Representing a collection of ancient legends that circulated among miners.
P. P. Bazhov
The writer was born in the Urals - in the city of Sysert. His father was a mining foreman. The future writer, journalist, publicist and folklorist graduated from a factory school in Sysert. From 10 to 14 years old the boy studied at religious school In Ekaterinburg. Then he graduated from seminary in Perm. After receiving his education, he taught Russian. During his summer vacation, he traveled around the Urals and collected folklore.
P. P. Bazhov began to write “ Ural tales"in the 1930s. At first they were published in the magazine. Then a collection of Ural tales was published, which was called “The Malachite Box”. It was published in 1939. The author has updated the book many times.
In 1943, Pavel Petrovich received the Stalin Prize.
"Ural Tales"
Bazhov P. collected “Ural Tales,” as mentioned above, throughout the Urals. He heard many of them from miners as a child. After some time, Pavel Petrovich made an official statement that he composed “Ural Tales” himself. The works are combined into groups that are related to each other common characters. P. Bazhov thought through such a move in order to give his book more integrity. Many tales are interconnected by the place of action.
The most important wonderful character of P. Bazhov's fairy tales is the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. She guards the treasure. The hostess is extraordinarily beautiful and has magical abilities. Only talented stone craftsmen were allowed to descend into her domain. She could help, but she could also destroy.
List of tales included in the collection
The book “Ural Tales” by P. P. Bazhov includes the following works:
- "Mining Master".
- "Vasin's Mountain"
- "Cast Iron Grandmother"
- "Snake trail"
- “A gift from the old mountains.”
- "Diamond Match"
- "The Amethyst Case."
- "Two lizards."
- "Golden Hair"
- "Sunstone"
- "Copper Share"
- "Silk Hill".
- "Blue Snake"
- "Mistress of the Copper Mountain."
- “About the Great Snake.”
- "Tyutka's mirror."
- "Far Peeper"
- "Crystal varnish".
- "Inscription on the Stone."
- "Markov stone".
- "Goldflower of the Mountain."
- "The mysterious Tulunkin."
- "At the old mine."
- "Rudy Pass".
And many others.
"Mistress of the Copper Mountain"
This is one of the most significant, well-known and beloved works of the book “Ural Tales” by readers. We offer a brief summary of the contents of this work below.
A young worker named Stepan once saw a girl in the forest - beautiful, with a long braid and wearing clothes made of malachite. He realized that this was the Mistress of the Copper Mountain herself. The girl told him that she had business with him. We need to go to the factory clerk and tell him to get out of the Krasnogorsk mine. The Mistress promised Stepan that she would marry him if he fulfilled her order. Then she turned into a lizard and ran away. The next morning Stepan went to the clerk and handed over everything that was ordered. For this they flogged him, took him down the mountain, and chained him up. At the same time, they ordered to extract a lot of malachite. The Mistress helped Stepan because he was not afraid to fulfill her order. He mined a lot of malachite. The Mistress showed him her dowry. And then she began to ask if he agreed to take her as his wife. Stepan thought and said that he already had a fiancée. The Mistress praised him for not coveting her wealth. She gave Stepan a box of jewelry for his bride. And then she said that he would live richly, but he must forget her. Soon he got married, built a house, and had children. But he was not happy. Stepan began going into the forest to hunt and every time he looked at the Krasnogorsk mine. Stepan could not forget the Mistress. One day he went into the forest and did not return - he was found dead.
"Malachite Box"
Another very famous work of the cycle “Ural Tales”. Summary « Malachite casket"presented in this article. This tale is a continuation of the story about the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Stepan died, but the malachite box remained with his widow Nastasya. Jewelry was kept in it, given by the Mistress. Only Nastasya didn’t wear them and wanted to sell them. There were many people who wanted to buy the box. But everyone offered a small price. There was another reason why she kept the box with her. The youngest daughter, Tatyana, loved these decorations very much. Tanyusha grew up and, thanks to a wanderer who asked to stay at their house for the night, she learned to embroider with silk and beads. And she was such a craftswoman that she began to earn a lot of money. Soon the master saw the girl and was so struck by her beauty that he invited her to become his wife. She agreed, but set the condition that she would marry him if he showed her the queen in a room made of malachite made by her father. The master promised to fulfill her wish. Finding herself in the queen’s malachite chamber, the girl leaned against the wall and melted. Since then, no one has heard anything about her, they only began to notice that the Mistress of the Copper Mountain began to double.
"Stone Flower"
This work is the last of the series about the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, which was created by Pavel Bazhov. “Ural Tales”, as you know, includes several stories about this amazing beauty. “The Stone Flower” is a story about the orphan Danilka, who at the age of 12 became an apprentice to a malachite master. The boy was talented and the teacher liked him. When Danila grew up, he became a wonderful master. He had a dream. He wanted to create a malachite bowl that looked like a flower. I even found a suitable stone. But he just couldn’t cut out a beautiful flower. One day he met the Mistress of the Copper Mountain herself. He asked her to show him her stone flower. The Mistress tried to dissuade him from this, but he insisted. He saw the flower of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain and from then on he completely lost peace. Then he broke his unfinished bowl and left. He was never seen again, but there were rumors that he was serving with the Mistress of the Copper Mountain.
"Silver Hoof"
P. P. Bazhov wrote “Ural Tales” for children, but they are also interesting for adults. One of the stories that appeals to readers of all ages is “The Silver Hoof.” Lonely old man Kokovanya sheltered an orphan. Grandfather worked every day, and his granddaughter cleaned up the hut and cooked. In the evenings, Kokovanya told the girl fairy tales. And one day he told her about a magic goat with a silver hoof, which he knocks on, and precious stones appear in that place. Once a girl was waiting for her grandfather from hunting and saw through the window that her cat was playing with the same goat from the fairy tale. She ran out to look at him. And the goat jumped onto the roof, began to beat with his hoof, and precious stones fell from under his feet. Grandfather and granddaughter collected them and lived comfortably for the rest of their lives.
"Sinyushkin Well"
The book “Ural Tales” includes the story of the good fellow Ilya. He was left an orphan early. The only inheritance he received was a sieve full of feathers from Lukerya’s grandmother, who instructed her grandson not to pursue riches. One day Ilya decided to take a short route to the mine. And this path lay through the swamp. Ilya felt thirsty. He looks, and in the swamp there is an area with clean water like a well. He decided to drink this water, lay down on the ground, and from the water Sinyushka stretched out her hands to him. He managed to overcome her charms, he stood up and spat on her hand. And she began to tease him that he would not be able to drink water from her well. Ilya promised Sinyushka that he would return and left.
The fellow kept his promise. Ilya returned, tied the ladle to a perch and used it to scoop up water from the well. Sinyushka was amazed at his ingenuity and promised to show her wealth. Ilya came to the well again. And girls come up to him with trays full of jewelry. He remembered that his grandmother had punished him and began to refuse everything. An eighteen-year-old beauty approached him with a sieve containing berries and feathers. Ilya realized that this was Sinyushka. He took the sieve from her hands. When I came home, the berries turned into gems. Ilya began to live richly, but he could not forget Sinyushka. One day he met a girl very similar to her, and he married her.
This tale is about the fact that the main riches in life are not gold and gems. Sinyushkin's well is a test that only those who do not envy, are not greedy and remember advice can pass.
"Jumping Firefly"
The book that Bazhov P. wrote - “Ural Tales” - includes a story about a gold mine. One day the men were sitting by the fire, and with them was the boy Fedyunka. And suddenly they saw red-haired girl who jumped out of the fire. She danced, and then stopped near a pine tree and stamped her foot. According to legend, this is how she indicated the place where gold should be looked for. Only she deceived this time - there was nothing under the pine tree. Soon Fedyunka saw Jumping again. This time she showed him the right place. The boy found gold and lived comfortably for 5 years. The people heard about it, and everyone rushed to that mine for gold. People were coming there from all directions. But the gold disappeared there because of this.
Pavel was born on January 15 (27), 1879 near Yekaterinburg in a working-class family. The childhood years in Bazhov's biography passed in small town– Polevsky Sverdlovsk region. He studied at a factory school, where he was one of the best students in his class. After graduating from theological school in Yekaterinburg, he entered the Perm Theological Seminary. After completing his studies in 1899, he began working as a teacher of the Russian language.
It is worth briefly noting that Pavel Bazhov’s wife was his student Valentina Ivanitskaya. In their marriage they had four children.
The beginning of a creative journey
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov's first writing activity occurred during the Civil War. It was then that he began to work as a journalist, and later became interested in the stories of the Urals. However more biography Pavla Bazhova is known as a folklorist.
The first book with Ural essays entitled “The Ural Were” was published in 1924. And the first tale of Pavel Petrovich Bazhov was published in 1936 (“The Girl of Azovka”). Basically, all the tales retold and recorded by the writer were folklore.
The writer's main work
The publication of Bazhov’s book “The Malachite Box” (1939) largely determined the writer’s fate. This book brought the writer world fame. Bazhov’s talent was most clearly demonstrated in the tales of this book, which he constantly updated. “The Malachite Box” is a collection of folklore stories for children and adults about life and everyday life in the Urals, about the beauty of the nature of the Ural land.
The “Malachite Box” contains many mythological characters, for example: the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, the Great Snake, Danila the Master, Grandma Sinyushka, the Jumping Ognevushka and others.
In 1943, thanks to this book, he received the Stalin Prize. And in 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin for his fruitful work.
Pavel Bazhov created many works, on the basis of which ballets, operas, plays, films and cartoons were made.
Death and legacy
The writer's life was cut short on December 3, 1950. The writer was buried in Sverdlovsk at the Ivanovo cemetery.
IN hometown writer, a museum is opened in the house where he lived. The writer's name is folk festival V Chelyabinsk region, annual bonus, awarded in Yekaterinburg. Pavel Bazhov was installed memorial monuments in Sverdlovsk, Polevsky and other cities. Streets in many cities of the former USSR are also named after the writer.
Tales of Bazhov.
BAZHOV, PAVEL PETROVICH (1879–1950), Russian writer, was the first to perform literary adaptations of Ural tales. The collection includes the most popular and beloved by children
Was born Bazhov P. P.
January 15 (27), 1879 at the Sysertsky plant near Yekaterinburg in a family of hereditary mining masters. The family often moved from factory to factory, which allowed the future writer to get to know the life of the vast mountain district well and was reflected in his work - in particular, in the essays The Ural Were (1924). Bazhov studied at the Ekaterinburg Theological School (1889–1893), then at the Perm Theological Seminary (1893–1899), where tuition was much cheaper than in secular educational institutions.
Until 1917 he worked as a school teacher in Yekaterinburg and Kamyshlov. Every year during summer holidays traveled around the Urals, collecting folklore. Bazhov wrote in his autobiography about how his life developed after the February and October revolutions: “From the beginning of the February Revolution, he went to work public organizations. From the beginning of open hostilities, he volunteered for the Red Army and took part in combat operations on the Ural Front. In September 1918 he was accepted into the ranks of the CPSU (b). He worked as a journalist in the divisional newspaper “Okopnaya Pravda”, in the Kamyshlov newspaper “Red Path”, and from 1923 in the Sverdlovsk “Peasant Newspaper”. Work with letters from peasant readers finally determined Bazhov’s passion for folklore. According to his later admission, many of the expressions he found in letters from readers of the Peasant Newspaper were used in his famous Ural tales. His first book, The Ural Were, was published in Sverdlovsk, where Bazhov depicted in detail both factory owners and “lordly armrests” clerks, as well as simple artisans. Bazhov sought to develop his own literary style, was looking for original forms of embodiment of his writing talent. He succeeded in this in the mid-1930s, when he began publishing his first tales. In 1939, Bazhov combined them into the book Malachite Box (USSR State Prize, 1943), which he subsequently supplemented with new works. Malachite gave the name to the book because, according to Bazhov, “the joy of the earth is collected” in this stone. Creating fairy tales became the main work of Bazhov’s life. In addition, he edited books and almanacs, including those on Ural local history, headed the Sverdlovsk Writers' Organization, and was the editor-in-chief and director of the Ural Book Publishing House. In Russian literature, the tradition of the tale literary form goes back to Gogol and Leskov. However, calling his works tales, Bazhov took into account not only literary tradition genre, implying the presence of a narrator, but also the existence of ancient oral traditions of the Ural miners, which in folklore were called “secret tales”. From these folklore works, Bazhov adopted one of the main signs of his tales: mixing fairy tale images(Snake and his daughters Zmeevka, Ognevushka-Poskakushka, Mistress of the Copper Mountain, etc.) and heroes written in a realistic vein (Danila the Master, Stepan, Tanyushka, etc.). main topic Bazhov's tales - a simple man and his work, talent and skill. Communication with nature, with the secret foundations of life, is carried out through powerful representatives of the magical mountain world. One of the most striking images of this kind is the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, whom Master Stepan meets from the tale The Malachite Box. The Mistress of the Copper Mountain helps the hero of the tale Stone Flower Danila to reveal his talent - and becomes disappointed in the master after he gives up trying to make the Stone Flower himself. The prophecy expressed about the Mistress in the tale Prikazchikovy Soles is coming true: “It is sorrow for the bad to meet her, and little joy for the good.” Bazhov owns the expression “zhivinka in action,” which became the title of the tale of the same name, written in 1943. One of his heroes, grandfather Nefed, explains why his student Timofey mastered the skill of a charcoal burner: “And because,” he says, “because you looked down, on that means what is done; and when you looked at it from above - what should be done better, then the little creature caught you. You see, it’s there in every business, it runs ahead of skill and pulls a person along with it.” Bazhov paid tribute to the rules " socialist realism", in the conditions in which his talent developed. Lenin became the hero of several of his works. The image of the leader of the revolution acquired folklore features in the tales written during the Patriotic War: The Sun Stone, Bogatyrev's Mitten and the Eagle Feather. Shortly before his death, speaking to fellow countrymen writers, Bazhov said: “We, the Urals, living in such a region, which is some kind of Russian concentrate, is a treasury of accumulated experience, great traditions, we need to take this into account, this will strengthen our positions in the show modern man" Bazhov died in Moscow on December 3, 1950.
Danila and Katya, who rescued her fiancé from the Mistress of the Mountain, had a lot of children. Eight, listen, people, and all boys. Mother was more than once jealous of at least one girl for a glance. Read...
This happened shortly after the fifth year. Before the war with the Germans began. Read...
Our Field, they say, was installed by the treasury. There were no factories in these places at that time. They fought. Well, the treasury is known. The soldiers were sent. The village of Mountain Shield was built on purpose so that the road would be safe. On Gumeshki, you see, at that time visible wealth lay on top, and they approached it. We got there, of course. They brought in people, they installed a plant, they brought in some Germans, but things didn’t work out. It didn't work and it didn't work. Read...
There was a Field Clerk - Severyan Kondratyich. Oh, and fierce, oh, and fierce! The way the factories stand has never happened before. Of dogs, a dog. Beast. Read...
After Stepanova’s death, who obtained the malachite pillars, many people flocked to Krasnogorka. There was a desire to get hold of those pebbles that were seen in Stepan’s dead hand. It was autumn, just before the snow. You'll have to try a lot here. And when the winter passed, they ran into that place again. Read...
This did not happen at our plant, but in the Sysert half. And not at all in ancient years. My old people were already running around in the factory in their undercarriages. Some on the ball, some on the bedding, and then in the mechanic shop, or in the forge. Well, you never know where the youngsters were driven into at the fortress. Read...
There was also such a case at the mine. In one face there was ore with a thin section. They'll take a piece, and you'll see there's some corner of it. Like a mirror it shines, anyone can look into it. Read...
In those years, there were no traces of Verkhny and Ilyinsky factories. Only our Polevaya and Sysert. Well, in Northern they also rattled iron. Yes, just a little. Sysert lived the brightest of all. You see, she happened to be on the Cossack side of the road. People walked and passed here and there. We ourselves went to the pier near Revda with iron. You never know who you meet on the road, or what you hear. And there are many villages around. Read...
There was a man living in the factory alone. His name was Levontem. Such a diligent man, unrequited. From a young age he was kept in grief, in Gumeshki, that is. I mined copper. So he spent all his young years underground. Like a worm digging in the ground. I couldn’t see the light, I turned green all over. Well, it’s a well-known fact - the mountain. Dampness, darkness, heavy spirit. Read...
Those guys, the Levontievs, to whom Poloz showed his wealth, began to improve their lives. Even though their father died soon after, they live better and better every year. They built a hut for themselves. It’s not that the house is fancy, but it’s a decent little hut. They bought a little cow, got a horse, and started letting sheep up to three years old in the winter. My mother couldn’t be happier that she saw the light at least in her old age. Read...
Two of our factory workers went to look at the grass. And their mowing was far away. Somewhere behind Severushka. Read...
Nastasya, Stepanova’s widow, still has a malachite box. With every feminine device. There are rings, earrings and other things according to women's rites. Read...
The marble workers were not the only ones who were famous for their stone work. In our factories, too, they say, they had this skill. The only difference is that ours were more fond of malachite, as there was enough of it, and the grade is no higher. Read...
Katya, Danilov’s fiancée, remained unmarried. Two or three years have passed since Danilo got lost, and she has completely left the bride’s time. In twenty years, in our factory way, it is considered too old. Read...
In Diagon Brod, where the school stands, there was a vacant lot. The wasteland is large, in full view of everyone, but they are not coveted. Highlands, you see. It’s a hassle to grow a vegetable garden here—there’s a lot of sweat, but it’s of little use.
Bazhov Pavel Petrovich was born in 1879, January 27. This Russian writer died famous storyteller, prose writer, processor of legends, tales, and Ural tales in 1950, December 3.
Origin
Bazhov Pavel Petrovich, whose biography is presented in our article, was born in the Urals, near Yekaterinburg, in the family of Augusta Stefanovna and Pyotr Vasilyevich Bazhev (this surname was spelled that way back then). His father was a hereditary foreman at the Sysert plant.
The writer's surname comes from the word "bazhit", which means "to foretell", "to bewitch". Even Bazhov’s street boy nickname was Koldunkov. Later, when he began to publish, he also signed with this pseudonym.
Formation of the future writer's talent
Bazhev Petr Vasilyevich worked as a foreman at the Sysert plant, in the puddling and welding shop. The future writer's mother was a good lacemaker. This was a help for the family, especially when the husband was temporarily unemployed.
The future writer lived among the miners of the Urals. His childhood experiences turned out to be the most vivid and important for him.
Bazhov loved to listen to the stories of experienced people. Sysert old men - Korob Ivan Petrovich and Klyukva Alexey Efimovich were good storytellers. But the future writer, Khmelinin Vasily Alekseevich, a Polevsky miner, was superior to everyone whom the future writer knew.
Childhood and adolescence
The future writer spent this period of his life at the Polevsky plant and in the town of Sysert. His family moved often, as Pavel’s father worked first at one factory, then at another. This allowed young Bazhov to get to know well the life of the mountain district, which he subsequently reflected in his work.
The future writer had the opportunity to learn thanks to his abilities and chance. At first he attended a three-year men's zemstvo school, where a talented literature teacher worked who knew how to captivate children with literature. Pavel Petrovich Bazhov also loved to listen to him. The writer’s biography developed largely under the influence of this talented person.
Everyone assured the Bazhev family that it was necessary to continue the education of their gifted son, but poverty did not allow them to dream of a real school or gymnasium. As a result, the choice fell on the Yekaterinburg Theological School, since its tuition fees were the lowest and there was no need to buy a uniform. This institution was intended mainly for the children of nobles, and only the assistance of a family friend made it possible to place Pavel Petrovich in it.
At the age of 14, after graduating from college, Pavel Petrovich Bazhov entered the Perm Theological Seminary, where he studied various fields of knowledge for 6 years. Here he became acquainted with modern and classical literature.
Working as a teacher
In 1899 the training was completed. After this, Pavel Petrovich Bazhov worked as a teacher in primary school in an area populated by Old Believers. He began his career in a remote village near Nevyansk, after which he continued his activities in Kamyshlov and Yekaterinburg. The future writer taught Russian. He traveled a lot around the Urals, was interested in local history, folklore, ethnography, and journalism.
Pavel Bazhov for 15 years during school holidays traveled on foot every year native land, talked with workers, looked closely at the life around him, recorded stories, conversations, collected folklore, learned about the work of stone cutters, lapidaries, foundries, steelworkers, gunsmiths and other craftsmen of the Urals. This later helped him in his career as a journalist, and then in his writing, which Pavel Bazhov began later (his photo is presented below).
When, after some time, a vacancy opened up at the Yekaterinburg Theological School, Bazhov returned to his native walls of this institution as a teacher.
Family of Pavel Petrovich Bazhov
In 1907, the future writer began working at the diocesan school, where he taught Russian language lessons until 1914. Here he met his future wife, Valentina Ivanitskaya. She was a student at that time educational institution. In 1911, Valentina Ivanitskaya and Pavel Bazhov got married. They often went to the theater and read a lot. Seven children were born into the writer’s family.
During the outbreak of the First World War, two daughters were already growing up - the children of Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. Due to financial difficulties, the family was forced to move to Kamyshlov, where Valentina’s relatives lived. Pavel Bazhov began working at the Kamyshlovsky Theological School.
Creating tales
In 1918-1921, Bazhov took part in the Civil War in Siberia, the Urals, and Altai. In 1923-1929 he lived in Sverdlovsk, where he worked at the Peasant Newspaper. At this time, the writer created more than forty tales dedicated to factory Ural folklore. In 1930, work began at the book publishing house in Sverdlovsk. The writer was expelled from the party in 1937 (reinstated a year later). Having lost his job at the publishing house because of this incident, he decided to devote free time tales that, like Ural gems, “flickered” in his “Malachite Box”. In 1939 this most famous work author, which is a collection of fairy tales. For the "Malachite Box" the writer was awarded State Prize THE USSR. Bazhov subsequently added new tales to this book.
Bazhov's writing path
This author's writing career began relatively late. His first book, “The Ural Were,” appeared in 1924. The most significant stories of Pavel Bazhov were published only in 1939. This is the above-mentioned collection of tales, as well as “The Green Filly” - an autobiographical story about his childhood years.
The “Malachite Box” later included new works: “Tales of the Germans” (year of writing - 1943), “Key-Stone”, created in 1942, “Tales of Gunsmiths”, as well as other creations of Bazhov. The author's later works can be called "tales" not only because of the formal features of the genre (the presence in the narrative of a fictional narrator who has individual characteristics speech), but also because they go back to the secret tales of the Urals - oral traditions of prospectors and miners, which are distinguished by a combination of fabulous and real-life elements.
Features of Bazhov's tales
The writer considered the creation of fairy tales to be the main work of his life. In addition, he edited almanacs and books, including those devoted to Ural local history.
Initially, the tales processed by Bazhov are folklore. He heard “Secret Tales” as a boy from Khmelinin. This man became the prototype of Slyshko’s grandfather, the narrator of the work “The Malachite Box.” Bazhov later had to officially declare that this was just a technique, and he did not simply record other people’s stories, but created his own based on them.
The term “skaz” later entered the folklore of the Soviet era to define the prose of workers. However, after some time it was established that this concept does not denote a new phenomenon in folklore: tales in fact turned out to be memories, legends, traditions, fairy tales, that is, they already existed for a long time genres.
Naming his works with this term, Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, whose fairy tales were associated with the folklore tradition, took into account not only the tradition of this genre, which implies the obligatory presence of a storyteller, but also the existence of ancient oral traditions of the Ural miners. From data folklore works he adopted the main feature of his creations - the mixing of fairy-tale images in the narrative.
Fantastic heroes of fairy tales
The main theme of Bazhov's tales is the simple man, his skill, talent and work. Communication with the secret foundations of our life, with nature, is carried out with the help of powerful representatives of the mountain magical world. Perhaps the most striking among characters of this kind is the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, whom Stepan, the hero of “The Malachite Box,” met. She helps Danila - a character in a tale called "The Stone Flower" - to discover his talent. And after he refuses to make the Stone Flower himself, he becomes disappointed in it.
In addition to this character, the Great Snake, who is responsible for the gold, is interesting. His image was created by the writer on the basis of the ancient superstitions of the Khanty and Mansi, as well as Ural legends, signs of ore miners and miners.
Grandma Sinyushka, another heroine of Bazhov’s tales, is a character related to the famous Baba Yaga.
The connection between gold and fire is represented by the Jumping Fire Girl, who dances over a gold deposit.
So, we met such an original writer as Pavel Bazhov. The article presented only the main milestones of his biography and the most famous works. If you are interested in the personality and work of this author, you can continue to get to know him by reading the memoirs of Pavel Petrovich’s daughter, Ariadna Pavlovna.
