. So, for the scientific and technical materials of the English language, the predominance of simple sentences is characteristic, which, according to rough estimates, average over 50% of the total number of sentences in the text. At the same time, the number of complex sentences is relatively small. (As mentioned above, in both languages, complex sentences predominate over compound ones). This phenomenon is unusual for the corresponding style in Russian, where complex sentences are used very widely.

When translating English texts belonging to fiction or newspaper-information style into Russian, the opposite phenomenon prevails - sentence division during translation, when two or more correspond to one original sentence in the translation text. In English-Russian scientific and technical translations, division is used relatively rarely:

The limitations of the existing theories must be adequately understood if they are not to be used in places where they are not valid.

The limitations of existing theories must necessarily be understood. This will help to avoid applying these theories in cases where they are unfair.

Similar phenomena are observed in the translation of newspaper and information materials. And here the discrepancies in the linguistic features of the English and Russian texts necessitate stylistic adaptation.: Floods Hit Scotland - Flood in Scotland, Exports to Russia Are Rising - Increased exports to the Soviet Union, A Train Driver Dies after Locos Collide - The death of a driver as a result of a train collision . More complex transformations involve translating titles that have a verbal predicate in the personal form but no subject: Hires Teen-Agers as Scabs - Using teenagers as scabs, Want No War Hysteria in Toronto Schools - Protests against planting war hysteria in Toronto schools . The same in the translation of headings with participial forms:

20 Killed in Air Crash - The death of 20 people in a plane crash,

Compressors Delivery Ordered by Gov "t - Government order for the supply of compressors,

British Railways Hit by National Strike - A nationwide strike by British railway workers.

Special translation theory describes various forms of stylistic adaptation in the translation of texts belonging to a particular functional style. Stylistic adaptation during translation may also be necessary in relation to those stylistic features that are simultaneously found in similar styles of FL and TL. The same stylistic feature may appear to varying degrees in each of the languages, and its presence in the original does not mean that it can simply be reproduced in the translated text.

And also comprehend vocabulary and technical.

Today we have another “highlight” in line. In everyday life, as well as on the Internet, you can often meet the word "context" or phrases containing this word: for example, "taken out of context". What does it mean? When should this word or expression be used, and when not? Let's look at examples.

Context is...

Since the audience of this blog is partly made up of webmasters and SEOs, the word “context” is very familiar to them. True, this is free, which I have already talked about a lot on the pages of this blog. But oddly enough, the abbreviation reflects the meaning very well. A little lower I will explain this, but for now let's consider this wonderful word from a universal human point of view.

So, context is simple textual (or maybe just verbal, if colloquial speech is meant) environment of a phrase. This very environment has a complete meaning and in some sense can be equated to a paragraph (paragraph), into which the text is divided for its better perception. But I am exaggerating this, because these concepts are far from identical.

It often happens that the meaning of a phrase can be understood only by relying on the context, namely, on its verbal and semantic environment. Moreover, not necessarily a fragment taken from a certain conversation, speech or text can be taken as a basis. All this can be blurred in time.

For example, yesterday you could discuss that your friend eats too much sweets, and the next day when you meet you can call him sweet instead of his proper name, and this will look normal and understandable, but only in the context of your previous conversation with him. Clear?

But context is not necessarily text or words. , circumstance or place. For example, you came to the market and ask the seller of potatoes about its cost in a single word: how much? And you will be correctly understood precisely in the context of this situation. But if you meet (catch) the same person in another place and ask the same question, then most likely you will greatly puzzle him and arouse in him suspicions about the instability of your mental health.

So, I think what is "in context" is more or less clear to you. Probably, on the basis of this, the meaning of the phrase is also clear. "taken out of context". Let's take the same example with the question "how much?". Remove a person from the market (pull him out of context) and you get complete nonsense.

Another banal example is when some of the words spoken are removed from a quote, which often leads to a complete distortion of the meaning. For example, a person may criticize an opponent for something: "Ivanov, saying that soot is white, is acting stupidly." And journalists can write like this: "Petrov said that the soot is white." And yes, he did say that. This is true, but such an interpretation completely distorts the meaning. It is also called "juggling", but that's not the point.

It's not that a phrase taken out of context can distort the meaning. As you know, sometimes even an incorrectly placed comma can cost a life, as, for example, in the phrase "Execution cannot be pardoned." So be careful and always consider the context in which a particular phrase is spoken or written because this is often the key.

Well, finally, I’ll tell you about the contextual advertising mentioned above, which, for simplicity, webmasters and SEOs simply call context. Why is this really true? But because contextual advertising contains an ad that is in tune with the text that surrounds it on the page, i.e. it doesn't seem out of context and is therefore one of the most effective advertising tools on the internet right now. So, you say...

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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