Literature is one of the main types of art is the art of the word. The term "literature" also refers to any works of human thought fixed in the written word and having social significance; distinguish literature technical, scientific, journalistic, reference, epistolary, etc. However, in the usual and stricter sense, works of art are called literature.
The term literature
The term "literature"(or, as they used to say, "belles-lettres") emerged relatively recently and began to be widely used only in the 18th century (displacing the terms "poetry", "poetic art", which now denote poetic works).
It was brought to life by printing, which, having appeared in the middle of the 15th century, relatively quickly made the “literary” (i.e., intended for reading) form of existence of the art of the word the main and dominant one; earlier, the art of the word existed primarily for hearing, for public performance and was understood as the skillful implementation of a “poetic” action by means of a special “poetic language” (Aristotle’s Poetics, ancient and medieval aesthetic treatises of the West and East).
Literature (the art of the word) arises on the basis of oral folk literature in ancient times - during the formation of the state, which necessarily gives rise to a developed form of writing. However, initially literature does not stand out from writing in the broad sense of the word. In the most ancient monuments (the Bible, the Mahabharata or the Tale of Bygone Years), elements of verbal art exist in inseparable unity with elements of mythology, religion, the rudiments of natural and historical sciences, various kinds of information, moral and practical instructions.
The syncretic nature of early literary monuments (see) does not deprive them of aesthetic value, because. the religious-mythological form of consciousness reflected in them was close to artistic in its structure. The literary heritage of the most ancient civilizations - Egypt, China, Judea, India, Greece, Rome, etc. - forms a kind of foundation for world literature.
Literary history
Although the history of literature dates back several millennia, it in its proper sense - as a written form of the art of the word - is formed and realizes itself with the birth of "civil", bourgeois society. Verbal and artistic creations of past times also acquire a specifically literary existence in this era, experiencing a significant transformation in a new, not oral, but reader's perception. At the same time, the normative "poetic language" is being destroyed - literature absorbs all the elements of popular speech, its verbal "material" becomes universal.
Gradually, in aesthetics (in the 19th century, starting with Hegel), the purely meaningful, spiritual originality of literature comes to the fore, and it is recognized primarily in a number of other (scientific, philosophical, journalistic) types of writing, and not other types of art. By the middle of the 20th century, however, a synthetic understanding of literature was established as one of the forms of artistic exploration of the world, as a creative activity that belongs to art, but at the same time is a kind of artistic creativity that occupies a special place in the system of arts; this distinctive position of literature is fixed in the commonly used formula "literature and art".
Unlike other types of art (painting, sculpture, music, dance), which have a directly object-sensory form created from some material object (paint, stone) or from action (body movement, sound of a string), literature creates its form from words, from language which, having a material embodiment (in sounds and indirectly in letters), is really comprehended not in sensory perception, but in intellectual understanding.
Form of Literature
Thus, the form of literature includes the subject-sensory side - certain complexes of sounds, the rhythm of verse and prose (moreover, these moments are perceived when reading “to oneself”); but this directly sensuous side of the literary form acquires real significance only in its interaction with the proper intellectual, spiritual layers of artistic speech.
Even the most elementary components of the form (an epithet or a metaphor, a narrative or a dialogue) are assimilated only in the process of understanding (and not direct perception). Spirituality, penetrating through literature, allows it to develop its universal, in comparison with other types of art, possibilities.
The subject of art is the human world, the diverse human attitude to reality, reality from the point of view of man. However, it is precisely in the art of the word (and this constitutes its specific sphere, in which theater and cinema adjoin literature) that a person, as a bearer of spirituality, becomes a direct object of reproduction and comprehension, the main point of application of artistic forces. The qualitative originality of the subject of literature was noticed by Aristotle, who believed that the plots of poetic works are associated with the thoughts, characters and actions of people.
But only in the 19th century, i.e. in the predominantly "literary" era of artistic development, this specificity of the subject was fully realized. “The object corresponding to poetry is the infinite realm of the spirit. For the word, this most malleable material, directly belonging to the spirit and most capable of expressing its interests and impulses in their inner vitality, the word should be used primarily for such an expression to which it is most suitable, just as in other arts it happens with stone, paint , sound.
From this side, the main task of poetry will be to promote awareness of the forces of spiritual life and, in general, of everything that rages in human passions and feelings or calmly passes before the contemplative gaze - the all-embracing realm of human deeds, deeds, destinies, ideas, all the fuss this world and the entire divine world order” (Hegel G. Aesthetics).
Any work of art is an act of spiritual and emotional communication between people and at the same time a new object, a new phenomenon created by man and containing some kind of artistic discovery. These functions - communication, creation and knowledge - are equally inherent in all forms of artistic activity, but different types of art are characterized by the predominance of one or another function. Due to the fact that the word, language is the reality of thought, in the formation of verbal art, in the promotion of literature to a special, and in the 19-20 centuries even to a central place among the ancient arts, the main historical trend in the development of artistic activity was most fully expressed - the transition from sensual -practical creation to sense-creation.
Place of Literature
The flourishing of literature is in a certain connection with the rise of the cognitive-critical spirit characteristic of modern times. Literature stands, as it were, on the verge of art and mental and spiritual activity; that is why certain phenomena of literature can be directly compared with philosophy, history, psychology. It is often called "artistic research" or "human science" (M. Gorky) for its problematic nature, analyticity, pathos of self-knowledge of a person to the innermost depths of his soul. In literature, more than in the plastic arts and music, the artistically recreated world appears as a meaningful world and raised to a high level of generalization. Therefore, it is the most ideological of all the arts.
Literary, images
Literary, the images of which are not directly perceptible, but arise in the human imagination, inferior to other arts in terms of the power of feelings, impact, but wins in terms of an all-encompassing penetration into the "essence of things". At the same time, the writer, strictly speaking, does not tell or reflect on life, as do, for example, a memoirist and a philosopher; he creates, creates the artistic world in the same way as a representative of any art. The process of creating a literary work, its architectonics and individual phrases is associated with almost physical tension and in this sense is related to the activities of artists working with the unyielding matter of stone, sound, the human body (in dance, pantomime).
This bodily-emotional tension does not disappear in the finished work: it is transmitted to the reader. Literature appeals to the maximum extent to the work of aesthetic imagination, to the effort of the reader's co-creation, because the artistic being represented by a literary work can be manifested only if the reader, starting from a sequence of verbal-figurative statements, begins to restore, re-create this being (see . ). L.N. Tolstoy wrote in his diary that when perceiving genuine art, there arises “the illusion that I do not perceive, but create” (“On Literature”). These words emphasize the most important aspect of the creative function of literature: the education of the artist in the reader himself.
The verbal form of literature is not speech in the proper sense: the writer, when creating a work, does not “speak” (or “writes”), but “acts out” speech, just as an actor on stage does not act in the literal sense of the word, but plays out an action. Artistic speech creates a sequence of verbal images of "gestures"; it itself becomes action, "being." Thus, the chased verse of "The Bronze Horseman" seems to erect the unique Pushkin's Petersburg, and the tense, breathless style and rhythm of the narration by F.M. As a result, literary works put the reader face to face with artistic reality, which can not only be comprehended, but and experience, "live" in it.
The body of literary works created in a certain language or within certain state boundaries, is this or that national literature; the commonality of the time of creation and the resulting artistic properties allows us to speak about the literature of this era; taken together, in their increasing mutual influence, national literatures form a world or world literature. Literature of any era has a huge variety.
First of all, literature is divided into two main types (forms) - poetry and prose, as well as into three types - epic, lyrics and drama. Despite the fact that the boundaries between genera cannot be drawn with absolute precision and there are many transitional forms, the main features of each genus are fairly well defined. At the same time, there is commonality and unity in the works of various kinds. In any work of literature, images of people appear - characters (or heroes) in certain circumstances, although in the lyrics these categories, like a number of others, have a fundamental originality.
The specific set of characters and circumstances that appears in the work is called the theme, and the semantic result of the work, which grows out of the juxtaposition and interaction of images, is called the artistic idea. Unlike a logical idea, an artistic idea is not formulated by the author's statement, but is depicted, imprinted on all the details of the artistic whole. When analyzing an artistic idea, two sides are often singled out: an understanding of the displayed life and an assessment of it. The evaluative (value) aspect, or "ideological and emotional orientation", is called a trend.
Literary work
A literary work is a complex interweaving of specific "figurative" statements- the smallest and simplest verbal images. Each of them puts before the reader's imagination a separate action, movement, which together represent the life process in its emergence, development and resolution. The dynamic nature of verbal art, in contrast to the static nature of fine art, was first highlighted by G.E. Lessing (“Laocoön, or On the Limits of Painting and Poetry”, 1766).
The individual elementary actions and movements that make up the work are of a different nature: these are external, objective movements of people and things, and internal, spiritual movements, and “speech movements” - replicas of the characters and the author. The chain of these interrelated movements is the plot of the work. Perceiving the plot as the reader reads, the reader gradually comprehends the content - action, conflict, plot and motivation, theme and idea. The plot itself is a substantive-formal category, or (as they sometimes say) the “internal form” of a work. The "internal form" refers to the composition.
The form of a work in the proper sense is artistic speech, a sequence of phrases which the reader perceives (reads or hears) directly and directly. This does not mean at all that artistic speech is a purely formal phenomenon; it is entirely meaningful, because it is in it that the plot is objectified, and thus the entire content of the work (characters, circumstances, conflict, theme, idea).
Considering the structure of a work, its various "layers" and elements, it is necessary to realize that these elements can be distinguished only by abstraction: in reality, each work is an indivisible living integrity. An analysis of a work based on a system of abstractions, separately investigating various aspects and details, should eventually lead to the knowledge of this integrity, its single content-formal nature (see).
Depending on the originality of content and form, a work is referred to one or another genre (for example, epic genres: epic, story, novel, short story, short story, essay, fable, etc.). In each era, diverse genre forms develop, although the most appropriate to the general character of the given time come to the fore.
Finally, various creative methods and styles are distinguished in literature. A certain method and style are characteristic of the literature of an entire era or trend; on the other hand, each great artist creates his own individual method and style within the framework of a creative direction close to him.
Literature is studied by various branches of literary criticism. The current literary process is the main subject of literary criticism.
The word literature comes from Latin litteratura - written and from littera, which in translation means - a letter.
Genre is a type of literary work. There are epic, lyrical, dramatic genres. Lyroepic genres are also distinguished. Genres are also divided by volume into large (including rum and epic novel), medium (literary works of “medium size” - novels and poems), small (story, short story, essay). They have genres and thematic divisions: adventure novel, psychological novel, sentimental, philosophical, etc. The main division is connected with the genres of literature. We present to your attention the genres of literature in the table.
Thematic division of genres is rather conditional. There is no strict classification of genres by topic. For example, if they talk about the genre-thematic diversity of lyrics, they usually single out love, philosophical, landscape lyrics. But, as you understand, the variety of lyrics is not exhausted by this set.
If you set out to study the theory of literature, it is worth mastering the groups of genres:
- epic, that is, genres of prose (epic novel, novel, story, short story, short story, parable, fairy tale);
- lyrical, that is, poetic genres (lyric poem, elegy, message, ode, epigram, epitaph),
- dramatic - types of plays (comedy, tragedy, drama, tragicomedy),
- lyrical epic (ballad, poem).
Literary genres in tables
epic genres
epic novel
epic novel- a novel depicting folk life in critical historical eras. "War and Peace" by Tolstoy, "Quiet Flows the Don" by Sholokhov.
Novel
Novel- a multi-problem work depicting a person in the process of his formation and development. The action in the novel is full of external or internal conflicts. By subject, there are: historical, satirical, fantastic, philosophical, etc. By structure: a novel in verse, an epistolary novel, etc.
Tale
Tale- an epic work of medium or large form, built in the form of a narrative of events in their natural sequence. Unlike the novel, in P. the material is chronicled, there is no sharp plot, there is no blue analysis of the feelings of the characters. P. does not pose tasks of a global historical nature.
Story
Story- a small epic form, a small work with a limited number of characters. R. most often poses one problem or describes one event. The short story differs from R. in an unexpected ending.
Parable
Parable- moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that it draws its artistic material from human life. Example: Gospel parables, the parable of the righteous land, told by Luke in the play "At the Bottom".
Lyric genres
lyric poem
lyric poem- a small form of lyrics written either on behalf of the author, or on behalf of a fictional lyrical hero. Description of the inner world of the lyric hero, his feelings, emotions.
Elegy
Elegy- a poem imbued with moods of sadness and sadness. As a rule, the content of elegies is philosophical reflections, sad reflections, grief.
Message
Message- a letter of poetry addressed to a person. According to the content of the message, there are friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc. The message can be. addressed to one person or group of people.
Epigram
Epigram- a poem that makes fun of a specific person. Characteristic features are wit and brevity.
Oh yeah
Oh yeah- a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content. Praise in verse.
Sonnet
Sonnet- a solid poetic form, usually consisting of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains-quatrains (for 2 rhymes) and 2 three-line tercetes
Dramatic genres
Comedy
Comedy- a type of drama in which characters, situations and actions are presented in funny forms or imbued with the comic. There are satirical comedies (“Undergrowth”, “Inspector General”), high (“Woe from Wit”) and lyrical (“The Cherry Orchard”).
Tragedy
Tragedy- a work based on an irreconcilable life conflict, leading to the suffering and death of heroes. William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.
Drama
Drama- a play with a sharp conflict, which, unlike the tragic, is not so elevated, more mundane, ordinary and somehow resolved. The drama is built on modern rather than ancient material and establishes a new hero who rebelled against circumstances.
Lyric epic genres
(intermediate between epic and lyric)
Poem
Poem- the average lyrical-epic form, a work with a plot-narrative organization, in which not one, but a whole series of experiences is embodied. Features: the presence of a detailed plot and at the same time close attention to the inner world of the lyrical hero - or an abundance of lyrical digressions. The poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol
Ballad
Ballad- an average lyrical-epic form, a work with an unusual, tense plot. This is a story in verse. A story told in poetic form, historical, mythical, or heroic. The plot of the ballad is usually borrowed from folklore. Ballads "Svetlana", "Lyudmila" V.A. Zhukovsky
The list is not yet complete, since it only includes questions from tickets for a general education school or a basic level (and did not include, respectively, an in-depth study or a profile level and a national school).
"The Life of Boris and Gleb" late XI - early. 12th century
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign", late 12th century.
W. Shakespeare - (1564 - 1616)
"Romeo and Juliet" 1592
J-B. Moliere - (1622 - 1673)
"The tradesman in the nobility" 1670
M.V. Lomonosov - (1711 - 1765)
DI. Fonvizin - (1745 - 1792)
"Undergrowth" 1782
A.N. Radishchev - (1749 - 1802)
G.R. Derzhavin - (1743 - 1816)
N.M. Karamzin - (1766 - 1826)
"Poor Lisa" 1792
J. G. Byron - (1788 - 1824)
I.A. Krylov - (1769 - 1844)
"Wolf in the kennel" 1812
V.A. Zhukovsky - (1783 - 1852)
"Svetlana" 1812
A.S. Griboyedov - (1795 - 1829)
"Woe from Wit" 1824
A.S. Pushkin - (1799 - 1837)
"Tales of Belkin" 1829-1830
"Shot" 1829
"Stationmaster" 1829
"Dubrovsky" 1833
"The Bronze Horseman" 1833
"Eugene Onegin" 1823-1838
"The Captain's Daughter" 1836
A.V. Koltsov - (1808 - 1842)
M.Yu. Lermontov - (1814 - 1841)
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov." 1837
"Borodino" 1837
"Mtsyri" 1839
"Hero of our time" 1840
"Farewell, unwashed Russia" 1841
"Motherland" 1841
N.V. Gogol - (1809 - 1852)
"Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" 1829-1832
"Inspector" 1836
"Overcoat" 1839
"Taras Bulba" 1833-1842
"Dead souls" 1842
I.S. Nikitin - (1824 - 1861)
F.I. Tyutchev - (1803 - 1873)
"There is in the autumn of the original ..." 1857
I.A. Goncharov - (1812 - 1891)
"Oblomov" 1859
I.S. Turgenev - (1818 - 1883)
"Bezhin Meadow" 1851
"Asya" 1857
"Fathers and Sons" 1862
"Schi" 1878
ON THE. Nekrasov - (1821 - 1878)
"Railroad" 1864
"To whom in Russia it is good to live" 1873-76
F.M. Dostoevsky - (1821 - 1881)
"Crime and Punishment" 1866
"Christ's boy on the Christmas tree" 1876
A.N. Ostrovsky - (1823 - 1886)
"Own people - let's settle!" 1849
"Thunderstorm" 1860
A.A. Fet - (1820 - 1892)
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - (1826-1889)
"Wild landowner" 1869
"The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" 1869
"The wise minnow" 1883
"Bear in the province" 1884
N.S. Leskov - (1831 - 1895)
"Lefty" 1881
L.N. Tolstoy - (1828 - 1910)
"War and Peace" 1867-1869
"After the ball" 1903
A.P. Chekhov - (1860 - 1904)
"Death of an official" 1883
"Ionych" 1898
"The Cherry Orchard" 1903
M. Gorky - (1868 - 1936)
"Makar Chudra" 1892
"Chelkash" 1894
"Old Woman Izergil" 1895
"At the bottom" 1902
A.A. Block - (1880 - 1921)
"Poems about a beautiful lady" 1904
"Russia" 1908
cycle "Motherland" 1907-1916
"Twelve" 1918
S.A. Yesenin - (1895 - 1925)
"I don't regret, I don't call, I don't cry..." 1921
V.V. Mayakovsky (1893 - 1930)
"Good attitude towards horses" 1918
A.S. Green - (1880 - 1932)
A.I. Kuprin - (1870 - 1938)
I.A. Bunin - (1879 - 1953)
O.E. Mandelstam - (1891 - 1938)
M.A. Bulgakov - (1891 - 1940)
"White Guard" 1922-1924
"Dog Heart" 1925
"Master and Margarita" 1928-1940
M.I. Tsvetaeva - (1892 - 1941)
A.P. Platonov - (1899 - 1951)
B.L. Pasternak - (1890-1960)
"Doctor Zhivago" 1955
A.A. Akhmatova - (1889 - 1966)
"Requiem" 1935-40
K.G. Paustovsky - (1892 - 1968)
"Telegram" 1946
M.A. Sholokhov - (1905 - 1984)
"Quiet Don" 1927-28
"Virgin Soil Upturned" t1-1932, t2-1959)
"The fate of man" 1956
A.T. Tvardovsky - (1910 - 1971)
"Vasily Terkin" 1941-1945
V.M. Shukshin - (1929 - 1974)
V.P. Astafiev - (1924 - 2001)
A.I. Solzhenitsyn - (born 1918)
"Matrenin yard" 1961
V.G. Rasputin - (born 1937)
The idea of protecting the Russian land in the works of oral folk art (fairy tales, epics, songs).
Creativity of one of the poets of the Silver Age.
The originality of the artistic world of one of the poets of the Silver Age (on the example of 2–3 poems at the choice of the examinee).
The Great Patriotic War in Russian prose. (On the example of one work.)
The feat of man in the war. (According to one of the works about the Great Patriotic War.)
The theme of the Great Patriotic War in the prose of the twentieth century. (On the example of one work.)
Military theme in modern literature. (On the example of one or two works.)
What is your favorite poet in Russian literature of the 20th century? Reading by heart his poems.
Russian poets of the XX century about the spiritual beauty of man. Reading one poem by heart.
Features of the work of one of the modern domestic poets of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examiner).
Your favorite poems of contemporary poets. Reading one poem by heart.
Your favorite poet Reading by heart one of the poems.
The theme of love in modern poetry. Reading one poem by heart.
Man and nature in Russian prose of the XX century. (On the example of one work.)
Man and nature in modern literature. (On the example of one or two works.)
Man and nature in Russian poetry of the XX century. Reading one poem by heart.
What is your favorite literary character?
Review of the book of a modern writer: impressions and evaluation.
One of the works of modern literature: impressions and evaluation.
The book of a modern writer, read by you. Your impressions and rating.
Your peer in modern literature. (According to one or more works.)
What is your favorite piece of contemporary literature?
Moral problems of modern Russian prose (on the example of a work of the examinee's choice).
The main themes and ideas of modern journalism. (On the example of one or two works.)
Heroes and problems of one of the works of modern domestic drama in the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examiner).
Genres of literature
Literary genres- historically emerging groups of literary works, united by a set of formal and content properties (in contrast to literary forms, the selection of which is based only on formal features). The term is often incorrectly identified with the term "type of literature".
The genera, types and genres of literature do not exist as something immutable, given from the ages and eternally existing. They are born, theoretically realized, historically developed, modified, dominated, faded away or retreated to the periphery, depending on the evolution of artistic thinking as such. The most stable, fundamental is, of course, the extremely general concept of “genus”, the most dynamic and changeable is the much more specific concept of “genre”.
The first attempts at a theoretical substantiation of the genus make themselves felt in the ancient doctrine of mimesis (imitation). Plato in The Republic, and then Aristotle in Poetics, came to the conclusion that poetry is of three kinds, depending on what, how and by what means it imitates. In other words, the generic division of fiction is based on the subject, means and methods of imitation.
Separate remarks about the ways of organizing artistic time and space (chronotope), scattered in Poetics, form the prerequisites for further division into types and genres of literature.
Aristotle's idea of generic characteristics is traditionally called formal. His successors are representatives of German aesthetics of the 18th-19th centuries. Goethe, Schiller, Aug. Schlegel, Schelling. Approximately at the same time, the principles of the opposite - a meaningful approach to the generic division of fiction were laid. It was initiated by Hegel, who proceeded from the epistemological principle: the object of artistic knowledge in the epic is the object, in the lyrics - the subject, in the drama - their synthesis. Accordingly, the content of the epic work is being in its entirety, dominating the will of people, therefore the event plan prevails in it; the content of the lyrical work is the state of mind, the mood of the lyrical hero, therefore the eventfulness in it recedes into the background; the content of a dramatic work is striving for a goal, a person's volitional activity, manifested in action.
Derived from the category of the genus, or rather, clarifying, concretizing its concepts are the concepts of "species" and "genre". By tradition, we call species stable structural formations within a literary genus, grouping even smaller genre modifications. For example, the epic consists of small, medium and large types, such as a story, an essay, a short story, a story, a novel, a poem, an epic. However, they are often called genres that, in a strict terminological sense, specify species either in a historical, or in a thematic, or in a structural aspect: an ancient novel, a Renaissance short story, a psychological or production essay or novel, a lyrical story, an epic story (“Fate Man" by M. Sholokhov). Some structural forms combine specific and genre features, i.e. types of genre varieties do not have (such, for example, are the types and at the same time the genres of the medieval theater soti and moralite). However, along with the synonymous word usage, the hierarchical differentiation of both terms is relevant. Accordingly, the types are divided into genres according to a number of different characteristics: thematic, stylistic, structural, volume, in relation to the aesthetic ideal, reality or fiction, the main aesthetic categories, etc.
Genres of literature
Comedy- type of dramatic work. Displays everything ugly and ridiculous, funny and awkward, ridicules the vices of society.
Lyric poem (in prose)- a type of fiction, emotionally and poetically expressing the feelings of the author.
Melodrama- a type of drama, the characters of which are sharply divided into positive and negative.
fantasy subgenre of fantasy literature. The works of this subgenre are written in an epic fairy-tale manner, using the motifs of ancient myths and legends. The plot is usually based on magic, heroic adventures and travel; the plot usually contains magical creatures; The action takes place in a fairy tale world reminiscent of the Middle Ages.
Feature article- the most reliable type of narrative, epic literature, displaying facts from real life.
Song or song- the most ancient type of lyric poetry; a poem consisting of several verses and a chorus. Songs are divided into folk, heroic, historical, lyrical, etc.
Tale- medium form; a work that highlights a series of events in the life of the protagonist.
Poem- type of lyrical epic work; poetic storytelling.
Story- a small form, a work about one event in the life of a character.
Novel- large form; a work, in the events of which many characters usually take part, whose fates are intertwined. Novels are philosophical, adventure, historical, family and social.
Tragedy- a type of dramatic work that tells about the unfortunate fate of the protagonist, often doomed to death.
Utopia- a genre of fiction, close to science fiction, describing a model of an ideal, from the point of view of the author, society. In contrast to dystopia, it is characterized by the author's belief in the impeccability of the model.
epic- a work or a cycle of works depicting a significant historical epoch or a great historical event.
Drama- (in the narrow sense) one of the leading genres of dramaturgy; a literary work written in the form of a dialogue of characters. Designed to be performed on stage. Focused on spectacular expression. The relationship of people, the conflicts that arise between them are revealed through the actions of the characters and are embodied in a monologue-dialogical form. Unlike tragedy, drama does not end in catharsis.
(ratings: 51
, average: 3,98
out of 5)
In Russia, literature has its own direction, different from any other. The Russian soul is mysterious and incomprehensible. The genre reflects both Europe and Asia, therefore the best classical Russian works are unusual, amaze with sincerity and vitality.
The main character is the soul. For a person, the position in society, the amount of money is not important, it is important for him to find himself and his place in this life, to find truth and peace of mind.
The books of Russian literature are united by the traits of a writer who possesses the gift of the great Word, who has completely devoted himself to this art of literature. The best classics saw life not flatly, but multifaceted. They wrote about the life of not random destinies, but expressing being in its most unique manifestations.
Russian classics are so different, with different destinies, but they are united by the fact that literature is recognized as a school of life, a way of studying and developing Russia.
Russian classical literature was created by the best writers from different parts of Russia. It is very important where the author was born, because this determines his formation as a person, his development, and it also affects writing skills. Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky were born in Moscow, Chernyshevsky in Saratov, Shchedrin in Tver. Poltava region in Ukraine is the birthplace of Gogol, Podolsk province - Nekrasov, Taganrog - Chekhov.
The three great classics, Tolstoy, Turgenev and Dostoevsky, were absolutely different people, had different destinies, complex characters and great talents. They made a huge contribution to the development of literature, writing their best works, which still excite the hearts and souls of readers. Everyone should read these books.
Another important difference between the books of Russian classics is the ridicule of the shortcomings of a person and his way of life. Satire and humor are the main features of the works. However, many critics said that this was all slander. And only true connoisseurs saw how the characters are both comical and tragic at the same time. Books like this always touch my soul.
Here you can find the best works of classical literature. You can download Russian classic books for free or read online, which is very convenient. 
We present to your attention the 100 best books of Russian classics. The complete list of books includes the best and most memorable works of Russian writers. This literature is known to everyone and recognized by critics from all over the world.
Of course, our list of top 100 books is just a small part of the best works of the great classics. It can be continued for a very long time.
One hundred books that everyone should read in order to understand not only how they used to live, what were the values, traditions, priorities in life, what they aspired to, but to find out in general how our world works, how bright and pure a soul can be and how valuable it is for a person, for the formation of his personality.
The top 100 list includes the best and most famous works of Russian classics. The plot of many of them is known from the school bench. However, some books are difficult to understand at a young age, and this requires wisdom that is acquired over the years.
Of course, the list is far from complete and can be continued indefinitely. Reading such literature is a pleasure. She not only teaches something, she radically changes lives, helps to realize simple things that we sometimes do not even notice.
We hope you enjoyed our list of classic Russian literature books. Perhaps you have already read something from it, but something not. A great occasion to make your personal list of books, your top books that you would like to read.
