What are the consequences of new US sanctions against the Russian Federation? Timing of introduction. Complete list of all sanctions against Russia

For more than two months, anti-Russian hysteria has been going on in the West, aimed at fooling ordinary people and creating the image of Russia as an external enemy. Especially for you, we have prepared a complete list of sanctions imposed by a number of states, from which it is easy to conclude that, in fact, a serious deterioration in relations is not beneficial to anyone, and belligerent rhetoric is just words for PR for politicians...

In response to Russia's actions in Crimea, the European Union, the United States, Canada and a number of other countries announced the introduction of sanctions. The measures include asset freezes and visa restrictions for designated individuals, as well as bans on companies in sanctioned countries from doing business with designated individuals and entities.

Current sanctions against Russia:

Elena Mizulina was banned from entering the country and more than 10 sanctions were imposed

Stopped the process of creating a free trade zone with the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and 3 more sanctions

Stopped broadcasting of the Rossiya TV channel due to “biased coverage of the situation in Ukraine” and another sanction

Expelled all Russian military personnel from its territory and 7 more sanctions

Limits the period of stay for Russian citizens to a limit of 90 days and 12 more sanctions

Vladimir Putin:

“The deep values ​​of Russians and Europeans are the same. Yes, we are different, but we have the same interests, and I have said more than once that we need to create a single space. And if we do not build a united Europe and engage in separatism, we will occupy an insignificant place in the world.”

Consequences of sanctions against Russia

What sanctions were imposed against Russia in 2014? In response to Russia's actions in Crimea, the European Union, the United States, Canada and a number of other countries announced the introduction of sanctions. The measures include asset freezes and visa restrictions for designated individuals, as well as bans on companies in sanctioned countries from doing business with designated individuals and entities.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development By decision of the governing council, it suspended the process of accepting Russia into its membership and announced strengthening cooperation with Ukraine

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (abbr. OECD, English Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD) is an international economic organization of developed countries that recognize the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization:

Suspended military and civilian meetings with Russia, and also abandoned plans for joint military missions.
Suspended practical cooperation with Russia and excluded it from the process of eliminating Syrian chemical weapons.
Suspended all forms of cooperation with Russia, except for negotiations at the ambassadorial level and above.
The Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has ceased cooperation with the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Closed free access to the headquarters to all employees of the Russian mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the exception of the ambassador, his deputy and two assistants.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, the North Atlantic Alliance is a military-political bloc that unites most European countries, the USA and Canada. Founded on April 4, 1949 in the USA "to protect Europe from Soviet influence."

European Union:

On March 6, 2014, he suspended negotiations with Russia on visa facilitation and a new basic agreement.
By a decision of the Council of the European Union of March 17, 2014, it introduced sanctions against Russian and Crimean politicians and officials (individuals), in particular: banning them from entering the territory of the European Union or transit, as well as freezing “all funds and economic resources that belong to, are in owned or controlled by these persons."
On March 20, 2014, he canceled the EU-Russia summit scheduled for June of the same year.
On March 21, 2014, “due to the gravity of the situation,” the list of persons against whom sanctions are being imposed was supplemented with 12 names of government and military figures of the Russian Federation and Crimea, as well as the head of the Russia Today agency D. Kiselyov.
On March 25, 2014, it banned its embassies in Russia from issuing all types of visas to residents of Crimea.
On April 17, 2014, the European Parliament adopted a resolution of a recommendatory nature, in which it called for abandoning the construction of the South Stream gas pipeline.
On April 28, 2014, he decided to expand the list of persons against whom sanctions are imposed by 15 people, whose names were published on April 29 of the same year

The European Union (European Union, EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European states. Aimed at regional integration, the Union was legally established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 (entering into force on 1 November 1993) on the principles of the European Communities.

Council of Europe canceled all planned events in Russia, deprived the Russian delegation of voting rights and banned its representatives from holding leadership positions in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and also banned Russian representatives from participating in observer missions of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe until the end of 2014.

The Council of Europe is an international organization promoting cooperation between all European countries in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural interaction. Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is Europe's oldest international organization. It consists of 47 states, home to more than 800 million people.

European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation banned air travel to Crimea as well as flights in the airspace of Crimea.

Eurocontrol is a European organization for the safety of air navigation, founded in 1960. It is an international organization working for a seamless, pan-European air traffic management system. Eurocontrol is a public organization and currently has 40 member states; its headquarters are in Haren, City of Brussels. Eurocontrol coordinates and plans air traffic control for the whole of Europe.

G8 "Big Eight" suspended preparations by leading Western countries for the G8 summit in June in Sochi and suspended Russia's participation.

The Group of Eight (G8), the Big Eight, is an international club uniting the governments of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, the USA, France and Japan.

The same name is given to the informal forum of the leaders of these countries (with the participation of the European Commission), within the framework of which approaches to pressing international problems are coordinated.

Selected countries

Australia:

Canceled a number of government visits to Russia.
It froze the accounts and also banned the entry of eight Russian citizens and four Ukrainian citizens, “who play an important role in the Russian threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.”

Albania

Bulgaria dismantled the South Stream pipes on its territory.

Great Britain suspended military cooperation with Russia, including stopping the supply of military supplies to Russia and canceling planned joint military exercises.

Germany:

Suspended the implementation of a military contract with Russia worth 120 million euros.
Stopped the export of defense products to Russia.
Freezes the sale of satellite technologies worth up to 700 million euros.
She refused to participate in the annual intergovernmental German-Russian consultations within the framework of the St. Petersburg Dialogue.
Stopped exporting military products to Russia.

Iceland joined the European Union sanctions against Russia.

Canada:

Stopped military cooperation with Russia.
She expelled all Russian military personnel from her territory.
Introduced a ban on entry into the country and froze the assets of seven Russian and three Crimean officials.
Imposed sanctions against the open joint-stock company “Joint Stock Bank “Russia”” and added 14 more Russian officials to its sanctions list.
She expelled the deputy military attaché of the Russian Embassy from her territory.
Introduced sanctions against the Chairman of the Sevastopol Election Commission Valery Medvedev, the Chairman of the Crimean Election Commission Mikhail Malyshev and the Chernomorneftegaz company.
As the chairing state of the Arctic Council, she refused to participate in its working meetings held in Moscow.
Refused to launch the M3MSat microsatellite using a Russian rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
Introduced additional economic sanctions against nine Russian officials, as well as Expobank and RosEnergoBank.

The Canadian list almost completely replicates the US sanctions list.

Latvia:

Suspended military cooperation with Russia.
Stopped broadcasting of the Rossiya TV channel due to “biased coverage of the situation in Ukraine.”

Moldova joined the European Union sanctions against Russia.

Netherlands suspended military cooperation with Russia.

Norway:

Suspended participation in negotiations on the creation of a free trade area between the European Free Trade Association and the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
Suspended military cooperation with Russia until the end of May 2014.

New Zealand suspended negotiations with the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan on the creation of a free trade zone and recalled Trade Minister Tim Groser from Moscow.

Poland:**

Canceled the forum of regions with Russia.
Poczta Polska has stopped delivering letters and parcels intended for residents of Crimea.

United States of America (USA):

On March 4, 2014, investment and military cooperation with Russia was frozen, and bilateral negotiations and conference planning were also cancelled.

On March 17, US President Barack Obama announced the signing of an executive order that imposes sanctions against a number of Russian officials in the form of freezing their bank accounts, seizing property and refusing to issue entry visas. Seven people are listed by name in the decree, but the text also mentions the right of the Secretary of the Treasury to add to the list in consultation with the Secretary of State. The list includes: E.B. Mizulina - Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Family, Women and Children; L.E. Slutsky - Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Affairs of the Commonwealth of Independent States; A.A. Klishas - Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation; IN AND. Matvienko - Chairman of the Federation Council; BEFORE. Rogozin - Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; V.Yu. Surkov - Aide to the President of the Russian Federation; S.Yu. Glazyev is an adviser to the president. The American corporation Morgan Stanley noted that the West is in no hurry to impose sanctions against Russia, “as this will significantly worsen the economic situation in Europe.”

On March 20, they expanded the list of Russian high-ranking officials against whom sanctions were imposed, and also imposed sanctions against Rossiya Bank, called “the personal bank for senior officials of the Russian Federation” and large Russian businessmen , who were considered to have business relations with President V.V. Putin (G.N. Timchenko, brothers A.R. and B.R. Rotenberg, Yu.V. Kovalchuk).

On March 27, they suspended cooperation with Russia in the fight against drugs, and also suspended the issuance of licenses to American companies to export “potentially dangerous products” to Russia.
On March 28, licensing for the export of defense goods and services to Russia was stopped.
On March 30, the work of the Russian-American presidential commission was stopped.
On April 2, a number of projects with Russia within the framework of a bilateral presidential commission, as well as some areas of cooperation between law enforcement agencies, were suspended, and funding for their implementation was redirected to Ukraine.
On April 3, they suspended consultations with Russia in the field of missile defense, and also suspended cooperation in the space sector, with the exception of the International Space Station project and on a number of projects in the field of peaceful nuclear energy.
On April 7, they stopped cooperation with Russia within the framework of the Nunn-Lugar program, and also denied access to Russian citizens to Department of Energy facilities, including Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.
On April 11, sanctions were imposed against seven representatives of the Crimean leadership and the Chernomorneftegaz company.
On April 28, sanctions were introduced against 7 government officials of the Russian Federation and 17 Russian companies. They also banned the sale of high-tech goods to Russia that could enhance the combat capability of the Russian army and canceled previously issued licenses for their supply.

The first Russian companies to fall under US sanctions were the Rossiya and Sobinbank banks. Visa and MasterCard plastic cards issued by these banks have ceased to be serviced throughout the world. Subsequently, sanctions were introduced against other companies associated with Vladimir Putin's inner circle: AquaNika LLC, Avia Group LLC, Avia Group Nord LLC, Zest CJSC, InvestCapitalBank, Sobinbank, Sakhatrans, SMP Bank, Stroygazmontazh ", Stroytransgaz, LLC Stroytransgaz, OJSC Stroytransgaz, LLC Stroytransgaz-M, Stroytransgaz Holding, IC Abros, LLC Transoil and Volga Group. Their assets are frozen, and 13 companies from this list will henceforth need licenses to export products from the United States “with a presumption of refusal to export, re-export and other foreign transfers.”

Ukraine:

Stopped broadcasting the TV channels Vesti, Rossiya 24, Channel One. World Wide Web", "RTR Planet" and "NTV Mir" on their territory.
Freezes supplies of weapons and military equipment to Russia.
Limits the period of stay for Russian citizens to 90 days.
Stopped pumping Russian gas into its underground storage facilities.
Joined the European Union sanctions against Russia.
Banned more than 100 officials - Russian citizens who supported the annexation of Crimea to Russia - from entering its territory.
Significantly strengthened border control of those arriving from Russia and Crimea: limited entry for male citizens of the Russian Federation aged 16 to 60 years who travel alone, with the exception of cases of traveling to relatives, to funerals, with certified original invitations from legal entities and individuals or with the permission of the State Border Service itself.
Restricted entry for male Ukrainian citizens with Crimean registration aged 16 to 60 years who are traveling alone, with the exception of cases of traveling to visit relatives with a serious illness, if they have tickets for other planes, tourist vouchers, or based on informing Ukrainian border guards.
Introduced filtration and verification measures for Ukrainian citizens with Crimean female registration aged 20 to 35 years.
The restrictions do not apply to Russians and Crimeans who arrived with families that include children.
The Constitutional Court of Ukraine has ceased cooperation with the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
It blocked the flow of water to the Crimean Peninsula through the North Crimean Canal.

France:

Announced its intention to terminate a contract to build warships for Russia and suspended most military cooperation with Russia, including exchanges of visits and joint exercises.

Switzerland:

Stopped the process of creating a free trade zone with the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
Took note of the sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States and decided to take all necessary measures to ensure that Swiss territory is not used to circumvent them. She also confirmed that visa restrictions introduced by the European Union apply to its territory in accordance with the Schengen Agreement.
Freezes military cooperation with Russia.
It introduced restrictions on the financial transactions of 33 officials from Russia, against whom the European Union had previously imposed sanctions.
Expanded its sanctions list by another 15 people. Sanctions were imposed against ten citizens of Russia and five representatives of south-eastern Ukraine. Restrictions on financial transactions are introduced against these people, and they are also prohibited from entering Switzerland.

Sweden stopped military cooperation with Russia.

Montenegro joined the European Union sanctions against Russia.

Czech

Česká pošta has stopped delivering letters and parcels intended for residents of Crimea.

Estonia froze assets and property belonging to the mayor of Sevastopol Alexey Chaloy, as well as his companies AS Tavrida Electric Export and Tavrida Electric Holding AG.

Japan:

She stopped negotiations on the liberalization of the visa regime for Russian citizens and suspended negotiations on the signing of agreements on investment, the prevention of dangerous military activities and cooperation in the field of astronautics with Russia.
Canceled and stopped issuing visas to 23 employees of Russian government agencies and other persons

In early August, the United States published a congressional bill introducing new sanctions against individuals and companies in the Russian Federation, as well as against public debt, which caused panic in the foreign exchange markets. At the same time, the US State Department announced that President Trump had signed a ban on the supply of dual-use electronics to Russia, which will come into force on August 22. According to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the measures presented will not cause serious damage to the country’s economy as a whole.

On August 8, 2018, the American Congress announced new US sanctions against the Russian Federation, including measures of influence in various areas. The State Department did not stand aside either. He also announced the introduction of new restrictions.

Who wants to impose sanctions against the Russian Federation

Three US governance structures plan to introduce new sanctions against the Russian Federation at once:

• Congress;
• State Department;
• President Trump personally.

The most stringent and aggressive proposals are from Congress. The President proposes a softer solution to the issue.

Why are new sanctions being introduced?

The US Congress announced the bill “Protecting American Security from Kremlin Aggression,” developed jointly by Democratic and Republican senators, introducing restrictions on working with Russian state banks and external public debt. The basis was:

• the ongoing, according to congressmen, interference of the Russian Federation in the electoral process in the United States;
• actions of the Russian Federation in Ukraine;
• spread of chaos in Syria.

The State Department decided to impose sanctions because of the Skripal case, i.e. due to Russia's use of chemical weapons.

Important! The State Department sanctions are not imposed at the request of President Trump, but according to American legislation providing for restrictive measures for the use of chemical weapons.

The Trump administration, for its part, is developing a decree imposing sanctions for interference in American elections.

What sanctions are proposed to be introduced?

The US Congress sanctions bill provides for the introduction of the following restrictions:

• personal restrictions against Russian politicians and entrepreneurs who promote illegal activities at the direction of President Putin, direct or indirect - entry ban, seizure of accounts and property;
• a ban on cooperation with Russian oil companies, including the employment of American citizens in them, as well as investments in;
• Individual restrictions will be imposed on all individuals found to be conducting illegal activities in cyberspace and interfering in American political processes.

As part of personal restrictions, American insurance companies are required to report to government authorities about persons and companies from Russia purchasing in the United States. If Congress decides that a given person is close to Putin, the property will be seized.

Reference! This is not the first time that the United States has tried to impose sanctions against Russian government debt, but these initiatives have not yet received development.

US State Department sanctions:

• a ban on the supply of dual-use components and electronic devices to the Russian Federation;
• a ban on aircraft flying into the US;
• decline in the level of diplomatic relations.

A complete ban on the export of American-made goods to Russia is also possible. However, there are exceptions - these are areas of cooperation such as space, i.e. the ban will not apply to electronic devices necessary for the development of the space industry.

President Donald Trump's order does not, in fact, introduce new restrictions, but only gives him permission to personally impose them against individuals and foreign companies spreading disinformation and interfering in US elections. The President is given the right to impose restrictions on ten of the thirty largest companies in any state.

Important! As of today, Congressional sanctions and Trump’s Executive Order are just a draft. They are subject to change. In reality, only the first package of State Department restrictions comes into effect on August 22.

Timing of sanctions

The State Department's measures are divided into two packages. The first, which will come into force on August 22, implies restrictions on the supply of dual-use electronics. The second package is planned to be introduced in three months, i.e. in the end of November. It may include all other declared measures of influence.

Consequences

The head of the Russian Ministry of Finance, Anton Seluyanov, is confident that, first of all, American investors will suffer from the new measures, since the ban on the purchase of Russian debt bonds deprives them of a guaranteed stable income.

In connection with the latest news, the Ministry of Finance and analysts provide three possible consequences:

• positive;
• negative;
• moderate.

According to the first, positive scenario, restrictions will be expanded only by adding new companies and individuals to “black” lists. This will not cause any significant damage to the Russian economy, since this type of impact has been used by the Americans for several years and everyone has already become accustomed to it and adapted. This particular scenario is considered the most likely. The explanation for this is simple: the ban on holding and purchasing Russian debt securities has negative consequences, first of all, for the Americans themselves. Investors are in no hurry to sell Russian debt bonds. In addition, in recent days the Ministry of Finance has successfully placed additional issues of securities in the amounts of 15 and 25 million rubles.

Important! Currently, the market is experiencing an increase in quotes for Russian federal loan bonds. Of course, in connection with this, their yield decreased by 7%, but this confirms the demand for securities.

The moderate scenario for the development of events provides for the introduction of restrictions against government debt, but only on new issues of securities. In this case, American investors will have to be replaced. The Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance are already preparing for this option, but do not expect a significant impact on the country’s economy.

In the worst case scenario, US sanctions on Russia's national debt will be imposed in full. This will entail:

• releasing a large number of securities onto the market in the shortest possible time;
• within 30%;
• losses for holders forced to sell securities.

The expert opinion of analysts on the consequences of the introduction of new sanctions can be found by watching the video

According to Maria Zakharova, a representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Russia is preparing retaliatory “mirror” sanctions. They are being worked on and will be adopted depending on US actions.

What sanctions have already been introduced in 2018

Since the beginning of 2018, the United States and the European Union have already imposed sanctions against Russia.

Table 2. US and EU sanctions against the Russian Federation introduced in 2018

The annexation of Crimea to the territory of the Russian Federation did not go unnoticed by European countries and America. In particular, in response to such an increase in territory, these countries decided to introduce a number of restrictions and prohibitions. What are the sanctions against Russia? introduced today in countries around the world, and what this will lead to for these countries and the Russian Federation is being discussed everywhere.

The list of states that have imposed sanctions against the Russian Federation includes:

European Union countries;
USA;
Canada;
Australia;
Georgia;
Ukraine;
Norway;
Iceland;
Albania;
Liechtenstein;
Montenegro;
New Zealand;
Japan.

It consists of limiting cooperation with Russian companies in various industries, in particular in the main strategic areas.

EU sanctions were introduced in the field of energy, against companies:

Gazprom;
Rosneft;
"Transneft".

The bans also affected the defense sector, namely the following companies:

"Oboronpromtorg";
"Uralvagonzavod";

United Aircraft Corporation.

Russian banking organizations were not spared the sanctions either:
VTB;
"Gazprombank";
"Sberbank of Russia";
VEB;
Rosselkhozbank.

Citizens of European countries are prohibited from carrying out transactions with certain securities of these companies, and a ban is imposed on transactions in European banking organizations. The provision of mining services and the supply of technology to Russian companies is also prohibited.

European countries have imposed sanctions on a number of Russian companies supplying dual-use goods. Among them are Sirius, the Kalashnikov concern and others.

There is a sanctions list of Russian officials, activists and heads of the DPR and LPR for the countries of the European Union. They are prohibited from entering European countries, and assets placed there are subject to freezing.

Canada has also published a smaller sanctions list. This country did not spare Sberbank of Russia, ExpoBank, Rosenergobank, Russian research institutes and machine-building plants. Canadians cannot finance these organizations for more than 30 days.

Sanctions have been introduced against Russian energy organizations:

Oil terminal of Feodosia;
Rosneft;
Novatek.

These companies cannot receive US loans for more than 90 days and investments in new securities. The American sanctions list of Russian legal entities in the field of defense and industry has become the widest. Supplies of goods from these industries from Russian companies are frozen. American sanctions have not spared Russian banking institutions either.

Australia prohibited its citizens and organizations from trading with Crimea and investing in the peninsula, importing equipment for the oil and gas sector from Russia, and introduced restrictions for Russian banks.

The Japanese sanctions list includes leaders and officials of the LPR, DPR and Crimea, as well as their organizations.

Sanctions against Russia today cause not only inconvenience to the Russian Federation, but also cause irreparable damage to the economies of the countries against which retaliatory measures were introduced.

In 2014, all residents of our country were stunned by the news - the European Union and the United States were introducing sanctions against the Russian Federation. The list of them is even too extensive. Well, the topic is detailed and important, and it is worth discussing it, starting with the events of spring 2014.

Prerequisites

Two years ago, in March, the Crimean peninsula returned to the Republic. The decision was made by the residents of the republic, because they voted in a referendum. And at that moment, representatives of other countries and states suddenly remembered Crimea and considered that this was a destabilization of the situation in Ukraine initiated by the Russian government. They also decided that this issue directly concerns them. Therefore, Europe and the United States began to actively impose sanctions against the Russian Federation. The list contains hundreds of items. By the way, the initiator of all this was the US government. The decision to impose bans was actively supported by other states. This was the plan to influence Russian policy and “return Crimea to Ukraine.”

Initially, the list of prohibitions was not as large as it became by 2015. The expansion of the list was due to the aggravation of the situation in the eastern part of Ukraine. For which, naturally, Russia also turned out to be to blame - as representatives of other states believed. However, now the situation is getting better. Many missions understand that it is unprofitable to be at enmity with the Russian Federation. And the bans are gradually being lifted. This needs to be discussed in more detail.

USA

This is the initiator who first introduced sanctions against the Russian Federation. The list began to be compiled even before the return of Crimea to Russia. For example, on March 4, 2014, military and investment cooperation between America and the Russian Federation was frozen. As well as bilateral negotiations on conference planning. The bank accounts of certain officials were also frozen. And they also imposed a ban on issuing visas.

Subsequently, the United States stopped cooperating with the Russian Federation in the fight against narcotic substances. And on 05/07/2014, the Russian Federation was completely excluded from the trade program, which gave the opportunity to countries with economies in transition to send certain goods to America for export. Since the summer of the same year, projects planned by the World Bank in Russia have ceased to be supported by the United States. Such large companies as Gazprom, Novatek, Lukoil, Rosneft and other well-known corporations were also subject to sanctions.

A very impressive list was drawn up against the Russian Federation. “Sberbank”, “VTB”, “Rosselkhozbank”, “Bank of Moscow”, “Vnesheconombank” - all these organizations were also banned. True, they are somewhat absurd, since the point is that US citizens should not buy bonds from these banks.

Prohibitions that are difficult to understand

Naturally, the US government was not pleased that Russia practically did not react to all this. Moreover, everything, on the contrary, began to flourish. For example, the Kerch Bridge began to be built in Crimea. They began to lay lines across the strait that would help supply the peninsula with electricity. This project, by the way, has already been completed.

After this, the US government decided to impose new sanctions against the Russian Federation. And they touched Crimea. In particular, Kerch and the commercial ports of Feodosia, Kerch, Yalta, Yevpatoria and the hero city of Sevastopol.

True, it was not clear to many how exactly these bans should affect the residents of the country and the peninsula. It turned out that the US government does not like the fact that Greek and Italian-made ferries sail across the strait. But in reality, nothing happened - “Protoporos”, “Olympiad” and other ships continue to successfully transport vehicles and people.

EU: visa ban

US sanctions against the Russian Federation number in the dozens. It would take too long to list them all. The European Union has also compiled an equally impressive list. Crimeans, for example, were prohibited from issuing Schengen visas of any type. However, as practice shows, this ban was only for show. They still continue to put stamps on brand new Russian passports. Except that the process of obtaining a visa has become a little more difficult for residents of Crimea. And the embassies of the Netherlands, Italy, Greece and the Czech Republic have completely lifted the bans. They issue visas to Crimean residents without any problems. So the EU “visa” sanctions against the Russian Federation also turned out to be weightless.

When will sanctions against the Russian Federation be lifted? This is unknown. Too many of them. Each state has introduced its own bans, and Russians don’t even know about the vast majority of them. For example, the US government banned flights of its civil aircraft in Simferopol airspace. True, before this there were no flights from the local airport to the USA, but this is not so important - the sanction was still included in the list.

However, in fairness, it should be noted that one significant ban still influenced many residents of our country. This is a US sanction imposed on the Visa and Master Card payment systems for those banks that were listed above. However, they immediately began to solve this problem. The creation of our own payment system began.

Another significant sanction is the suspension by the German government of the implementation of a military contract with the Russian Federation, the cost of which was 120 million euros.

By the way, Russia did not stand aside and introduced its own “anti-sanctions”, which came as a surprise to the EU and the USA. Of course, this whole situation with bans cannot pass without consequences for the economy. However, there was no catastrophe as such.

Other prohibitions

The European Union has banned many public figures, politicians and even actors from visiting their countries. Residents of these states are also not allowed to buy real estate in Crimea. The European Union also issued a decree that the supply of certain goods (the number of items of which is about 200) to the territory of the peninsula is prohibited.

Since sanctions should have some impact, the European Union, like the United States, expected a reaction. That Russia will agree to give Crimea to Ukraine, for example. This did not happen, so Europe could only extend the validity of all its bans. First - until 01/31/2016, then - until 06/23/2016. Since it was not possible to achieve any changes through the bans, on June 22 of this year their validity was extended until 06/23/17.

This is in terms of Crimea. Sanctions covering mainland Russia have been extended until 01/31/2017. It is unknown when sanctions against the Russian Federation will be lifted. Actually, it's not that important. After all, as you can see, they do not have much influence.

Economic sanctions directed against the Russian Federation have different roots, structure, mechanisms and goals. A distinctive feature of these sanctions is their targeted focus, i.e. restrictions are imposed not on the state as a whole, but on individual residents of the country: commercial structures and individuals.

Reasons for imposing sanctions against Russia

Basic measures

Russian intervention in the situation on the Crimean Peninsula in February - March 2014;

Russian support for the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Crimea;

The entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation, which is considered a violation of the territorial integrity of Ukraine;

Failure to comply with the terms of the Geneva Convention of April 17, 2014 Sectoral measures

“Moscow’s support for militias in eastern Ukraine”;

“Not promoting a peaceful resolution of the conflict in eastern Ukraine, and also not facilitating access for international experts to the site of the Malaysian airliner crash.”

The initiator of the introduction of sanctions with the aim of international isolation of Russia was the US leadership, under whose strong pressure, at the risk of suffering huge economic damage, the EU countries joined the sanctions. The sanctions were also supported by the G7 states and some other countries that are partners of the United States and the EU.

In mid-March 2014, after Russia, despite warnings, recognized the results of the Crimean referendum, supported the unilateral declaration of independence of the Republic of Crimea and accepted its proposal to join Russia, the United States and the European Union, Australia, New Zealand and Canada put into effect first package of sanctions. These measures included asset freezes and visa restrictions for designated individuals, as well as a ban on companies in sanctioned countries from doing business with designated individuals and entities. In addition to these restrictions, a curtailment of contacts and cooperation with Russia and Russian organizations in various fields was also undertaken.

Then the expansion of sanctions (April-May) was associated with the aggravation of the situation in eastern Ukraine. The organizers of the sanctions accused Russia of actions aimed at undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

The next set of sanctions was related to the crash of a Boeing 777 in the Donetsk region on July 17, 2014, which, according to the leadership of a number of states, was caused by the actions of rebels supported by Russia.

Thus, the main reason for introducing sanctions was Russia’s actions during the crisis in Ukraine: the West considered that they threatened civil peace and the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

The sanctions lists were expanded more than ten times, with mainly state-owned companies and entire sectors of the Russian economy becoming new defendants. The last time the EU expanded its sanctions lists was on February 16. Five Russian citizens were sanctioned, including singer and deputy Iosif Kobzon, 14 residents of eastern Ukraine and nine militia groups. On February 18, Canada imposed sanctions against Rosneft.

As a result, more than 150 people were sanctioned - officials, businessmen, politicians, military personnel and journalists. Assets have been frozen, transactions and the issuance of long-term loans to the largest banks with state participation: Sberbank, VTB, Vnesheconombank, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank and others are prohibited. The supply of equipment and technologies for the development of oil and gas fields to Russia is prohibited, which, in essence, has suspended the modernization of the fuel and energy complex. Private companies have also joined the official bans. For example, ExxonMobil stopped 9 out of 10 projects in Russia.

Companies and scientific institutes associated with the defense industry were sanctioned. Military cooperation between the United States and the EU with Russia, including joint exercises, has been suspended, and restrictions have been imposed on the export and import of weapons and defense industry products.

In response, President Vladimir Putin banned the import of a number of food products from countries participating in sanctions against Russia.

If you analyze the sectoral structure of sanctions against Russia, you will find that they are directed against the key ones, i.e. competitive sectors of the Russian economy: oil, gas, nuclear and military industries, as well as against Russian banking capital.

Since a huge share of Russia's exports is aimed at the European market, in practice the introduction of sanctions means ousting Russian companies from the European market.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the oil industry :

· Sanctions against Russian oil companies and their subsidiaries, as well as auxiliary companies in the industry.

· Ban on the export of oil production and refining technologies to Russia.

· Refusal of joint projects in the oil sector and investment in promising projects.

Vectors of sanctions imposed in the gas industry :

· Sanctions against Russian gas companies and their subsidiaries, as well as auxiliary companies in the industry.

· Refusal of joint projects in the gas sector and investment in promising projects.

The promotion of large businesses to foreign markets is most often associated with the promotion of bank capital to these markets. Strengthening the position of Russian business in the European market was associated with the expansion of Russian banking capital into the European market, with the aim of supporting Russian export companies and the participation of Russian capital in large international investment projects. The financial reserves accumulated by the Russian Federation allowed Russian state and semi-state banks in the first years after the global financial crisis to begin acquiring foreign banking assets and expanding their branch network abroad. Moreover, many banks in Europe and the world found themselves in difficult financial situations and were willing to sell.

The locomotives of the Russian banking sector have become semi-state banks - Sberbank of Russia OJSC, VTB OJSC [Vneshtorgbank], Gazprombank OJSC and others.

Sberbank of Russia: To date, it has managed to enter the markets of 20 countries. In addition to Russia, open direct representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Germany (Munich), China and India. Acquired assets in Switzerland - SLB; Austria - Volksbank International AG, with a branch network in Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine; Turkey - Denizbank, with a branch network in Turkey, Russia, Austria, Cyprus. It is the largest commercial bank in Russia and Europe.

Vneshtorgbank [VTB]: The second largest bank in Russia in terms of assets, operates in the financial market of many countries, has representative offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Angola, Great Britain, Singapore, UAE, Germany, France, Serbia.

Vnesheconombank: Since 2007, it has been a state corporation whose purpose is to provide and attract financial resources for the implementation of large investment projects, support exports and service external public debt. It has representative offices in many countries, participated in the financing of large infrastructure projects (construction of the Ford Sollers plant, reconstruction of Pulkovo Airport, construction of Olympic facilities in Sochi, support for Skolkovo projects and companies, etc.).

Gazprombank: Industry bank, third in Russia in terms of assets. Participates in the financing of large international projects in the oil and gas industry both within Russia and abroad [Europe, Asia]. In particular, he participates in the projects for the construction of the Blue Stream and Yamal-Europe gas pipelines, and in the development of the European gas transmission system. It also serves companies in the mechanical engineering, chemical, nuclear and other industries. Presented in Russia, Switzerland, Armenia, Belarus, China, India, Mongolia.

Vectors of imposed sanctions in the banking industry :

· Freezing of Russian financial assets of individuals and legal entities.

· Disconnection of Russian banking structures from international payment systems.

· Reduction of client portfolio abroad.

· Restriction of access to investment projects.

· Limitation of access to external borrowings [credits].

· Restriction of financial freedom of Russian companies abroad.

· Other.

Countries that did not support sanctions against Russia [RF]: China, Brazil, India, South Africa.

Thus, all anti-Russian sanctions can be divided into two groups: political and financial-economic.

Russia's response to sanctions

The Russian response was asymmetrical - on August 6, Vladimir Putin signed a decree introducing a food embargo - a ban on the import of milk, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and nuts from countries that have imposed sanctions against Russia. On August 20, lactose-free milk, dietary supplements, including vitamins and sports nutrition, fish fry and seed material for potatoes were removed from sanctions.

The media assessed the embargo, on the one hand, as a chance for Russian agricultural producers (the most common promise is to fill store shelves with high-quality and healthy products), on the other hand, as a factor that will lead to rising prices, since, despite investments in the agricultural sector, a sharp increase in production To make up for imports (30% pork, 60% milk, etc.), producers cannot. In addition, many publicists “revived” fears of empty shelves and monotony of assortment, forgotten since Soviet times, since sausages, cheeses and various delicacies were banned. Excited citizens were responded with a flood of notes in the federal media about cheese factories in Kostroma, Yakutia and Bryansk - where they mastered the technology of producing cheeses according to Italian recipes. Anecdotes also appeared about Belarusian salmon (in Belarus for many years they have been processing Norwegian salmon, the import of which was banned in Russia) and “black schemes” of food trade, for example, the import of goods into Russia through the countries of the Customs Union.

Let's look at the main retaliatory sanctions.

August 6, 2014 Prohibition on the import into the Russian Federation of agricultural products, raw materials and food, the country of origin of which is a state that has decided to impose economic sanctions against Russian legal entities and (or) individuals or has joined such a decision:

♦ Meat and food by-products and products;

♦ Fish and seafood;

♦ Milk and dairy products;

♦ Vegetables, edible roots and tubers;

♦ Fruits and nuts;

♦ Prepared products, including cheeses and cottage cheese.

The Russian government excluded from the sanctions list:

♦ lactose-free milk;

♦ salmon and trout fry;

♦ seed potatoes, onions, hybrid sweet corn;

♦ biologically active additives.

Changes for operators of international payment systems (including VISA, Mastercard):

♦ Security contributions to the Central Bank equal to two days’ turnover;

♦ Fines for:

Failure to make a contribution;

Blocking bank cards of Russian credit institutions unilaterally.

You can avoid making a contribution in the following cases:

♦ Localization of processing in Russia

♦ Obtaining the status of a nationally significant payment system

"On establishing a ban on the admission of light industrial goods originating from foreign countries for the purpose of procurement to meet federal needs."

The restrictive list includes: fabrics, textiles, ropes, nets, outerwear, workwear, pullovers, cardigans, stockings and socks, underwear, furs, leather, suitcases, shoes and soles.

Bypassing the ban

♦ Possible only in the absence of corresponding production in the countries of the Customs Union.

♦ It is necessary to obtain an opinion from the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"On establishing a ban on the admission of certain types of mechanical engineering goods originating from foreign countries for the purposes of procurement to meet state and municipal needs"

The ban will affect:

Cars of officials, public transport, as well as municipal and construction equipment.

Participation in tenders

Foreign producers will have to:

♦ open production in Russia

♦ maintain the required level of production localization.

The level of localization will increase over the years. Now it ranges from 30 to 40% for different enterprises, and should reach 60-70% by 2018.

What conclusions can be drawn from the above?

“Much depends on the duration of the sanctions and on new targeted steps by the government to stimulate specific sectors of the economy.

While the situation is uncertain, I think few investors and entrepreneurs will seriously invest in the development of production - they will rather engage in schemes to circumvent restrictions.”

“After the introduction of mutual sanctions, we decided to focus on working with the markets of CIS members, primarily Belarus and Kazakhstan.

The adoption of sanctions has already had a negative impact on the Russian economy, since due to the increase in exchange rates, prices for Euro- and dollar-dependent products began to rise. Moreover, prices for goods that were traditionally traded in the ruble zone are rising. Negative dynamics are recorded throughout the year: a sharp increase in the cost of raw materials today has reached an unprecedented level of 16%.”