The antipode of Morozki is Pavel Mechik. In the novel he is an "anti-hero". This is a young boy who joined the detachment only out of curiosity. But he immediately became disillusioned with the ideas, for the sake of which he “ceased” being a city intellectual. But Mechik hid this from everyone. The people who surrounded Paul brought him a lot of disappointment, because they turned out to be incompatible with the “ideal” heroes that their ardent young imagination created them. is still weak, since in the subsequent narrative he betrays the members of the detachment. Mechik was put on patrol by Levinson, the head of the detachment, but Pavel considered this to be wrong and, without fulfilling his duty, disappeared into the forest, which led to the death of the detachment. “...The sword, having already driven quite far, looked back: Morozka was riding behind him. Then the squad and Morozka disappeared around the bend... He dozed off. He didn't understand why he was sent ahead. He raised his head, and the sleepy state instantly left him, replaced by a feeling of incomparable animal horror: there were Cossacks on the road...”
Mechik disappeared and only saved his own life, putting the lives of the squad members at stake. Fadeev focuses his attention not on the battles themselves, but on the time between us, when there comes a moment of respite, rest. These seemingly “peaceful” episodes are full of internal tension and conflict: be it the case of killing fish, confiscating pork from a Korean, or waiting for the result of the Metelitsa reconnaissance. This construction contains the deep meaning of the story: moral, ideological and political problems and their philosophical understanding are important. The characters' train of thought, their behavior, their internal vacillation in relation to everything that happens around them - this is what Fadeev called “the selection of human material.”
In this regard, the image of Morozka, one of the heroes of the novel, is interesting. Actually, his presence at the center of the work is explained by the fact that he is an example of a new person undergoing a “remake.” The author spoke about him in his speech: “Morozka is a man with a difficult past... He could steal, he could swear rudely, he could lie, he could drink. All these traits of his character are undoubtedly his huge shortcomings. But in difficult, decisive moments of the struggle, he did what was necessary for the revolution, overcoming his weaknesses. The process of his participation in the revolutionary struggle was the process of forming his personality...”
Speaking about the selection of “human material”, the writer had in mind not only those who turned out to be necessary for the revolution. People “unsuitable” for building a new society are mercilessly discarded. Such a hero in the novel is Mechik. It is no coincidence that this man, by social origin, belongs to the intelligentsia and deliberately joins the partisan detachment, led by the idea of the revolution as a great romantic event. Mechik’s belonging to a different class, despite his conscious desire to fight for the revolution, immediately alienates those around him. “To tell the truth, Morozka didn’t like the rescued one at first sight. Morozka did not like clean people. In his life experience, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted.” This is the first certification that Mechik receives. Morozka’s doubts are consonant with the words of V. Mayakovsky: “An intellectual does not like risk, / He is as red as a radish.” Revolutionary ethics is built on a strictly rational approach to the world and man. The author of the novel himself said: “Mechik, the other “hero” of the novel, is very “moral” from the point of view of the Ten Commandments... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his internal egoism, lack of dedication to the cause of the working class, his purely petty individualism " There is a direct contrast here between the morality of the Ten Commandments and devotion to the working class cause. The author, preaching the triumph of the revolutionary idea, does not notice that the combination of this idea with life turns into violence against life, cruelty. For him, the professed idea is not utopian, and therefore any cruelty is justified.
N.V. Gogol - story "Taras Bulba". In this story N.V. Gogol writes about the all-consuming power of feelings over a person. His hero Andriy betrays his homeland, the bonds of camaraderie, his father, his people, having fallen in love with a beautiful Polish woman. Thus, according to the writer, the hero destroyed himself. In the finale, he is killed by his own father, who has not forgiven him for his betrayal.
N.S. Leskov - the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”.
The writer explores the nature of love-passion, which has completely taken possession of the human soul. N. Leskov’s woman, the merchant’s wife Katerina Izmailova, becomes the bearer of this passion. And this passion leads her to crimes and death. For the sake of her lover, she secretly destroys her husband and child. In the finale, she ends up in hard labor, where her lover betrays her. Love-passion is, according to the writer, a destructive element not controlled by reason.
What is the role of childhood in a person’s life? What does the image of a home in our soul contain?
L.N. Tolstoy's story "Childhood". In this work, the writer explores the process of character development. The consciousness of the hero Nikolenka Irtenyev reflected the entire rich spectrum of life experiences: childhood, family, class. Gradually, the hero begins to discover the world around him, people and explore his own soul. Thus, Nikolenka feels her moral separation from her friends and acquaintances. The father's authority collapses: the hero begins to understand that his mother is deprived of his attention. “The tragedy of the ruined life of the master’s faithful slave Natalya Savishna is revealed. The first competition of minds and characters takes place: Nikolenka and his older brother Volodya, Nikolenka and Seryozha Ivnin. Unconscious cruelty is manifested... - pushing around Ilenka Ladder. The main result of childhood is that all things and relationships are in motion, you are not alone in the world.”
I.A. Goncharov - novel “Oblomov”. In this novel, the author deeply explores the nature of his hero, the origins of his character, in the pictures of Oblomov’s childhood. The author gives us these pictures in “Oblomov’s Dream”. We see here a description of nature. Her serenity and calmness are akin to a fairy tale. In this place there are no “dense forests”, a sad sea, mountains and abysses. But the sky there is “like a parent’s reliable roof”, the sun “shines brightly and hotly around noon and then moves away... as if reluctantly...”. And all the nature there represents “a series of... cheerful, smiling landscapes...”. This Central Russian nature with the leisurely flow of rivers and the serene spirit of the fields influenced Ilya’s gentle character. Next we find a description of landowner and peasant life. And again here is a kind of idyll: “Happy people lived, thinking that it shouldn’t and couldn’t be otherwise, confident that everyone else lived exactly the same way and that living differently is a sin...” Oblomovites are hardworking, religious, superstitious, they love listening to fairy tales and solving dreams. The hero will forever remember the endless winter evenings, the nanny's tales about a wonderful country where rivers of honey and milk flow, where beauties and good fellows walk. It was here, in Oblomovka, in his distant childhood years, that an important trait of his character was formed - poetic daydreaming. Legends and fairy tales, epics and parables determined his consciousness and attitude to life.
Another defining character trait of Oblomov is independence from the world of external life, a sense of inner freedom. That is why service only as a career, secular friends, empty women who are unable to give happiness, turn out to be alien to the hero. “These are all dead people. Sleeping people, worse than me, these members of the world and society! - says Oblomov. He is looking for perfection in this world, “the norm, the ideal of life, which nature indicated as the goal for man.” In his actions and thoughts, Ilya Ilyich is noble, his soul is “pure and clear as glass.”
However, life on the family estate also shaped the negative aspects of Oblomov’s character. So, little Ilyusha grew up active and inquisitive, but his best impulses were suppressed. The constant care of parents and nannies did not give the child the opportunity to fully develop. All his attempts to do something on his own were refuted by arguments: “Why? Where? And what about Vaska, and Vanka, and Zakharka?” His studies at the Stolz boarding school proceeded intermittently, and he became indifferent to science. Gradually, laziness, inertia, apathy, and indifference to life developed in the child.
Ilya Ilyich dreams of love and family, but he is not given the opportunity to experience the ideal feeling. He breaks up with Olga Ilyinskaya because she cannot give him real happiness. Agafya Pshenitsyna, with her character and way of life, is somewhat closer to the female type that existed in his childhood. And that is why he remains on the Vyborg side, in the house of Agafya Matveevna, she becomes the same Militrisa Kirbitievna about whom the nanny read to him. This is how the fairy tale is embodied in Oblomov’s life. Thus, childhood years, according to the writer, completely determine our character and life scenario.
F. Iskander - book “Reflections of a Writer” (collection of essays and journalism). The author identifies two types of creativity in Russian literature - “home” and “homelessness”. Poets, defenders and organizers of the “home” - Pushkin, Tolstoy, Akhmatova. The authors of “homelessness” are Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tsvetaeva. Thus, Lermontov’s Pechorin destroys Bela’s house, Grushnitsky’s house, being homeless, he himself dies in Persia. Pushkinsky Evgeniy in the poem “The Bronze Horseman”, on the contrary, defends his right to the house, rebelling against Peter. We find poetry at home in Eugene Onegin and The Captain's Daughter.
The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
The role of nature in human life
The problem of environmental disaster
The problem is seeing beauty in the ordinary
Friendship
Story
The problem of preserving historical memory.
Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of man Fathers and sons
The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.
The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.
Work
The problem of drug addiction.
The problem of love for one's country
The problem of choosing a profession.
Russian language
The problem of moral duty, moral choice.
The problem of the national spirit in tragic moments of history
War and Peace
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
Literature and poetry
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The role of books in human life
good and evil
Good Speech
Conscience, morality
Youth, youth
Will, freedom
Heroism, exploits
Art
Sports, movement
The problem of responsibility.
Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor.
Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness
False values
The problem of the development of science and technology
Everyone holds the fate of the world in their hands
The role of personality in history
The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person
The educational function of art
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in human life
The problem of human rights and responsibilities
The problem of moral degradation of the individual
Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life The spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man
Laws of social development. Man and power
Man and knowledge.
Problem of conscience
The role of example. Human education
The problem of spirituality
The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (un)worthy behavior in society)
The problem of the influence of religion on human life
The problem of moral disgust
The problem of human stinginess
The problem of true and false human interest in culture
The influence of art and culture on humans
The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning
The problem of true and false education
The problem of heredity
The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits
The problem of the truth of art
The problem of timely education
The problem of attitude towards learning
The problem of the relationship between science and religion
The problem of human perception of the surrounding world
The problem of hypocrisy and sycophancy
The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials
The problem of philistinism
The problem of the transience of human happiness
The problem of the influence of a teacher’s personality on the formation of students’ character
The problem of irresponsibility of officials
.The problem of the Russian village
The problem of love of freedom
The problem of a person realizing superpowers
The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities
The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime
The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War
The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of HE
The problem of national unity during the Second World War
The prisoner of war problem
The problem of patriotism
The problem of true and false patriotism
The problem of geniuses confronting the world around them
The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state
The role of personality in history
The problem of moral lessons from history
The problem of betrayal during the war years
The problem of motherhood
The problem of the transformative power of parental love
The problem of parenting
The problem of the unmerciful attitude of adults towards children
Life and fate of women
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The problem of the moral health of the nation
The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society
The problem of lonely old age
The problem of attitude towards the native language
The problem of inspiration.
Psychological problem of inferiority complex
The problem of fathers and children
The problem of human limitations
The problem of juvenile delinquency
The problem of the non-standard spiritual search of modern young people
The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures
The problem of crime based on interethnic hostility (or nationalism)
The problem of human perception of the animal world
The problem of human relations with animals
The problem of attitude towards learning
Computer abuse problem
The problem of the future of the book
The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts
The role of printed publications in modern Russia
The role of television in human life
The problem of relationships between women and men
Love
- A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes passes by without noticing his happiness. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This happened with Evgeny Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. Having met her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.
- M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.
- And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the intelligence and charm of this woman.
- And A. Goncharov."Oblomov." Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the lovers' efforts were in vain.
- A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama that Katerina, the main character of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” experienced.
- I.A. Goncharov."Oblomov." The great power of love is a theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of his loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love, abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate “creeping from one day to another” turned out to be stronger for Ilya.
- L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this condition can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, Prince Bolkonsky, after life’s hardships, was convinced that he would never experience happiness or joy again. However, a meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.
- A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry and the magical beauty of love are disappearing from our lives, that people’s feelings are diminishing. A. Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet” still amazes readers with faith in love. It can be called a moving hymn of love. Such stories help to maintain the belief that the world is beautiful, and that people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.
- I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolz, are shown almost according to the same scheme: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend’s sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After Oblomov’s death, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. This is what true friends do.
- I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". In friendship there is mutual influence. Relationships can be fragile if people are unwilling to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The apathetic, difficult-to-rise nature of Ilya Ilyich and the young energy of Andrei Stolts - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to do some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend’s concern. But Stolz’s desires and attempts deserve respect.
- I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it is based on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons.” Arkady Kirsanov was at first an ardent supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because the friendship was not equal.
- N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” (about friendship, camaraderie). It is said in N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” that “there is no holier bond than comradeship.”
- Human activity is destroying nature
- The state of nature depends on man
- Preserving the environment is a priority for society
- The future of humanity depends on the state of nature
- Love for nature makes a person cleaner
- People with high moral qualities protect nature
- Love for nature changes a person for the better and contributes to his moral development
- People have forgotten that nature is their home
- Everyone tends to have their own view on the role of nature in human life
Arguments
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The work contains two completely opposite views on the place of nature in people's lives. Nihilist Evgeny Bazarov perceives the world around him as material for practice, saying that “nature is not a temple, but a workshop.” He tries to find benefit in everything, rather than see the beauty around him. The hero considers living beings only material for his research. For Arkady Kirsanov, who at first supported the views of Yevgeny Bazarov, nature is a source of harmony. He feels like an integral part of the world around him, sees and feels beauty.
ON THE. Nekrasov “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares.” The story of Grandfather Mazay rescuing hares has been known to every person since childhood. From the poem of the great poet it is clear that our hero is a hunter, which means that for him hares should first of all be prey. But grandfather Mazai cannot offend animals when they are absolutely helpless, between life and death. Love for nature turns out to be higher for a person than the opportunity to get easy prey. He shouts after the rescued hares so that they don’t come across him during the hunting period, but at the moment he releases them.
A.I. Kuprin “Olesya”. The attitude towards nature of the main character of the work can be called truly correct. Olesya's life is inextricably linked with the world around her. She feels that she is connected to the forest and that the forest is something alive. The girl loves all living things. Olesya is ready to protect everything connected with nature: grass, shrubs, huge trees. Unity with the outside world allows her to survive at a distance from people, in the depths of the forest.
V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”. The fate of Gosha Gertsev is a striking example of the fact that nature can not only tolerate human attacks, but also actively defend itself with the help of its moral and punitive force. The hero who showed a consumerist, cynical attitude towards the environment is punished. Moreover, punishment threatens not only him, but all of humanity if it does not realize how cruel its activities are. Lack of spirituality, thirst for profit, thoughtless use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress - all this threatens the death of society.
B.L. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans.” The work shows the different attitudes of people towards nature: we see both its defenders and enemies, whose activities are only of a consumer nature. The main character, Yegor Polushkin, takes care of all living things. He often becomes the object of ridicule because those around him do not support his views on the world. Egor Polushkin, while laying a pipe, decides to go around the anthill, which causes laughter and condemnation from people. When the hero needs money, he learns that the population can receive a reward for soaked bast. However, even in a difficult situation, the hero cannot decide to destroy a living thing, while his cousin destroys an entire grove for profit. Yegor Polushkin's son is distinguished by the same moral qualities: Kolka gives his expensive gift (a spinning rod that everyone dreamed of) to Vovka to save a puppy that the boy wanted to torture. The main character himself is killed by evil and envious people for his desire to protect nature.
Chingiz Aitmanov “The Scaffold”. The work shows how a person destroys the world around him with his own hands. People abuse saigas; wolf cubs die due to man-made fires. Not knowing where to direct her maternal love, the she-wolf becomes attached to the human child. People, not realizing this, shoot at her, but one of them ends up killing his own son. The death of a child can be blamed not on the she-wolf, but on the people who barbarously invaded her territory, exterminated her children, and therefore took up arms against nature. The work “The Scaffold” shows the consequences of such an attitude towards the living.
D. Granin “Bison”. The main character realizes with horror that almost all people, including scientists, are confident in the boundlessness of nature and the insignificant impact of humans on it. The bison does not understand how a person can approve scientific and construction projects that cause irreparable damage to all living things. He believes that science in this case works not for the benefit, but to the detriment of humanity. The hero is pained by the fact that almost no one has come to understand the true role of nature in human life, its uniqueness and vulnerability.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea.” For the old fisherman, the sea is his breadwinner. In the entire appearance of the hero, a connection with nature is visible. The old man treats everything with respect and gratitude: he asks the caught fish for forgiveness. The work shows the role of nature’s generosity in our lives, and the hero demonstrates a truly correct attitude towards the world around him - grateful.
