Leading principles of literary trends. Literary directions (theoretical material)

Plan.

2. Artistic method.

Literary directions and currents. Literary schools.

4. Principles artistic image in literature.

The concept of the literary process. Periodization concepts literary process.

The literary process is the process of change in literature over time.

In Soviet literary criticism the leading concept literary development there was an idea of ​​a change creative methods. The method was described as a way for the artist to reflect extraliterary reality. The history of literature was described as the consistent development of the realistic method. The main emphasis was on overcoming romanticism, on education highest form realism - socialist realism.

A more consistent development concept world literature was built by academician N.F. Conrad, who also defended forward motion literature. This movement was not based on a change literary methods, and the idea of ​​discovering man as the highest value ( humanistic idea). In his work “West and East,” Conrad came to the conclusion that the concepts of “Middle Ages” and “Renaissance” are universal for all literatures. The period of antiquity gives way to the Middle Ages, then the Renaissance, followed by modern times. In each subsequent period, literature focuses more and more on the depiction of man as such, and becomes more and more aware of the intrinsic value of the human personality.

The concept of Academician D.S. Likhachev is similar, according to whom the literature of the Russian Middle Ages developed in the direction of strengthening the personal principle. Great styles of the era (Romanesque style, Gothic style) should have been gradually replaced by the author's individual styles (Pushkin's style).

The most objective concept of Academician S.S. Averintsev, it gives a wide scope of literary life, including modernity. This concept is based on the idea of ​​reflexivity and traditionalism of culture. The scientist identifies three large periods in the history of literature:

1. Culture can be unreflective and traditional (the culture of antiquity, in Greece - up to the 5th century BC). Non-reflexivity means that literary phenomena are not comprehended, no literary theory, the authors do not reflect (do not analyze their creativity).

2. culture can be reflexive, but traditional (from the 5th century BC - to new era). During this period, rhetoric, grammar, and poetics emerge (reflection on language, style, creativity). Literature was traditional, there was a stable system of genres.

3. Last period, which continues to this day. Reflection is preserved, traditionality is broken. Writers reflect, but create new forms. The beginning was made by the genre of the novel.

Changes in the history of literature can be progressive, evolutionary, regressive, involutionary in nature.

Artistic method

The artistic method is a way of mastering and displaying the world, a set of basic creative principles figurative reflection life. The method can be spoken of as the structure of the writer’s artistic thinking, which determines his approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal. The method is embodied in the content literary work. Through the method we comprehend those creative principles thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, evaluation, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment characters, life phenomena in historical refraction. The method is manifested in the structure of thoughts and feelings of the heroes of a literary work, in the motivations for their behavior and actions, in the relationship of characters and events, in accordance life path, the fate of the characters and the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The concept of “method” (from the gr. “path of research”) denotes “the general principle of the artist’s creative attitude to knowable reality, that is, its re-creation.” These are a kind of ways of understanding life that changed in different historical and literary eras. According to some scientists, the method underlies trends and directions, and represents that method of aesthetic exploration of reality that is inherent in the works of a certain direction. Method is an aesthetic and deeply meaningful category.

The problem of the method of depicting reality was first recognized in antiquity and was fully embodied in Aristotle’s work “Poetics” under the name “theory of imitation.” Imitation, according to Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal is to recreate the world similar to the real one, or, more precisely, how it could be. The authority of this theory remained until late XVIII century, when the romantics proposed a different approach (also having its roots in antiquity, more precisely in Hellenism) - the re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the “universe”. These two concepts, according to Soviet literary criticism of the mid-20th century, underlie two “types of creativity” - “realistic” and “romantic”, within which the “methods” of classicism, romanticism, different types of realism, and modernism fit.

Regarding the problem of the relationship between method and direction, it is necessary to take into account that method as a general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from direction as a historically specific phenomenon. Consequently, if this or that direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a broad category of the literary process, can be repeated in the works of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore of different directions and trends.

Literary directions and movements. Literary schools

Ks.A. Polevoy was the first in Russian criticism to apply the word “direction” to certain stages in the development of literature. In the article “On trends and parties in literature,” he called a direction “that internal striving of literature, often invisible to contemporaries, which gives character to all or at least very many of its works in the known given time...The basis of it, in in a general sense, there is an idea modern era" For “real criticism” - N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov - the direction correlated with the ideological position of the writer or group of writers. In general, the direction was understood as a variety of literary communities. But the main feature that unites them is that the unity of the most general principles embodiment of artistic content, commonality of the deep foundations of artistic worldview. There is no set list of literary trends, since the development of literature is associated with the specifics of historical, cultural, social life society, national and regional characteristics of a particular literature. However, traditionally there are such trends as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, each of which is characterized by its own set of formal and content features.

Gradually, along with “direction”, the term “flow” comes into circulation, often used synonymously with “direction”. Thus, D.S. Merezhkovsky, in an extensive article “On the causes of the decline and new trends in modern Russian literature” (1893), writes that “between writers with different, sometimes opposite, temperaments, special mental currents, a special air are established, like between opposite poles, full of creative trends." Often “direction” is recognized as a generic concept in relation to “flow”.

The term “literary movement” usually denotes a group of writers connected by a common ideological position and artistic principles, within the same direction or artistic movement. Thus, modernism is a general name for various groups in the art and literature of the 20th century, which distinguishes a departure from classical traditions, search for new aesthetic principles, new approach to the depiction of existence - includes such movements as impressionism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism, acmeism, futurism, imagism, etc.

The belonging of artists to one direction or movement does not exclude deep differences in their creative personalities. In turn, in the individual creativity of writers, the features of various literary movements and movements may appear.

Flow is a smaller unit of the literary process, often within a direction, characterized by existence in a certain historical period and, as a rule, localization in certain literature. Often the commonality of artistic principles in a flow forms “ artistic system" Thus, within the framework of French classicism, two movements are distinguished. One is based on the tradition of rationalistic philosophy of R. Descartes (“Cartesian rationalism”), which includes the work of P. Corneille, J. Racine, N. Boileau. Another movement, based primarily on the sensualist philosophy of P. Gassendi, expressed itself in the ideological principles of such writers as J. Lafontaine, J. B. Molière. In addition, both flows differ in the system used artistic means. In romanticism, two main movements are often distinguished - “progressive” and “conservative”, but there are other classifications.

Directions and currents should be distinguished from literary schools (and literary groups). A literary school is a small association of writers based on common artistic principles, formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestos, scientific and journalistic statements, formalized as “statutes” and “rules”. Often such an association of writers has a leader, the “head of the school” (“Shchedrin school”, poets of the “Nekrasov school”).

As a rule, writers who have created a number of literary phenomena with a high degree of commonality are recognized as belonging to the same school - even to the point of common themes, style, and language.

Unlike the movement, which is not always formalized by manifestos, declarations and other documents that reflect its basic principles, the school is almost always characterized by such speeches. What is important in it is not only the presence of common artistic principles shared by the writers, but also their theoretical awareness of their belonging to the school.

Many associations of writers, called schools, are named after the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of the writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the “Lake School,” named after the place where it arose (northwest England, the Lake District), consisted of romantic poets who did not agree with each other on everything.

The concept " literary school"primarily historical rather than typological. In addition to the criteria of the unity of time and place of existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practices, circles of writers often represent literary groups, united by a “leader” who has followers who successively develop or copy him artistic principles. A group of English religious poets of the early 17th century formed the Spenser school.

It should be noted that the literary process is not limited to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, movements and movements. To consider it in this way means to schematize literary life era, impoverish the history of literature. Directions, trends, schools are, in the words of V.M. Zhirmunsky, “not shelves or boxes”, “on which we “arrange” poets.” “If a poet, for example, is a representative of the era of romanticism, this does not mean that there cannot be realistic tendencies in his work.”

The literary process is a complex and diverse phenomenon, therefore one should operate with such categories as “flow” and “direction” with extreme caution. In addition to them, scientists use other terms when studying the literary process, for example style.

Style is traditionally included in the section “Theories of Literature.” The term “style” itself, when applied to literature, has a number of meanings: the style of the work; writer's creative style, or individual style(say, the style of poetry by N.A. Nekrasov); the style of a literary movement, movement, method (for example, the style of symbolism); style as a set of stable elements of an artistic form, defined general features worldview, content, national traditions inherent in literature and art to a certain extent historical era(second style of Russian realism half of the 19th century century).

In a narrow sense, style is understood as a manner of writing, features of the poetic structure of a language (vocabulary, phraseology, figurative and expressive means, syntactic structures, etc.). In a broad sense, style is a concept used in many sciences: literary criticism, art criticism, linguistics, cultural studies, aesthetics. They talk about work style, behavior style, thinking style, leadership style, etc.

Style-forming factors in literature are ideological content, components of form that specifically express content; This also includes the vision of the world, which is associated with the writer’s worldview, with his understanding of the essence of phenomena and man. Stylistic unity includes the structure of the work (composition), analysis of conflicts, their development in the plot, a system of images and ways of revealing characters, and the pathos of the work. Style, as the unifying and artistic-organizing principle of the entire work, even includes the method landscape sketches. All this is style in the broad sense of the word. The uniqueness of the method and style expresses the peculiarities of the literary direction and movement.

The characteristics of stylistic expression are used to judge literary hero(its attributes are taken into account appearance and form of behavior), about the building’s belonging to a particular era in the development of architecture (Empire style, Gothic style, Art Nouveau style, etc.), about the specifics of the depiction of reality in specific literature historical formation(V ancient Russian literature- the style of monumental medieval historicism, the epic style of the 11th-13th centuries, the expressive-emotional style of the 14th-15th centuries, the second baroque style half XVII centuries, etc.). No one today will be surprised by the expressions “style of play”, “style of life”, “style of leadership”, “style of work”, “style of construction”, “style of furniture”, etc., and every time, along with a general cultural meaning, These stable formulas have a specific evaluative meaning (for example, “I prefer this style of clothing” - in contrast to others, etc.).

Style in literature is a functionally applied set of means of expression arising from knowledge of the general laws of reality, realized by the relationship of all elements of the poetics of a work in order to create a unique artistic impression.

Option 1

A. Classicism

B. Sentimentalism

B. Romanticism

G. Realism

1. Reflection of the idea of ​​harmony, strict orderliness of the world, faith in the human mind.

2. Contains a contrast between reality and dreams.

3. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of the works of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

4. Main character lonely and not understood by others, opposed to society.

5. The actions and actions of the heroes are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the heroes is exaggerated.

6. The plot and composition are subordinate accepted rules (rule of three unities: places of time, actions).

7. Portrayal of typical characters in typical circumstances.

8. Main genres - comedy, ode.

9. Idealization of the village way of life, the heroes are ordinary people.

10. The name of the direction in translation means “material, real.”

11. Replaces classicism.

12. Civil (educational) orientation of the works.

13. M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"

14. G.R. Derzhavin Ode "Felitsa"

15. N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls»

16. V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana"

17. M.V. Lomonosov

18. N.M. Karamzin

19. D.I. Fonvizin

20. L.N. Tolstoy

Test on the topic “Literary Directions”

Option 2

When answering test questions, indicate only the letter that corresponds to the literary direction.

A. Classicism

B. Sentimentalism

B. Romanticism

G. Realism

I. Which literary movement does the characteristic correspond to?

1. The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of reason.

2. Idealization of the natural world (a special landscape).

3. An exceptional hero acts in exceptional circumstances.

4. Main genres - elegy, ballad.

5. The hero is individual and at the same time embodies typical traits.

6. The name of the direction in translation means “Exemplary”

7. Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world.

8. Replaces romanticism and exists to this day.

9. Unusual and exotic depiction of events, landscapes, people.

10. Dividing comedy heroes into positive and negative.

11. The work shows a special interest in the surrounding reality, the ideal world is contrasted with the real.

12. A hero is judged by how he can show feelings, and not by the benefit he brings to the state.

II. What literary movement do the works belong to?

13. V.A. Zhukovsky Elegy “Sea”

14. M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"

15. M.V. Lomonosov “Ode on the day of Elizabeth Petrovna’s accession to the throne”

16. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

III. Which literary movement does the writer's work belong to?

17. G.R. Derzhavin

18. A.P. Chekhov

19. M.V. Lomonosov

20. N.M. Karamzin

Evaluation criteria

"5" - 18-20 points (90% correct answers)

"4" - 14-17 points (70%-89% correct answers)

"3" - 10-13 points (50%-69% correct answers)

"2" - 0-9 points (less than 49% correct answers)

1. The central place is given to the symbol*
2. The desire for a higher ideal prevails
3. A poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon
4. Characteristic reflection of the world in two planes: real and mystical
5. Sophistication and musicality of verse

LITERARY DIRECTION (METHOD)- a set of basic features of creativity that were formed and repeated during a certain historical period in the development of art.

At the same time, the features of this direction can be traced in authors who worked in the eras preceding the formation of the movement itself (traits of romanticism in Shakespeare, features of realism in Fonvizin’s “Minor”), as well as in subsequent eras (traits of romanticism in Gorky).

There are four main literary trends:CLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, REALISM, MODERNISM.

LITERARY CURRENT- finer division compared to the direction; currents either represent branches of one direction ( German romanticism, French romanticism, Byronism in England, Karamzinism in Russia), or arise during the transition from one direction to another (sentimentalism).

MAIN LITERARY DIRECTIONS (METHODS) AND TRENDS

1. CLASSICISM

The main literary movement in Russia in the 18th century.

Main features

1. Imitation of examples of ancient culture.
2. Strict construction rules works of art.Chapter II. Literary trends (methods) and currents 9
3. Strict hierarchy of genres: high (ode, epic poem, tragedy); medium (satire, love letter); low (fable, comedy).
4. Rigid boundaries between genders and genres.
5. Creation ideal scheme social life and ideal images members of society (enlightened monarch, statesman, military, woman).

Main genres in poetry

Ode, satire, historical poem.

The main rules for constructing dramatic works

1. The rule of “three unities”: place, time, action.
2. Division into positive and negative characters.
3. The presence of a hero-reasoner (a character expressing the author’s position).
4. Traditional roles: reasoner (hero-reasoner), first lover (hero-lover), second lover, ingénue, soubrette, deceived father, etc.
5. Traditional denouement: the triumph of virtue and the punishment of vice.
6. Five actions.
7. Speaking names.
8. Long moralizing monologues.

Main representatives

Europe - writer and thinker Voltaire; playwrights Corneille, Racine, Moliere; fabulist La Fontaine; poet Guys (France).

Russia - poets Lomonosov, Derzhavin, playwright Fonvizin (comedies "The Brigadier", 1769 and "The Minor", 1782).

Traditions of classicism in the literature of the 19th century

Krylov . Genre traditions of classicism in fables.

Griboyedov . Features of classicism in the comedy "Woe from Wit".

The main literary movement in Russia in the first third of the 19th century.

Main features

1. Creation of an ideal dream world, fundamentally incompatible with real life, opposed to it.
2. In the center of the image - human personality, her inner world, its attitude to the surrounding reality.
3. Portrayal of an exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances.
4. Denial of all the rules of classicism.
5. The use of fiction, symbolism, the absence of everyday and historical motivations.

Main genres

Lyric poem, poem, tragedy, novel.

Main genres in Russian poetry

Elegy, message, song, ballad, poem.

Main representatives

Europe - Goethe, Heine, Schiller (Germany), Byron (England).

Russia - Zhukovsky.

Traditions of romanticism in the literature of the 19th-20th centuries

Griboyedov . Romantic traits in the characters of Sofia and Chatsky; a parody of Zhukovsky's ballads (Sofia's dream) in the comedy "Woe from Wit".

Pushkin . Romantic period of creativity (1813--1824); the image of the romantic poet Lensky and discussions of romanticism in the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin"; unfinished novel "Dubrovsky".

Lermontov . Romantic period of creativity (1828-І836); elements of romanticism in poems of the mature period (1837-1841); romantic motifs in the poems “Song about... the merchant Kalashnikov”, “Mtsyri”, “Demon”, in the novel “Hero of Our Time”; the image of the romantic poet Lensky in the poem "The Death of a Poet".

The main literary direction of the 2nd half of the XIX-XX centuries.

Main features

1. Creation of typical (regular) characters.
2. These characters act in typical everyday and historical settings.
3. Life-like verisimilitude, fidelity to detail (in combination with conventional forms of artistic fantasy: symbol, grotesque, fantasy, myth).

In Russia, the emergence of realism began in the 1820s:

Krylov. Fables.

Griboyedov . Comedy "Woe from Wit" (1822 -1824).

Pushkin . Mikhailovsky (1824-1826) and late (1826-1836) periods of creativity: the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831), the tragedy "Boris Godunov" (1825), "Belkin's Tales" (1830), the poem " Bronze Horseman"(1833), story" Captain's daughter"(1833-1836); late lyrics.

Lermontov . Period mature creativity(1837-1841): novel “A Hero of Our Time” (1839-1841), late lyrics.

Gogol . "Petersburg Tales" (1835-1842; "The Overcoat", 1842), the comedy "The Inspector General" (1835), the poem "Dead Souls" (1st volume: 1835-1842).

Tyutchev, Fet . Features of realism in lyrics.

In the years 1839-1847, Russian realism was formed into a special literary movement, called the “natural school” or “Gogolian direction.” Natural school became the first stage in the development of a new movement in realism - Russian critical realism.

Programmatic works of writers of critical realism

Prose

Goncharov . The novel "Oblomov" (1848-1858).

Turgenev . The story "Asya" (1858), the novel "Fathers and Sons" (1861).

Dostoevsky . Novel "Crime and Punishment" (1866).

Lev Tolstoy . Epic novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869).

Saltykov-Shchedrin . "The History of a City" (1869--1870), "Tales" (1869-1886).

Leskov . The story "The Enchanted Wanderer" (1879), the story "Lefty" (1881).

Dramaturgy

Ostrovsky . Drama “The Thunderstorm” (1859), comedy “Forest” (1870).

Poetry

Nekrasov . Lyrics, poems “Peasant Children” (1861), “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1863-1877).

The development of critical realism ends at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century:

Chekhov . Stories "Death of an Official" (1883), "Chameleon" (1884), "Student" (1894), "House with a Mezzanine" (1896), "Ionych", "Man in a Case", "Gooseberry", "About Love" , "Darling" (all 1898), "Lady with a Dog" (1899), comedy " The Cherry Orchard" (1904).

Bitter . Feature article " Former people"(1897), the story "Ice drift" (1912), the play "At the Bottom" (1902).

Bunin . The stories "Anton's Apples" (1900), "The Gentleman from San Francisco" (1915).

Kuprin . The story "Olesya" (1898), " Garnet bracelet" (1910).

After October revolution the term " socialist realism". However, creativity best writers post-revolutionary period does not fit into the narrow framework of this trend and retains traditional features Russian realism:

Sholokhov . Novel " Quiet Don"(1925-1940), story "The Fate of Man" (1956).

Bulgakov . Tale " dog's heart"(1925), novels" White Guard"(1922-1924), "The Master and Margarita" (1929-1940), the play "Days of the Turbins" (1925-1926).

Zamyatin . Dystopian novel "We" (1929).

Platonov . The story "The Pit" (1930).

Tvardovsky . Poems, poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-1945).

Parsnip . Late lyrics, novel "Doctor Zhivago" (1945--1955).

Solzhenitsyn . The story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", story " Matrenin Dvor" (1959).

Shalamov . Cycle " Kolyma stories" (1954--1973).

Astafiev . The story "The Shepherd and the Shepherdess" (1967-1989).

Trifonov . The story "The Old Man" (1978).

Shukshin. Stories.

Rasputin . The story "Farewell to Matera" (1976).

5. MODERNISM

Modernism - a literary movement that unites various movements in art of the late 19th-20th centuries, engaged in experiments with the form of works of art (symbolism, Acmeism, futurism, cubism, constructivism, avant-gardeism, abstract art, etc.).

IMAGINISM (imago - image) is a literary movement in Russian poetry between 1919 and 1925, whose representatives stated that the goal of creativity is to create an image. The main expressive means of imagists is metaphor, often metaphorical chains that compare various elements of two images - direct and figurative. The creator of the movement is Anatoly Borisovich Mariengof. Sergei Yesenin, who was a member of it, brought fame to the Imagist group.

POSTMODERNISM - various movements in the art of the 2nd half XX-beginning XXI centuries (conceptualism, pop art, social art, body art, graffiti, etc.), which put the denial of the integrity of life and art at all levels at the forefront. In Russian literature, the era of postmodernism opens with the almanac "Metropol", 1979; most famous authors almanac:V.P. Aksenov, B.A. Akhmadulina, A.G. Bitov, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, F.A. Iskander.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, all aspects of Russian life were radically transformed: politics, economics, science, technology, culture, art. There are different, sometimes directly opposite, assessments of the socio-economic and cultural prospects for the country's development. The general feeling of the onset of new era, bringing a change in the political situation and a revaluation of previous spiritual and aesthetic ideals. Literature could not help but respond to the fundamental changes in the life of the country. There is a revision of artistic guidelines, a radical renewal literary devices. At this time, Russian poetry was developing especially dynamically. A little later, this period will be called the “poetic renaissance” or the Silver Age of Russian literature.

Realism at the beginning of the 20th century

Realism does not disappear, it continues to develop. L.N. is still actively working. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov and V.G. Korolenko, M. Gorky, I.A. have already powerfully declared themselves. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin... Within the framework of the aesthetics of realism, the creative individuality of writers of the 19th century found a vivid manifestation, their civil position And moral ideals- realism equally reflected the views of authors who share a Christian, primarily Orthodox, worldview - from F.M. Dostoevsky to I.A. Bunin, and those for whom this worldview was alien - from V.G. Belinsky to M. Gorky.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century, many writers were no longer satisfied with the aesthetics of realism - new aesthetic schools began to emerge. Writers unite in various groups, put forward creative principles, participate in polemics - literary movements are established: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism, etc.

Symbolism at the beginning of the 20th century

Russian symbolism, the largest of the modernist movements, arose not only as a literary phenomenon, but also as a special worldview that combines artistic, philosophical and religious principles. The date of emergence of the new aesthetic system is considered to be 1892, when D.S. Merezhkovsky made a report “On the causes of the decline and on new trends in modern Russian literature.” It proclaimed the main principles of future symbolists: “ mystical content, symbols and the expansion of artistic impressionability." The central place in the aesthetics of symbolism was given to the symbol, an image with the potential inexhaustibility of meaning.

The symbolists contrasted the rational knowledge of the world with the construction of the world in creativity, the knowledge of the environment through art, which V. Bryusov defined as “comprehension of the world in other, non-rational ways.” In mythology different nations Symbolists found universal philosophical models with the help of which it was possible to comprehend the deep foundations human soul and solving spiritual problems of our time. Representatives of this trend paid special attention to the heritage of the Russian classical literature- new interpretations of the works of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Tyutchev were reflected in the works and articles of the symbolists. Symbolism gave the culture names outstanding writers— D. Merezhkovsky, A. Blok, Andrei Bely, V. Bryusov; the aesthetics of symbolism had a huge influence on many representatives of other literary movements.

Acmeism at the beginning of the 20th century

Acmeism was born in the bosom of symbolism: a group of young poets first founded the literary association “Poets Workshop”, and then proclaimed themselves representatives of a new literary movement - acmeism (from the Greek akme - highest degree something, blossoming, peak). Its main representatives are N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam. Unlike the symbolists, who strive to know the unknowable and comprehend higher essences, the Acmeists again turned to the value human life, the diversity of the bright earthly world. The main requirement for artistic form The works became a picturesque clarity of images, a verified and precise composition, stylistic balance, and precision of detail. Acmeists assigned the most important place in the aesthetic system of values ​​to memory - a category associated with the preservation of the best domestic traditions and world cultural heritage.

Futurism at the beginning of the 20th century

Derogatory comments about previous and modern literature were given by representatives of another modernist movement - futurism (from the Latin futurum - future). A necessary condition existence of this literary phenomenon its representatives considered the atmosphere shocking, a challenge to public taste, a literary scandal. The Futurists' desire for mass theatrical performances with dressing up, painting faces and hands was caused by the idea that poetry should come out of books onto the square, to sound in front of spectators and listeners. Futurists (V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, D. Burliuk, A. Kruchenykh, E. Guro, etc.) put forward a program for transforming the world with the help of new art, which abandoned the legacy of its predecessors. At the same time, unlike representatives of other literary movements, in substantiating their creativity they relied on fundamental sciences - mathematics, physics, philology. The formal and stylistic features of the poetry of Futurism were the renewal of the meaning of many words, word creation, the rejection of punctuation marks, a special graphic design of poems, the depoeticization of language (the introduction of vulgarisms, technical terms, the destruction of the usual boundaries between “high” and “low”).

Conclusion

Thus, in the history of Russian culture, the beginning of the 20th century was marked by the emergence of diverse literary movements, various aesthetic views and schools. However, original writers, true artists of words, overcame the narrow framework of declarations, created highly artistic works that outlived their era and entered the treasury of Russian literature.

The most important feature of the beginning of the 20th century was the universal craving for culture. Not being at the premiere of a play in the theater, not being present at the evening of an original and already sensational poet, in literary drawing rooms and salons, not reading a newly published book of poetry was considered a sign of bad taste, unmodern, unfashionable. When a culture becomes a fashionable phenomenon, this is a good sign. “Fashion for culture” is not a new phenomenon for Russia. This was the case during the time of V.A. Zhukovsky and A.S. Pushkin: let’s remember the “Green Lamp” and “Arzamas”, the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature”, etc. At the beginning of the new century, exactly a hundred years later, the situation practically repeated itself. silver Age came to replace the Golden Age, maintaining and preserving the connection of times.