Content
Introduction 3
1.1 Approaches to studying the problem of sound culture of speech 7
1.2 Features of children mastering correct pronunciation in
different stages of mastering the sound culture of speech 13
1.3. Analysis of the points of view of different researchers about the role
auditory and motor analyzers in the formation of sound
speech culture 18
2.1. Organization of work to educate the sound culture of speech 22
2.2. Characteristics of means of education by sound culture of speech
preschool children 27
2.3. Methodological techniques for educating sound culture
speech in preschoolers 31
3.
3.1. Diagnostics of sound pronunciation of children 4-5 years old 34
3.2. Ascertaining experiment of sound pronunciation of children 4-5 years old 40
3.3. Final experiment 44
Conclusion 46
List of sources used 49
Introduction
Nurturing the sound culture of speech is one of the main tasks of speech development for a preschool child, since preschool age is the most favorable for solving it.
The sound culture of speech of preschool children is the mastery of the culture of speech pronunciation, which includes the actual pronunciation qualities that characterize the sound of speech (sound pronunciation, diction, etc.), elements of the sound expressiveness of speech (intonation, tempo, etc.) associated with them motor means of expressiveness (facial expressions, gestures), as well as elements of the culture of speech communication (the general tone of children's speech, posture and motor skills during the conversation).
The richer and more correct a child’s speech, the easier it is for a preschooler to express his thoughts, the wider his opportunities for understanding reality, the more complete and meaningful relationships with peers and adults, and therefore, the more active his mental development occurs. Any violation of the child’s speech, even if it leaves little impact on the child’s activities and behavior. Poorly speaking children, realizing their shortcomings, withdraw into themselves, become shy and silent. It is difficult for a child with deficiencies in the sound culture of speech to express his thoughts and find a common language with both children and adults; such children may experience mental retardation as a result of a decrease in curiosity. Which, in turn, leads to poor performance of primary school students in the Russian language. Children with pronunciation defects do not know how to determine the number of sounds in a word, name their sequence, and find it difficult to select words that begin with a given sound. Often, despite a child’s good mental abilities, due to deficiencies in the sound aspect of speech, he experiences a lag in mastering the vocabulary and grammatical structure of speech in subsequent years. Children who cannot distinguish and isolate sounds by ear and pronounce them correctly during the period of learning to read and write will have difficulty mastering writing skills.
The richer and more correct a child’s speech, the easier it is for a preschooler to express his thoughts, the wider his opportunities for understanding reality, the more complete and meaningful relationships with peers and adults, and therefore, the more active his mental development occurs. The formation of a sound culture of speech in preschoolers is possible only if a full-fledged speech environment is created.
Systematic work on the development of the sound culture of speech will help the child to perfectly master the phonetic-phonemic side of speech even before entering school. Imperfect oral speech negatively affects the development of written language. As studies by R.E. show. Levina, N.A. Nikashina, L.F. Spirova and others, the readiness for sound analysis in preschoolers with oral speech disorders is almost two times worse than in normally speaking children. Therefore, children with speech impediments are usually unable to fully master writing and reading in a public school setting. These data allow us to assert that a child’s speech must be developed in preschool age, since it is at this age that speech is most flexible and pliable, and most importantly, speech disorders are overcome more easily and quickly. Therefore, all speech deficiencies must be eliminated in preschool age, before they turn into a persistent and complex defect.
In this regard, it is extremely relevant to study the problem of educating the sound culture of speech in preschool children, since, by mastering a language, a child gets to know the world around him and himself, learns the norms of social interaction, and absorbs the culture of the people created by generations.
Target research : to study the theoretical foundations of organizing correctional and developmental work with preschool children to educate the sound culture of speech.
An object research : the process of formation and development of sound culture of speechin preschoolers.
Item research: education of sound culture of speech in preschool children.
Research hypothesis : the formation of sound culture of speech of preschool children will be effective if:
The features of the development of the sound side of speech were studied;
The stages of teaching correct sound pronunciation are highlighted;
The role of play in the speech development of preschool children has been determined;
Complex educational programs of additional education have been analyzed;
Games aimed at developing the sound culture of speech of preschoolers are proposed.
In accordance with the purpose of the study and the hypothesis put forward, the following were identified:tasks :
1. Analyze scientific-methodological and psychological-pedagogical literature on the research topic.
2. To determine the features of children’s mastery of correct pronunciation at different stages of mastering the sound culture of speech.
3. Consider an analysis of the points of view of different researchers on the role of the auditory and motor analyzers in the formation of the sound culture of speech.
4. Characterize the means of educating the sound culture of speech in preschoolers.
5. To study methodological techniques for educating the sound culture of speech in preschool children.
To achieve the set objectives, the following were usedmethods research : theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem, comparative method, analysis, synthesis, comparison.
The theoretical basis of the study was works of scientists, psychologists and speech therapists who studied the sound culture of speech of preschool children A.I. Maksakova, P. Stern, I.P. Pavlova, N.Kh. Shvachkina, D.B. Elkonina, S.N. Rzhevkin. The problem of developing the sound aspect of speech in preschoolers is reflected in the works of such famous teachers as R.E. Levina, N.A. Nikashina, L.F. Spirov and others. The patterns of speech development in preschool children were studied by A.N. Gvozdev, L.S. Vygotsky, D.B. Elkonin, A.A. Leontyev and others.
Theoretical significance of the study is that:
The concept of sound culture of speech has been clarified;
The features of children's mastery of correct pronunciation at different stages of mastering the sound culture of speech have been identified;
An analysis of the points of view of different researchers on the role of the auditory and motor analyzers in the formation of the sound culture of speech was carried out;
The importance of pedagogical means and methodological techniques for educating the sound culture of speech is substantiated;
Theoretical research materials can be used in the educational process of kindergartens when constructing correctional and developmental programs.
Practical significance of the study determined by the fact that the results of the study can be used by speech therapists, educators, parents, in the work of educating the sound culture of speech in preschool children.
Structure of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and appendices.The first chapter discussestheoretical foundations for educating the sound culture of speech in preschool children, in the seconddescribes the organization of developmental work on educating the sound culture of speech with preschool children; the third chapter provides practical research.
1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH SOUND CULTURE EDUCATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
1.1. Approaches to studying the problem of sound culture of speech
The concept of sound culture of speech includes not only correct sound pronunciation, but also clear pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases, good speech rate, its volume, as well as speech hearing.
The formation of the sound side of speech in the first stages of development depends mainly on the degree of formation of kinesthetic and phonemic perception, as well as on their interaction with each other in speech practice.
In this regard, it would not be amiss to refer to the results of a study conducted by A.I. Maksakov. The concept of sound culture of speech includes not only correct sound pronunciation, but also clear pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases, good speech rate, its volume, as well as speech hearing.
The scientist found that all preschool children can be divided into four groups.
The first is those who are good at perceiving all the shortcomings of pronunciation in their own and others’ speech. Usually these are children whose own pronunciation deficiencies are limited to the incorrect pronunciation of one or two sounds (usually sonorous, expressed in replacement).
The second group is those who catch all the incorrectly pronounced sounds in someone else’s speech and in their own speech, but not immediately, at the moment of speech, but when listening to a recording on a tape recorder. They have the disadvantages of pronouncing one of the groups of sounds due to the nature of the absence and replacement of sounds, less often - distortion.
The third group includes children who have impaired sound pronunciation, but they do not clearly catch all the sounds they have impaired in their own and in other people’s speech, both at the time of their pronunciation and while listening to a tape recording. They do not correctly pronounce several sounds from different phonemic groups.
The fourth group are children who do not notice any shortcomings either in their own or in others’ speech. They have pronunciation deficiencies, most often expressed in distortion, while the number of disrupted sounds varies.
Further research showed that children from the first and second differentiated groups, in contrast to their peers from the third and fourth groups, demonstrate better learning results not only in the section “education of speech sound culture”, but also “learning to read and write”.
For example, A.I. Maksakov proved that children who do not notice pronunciation deficiencies in their own and others’ speech (in their absence and replacement) also experience difficulties in analyzing words that contain mixed sounds.
Stern classified speech defects into three categories. The first includes those that are inherent in all children at a certain age level and are determined by the state of their development; The second category includes irregularities in the development of speech mechanisms, and the third category includes those acquired due to poor educational work.
Regarding speech deficiencies of the first category, Stern says the following:
“Every word learned through imitation must be perceived by hearing, consciousness, must be pronounced and retained in memory.” From here we can distinguish four sources of speech errors:
1) sensory errors, justified by the fact that the child’s perceptions are not yet sufficiently differentiated, and therefore subtle differences in sound are not perceived; only the deeply general is assimilated;
2) apperceptive errors: the child’s weak and unstable attention determines his unequal attitude to different parts of what is heard in general, and parts of individual words in particular;
3) motor errors: the articulation and structure of the child’s speech organ has not developed enough to correctly pronounce certain sounds or sound combinations;
4) reproduction errors: the child’s memorization ability does not correspond to the volume of speech perceptions, which causes inevitable memory errors when pronouncing previously heard words.
Speech reflexes are acquired by a child as a result of the simultaneous activity of auditory, visual, motor, kinesthetic, skin and vibration analyzers. Such a balanced system of internal processes by I.P. Pavlov called it a dynamic stereotype.
Teaching children correct pronunciation includes the development and consolidation of correct speech dynamic stereotypes, which requires significant tension in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. Work on correct pronunciation must be carried out in parallel with teaching the sound analysis of words, because readiness for learning to read and write is determined, among other things, by the child’s ability to understand the sound structure of the language. By switching attention from the semantics of a word to its sound composition, that is, to the ability to hear individual sounds in a word and understand that they are located in a certain sequence.
Sound analysis is the highest level of phonemic perception, the ability to perceive and distinguish speech sounds (phonemes). This ability is formed in children gradually, in the process of natural development. The child begins to respond to any sounds from the second to fourth week of life; at seven to eleven months he already responds to a word, but only to its intonation side, and not to its objective meaning. This is the so-called period of prephonemic speech development.
By the end of the first year of life, the dictionary becomes a tool of communication, when the child begins to respond to its sound shell - the phonemes that make up it (N.Kh. Shvachkin). Further phonemic development occurs, ahead of the child’s articulatory capabilities. N.H. Shvachkin notes that by the end of the second year of life, the child uses phonemic perception of all sounds of his native language. Children at two and even three years old replace acoustically or articulatory similar sounds [sh] with [s], [r] with [l], [h] with [t], [sch] with [s] and vice versa, they do not notice their incorrect pronunciation, confuse words that sound similar in sound, distort the syllabic structure of polysyllabic words, and have difficulty reproducing tongue twisters, which indicates the incompleteness of the process of formation of phonemic perception, which continues to improve in parallel with the normalization of pronunciation until the final completion of the latter. Correct pronunciation is not always an indicator of the development of phonemic perception.
At five years old, a child can clearly pronounce all speech sounds. But tasks to repeat three complex-sounding words (tank - bull; bowl - bear, mouse), syllabic series with consonant sounds, oppositional in sonority-voicelessness or softness-hardness (pa-ba-pa, sha-zha-sha, ro -ryo-ro), words with a complex syllable structure (cyclists, motorcyclists, tractor drivers, transport, take pictures), performs with numerous errors.
This indicates that, despite an outwardly favorable picture, the formation of phonemic perception does not correspond to the age norm. This lag is manifested in pronunciation. But only in phonemic complex combinations, which are rarely found in independent utterances. When pronouncing words with alternating acoustically and articulatory-close phonemes: highway, cot, teacher, laughing girl, ballerina, piano. If a child does not have special training, he will not be able to write and read correctly in the future.
D.B. Elkonin defines phonemic perception as “hearing individual sounds in a word and the ability to analyze the sound form of words when they are spoken internally.” He also points out: “sound analysis means: 1) determining the order of syllables and sounds in a word, 2) establishing the different roles of sound, 3) identifying the main qualitative characteristics of sound.”
Phonemic perception (if the child’s speech development is normal) does not require special training, but sound analysis does (this is a didactic factor that determines the need for special training). Phonemic perception is the first step in the progressive movement towards mastering literacy, sound analysis is the second (ordinal factor). Another factor: phonemic perception is formed in the period from one to four years, sound analysis - at a later age (age factor). Also, phonemic perception - the ability to distinguish their features orally, sound analysis - contributes to the same thing to reproduce sounds in written form (content factor).
According to R.E. Levina, R.M. Boskis, N.H. Shvarkin, in the period from one to four years, the development of phonemic perception occurs in parallel with the mastery of the pronunciation side of speech. A.N. Gvozdev and N.I. Krasnogorsky note that a feature of the transmission of sounds in the initial period of their assimilation is the instability of articulation and pronunciation. But thanks to auditory control, the motor image of the sound is correlated, on the one hand, with the adult’s pronunciation (with the model), and on the other, with one’s own pronunciation. The distinction between these two images is the basis for improving the articulation and pronunciation of sounds by a child. Correct pronunciation occurs only when both patterns match.
R.E. Levina notes that the act of pronunciation should normally be considered as the completion of the acoustic process, the direction of sound and the determination of its difference from others.
In the progressive development of phonemic perception, the child begins with the auditory differentiation of distant sounds (for example, vowels - consonants), then moves on to distinguishing the finest nuances of sound (voiced - deaf, soft - hard consonants). The similarity of articulation encourages the child to “sharpen” his auditory perception and “be guided by hearing, and only by hearing.” The child begins with auditory differentiation of sounds, then articulation is included, and, finally, the process of differentiation of consonants ends with acoustic discrimination.
Simultaneously with the development of phonemic perception, intensive development of vocabulary and mastery of pronunciation occurs. Clear phonemic ideas about sound are possible only if it is pronounced correctly. According to S. Bernstein, “of course, we hear correctly only those sounds that we know how to pronounce correctly.”
In the works of L.E. Zhurova, G.A. Tumakova found that with appropriate training, four-year-old children easily master the ability to isolate a familiar sound intoned by an adult in a phrase or quatrain.
The problems that children have when educating the main components of the sound expressiveness of speech will affect the violations of its upbringing and understanding, and therefore will be studied by scientists.
That is why a person’s general cultural level can be determined by his choice and use of certain means of intonation and sound expressiveness. If he has the sound culture of speech, then most often he has no difficulties either in their perception or in their reproduction. Therefore, the art of “rhetoric”, both in ancient times and in modern conditions of life, must be studied specifically.
1.2. Features of children mastering correct pronunciation at different stages of mastering the sound culture of speech
Speech is not an innate human ability. It is formed along with the development of the child. For the development of speech, it is necessary that the cerebral cortex reaches a certain maturity, and the sense organs are sufficiently developed: hearing, touch, vision, smell. The acquisition of sounds itself begins in the first year of life, when the child masters his speech and hearing aids. Initially, babbling appears based on a certain emotional state. As soon as language begins to serve as a means of communication, the acquisition of the sound side of the language begins. This includes understanding words addressed to the child and the first independent words. At first, the child perceives words on the basis of a rhythmic-melodic structure; this is the stage of “pre-phonemic speech development”.
At 10-11 months. the period of “phonemic development of speech” begins - the word serves as a means of communication and acquires the character of a linguistic means. By the end of the first year, the first words appear. Differentiation of sounds begins in the second year of life. The sound pronunciation process, as is known, is based on speech breathing and the activity of the speech motor apparatus.
Speech is formed under the control of hearing. By the end of the second year of life, the child uses phonemic perception of all sounds of the Russian language to understand speech. There is a certain relationship in the activities of the auditory and speech motor analyzers. The formation of correct sound pronunciation is facilitated by children’s special sensitivity to the sound side of the language, the child’s interest in speech sounds, and the desire to master their pronunciation. Of great importance in pronunciation is the activity of the speech motor apparatus, which is formed by preschool age, but has some features. The ability to pronounce sounds and words develops gradually as the child accumulates life experience. As is known, the process of articulation of the sounds of human speech consists of the formation of connections between the sensations caused by the contraction of the muscles of the speech apparatus and the auditory sensations from the sounds that a person pronounces. These connections are also joined by visual sensations (from the perception of the speaker’s articulation). Visual perception helps to capture the visible articulation of sounds and thereby clarify your own movements. One of the important prerequisites for the formation of speech is the child’s ability to imitate. The child masters the phonetic side of speech by repeating the speech of the adults around him.
Thus, in preschool age there are all the prerequisites for successful mastery of the sound side of the Russian language. These include the corresponding development of the cerebral cortex as a whole, phonemic perception of speech and the speech motor apparatus. Such characteristics of a preschool child as high plasticity of the nervous system, increased imitation, special sensitivity to the sound side of language, and children’s love of speech sounds also contribute to mastering the sound composition of speech.
By the age of three, children’s pronunciation side of speech is not yet sufficiently formed; some imperfections remain in the pronunciation of sounds, polysyllabic words, and words with a combination of several consonants. The child’s speech is characterized by a general softness (“zyuk” - beetle, “syuba” - fur coat, “net” - no, etc.); replacement of back-lingual sounds k, g with front-lingual sounds - t, d (“tu-tolka” instead of doll, “dusi” instead of goose), sometimes replacing voiced sounds with unvoiced ones. Many three-year-old children do not know how to pronounce hissing sounds, most often replacing them with whistling sounds (“sapka”, “koska”, “zuk”). There is an inability to pronounce the sound r (omitting or replacing it), distortion of the sound l. The word pronunciation of younger preschoolers also has its own characteristics, these include: abbreviation (elision) of words (“tul” instead of chair, “vesiped” instead of bicycle), rearrangements (metathesis) of words and sounds (“shaplya” instead of hat, “gofli” instead knee socks, “Corvik” instead of a rug); assimilation (assimilation) of one sound to another (“baba-ka” instead of dog); merging (contamination) of two words into one (“Mafeda” instead of Maria Fedorovna); adding sounds (“guys”, “rusty”) and prematurely pronouncing the subsequent sound (anticipation). .
By the beginning of the fourth year of life, a child, under favorable upbringing conditions, masters the sound system of the language. Children of this age know well and correctly name objects in their immediate environment. In addition to nouns and verbs, other parts of speech are more widely used: adjectives, adverbs.
A significant part of children master many sounds, improving word pronunciation. The child’s speech becomes understandable to others. At the same time, there are still a number of imperfections in children’s speech. Individual differences are observed in children's speech disorders. There is an opinion that by the age of four, children’s pronunciation corresponds to age characteristics and program requirements; no major deviations from the norm are observed. But mastering correct pronunciation in early preschool age is hampered by insufficient development of motor skills of the speech apparatus and phonemic hearing, and insufficient stability of neural connections. Children do not yet have a conscious attitude towards the imperfections of their pronunciation. Children have developed imitation, a great desire for playful actions, imitation, and emotionality when perceiving sounds.
In the fourth year of life, the rudiments of monologue speech appear. Speech is dominated by simple, common sentences. Compound and complex sentences are used less often.
Children of middle preschool age master the pronunciation of all sounds of their native language, including sounds that are difficult to articulate. The process of mastering sounds is complex; it is characterized by instability of pronunciation, when a child pronounces sounds correctly in one sound combination, but incorrectly in another. “Reverse replacement” of sounds or “reuse of sound” are typical (instead of the old substitute, a newly acquired sound is put in place - “shlon”, “shobaka”). Some children have imperfect pronunciation of whistling, hissing and sonorant (r, l) sounds due to insufficient development of speech motor mechanisms.
In the development of the sound side of speech in children in the fifth year, a kind of inconsistency is observed. On the one hand - special sensitivity, special susceptibility to speech sounds, sufficiently developed phonemic hearing; on the other hand, insufficient development of the articulatory apparatus and complete indifference to articulation. At this age, the child develops awareness of his pronunciation skills. Some preschoolers aged five years have defects in the pronunciation of whistling, hissing and sonorant (r, l) sounds.
By the age of six, sound pronunciation improves, but some children have not yet fully formed sounds that are difficult to articulate (hissing, etc.). By older preschool age, children develop the ability to self-control, awareness of the imperfections of their speech and, accordingly, the need to acquire knowledge and the need for training. Therefore, educational activities become more serious. Children show cases of mutual assistance - attention to each other's speech, a desire to help comrades. By the senior preschool age, with proper work, children master the pronunciation of all sounds of their native language. Preschoolers have sufficiently developed speech hearing, articulatory apparatus and speech breathing. Phonemic perception and the ability to sound speech analysis develop. The child begins to be critical of his pronunciation, realizes his defects, is embarrassed by them, and sometimes refuses to answer. Due to pronunciation problems, children replace words with a defective sound in their speech with those where it is absent (not “cucumber”, but cucumber). For the same reason, they may perform the task incorrectly, replacing the necessary words with others that are similar in meaning to the first ones (instead of horse - horse, instead of bear - bear, instead of car - truck). The desire to master the correct pronunciation of sounds, interest in language, and self-control in relation to one’s own speech are especially characteristic of children preparing to enter school.
By the time a child enters school, he or she has mastered the correct sound design of words and pronounces them clearly and clearly. Has a certain vocabulary, constructs sentences of various constructions, coordinates words in gender, number, and case. Often uses verbs, freely uses monologue speech.
Thus, the patterns of mastery of the sound side of speech make it possible to determine the priority lines for the formation of one or another mechanism at different age stages. In the early stages, there is a predominant development of speech hearing and auditory attention, perception and understanding of the oral speech of others (its meaning, sound design, intonation expressiveness, etc.). In the fourth year of life, the development of speech hearing and motor skills of the articulatory apparatus (equivalently), work on diction, and preparation for the pronunciation of sounds that are difficult to articulate are carried out. In the fifth year, all the sounds of the native language begin to form; since all phonetic differentiation is completed and children have sufficiently developed speech hearing, the priority is the development of motor skills of the articulatory apparatus; Due to the correct and clear pronunciation of all sounds, it becomes possible to improve the strength of the voice and the pace of speech. In the sixth year, they improve the articulation of sounds, the differentiation of mixed sounds, and continue to develop speech perception; cultivate the sound expressiveness of speech - develop the strength of the voice and its timbre, tempo and rhythm of speech, melody, and skills in using different intonations. In the seventh year, the primary development of phonemic perception and sound analysis of speech occurs; education of intonation and sound expressiveness of speech; work on spelling correct speech.
1.3. Analysis of the points of view of different researchers on the role of auditory and motor analyzers in the formation of sound culture of speech
In pedagogical and psychological literature, the process of mastering the sound structure of the Russian language by preschool children has been studied and described quite fully in the works of A.N. Gvozdeva, V.I. Beltyukova, D.B. Elkonina, M.E. Khvatseva, E.I. Radina, M.M. Alekseeva, A.I. Maksakova.
Speech is improved under the influence of kinetic impulses from the hands, or more precisely, from the fingers. Typically, a child who has a high level of development of fine motor skills is able to reason logically, his memory, attention, and coherent speech are sufficiently developed.
Also M.M. Koltsova argued that the level of speech development is directly dependent on the degree of formation of fine movements of the fingers. Based on an examination of children, the following pattern was revealed: if the development of finger movements corresponds to age, then speech development is within normal limits.
Great Russian physiologists I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov attached great importance to the muscle sensations that arise during articulation. Sechenov wrote: “It even seems to me that I never think directly in words, but always with muscle sensations.” Pavlov also said that speech is, first of all, muscle sensations that go from the speech organs to the cerebral cortex.
All scientists who have studied the activity of the children's brain and the psyche of children note the great stimulating effect of hand function.
The outstanding Russian educator of the 18th century N.I. Novikov, back in 1782, argued that the “natural urge to act on things” in children is the main means not only for acquiring knowledge about these things, but also for their entire mental development. This thought N.I. Novikov, apparently, should be considered the first to formulate the idea of “objective actions”, which are now given such great importance in psychology.
Neuropathologist and psychiatrist V.M. Bekhterev wrote that hand movements have always been closely related to speech and contributed to its development.
The English psychologist D. Selley also attached great importance to the “creative work of the hands” for the development of children’s thinking and speech.
Maksakov A.I. argued that in order to learn to speak, to pronounce words clearly and correctly, a child must hear the sound of speech well. Hearing loss leads to a weakening of auditory self-control, which may cause a violation of the sound design of words (the word is not pronounced clearly enough, individual sounds in it are pronounced incorrectly); to a violation of the intonation side of speech. Weakened hearing leads not only to the distortion of words, but also to a decrease in vocabulary and the appearance of grammatical errors in speech.
And also Tumakova G.A. said that the process of speech development largely depends on the development of phonemic hearing, i.e. the ability to distinguish some speech sounds (phonemes) from others. This makes it possible to distinguish words that sound similar: small - crumpled, rak - varnish, tom - house. There are 42 phonemes in the Russian language: 6 vowels and 36 consonants. Some phonemes differ from each other only in voicedness or deafness with the same articulation, for example, the sounds s and z, sh and zh, others have sharper acoustic differences (t and sh), very subtle acoustic differences have hard and soft consonants (t and t, s and s). Insufficient development of auditory perception and phonemic hearing can cause incorrect pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases.
Orientation in the sound side of a word prepares the child for mastering literacy and written speech. “Not only the acquisition of literacy, but also all subsequent acquisition of the language - grammar and associated spelling - depends on how the child discovers the sound reality of the language, the structure of the sound form of the word,” emphasized D.B. Elkonin.
The importance of observing the sound side of a word (more broadly, speech) for mastering one’s native language and developing a culture of speech is emphasized by many Soviet teachers.
As a result of working on the sound side of a word, children develop a special, linguistic attitude towards speech and linguistic reality. A conscious attitude towards language is the basis for mastering all aspects of language (phonetic, lexical, grammatical) and forms of speech (dialogical and monological).
Thus, the child begins to feel the expressive (intonation and lexical) means of language, notices the shades of meaning of words, their grammatical form. He actively uses these means in coherent speech and in everyday life. Teaching different aspects of the native language is interconnected and has a mutual influence. The child becomes familiar not just with the sounds of words, but with the “work” of sounds in vocabulary, morphology, and word formation.
The oral cavity plays the greatest role in the formation of sounds, says Matusevich M.I., since it can change its shape and volume due to the presence of movable organs: lips, tongue, soft palate, small palate.
The most active, mobile organs of the articulatory apparatus are the tongue and lips, which perform the most varied work and ultimately form every sound of speech.
“The tongue is a collection of muscles running in various specific directions. Due to this structure, the tongue can take different forms and produce different movements: move forward and backward, up and down, and not only with the whole body, but also with its individual parts. This extreme flexibility of the language determines the variety of articulations that give all kinds of acoustic effects that we perceive as different speech sounds. The tongue is divided into the tip, body and root of the tongue. When classifying speech sounds, conditional phonetic concepts of the front, middle and back of the back of the tongue are also introduced,” emphasized M.I. Matusevich.
From all that has been said, it follows that the role of the auditory and motor analyzers in the formation of the sound culture of speech is great: in order to develop good diction in a child, to ensure a clear and harmonious pronunciation of words and each sound separately, it is necessary to develop his articulatory apparatus, speech breathing, improve phonemic hearing, teach him to listen to speech, distinguish sounds not only during pronunciation, but also by ear, and correctly reproduce them in words.
2. ORGANIZATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL WORK ON EDUCATION OF SPEECH SOUND CULTURE WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
2.1. Organization of work to educate the sound culture of speech
The peculiarities of children's mastery of the pronunciation of the sounds of their native language indicate that preschool age is a time of vigorous development of speech, and in particular its sound side. In the practice of education, there has long been an opinion according to which the sound side of a child’s speech supposedly develops independently without special influence from adults, and the imperfection of children’s pronunciation is supposedly an age-related pattern that gradually gets rid of itself.
In fact, non-interference in the process of forming a child’s speech entails a lag in the child’s development and leads to tongue-tiedness, which can turn into a habit. Therefore, targeted training is necessary, the main form of which, as researchers have shown (A.P. Usova, M.E. Khvattsev, M.M. Alekseeva), is frontal classes with children. In a team, the development of speech skills is especially favorable and gives more lasting results.
In the formation of correct pronunciation, timely training plays a decisive role. According to L.S. Vygotsky, too early or too late periods of training always turn out to be harmful from the point of view of children’s speech development and adversely affect their mental development. The greatest effect in educating the sound aspect of speech comes from training begun in the early stages of preschool childhood. The age of children at the start of education is a more important factor than the duration of education. M. M. Alekseeva proved that training started at 3 years old contributes to the fact that by the age of four, 56%, and by the age of five, 100% of children fully master the correct pronunciation of sounds. With training started at four years old, by the age of five only 85.7% of children have mastered the correct pronunciation of sounds. The formation of correct pronunciation at later stages proceeds at a slower pace and does not lead to the desired results.
Frontal exercises should be carried out 1-2 times a month; individual exercises can be included in other exercises.
Conducting classes in different age groups, as studies have shown, have their own characteristics.
In younger groups, it is better to conduct classes in the form of didactic games with onomatopoeia toys (“Guess who’s screaming”); stories-dramatizations with toys; teacher's stories including children's statements.
It is advisable to use visual material (toys, pictures, household items, etc.), which children are introduced to in advance, since increased interest in them causes an undesirable speech reaction in this case. The teacher's model and game techniques are also often used.
At first, it is advisable to base classes on choral responses, since children do not yet know how to listen to each other. Games with elements of movement and onomatopoeia should be used only when preschoolers have mastered motor skills, since such games do not help the child focus on the sound side of speech, but, on the contrary, distract him.
In the middle group, when teaching correct pronunciation, the use of a role model and game techniques is no longer enough. Here you can use simple explanations of sound articulation. This develops the habit of not only listening, but also looking carefully at the teacher, and then following the model. During classes in this group, you can already set a learning task (teach to pronounce this or that sound). Setting a learning task promotes more conscious compliance with the teacher’s instructions. This is also facilitated by the motivation of learning activities (for which you need to learn to pronounce a sound).
Practicing the sounds of their native language in children three to five years old involves four types of work, successively replacing each other: 1) preparation of the organs of the articulatory apparatus; 2) clarification of the pronunciation of an isolated sound (in syllables); H) developing the ability to isolate this sound and distinguish it from others; 4) consolidating the correct pronunciation of sounds in phrasal speech.
Work on sound pronunciation is combined with work on other sections of the sound culture of speech.
When preparing the organs of the articulatory apparatus, the teacher gives game exercises to develop or clarify movement, develop certain positions that contribute to the correct articulation of sounds. At the same time, work on the following sections of the sound culture of speech is highlighted: education of clear and correct articulation, long, smooth speech exhalation, development of voice volume.
When working to clarify the pronunciation of an isolated sound and develop speech hearing, the teacher uses games or play exercises. Children's attention is fixed on the position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus when pronouncing this sound and its sound. Games are also used to isolate a given sound from a group of sounds. This type of work contributes to the development of speech hearing, the formation of the ability to measure the volume of the voice, the development of the articulatory apparatus, and speech breathing.
By developing the ability to isolate the desired sound in a word and distinguish it from others, the teacher uses various gaming materials (mainly didactic games) that promote the clear and correct use of sounds in words. First, those words are given in which the sound being practiced is in a stressed syllable. Children learn to pronounce it more clearly, for a long time, i.e. they develop the ability to highlight the sound with their voice, and in the future - not only to highlight, but also to determine its place in the word. At the same time, the tasks of improving phonemic hearing, diction and pronunciation of words according to orthoepic standards are solved.
To reinforce the correct pronunciation of sounds in phrasal speech and the development of speech hearing, the teacher uses specially selected speech material (verbal games, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, riddles, nursery rhymes, poems, stories, fairy tales). He monitors the correct use of this sound. The development of correct pronunciation of sounds in independent speech is combined with the development of speech hearing and speech breathing, with the development of the ability to use moderate tempo and intonation expressiveness of speech.
In older groups, the basis of classes is the focus on sound, which is ensured by the use of specific teaching techniques. The most effective technique is to demonstrate the articulation of a sound, accompanied by an explanation of the position of the organs of articulation, followed by exercises in pronouncing the sound in isolation and in combination with other sounds. To realize the need for classes, children are given an educational task and the motivation for their activities is determined. The formation of a sound culture of speech is associated with the work of differentiating sounds and involves three types of work: differentiation of isolated sounds, differentiation of sounds in words and differentiation of sounds in speech.
When differentiating isolated sounds, the teacher works to distinguish sounds by their acoustic and articulatory properties. At the same time, he uses paintings-images, i.e. conditionally correlates a sound with a specific sound made by an animal, object, or action. At the same time, this type of work helps to improve phonemic hearing and develop clear pronunciation of sounds.
Working on differentiating sounds in words, the teacher selects various pictures, objects, toys, the names of which contain differentiated sounds, and teaches children to distinguish between them. First, words are taken that contain one or another differentiated sound, then - words that differ only in one differentiated sound, then - words that include both differentiated sounds. This work helps improve diction and clarifies the correct pronunciation of words in accordance with orthoepic pronunciation standards.
When differentiating sounds in speech, the teacher selects word games, stories, plot pictures, poems, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, riddles, proverbs and other speech material rich in differentiated sounds. At the same time, diction, the ability to use the voice correctly, and pronounce words taking into account literary norms of pronunciation are practiced.
This structure of classes allows you to use various teaching methods, alternate the activities of children, and creates conditions for repeated repetition of the same type of speech material with a variety of teaching methods.
Teaching correct pronunciation involves the relationship and interaction of special classes with work done outside of class (outdoor games with text, fun breathing games, round dances, dramatization games, etc.). This relationship lies in the fact that at all stages of training, as a rule, the same software tasks are solved. Children's attention is constantly fixed on the sound side of speech.
2.2. Characteristics of means of education by sound culture of speech of preschool children
In the process of forming the sound side of speech, educators use a variety of means: games, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, riddles, proverbs, sayings, poems, counting rhymes. With skillful and correct selection, they contribute to the assimilation of all sections of the sound culture of speech.
Games occupy the leading place. With their help, you can teach children in a playful way. First of all, they use games with onomatopoeia. The content of the games is selected with a gradual complication of the sound material in them, especially in younger and middle groups, where, at the same time as the reinforcement of difficult sounds, age-related softening of speech is overcome. Therefore, at first, sounds are offered in isolated form (“oo-oo-oo” - the train is buzzing; “and-and-and” - the foal screams) or in simple combinations with hard consonants (“tick-tock” - the clock is ticking; “knock- knock" - the hammer knocks; "ga-ga" - the goose screams). Showing a pronunciation example, the teacher makes clear movements with his mouth and slightly extends the vowel sound. Later, more difficult sounds are included in the content of the game: hissing sounds (“sh”, “zh”, “ch”, “sch”), as well as “l” and “r”. Games with onomatopoeia should be systematically repeated until the teacher achieves clear pronunciation of sounds.
The education of sound culture is also facilitated by didactic games, which are used in all age groups, both in class and outside of class. With their help, all problems of speech sound culture are solved. For example, in order to teach children to distinguish the timbre and quality of a voice, you can play the game “Guess who called?”: kids guess their friend by their voice, and older children guess by how they were called (quietly, loudly, slowly, quickly, affectionately etc.).
To reinforce the pronunciation of sounds in the middle group, you can offer the game “Telephone”: children sit on chairs in a row, the teacher quietly says to the first person sitting the words that contain the desired sound, and he passes them on to his neighbor, etc.; the one who distorts the word sits at the end of the row.
In kindergartens, active and round dance games are widely used. They not only give children the opportunity to move around, but also practice them in pronouncing the sounds they practice in class.
Starting from the younger group, dramatization games are used. As the dramatization progresses, children pronounce individual words and phrases in which the sound they are mastering occurs. At the same time, work is being done to develop intonation expressiveness. Texts for dramatizations are selected taking into account the following points:
The word containing the desired sound must appear at the beginning or end of the phrase;
Sounds that are difficult to pronounce should first be practiced in words consisting of slots (consonant + vowel), since the mechanism for changing articulatory movements in children has not yet been formed;
The word should be selected so that the paired sound being practiced is hard in some cases and soft in others (“Mila-- soap”);
Heroes and characters should be funny, polite, and their actions should be imbued with concern for others.
These games can be played using flannel, toys or pictures. Children, following the progress of the performance, repeat after the teacher (individually, in subgroups, as a whole group) words and phrases rich in the sound being practiced.
To develop the pronunciation side of speech - to consolidate and differentiate certain groups of sounds, to practice clear diction, to develop the vocal apparatus, the ability to speak loudly and quietly, quickly and slowly, to change the tone of voice - tongue twisters and tongue twisters are often used. They are also used to overcome lethargy and immobility of the articulatory apparatus, and to develop phonemic hearing.
Pure twisters and tongue twisters, as a rule, are small in volume and are specially constructed from complex combinations of sounds, syllables and words that are difficult to pronounce. Their very name indicates that pure tongue twisters must be pronounced clearly, and tongue twisters must be pronounced quickly. Pure twisters are pronounced at a normal pace, and tongue twisters at an accelerated pace.
When working with children three to five years old, it is good to use simple phrases that are small in volume and simple in content. Their meaning should be understandable to the child and close to his life experience (“doo-doo-doo, apple trees are growing in the garden”; “mu-mu-mu, who wants milk?”; “ta-ta-ta, the cat has a fluffy tail” and etc.).
Children of older preschool age can be offered more complex pure phrasing for the differentiation of sounds and for the development and improvement of speech hearing (“fa-va, fa-va, fa-va-va, there is grass growing in the yard”; “tsa-sa-tsa-sa, tsa-sa-sa, there is a wasp sitting on a flower”; “zhi-zy, zhi-zy, zhi-zy-zy, the goat has kids”).
The same phrases can be used repeatedly for different purposes. For example, the simple saying “the hedgehog is lying by the Christmas tree, the hedgehog’s needles hurt” can be used to reinforce the sounds “zh” and “l” and as training for the vocal apparatus, when the child is asked to pronounce it loudly, quietly, in a whisper, quickly, slowly.
Tongue twisters are used in older groups (“Four turtles each have four little turtles”; “Six little mice are rustling in a hut”; “Prokhor and Pakhom were riding horseback”, etc.). The teacher should pronounce the new tongue twister by heart at a slow pace, clearly highlighting frequently occurring sounds. You need to read the tongue twister several times, rhythmically. Then the children pronounce it themselves in a low voice.
After individual recitation, the tongue twister is pronounced in chorus (by the whole group, in rows, in small groups). It's interesting to repeat it in roles. Tongue twisters can be included in leisure evenings. This will diversify their content and activate children.
Riddles are of great value for developing the sound side of speech. They not only clarify and expand children’s ideas about objects and phenomena, but also develop observation skills, teach them to think, and notice the characteristic features of objects.
Simple riddles can be offered to children as early as the third year of life, but it is necessary to take into account whether they know well the objects discussed in the riddle. To make it easier to guess them, objects and toys are used as support. For example, after introducing children to a duck, the teacher can ask a riddle: “It swims in the water, quacks loudly: quack-quack-quack-quack. Who is this?"
Riddles are of great value for developing the sound side of speech. Proverbs and sayings are no less useful for the development of sound culture of speech. They are used to reinforce sounds and develop phonemic awareness. Thus, the saying “Measure twice, cut once” is used as an exercise to differentiate the sounds “r” and “r” in the preparatory group. Children are asked to first name words that contain the sound “r” (“time”) and the sound “ry” (“try on”, “cut off”).
In the older group, in the proverb “You can’t even take a fish out of a pond without labor,” children are asked to name those words that contain the sound “r” (“labor,” “fish,” “pond”). Proverbs and sayings contribute to moral education and teach children to more accurately express their thoughts.
Riddles are of great value for developing the sound side of speech. Proverbs and sayings are no less useful for the development of sound culture of speech. Poems and rhymes are also used as speech material for developing the sound culture of speech. They have a multi-purpose purpose: they help consolidate sounds, are used as exercises to develop clear diction, and to develop the vocal apparatus.
By memorizing specially selected poems in class, children simultaneously expand their understanding of the world around them. For example, while learning the poem “Squirrel” by Z. Alexandrova, preschoolers practice clearly pronouncing the sounds “l” and “r”, and also learn about what a squirrel eats and what reserves it makes for the winter.
Counting books exercise clear, loud pronunciation and consolidate and clarify some knowledge acquired in other classes, for example, skills in using ordinal counting.
2.3. Methodological techniques for educating the sound culture of speech
in preschoolers
When cultivating the sound culture of speech, special methodological techniques are used.
1. Conjugate and reflected speech. With conjugate speech, the teacher and children together repeat the words or phrase spoken by the teacher. In the younger group, this technique is often used, and in older groups only in relation to children with serious speech impairments. But starting from the middle group, the teacher should use methods that require a lot of attention from the child. Among them is the technique of reflected speech, when the teacher invites the child to listen to how he pronounces words and poems, and then repeat them himself. At the same time, children's attention and memory develop. (“Listen to me say: “The crow cawed kar-kar-kar!”, and now you say.”) When using this technique, the child develops active auditory perception.
2. Choral speech. With the help of this technique, good results are achieved in strengthening the leisurely pace and rhythm of speech, as well as other aspects of the sound culture of speech. It is better to use choral speech when working with subgroups in order to capture the peculiarities of children’s speech. Speech in chorus should be light, smooth, clear and retain its expressiveness. This technique is good to combine with individual repetition: “Oooh,” the locomotive honks. How does he signal? (choral response.) “Listen to Olin’s steam locomotive, Sashin... Tanin...”.
2. Choral speech. 3. Demonstration and explanation of sound articulation using the Tale of the Merry Tongue M. Gening and N. German. The teacher of the middle group says that there are special organs with the help of which a person pronounces speech sounds.
In the process of clarifying and consolidating sounds, the teacher points out that when pronouncing, for example, the vowel sounds “o”, “u”, the lips should be pulled forward and made round (like a donut). When introducing children to more complex sounds, the teacher tells and repeatedly shows what position the tongue, lips and teeth should take in order to pronounce the sound correctly.
2. Choral speech. 3. Demonstration and explanation of sound articulation using the Tale of a Merry Tongue 4. Exercises on sound pronunciation, auditory attention, speech breathing, voice strength, speech rate, etc. For example, in order to develop speech breathing, in the younger group children are asked to blow on cotton wool, a plume, in the middle group - on balls, toys in a basin of water. When performing an exercise aimed at developing auditory attention, I suggest that children of the younger group determine by ear which instrument (drum, tambourine, metallophone, pipe) Parsley is playing, and five-year-old children are asked to indicate the direction of their sound.
In the older group, you can conduct verbal competition exercises such as “Who can say it better?” Two teams (2-3 children each) participate in the competition. One team pronounces difficult words and phrases, and the other listens, then vice versa.
Of particular interest to older preschoolers are exercises in which a word is deliberately pronounced inaccurately (“The kitten sewed slippers for himself so that his hats would not freeze in winter”). Children must spot the mistake and find the correct word.
5. Story - dramatization. Here, the principle of gradual perception of a role model and play actions with toys is used, creating the opportunity for children to repeat speech material multiple times. Such stories are simple in content and can be invented by the teacher himself. Let us give an example of a dramatization story “Katya at the Dacha” for children of the younger group.
5. Story - dramatization 6. Use of manuals “Magic Cube”, “Sound Clock”. Pictures are pasted on the sides of the cube. The teacher turns the cube from side to side: “Turn, spin, lie on its side!” One of the pictures is offered to your attention. Children sing the appropriate song in chorus or one at a time. The pictures change as children become familiar with new sounds.
The manual “Sound Clock”, developed by G.A. Tumakova, consists of a large demonstration clock for teachers, and an individual small clock for each child. The images of objects on the individual “sound clock” are different, which requires each child to independently complete tasks. The names of the objects are the same in terms of their verbal composition: two of them are designated by short words (“beetle”, “onion”), one or two are long words (“Cheburashka”, “Buratino”), two names are three-syllable (“car”, “chicken” ), and two are disyllabic (“fish”, “rose”).
Here are sample tasks for four-year-old children: “Say the names of the objects shown; listen to how these words sound; find two word names that sound similar and point to them with arrows; find two word names that are not similar in sound.”
And here are the tasks for five-year-old children: “Find the shortest words on the clock; use arrows to indicate two long words; find two words: one is short (point to it with a small arrow), and the other is long (point to it with a long arrow); find two word names that contain the sound “e”; are there words on your watch without the sound “a”, etc.
The means, methods and techniques mentioned above are used in all classes to educate the sound culture of speech in a variety of combinations.
3. PRACTICAL STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN'S SPEECH SOUND CULTURE
3.1. Diagnostics of sound pronunciation of children 4-5 years old
Research was carried out inIn Saratov, in the middle group, 10 children took part.
The work of a teacher is multifaceted. In the process of working with children, various forms, types, and contents of work are used, but all of his activities(here we mean precisely the role and place of the educator in the system of interaction of all participants in the educational process as a whole)aimed at the comprehensive and harmonious development of children.
The purpose of the diagnosis: to characterize the state of the sound culture of speech of children of the middle group based on the examination.
When studying and detailed analysis of the material, in order to identify the level of correct sound pronunciation in preschool children, A. Maksakov’s diagnostic “Survey of the state of speech development of children of senior preschool age” section “Sound culture of speech” was taken:
1) to diagnose the pronunciation aspect of speech, children were asked to read a poem and retell a well-known fairy tale (story). The teacher writes down the words that the child pronounced incorrectly.
The following is noted:
Reading volume: a poem is read loudly enough, moderately or quietly, a fairy tale is told;
Speed (tempo) of speech: fast, moderate, slow;
Intonation expressiveness: expressive, inexpressive, inexpressive.
In the process of reading a poem, retelling a fairy tale or story, during a conversation with a child, it was established:
Clarity (diction) of the child’s speech: clear, not clear enough;
Ability to comply with literary norms of pronunciation (spelling): no deviations, there are deviations;
Sound pronunciation - indicated which sounds children pronounce incorrectly.
2) a set of pictures has been prepared for a detailed examination of the state of sound pronunciation: airplane, cabbage, bus, donkey, goose; heron, sun, cucumber; ball, cannon, shower; saw, chair, shovel, fox, cage; fish, drum, axe, turnip, chicken, ABC book.
When identifying violations in sound pronunciation, the cause was determined: deviations in the structure of the articulatory apparatus, insufficient mobility of its individual organs (lips, tongue, lower jaw, etc.), imperfection of phonemic perception (the child does not hear his defect, does not differentiate certain sounds), weak speech exhalation.
3) for diagnosis, speech perception was determined:
a) phonemic perception: formed, insufficiently formed. Checked:
The ability to determine the presence of a given sound in a word. For example, the child was asked to note whether the word “fur coat” had the sound “sh” or not (then in the words “table”, “cat”, “fox”, “pencil”, “mouse”, “wheel”, “glasses” ", "scissors", "brush", "hat", "beetle", etc.);
The ability to hear and distinguish words with a given sound from a number of other words. The child was asked to clap his hands or raise his hand only when he heard a word containing a given sound. For example, the teacher said: “I’ll now name the words, and when you hear a word that has “sss” in it, you’ll raise your hand (clap your hands).” It was clarified once again when the child should raise his hand. After the teacher was convinced that the child understood the task, the words were slowly called out, covering his mouth with a sheet of paper. It is advisable to use a set of words in which, along with the sound being tested, there are words that include other sounds that children mix with the one being tested, for example “r” - fish, cube, shovel, carriage, hand, kettle, paper, pencil, cup, boat, tram, table, ball, cheese. The sound being tested must be in different positions (at the beginning, middle and end of the word).
It was noted how many words with a given (tested) sound the child identified and how many words he identified correctly out of the five proposed;
The ability to hear and identify words with a given sound from a phrase. Say a phrase and ask your child to name only those words that contain the given sound. For example, to test the ability to hear the sound “r”: “Roses are blooming in the garden. Misha is fishing";
The ability to identify frequently repeated sounds in words.
The teacher pronounced groups of words and asked the child to name which sound he most often hears:
“s” - sled, catfish, fox, mustache, nose;
“sh” - fur coat, porridge, shower, hat, mouse;
“r” - hand, mouth, circle, cable, fish.
b) Speech hearing: well developed, underdeveloped. Checked;
The ability to notice semantic inaccuracies in speech.
The child was invited to listen to an excerpt from “Confusion” by K.I. Chukovsky, and determine what it says incorrectly:
Fishes are walking across the field,
Toads fly across the sky
The mice caught the cat
They put me in a mousetrap,
The sea is on fire.
A whale ran out of the sea...
The ability to determine by ear the volume of a voice in speech.
In class, when retelling a poem, ask the children to evaluate the speaker’s speech: “How did Sveta read the poem: loudly, very loudly, quietly?”;
The ability to determine by ear the speed of speech and intonation expressiveness.
The same technique was used as in the previous task. The teacher asked: “How Sveta read the poem: quickly, slowly moderately (normal); expressive, inexpressive?”;
The ability to determine the timbre of a voice by ear.
The game “Guess Who Spoke” was used for testing. The child stood with his back to the group and closed his eyes. The teacher instructed two or three children to take turns reading a short poem or tongue twister, a riddle, or a nursery rhyme, and asked them to determine by their voice which of the children was speaking.
The ability to correctly determine by ear the stress in a word and its rhythmic structure.
Two pictures depicting mugs and mugs were selected and the child was asked to show where the mugs were and where the mugs were; explained the difference between the words “zamok” and “zamok” (after making sure that the children knew these words).
The ability to correctly maintain a syllabic pattern was tested: the child was asked to repeat: sa-za-sa, sa-za-sa, sa-za-sa;
The ability to listen to the accented word in a phrase.
The same phrase was pronounced several times, highlighting individual words in it with the voice, and the child was asked to identify and name the word that stood out: “They bought a new bike for Masha (Masha, not the other girl). Masha got a new bike (bought, not given). They bought Masha a new bicycle (new, not old). They bought Masha a new bike (a bicycle, not a car)”;
The ability to hear inaccuracies in the text and correctly select the right words that would correspond to the content:
The bear cries and roars:
He asks the bees to give him “ice” (honey).
Oksanka is shedding tears:
Her “banks” (sled) broke.
The child was asked to find a discrepancy in the text and select the correct word according to its meaning. The received material was analyzed and summary tables were compiled, which indicated which sections of the sound culture of speech were not mastered by the children, which were not mastered fully enough, and which were mastered clearly.
Table 1 - Summary table for diagnosing the pronunciation side of speech
Number of children /%
volume
Enough
loud 4/40%
Moderately
4/40%
Quiet
2/20%
speed (tempo) of speech
Fast
2/20%
Moderately
4/40%
Slowly
4/40%
Expressively
4/40%
Unimpressive
4/40%
Inexpressive
2/20%
clarity (diction) of speech
Clear
4/40%
Not clear enough
6/60%
No deviations
6/60%
There are deviations
4/40%
From the table above it is clear that the pronunciation side of speech is developed at an average level. In 60% of children, insufficiently clear diction is diagnosed, the rate of speech is moderate and slow, 40% of children have expressive speech, the volume of speech is at a moderate and fairly loud level in 40%.
It can be concluded that in 60% of the examined children there is a weak speech exhalation and deviations in the structure of the articulatory apparatus, insufficient mobility of its individual organs, and in particular: low mobility of the lower jaw; lackluster movements of the lips and tongue; incorrect position of the lips, large distance between the teeth.
Phonemic perception in the examined children is not sufficiently developed; this figure is 70%, and speech hearing is formed by 77%.
After the diagnostics were carried out and the results were summarized, the following tasks were identified:
1) Learn to distinguish by ear and clearly pronounce consonant sounds similar in articulation and sound: l - r.
2) Continue to develop phonemic hearing and speech breathing.
3) Practice intonation expressiveness of speech and diction.
3.2. Ascertaining experiment of sound pronunciation of children 4-5 years old
To implement the assigned tasks, a plan for working with children was developed that included: classes, didactic games, the use of articulatory gymnastics, game exercises, learning tongue twisters, outdoor play and role-playing of a familiar poem, which contribute to the formation of an improved state of speech sound culture in preschool children. When selecting activities, age characteristics and the results of primary diagnosis were taken into account.
Table 2 - Work plan for the section sound culture of speech with children of the middle group
Kind of activitySubject
Target
Part of the lesson
Clarifying the pronunciation of an existing sound L or evoking it by imitation
To achieve from each child the correct pronunciation of the sound L, to develop the ability to determine the position of the tongue when pronouncing the sound L.
Didactic game
Find and say the right word
Develop auditory attention and phonemic perception: teach children to hear sounds in words, differentiate by ear and in the pronunciation of pairs of sounds (R-L)
Articulation gymnastics
"Fingers in the Forest"
Exercise coordination of movements of the articulatory apparatus and general motor skills
Class
Education of the correct pronunciation of the sound L in words
Exercise children in the correct pronunciation of the sound L in words
Game exercise
Finish the word
Development of speech hearing
Tongue twister game
Three Crows
Dictionary training
Class
Education of the pronunciation of the sound L in speech
Exercise children in the correct pronunciation of the sound L in speech
Didactic game
Come up with unusual words
Class
Clarifying the pronunciation of the existing sound r or calling it by imitation
Achieve the correct pronunciation of the sound R, develop the ability to determine the position of the tongue.
Game exercise
Wind and boat
Creative task
Ask differently
Practice the intonation expressiveness of children’s speech
Cooperative activity
Education of the correct pronunciation of the sound R in words
Exercise children in the correct pronunciation of the sound R in words
Didactic game
Select the necessary words from the phrases
Continue to develop phonemic awareness
Cooperative activity
Education of the pronunciation of the sound R in speech
Exercise children in the correct pronunciation of the sound R in speech
Outdoor game
The fastest soap bubble
Form speech breathing, develop longer and stronger exhalation
Role reading of a familiar poem
Continue to practice the intonation expressiveness of children’s speech
Class
Differentiation of sounds R-L
Exercise children in the distinct pronunciation of R-L sounds, isolated and in words; to train children in distinguishing R-L sounds in individual words and phrasal speech.
Clarification of the pronunciation of the existing sound l or evocation of it by imitation was carried out as part of a lesson on speech development. To develop a good pronunciation of the sound l, the teacher monitored the correct position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus. I drew the children's attention to the fact that when pronouncing the sound l, the lips are in a calm position, the tip of the tongue is pressed behind the upper teeth.
Anya K. did interdental very well, she was asked to move her tongue behind her upper teeth while pronouncing a sound, she did it
When conducting the didactic game “Find and name the right word,” the children did not always select the necessary words from the phrase; it was decided to repeat these exercises individually.
The children liked the tongue twister game. The next day, Nastya N. suggested playing such a game, but with the tongue twister “There is grass in the yard.”
The game exercise wind and boats resonated with the boys; the girls were asked to become Snow Queens and blow on snowflakes.
In the game “What’s added?” The teacher drew the children's attention to the fact that the children named words with the sound r loudly, clearly, slightly emphasizing the sound r.
3.3. Final experiment
The purpose of the final experiment: to test the effectiveness of a set of measures aimed at developing the correct sound pronunciation of children in the middle group.
The final diagnostic data were recorded in protocols, which were subject to quantitative and qualitative processing and entered into tables.
Table 3 - Diagnostic table for the pronunciation side of speech (final diagnostics)
Pronunciation side of speechNumber of children /%
volume
Enough
loud 6/60%
Moderately
2/20%
Quiet
2/20%
speed (tempo) of speech
Fast
2/20%
Moderately
6/60%
Slowly
2/20%
intonation expressiveness
Expressively
2/20%
Unimpressive
6/60%
Inexpressive
2/20%
clarity (diction) of speech
Clear
6/60%
Not clear enough
4/40%
ability to comply with literary pronunciation standards
No deviations
6/60%
There are deviations
4/40%
From the table above it can be seen that the level of development of the pronunciation side of speech remained at an average level. But 60% of children are diagnosed with clear diction, which is 20% more than in the primary diagnosis, the rate of speech is moderate 60%, the difference with the primary diagnosis is 20%, 40% of children have expressive speech, the volume of speech is at a fairly loud level of 60% .
Having analyzed the re-diagnosis protocol, we can conclude that in the examined children there was a 20% decrease in weak speech exhalation and deviations in the structure of the articulatory apparatus, insufficient mobility of its individual organs, and in particular: low mobility of the lower jaw; lackluster movements of the lips and tongue; incorrect lip position.
Phonemic perception in the examined children after the work increased by 5% and is 45%, and indicators of speech hearing development increased by 1% and is 78%.
One of the sections of the general culture of speech is the pronunciation side of speech, or its sound culture. The practical part of this work is aimed at identifying the state of the sound culture of speech of children in the older group. A work plan has been drawn up to develop children’s correct sound pronunciation and general speech skills, taking into account the tasks that were determined after the initial diagnosis.
In the course of the work, it was found that the indicator of speech perception in preschool children increased slightly, but increased. Children have clearer diction, the rate of speech is moderate. Children also began to convey their feelings and relationships more emotionally in their speech.
In the children examined, there was a decrease in weak speech exhalation. Children have learned articulatory gymnastics and are applying their knowledge in independent activities.
Thus, we can conclude that, provided that they are systematic and consistent, the activities specified in the work plan give a positive result. And the small percentage increase in positive dynamics can be explained by the short time frame for this work.
Conclusion
Today, the issue of speech development in preschoolers is especially acute. This is probably due to the fact that children, and adults too, began to communicate more with computers and other means of technical processes than with each other.
Psychologists say: preschool age is a sensitive period, which means it is the most favorable for the development of speech and the formation of a culture of verbal communication. This is a very labor-intensive and responsible work that requires a certain system and patience on the part of an adult, selection of the most effective means and methods of teaching.
In the preschool years, intensive mental development of the child occurs: he masters speech, becomes acquainted with the richness of the sound and lexical composition of the language. This is a period of intensive familiarization of the preschooler with the word - its semantic (the word denotes a certain object, phenomenon, action, quality) and phonemic, or sound, side (the word sounds, consists of sounds following in a certain sequence, has syllables, one of them is stressed and the like).
A preschooler’s mastery of the sound side of a word is a long process. It is carried out in various types of children's activities.
The adult’s task is to make the word, which the child perceives as an inextricably sound complex, an object of special attention, observation and study.
N.M. Askarina pointed out: “In conditions of trained upbringing, it is impossible to ensure the diversified development of all children, using only individual communication in the process of their independence. It is necessary to conduct special classes, and the best tool remains a didactic game. It consolidates knowledge."
Children who have fully mastered sound-syllable analysis, as a rule, do not experience difficulties in learning to read and write.
The leading analyzer in the assimilation of the sound side of speech is hearing. As the child develops, auditory attention and perception of noise and speech sounds gradually develop. Speech breathing is one of the foundations of voice formation and speech (speech is a voiced exhalation).
Nurturing the sound culture of speech begins from birth in those moments when the mother speaks kindly and tenderly to the baby.
In the period from one to two years, the child undergoes the process of initial development of speech skills. During this period, it is very important to cultivate in children the need for communication, attention to the speech of others, memory for words, and the ability to reproduce sounds and words by imitation.
Thus, the speech development of a child in the first year of life serves as preparation for the formation of the speech system as a whole. Intensive development of auditory and visual perception, which is carried out through emotional communication with others, contributes to the formation of skills in understanding, reproducing and improving speech.
In the first junior group, tasks are solved in the formation of correct pronunciation of sounds, the development of speech hearing and speech breathing, and the development of speech expressiveness.
In the second junior group, tasks are added to form the tempo of speech and quality of voice, and cultivate a culture of verbal communication.
In the middle group, work continues on developing diction. Particular attention is paid to the tasks of working on correct word pronunciation and word (phonetic) stress.
In the “Program of Education and Training in Kindergarten”, edited by M.A. Vasilyeva emphasizes that in older groups the basic skills of a culture of behavior in the speech process should already be formed. It is necessary that the child be able to speak quietly, look into the face of the speaker, hold his hands calmly, greet and say goodbye politely and without reminders, know that when greeting elders, one should not be the first to shake hands.
More attention should be paid to developing the correct posture of the child at the time of public speech: when answering lessons, he should turn to face the children and not block the benefits in question; When speaking with a poem or story, do not make unnecessary movements (do not sway, do not shift from foot to foot, do not lean on anything, etc.). All of these skills need to be strong.
In older preschool age, special attention is paid to the tasks of practicing intonation expressiveness and developing phonemic hearing.
In the preparatory group for school, the tasks of educating the sound culture of speech are improved.
Thus, an analysis of the studied literature showed that the use of games, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, riddles, poems, proverbs and sayings in the education of sound culture of speech in kindergarten is one of the development opportunities. Didactic games not only actively involve students in educational work, but also activate children’s cognitive activity. The game can be used at all stages of children's speech development. It should fully help solve both educational problems and the problems of developing the cognitive activity of school-age children
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Mastering the pronunciation of all sounds of the native language by the age of five is possible with proper guidance in the development of children's speech. Purposeful training and the use of appropriate methodology create conditions for the implementation of the prerequisites that children have. The formation of the sound side of speech is carried out in a kindergarten in two forms: in the form of training in the classroom and education of all aspects of the sound culture of speech outside of class.
Morning speech gymnastics, walks, children coming and going home are also used by the teacher to cultivate the sound culture of speech. Work outside of class can be organized with a subgroup of children, as well as individually. The main role in teaching belongs to special classes that combine pronunciation demonstrations with active exercise for children. Classes are complemented and interact with special exercises outside of class. The leading form of training is collective (rather than individual) lessons with children. In a social environment, the development of speech skills proceeds especially favorably and gives more lasting results than in the conditions of individual work (A.P. Usova, M.E. Khvattsev). The team is a strong factor of mutual influence for children. In group activities, work productivity increases and fatigue decreases. The greatest effect is achieved by training that began at earlier stages of preschool childhood. The age of children at the start of training is a more important factor than the duration of training itself. During the learning process itself, it is necessary to use a methodology that ensures the development of motor skills of the speech apparatus, speech breathing and speech hearing, taking into account that these processes are interrelated. During training, the child should also develop an awareness of the peculiarities of his pronunciation. This has a positive impact on the development of the phonetic side of speech, leads to an understanding of the need for training to master correct speech skills and creates a desire to learn.
Means of sound culture of speech (subject and subject pictures, works of fiction, genres of small folklore) contribute to solving problems in developing correct pronunciation and expressiveness of speech.
Formation of correct pronunciation of sounds
A.M. Borodich
The formation of sound pronunciation is carried out in three stages:
1) preparation of the articulatory apparatus;
2) clarification of the pronunciation of an isolated sound;
3) fixation of sound in syllables, words and phrasal speech
The first stage - preparatory articulatory movements - can be carried out during daily morning exercises, in the form of short exercises in any classes, as well as within the framework of a single-topic lesson on the sound culture of speech. All three stages can be carried out either in one lesson or in two with a break of 1-5 days.
Thus, the typical structure of the process of learning a single sound is as follows:
· demonstration, explanation of the articulation of a sound (or a group of related sounds), repeated pronunciation of the sound by the teacher (in figurative form);
· pronunciation of an isolated sound by children with simultaneous exercises in speech breathing (duration of exhalation) and expressiveness of speech;
· pronunciation by children of syllables, onomatopoeia with the reproduction of changing strength, pitch of voice, tempo of speech;
· exercise in pronunciation of sounds in words and phrasal speech (jokes, dramatization of stories, didactic and outdoor games, reading poems).
M.M. Alekseeva
Sound pronunciation training is carried out in accordance with the stages of work on sounds adopted in speech therapy.
Stage 1, preparatory, involving the preparation of the speech apparatus to master speech sounds. It includes the preparation of the speech motor apparatus, its motor skills, speech hearing, and speech breathing. In order to prepare the speech apparatus, various exercises are used, which are carried out mainly in the form of a game, which creates conditions for their repeated repetition. Articulation gymnastics exercises are divided into static and dynamic. Static exercises are aimed at developing in children the ability to maintain a given articulatory method (“Fence”, “Baranka”, “Slide”, “Mushroom”, “Cup”). Dynamic exercises are aimed at developing the volume of articulatory movements (“Sweet jam”, “Accordion”, “Tsokaniye”, “Pistol and machine gun”). The rules for performing articulatory gymnastics and some exercises will be given in the appendix. The development of motor skills of the articulatory apparatus is facilitated by various sound pronunciation games (“Who is screaming?”, “Whose house?”), and articulatory gymnastics. To develop speech breathing, breathing exercises are performed. They are aimed at developing diaphragmatic breathing, deep silent nasal inhalation and long oral exhalation (without puffing out the cheeks).
Stage 2 - the formation of speech sounds, or sound production. This is the creation of a new neural connection between sound, motor-kinesthetic and visual sensations. In most cases, it is necessary to simultaneously inhibit the incorrect connection between the idea of a sound and its pronunciation (Pravdina O.V.). The sound production starts with the easy ones and ends with the more difficult ones; their sequence is maintained for both frontal and individual work. The basic principle of sound production is that sounds are placed in groups depending on the similarity in place of articulation. Sound production is based on imitation (we use a mirror). A verbal explanation of the method of sound articulation is required.
Stage 3 - consolidation and automation of sounds. . From the point of view of higher nervous activity, sound automation is the introduction of a newly created and consolidated relatively simple connection - a speech sound - into more complex sequential speech structures - into words and phrases in which a given sound is either skipped completely or pronounced incorrectly (O.V. Pravdina). The sound is given in different sound combinations, at the beginning of the word, in the middle, at the end.
Stage 4 - the stage of differentiation of mixed sounds. It is based on differential inhibition. Work on the differentiation of sounds begins when both mixed sounds can be correctly pronounced by the child in any combination and yet are not always used correctly and one sound is replaced by another.
Work on the formation of sound pronunciation should be based on consistent, step-by-step development of all sounds of the native language. You should start with simple ones: i, f, t, s, etc. By consistently practicing the clear pronunciation of all vowels and consonants, the child gradually masters the phonemic system of the language.
Systematic, sequential lessons on practicing all sounds (conducted from the second youngest to the oldest), as well as on differentiating sounds, simultaneously prepare children for learning to read and write. Stages of formation of phonemic hearing
Stage 1 - recognition of non-speech sounds. At this stage, in the process of special games, children develop the ability to recognize and distinguish non-speech sounds. At the same time, these same activities contribute to the development of auditory attention and auditory memory (without which it is impossible to teach children to differentiate phonemes). Non-speech hearing - perception of the noise of water, wind, household noises, sounds of music. A child can learn to speak and think only by perceiving natural, everyday, musical noises, the voices of animals, birds and people. It is useful to perform exercises with your eyes closed, analyzing noises only by ear, without relying on vision.
Stage 2 - distinguishing the height, strength, timbre of the voice on the material of identical sounds, words, phrases. The wording itself reveals the essence of the work at this stage.
Stage 3 - distinguishing words that are similar in their sound composition. The ability to transform words at this stage has a positive effect on the formation of the entire phonetic aspect of speech, including syllabic structure.
Stage 4 - differentiation of syllables. The child is already prepared to learn to distinguish syllables.
Stage 5 - differentiation of phonemes. It is imperative to start working with differentiating vowel sounds, because they are easier to perceive, isolate and differentiate in words.
Stage 6 - development of basic sound analysis skills
Development of diction.
The formation of sound pronunciation is closely related to the development of diction. The teacher’s task in developing good diction is to strengthen and develop children’s articulatory apparatus with the help of special exercises, teach them to correctly and clearly pronounce all the sounds of their native language, develop speech hearing, and develop a moderate speech rate. To develop diction in young preschoolers, you can use a number of games on onomatopoeia, while slightly changing the requirements for children. Showing an example of the pronunciation of a sound combination, the teacher makes very clear movements with his mouth, the vowel sound is slightly drawn out (but he says it easily, without stress). Children in conjugate and reflected speech involuntarily imitate the speech style of the teacher. The diction apparatus is much easier to develop at a younger age (fourth to fifth year), when children learn to make active, correct movements with their lips and open their mouths during speech. To improve diction, pure and tongue twisters are used (the method for learning tongue twisters is given in the appendix). Tongue twisters, as well as more complex tongue twisters, are used in older groups.
Work on word pronunciation, stress and spelling.
This work is of particular importance in younger groups, where children distort the syllabic composition of a word. To maintain the correct structure of a word, a leisurely pace of speech and smooth pronunciation are important. These qualities are well cultivated in children in round dance games with chanted text, and in slow reading of nursery rhymes. To work on word pronunciation, didactic games (“Orders”, “Shop”) are used. When conducting them with children, it is advisable to first use toys whose names children can pronounce easily, and then more complex ones.
The degree of development of auditory concentration in children of senior preschool age is sufficient to instill in them sensitivity to the syllabic structure of a word and to form solid spelling skills in the correct placement of stress. To do this, you need to show the child the correct pronunciation in different forms of the same word. In this case, it is necessary to use the initial forms of voluntary attention and memorization, only then is it possible for the child to develop a qualitatively new attitude towards his speech and conditions appear for analyzing and synthesizing auditory perceptions.
To reinforce the emphasis in the indirect cases of a noun, you can offer children a short didactic story (of three or four phrases), into which you need to insert the missing words.
In general, the orthoepic correctness of children's speech is formed by imitating the speech of adults.
It is important to teach children to speak at a medium tempo, smoothly, without unnecessary stops. Individually targeted techniques will help the teacher with this: comments (“I didn’t understand what to give you, tell me more slowly!”), conjugate speech. The best technique is to conduct round dances, outdoor games with melodious text, and at the same time accompany speech with movements.
In older groups, training exercises are carried out to develop vocal flexibility (pronunciation of tongue twisters, games “Roll Call”, “Hoop”, “Echo”).
Older children are interested in tasks in which they learn to change the pitch of their voice. For example, when looking at toys or pictures depicting animals and their babies, they pronounce onomatopoeia with different pitches of voice. Didactic stories with onomatopoeia should also be used more widely.
Developing expressive speech.
The teacher has great opportunities to influence the intonation expressiveness of speech. It is very important to develop intonations that the child will need in his everyday life. There are a number of games and round dances, where the text, most often folklore, is pronounced with particularly vivid intonations: “Ladushki”, “The horned goat is coming”.
Through painstaking daily work, tasks such as cultivating a soft, friendly tone of conversation are also solved. During all classes, the teacher ensures that while answering the child addresses the audience and assumes a calm posture. In younger groups, you can use a game exercise, which consists of the doll performing the necessary actions. In older groups, the following technique is used: including the demonstration of individual verbal communication skills in the game “So or wrong?” Children evaluate correct actions with a red chip, raising it for everyone to see, incorrect actions with a black one.
The initial technique is an example of expressive reading. The sample must be accompanied by a number of other active techniques. Their purpose is to help the child understand the peculiarities of performing a given work, practice in advance, and learn to read it, especially difficult parts. The reading sample is supplemented by the teacher’s explanations and instructions for the expressiveness of children’s speech. A reminder of a similar incident is used, a vivid representation from the lives of children, reviving previously experienced feelings.
In all groups, the use of a suggestive form of question is justified, especially with regard to the choice of intonation, since such a technique makes it easier for the child to find a means of expression and helps to find the most accurate definition.
A very effective technique is reading in faces (by roles). The material can be short poems, nursery rhymes, jokes. In younger groups, reading is accompanied by playful actions and movements of children, promoting naturalness, as if involuntary intonation. The liveliness and naturalness of intonation is facilitated by the inclusion in the text of a nursery rhyme (poem) of the name of one of the children present at the lesson.
Techniques for developing expressiveness in reading and retelling are very diverse. As a rule, several techniques are used simultaneously in one lesson.
Formation of speech hearing.
Work on the formation of speech hearing is carried out in all age groups. Didactic games for the development of auditory attention occupy a large place, i.e. the ability to hear a sound, correlate it with the source and place of presentation. In younger groups, games conducted during speech classes use musical instruments and voiced toys so that children learn to distinguish the strength and nature of sound.
In older groups, children's auditory perceptions are developed by listening to radio broadcasts, tape recordings, etc. You should practice “minutes of silence” more often, turning them into exercises “Who will hear more?”, “What is the room talking about?” As these exercises progress, you can ask individual children to use onomatopoeia to reproduce what they heard.
Already in the younger group, children are asked to listen attentively to the sound of speech, distinguish its various qualities by ear, and “guess” them.
Middle age is the time to improve auditory perception and phonemic hearing. This is a kind of preparation of the child for the subsequent mastery of sound analysis. In a number of games that are played in this age group, the task is of increased complexity - from the words called by the teacher, by ear, select those that have a given sound, marking them with a clap of the hands, a chip. Auditory perception facilitates the slow pronunciation of sound in a word.
Education of speech breathing.
The teacher’s task is to teach the child to breathe correctly during speech and to eliminate age-related deficiencies in speech breathing. First of all, children need to develop a silent, calm breath without raising their shoulders. The duration of exhalation should correspond to the age of the child: for a two- to three-year-old child, the exhalation ensures the pronunciation of a phrase of 2-3 words, for a child of middle and senior preschool age - phrases of three to five words. Gradually, children become accustomed to exhaling more forcefully. At the same time, you need to ensure that the child has the correct posture so that tension or fatigue does not occur.
Work on the development of speech breathing is carried out in stages:
· exercises to develop physiological breathing;
· breathing exercises without speech;
The purpose of the proposed exercises:
· development of strong smooth oral exhalation;
· activation of the labial muscles.
To work on speech breathing, some gymnastic exercises are used (“Wood splitter”, “Pump”), as well as game exercises (blowing paper birds, balls, etc.).
Of great importance is the correct, detailed explanation by the teacher of the breathing requirements of children, reproducing the pattern of inhalation and exhalation.
Thus, the work of educating the sound culture of speech represents an entire system carried out from the first days of a child’s stay in kindergarten. Without special attention from adults, the development of the sound side of children's speech is delayed, and negative speech habits can develop that are very difficult to overcome.
Elena Klisheva
Stages of work on educating the sound culture of speech in children 3–5 years old
Sound culture of speech is an integral part of speech culture. Preschool children master it in the process of communicating with the people around them. Great influence on the formation of high the teacher provides speech culture for children. O.I. Solovyova, defining the main directions, notes that “the teacher faces tasks: raising children to be clean, clear pronunciation sounds in words, correct pronunciation of words according to the norms of orthoepy of the Russian language, upbringing clear pronunciation (good diction, upbringing children's expressiveness speeches».
Formation of the right sound pronunciations is only a part. Educator helps children master correct speech breathing, correct pronunciation of all sounds of native language, clear pronunciation of words, ability to use the voice, accustoms children speak slowly, with expressive intonation. At the same time in educators work on the formation of the sound side of speech can use some speech therapy techniques, just like a speech therapist, except for correction speeches, is engaged in propaedeutic work aimed at preventing shortcomings speeches.
Carried out simultaneously with the development of other aspects speeches: vocabulary, coherent, grammatically correct speeches. Education of sound culture of speech includes the formation of clear articulation sounds of native language, their correct pronunciation, clear and pure pronunciation of words and phrases, correct speech breathing, as well as the ability to use sufficient voice volume, normal tempo speeches and various intonation means of expressiveness (melody, logical pauses, stress, tempo, rhythm and timbre speeches). Sound culture of speech is formed and develops on the basis of well-developed speech hearing.
Developing from children correct, good sounding speech, teacher must decide the following tasks:
1. Develop children's speech hearing, gradually developing its basic Components:
pitch hearing;
Auditory attention;
Phonemic hearing;
perception of tempo and rhythm of speech.
2. Form the pronunciation side speeches:
Learn children correct pronunciation of all native sounds
Develop the articulatory apparatus;
work over speech breathing;
bring up ability to use the voice in accordance with the conditions of communication;
Develop clear and precise pronunciation of each sound, as well as words and phrases in general, i.e. good diction;
Form a normal pace speeches, i.e. the ability to pronounce words and phrases at a moderate pace, without speeding up or slowing down speech, thereby creating the opportunity for the listener to clearly perceive it.
3. Develop the pronunciation of words in accordance with the norms of orthoepy of the Russian literary language.
4. Bring up intonation expressiveness speeches, i.e. the ability to accurately express thoughts, feelings and moods using logical pauses, stress, melody, tempo, rhythm and timbre.
Educator must have an understanding of the main violations speeches(for example, a nasal tone in pronouncing words, stuttering, in order to, having identified them in a timely manner, refer the child to a speech therapist. All sections works on the sound culture of speech are interconnected. To systematically and consistently conduct classes on education of sound culture of speech should be taken as a basis working on the living sound of words. At every age stage you should gradually complicate the material, making sure to include all sections.
Taking into account age-related developmental characteristics children's speech, formation sound culture of speech can be divided into three main stage:
I stage- from 1 year 6 months to 3 years (second half of the 2nd early age group and 1st junior group). For this stage(especially for the beginning) characterized by rapid development of an active vocabulary. Previously formed articulatory movements, functioning when pronouncing a whole word, undergo some changes: are specified, become more stable. The child’s ability to consciously imitate the pronunciation of a whole word develops, thanks to which teacher gets the opportunity to significantly influence the development the sound side of his speech. basis works on sound culture of speech is the use of various onomatopoeia.
II stage - from 3 to 5 years(2nd junior and middle groups). At this age, the formation of the phonetic and morphological composition of the word occurs. The improvement of the most difficult movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus continues. This gives the child the opportunity play slotted, affricatives and sonorants sounds. Work at this stage relies on a conscious attitude children to sound side of the word and is built on a consistent practicing the basic sounds of your native language. The leading methodological techniques are still speech patterns, memorization (poems, nursery rhymes, riddles, conversations, didactic games, etc.
III stage - from 5 to 7 years(senior and preparatory school groups). This stage is, as it were, the final period in the formation sound aspect of speech of preschoolers. To the beginning of III stage the most difficult isolated articulatory movements have already been formed, however, it is important that they are clearly distinguished (both during pronunciation and during auditory speech perception) sounds, which are similar in articulatory or acoustic characteristics (s - t, z - zh, etc.; s - s, s - z, etc.). At this point stage didactic games, retelling, storytelling, memorization and other methodological techniques are used.
Keeping in mind the main content work on developing the sound culture of speech at each stage, teacher must at the same time take into account individual developmental characteristics children's speech. Speech children between the ages of 3 and 5 years, it continues to develop. At this age, vocabulary is accumulated, refined and improved. Children use words that have the right meaning more accurately. They begin to use grammatical forms correctly, can retell short tales and stories in a logical sequence, describe and convey the content of pictures. Develops quickly and sound side of speech. Children learn and pronounce many words correctly sounds of native language, pronounce words and phrases more clearly and clearly, know how to use their voice, and begin to monitor the pace of their speeches.
The main task of formation sound culture of speech at this stage comes down to the development of children phonemic awareness and correct pronunciation of all sounds native language with clear and intelligible pronunciation of words and phrases.
Along with solving the main problem, it is necessary to carry out work and in other sections sound culture of speech, A exactly:
bring up the ability to adjust the volume of the voice depending on the situation, to speak at a measured pace;
Correctly pronounce words with the exact use of stress in them.
IN work widely used with children of early age and 1st junior group onomatopoeia. With children of the 2nd junior and middle groups education of sound culture of speech carried out in the process work on sound pronunciation. Its formation should be completed in kindergarten, and the improvement of other sections sound culture of speech will continue at school. In the same time work on sound pronunciation easy to combine with the development of speech hearing, speech breathing, voice, articulatory apparatus, diction and intonation. At the same time, we develop not only the skill of correct pronunciation of certain sounds, but also the child’s auditory-pronunciation capabilities, i.e. those connections between auditory and articulatory control, without which correct pronunciation is impossible sounds. If children 3 years old do not pronounce well enough sounds with, з, ц, sh, zh, h, sch, r, l, you should not start practicing them, as this may lead to the reinforcement of incorrect pronunciation. We must carry out work on all sections of speech sound culture. Improving speech hearing and pronunciation capabilities will contribute to the emergence of these sounds in speech child and their correct pronunciation.
For example, when working with children 3 years old, easier to pronounce sounds and, f, v, teacher creates the preconditions for the emergence of a new group sounds - whistling(s, z, c, which are characterized by a certain structure of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, close to the structure sound and, as well as the presence of a targeted air stream, which is generated when practicing sounds f, V. This is how we create the possibility of transferring skills, produced for one group of sounds, to the other. Sequential practicing sounds makes it possible to systematically, consistently carry out work on the formation and further improvement sound culture of speech.
Practicing all the sounds of the native language in children 3-5 years provides four types work, successively replacing each other friend:
Preparatory (clarification of movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus);
Becoming sound(clarification of the pronunciation of isolated sound by imitation and the ability to highlight this sound among others);
Consolidation and automation ( proper education, clear pronunciation sound in words);
Differentiation of mixed sounds(proper education, clear pronunciation sound in phrasal speech).
The contents of the last three types work includes the development of speech hearing. These types working on speech sounds can be carried out both in and outside of class. All these types are not recommended work combine in one lesson, as the process of mastering correct pronunciation sounds are a production a certain skill, and its creation requires consistency and systematicity. Carrying out the four types of work listed with an interval of 3 days between them allows children to learn and consolidate certain positions and movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus and contributes to better formation of correct pronunciation sound and its perception by ear. Work on sound pronunciation is combined with work on other sections of the sound culture of speech(development of speech hearing, articulation, speech breathing, voice, diction, tempo, intonation expressiveness speeches).
1st type work- clarification of the movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.
Educator conducts game exercises to develop or refine movements, production certain positions that promote correct articulation sounds. At the same time, it stands out Job above the following sections sound culture of speech: upbringing clear and correct articulation, long, smooth oral exhalation, development of voice volume.
2nd type work- clarification of the pronunciation of isolated sound and development of speech hearing.
Educator gives games or game exercises to clarify the pronunciation of an isolated sound or calling him by imitation. Attention children fixed on the position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus when pronouncing this sound and its sound. Games are used to highlight this sound from a group of sounds. This kind work contributes to the development of speech hearing, the ability to measure the volume of the voice, the development of the articulatory apparatus, speech breathing.
3rd type work - education correct pronunciation sound in words and the development of phonemic hearing.
Educator uses various gaming materials (mainly didactic games, promoting clear and correct use sounds in words. First, those words are given in which the practiced sound stands in a stressed syllable. Children learn to pronounce it more clearly, for a long time, i.e. they develop the ability to highlight sound by voice, and in the future not only highlight, but also determine its place in the word. At the same time, the tasks of improving phonemic hearing, diction and pronunciation of words according to orthoepic standards are solved.
4th type work - education correct pronunciation sounds in phrasal speech and development of speech hearing.
The teacher uses specially selected speech material: word games, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, riddles, nursery rhymes, poems, stories, fairy tales. He monitors the correct use of this sound on the listed material. Upbringing correct pronunciation sounds in independent speech combined with the development of speech hearing and speech breathing, with production ability to use moderate tempo and intonation expressiveness speeches.
As an example, here are different types works for sound [w].
1st type work
Target: Output clear movement and correct position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus. Working off long, smooth oral exhalation.
"Delicious jam".
Guidelines: Make sure that children move their tongue not from side to side, but from top to bottom. The language should be broad
“That’s a fungus!”
Guidelines: To children If the fungus turned out correctly, the teacher asks them to smile, open their mouths slightly and stick their tongue to the roof of their mouth. If some children it doesn't work, you should invite them to first click the tongue and then hold it at the top.
2nd type work
Target: Clarification of the movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, correct pronunciation of isolated sound [zh]. Development of speech hearing, voice, production prolonged oral exhalation.
"Guess Who's Buzzing".
Content: Educator“The children went for a walk in the forest. There were many flowers in the clearing. A bee was flying and buzzing above them (pronounces loudly and for a long time sound [zh]) . The children move on, and in the bushes a spider has woven a web. A fly got in there, wants to get out, is exhausted and buzzes (says quietly, slowly sound [zh]) . Now listen and guess who is buzzing - a bee or a fly (pronounces sound [zh], sometimes loudly and for a long time, sometimes quietly and briefly. Children identify and name. Then they are divided into two groups. Some depict bees, others a fly caught in a web, and accordingly say sound [zh]. When repeating the game, children change roles.
Guidelines: Ensure that children pronounce clearly and correctly sound[g] with appropriate voice volume.
3rd type work
Target: Achieve correct pronunciation sound [zh] in words, develop the ability to pronounce words clearly and loudly enough, develop phonemic awareness.
"What appeared"
Content: The teacher puts toys on the table whose names include sound [zh](giraffe, hedgehog, etc.). The guys call them. Then teacher covers the toys, swaps them and adds a new one that also has the name sound [zh], such as a teddy bear or a flag. Opening it, he asks what's new. After teacher invites children to choose the words that contain sound [zh].
Guidelines: Make sure children pronounce words clearly sound [zh] - correct. If they don't say enough words, then teacher, showing pre-selected pictures, invites children to name what is depicted on them.
4th type work
Target: Reinforce correct pronunciation sound [zh] in phrasal speech, achieve clear, expressive and sufficiently loud pronunciation of words and phrases.
"Say something about the picture".
Guidelines: After the child says a phrase about his picture, you can invite other children to say something else about this item. Speech material that is used for consolidation sound in phrasal speech(included in the lesson at your discretion) teacher) .
Pure talk. Tongue Twisters.
Zhi-zhi-zhi - hedgehogs live in the forest. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a snake.
zha-zha-zha - I found a hedgehog. Zhenya had snakes and hedgehogs.
I zhu-zhu-zhu - I give milk to the hedgehog.
Mystery: The needles lay, lay
Yes, they ran under the table.
Poems: Checkbox. Snowdrop.
Holiday, holiday at the gates of Blue Clean
Who will go to meet him? Snowdrop flower!
Me and my faithful friend And next to me is the see-through
Little red flag. The last snowball.
(E. Serova) (A. Maikov)
Planning works on sound culture of speech.
Education of sound culture of speech closely related to the development of other aspects speeches(enriching the vocabulary, forming a coherent speeches and grammatical structure, etc.). At the same time, it requires a special approach, special techniques and should be included in special classes or as part of development classes speeches. Classes are the main form work on education of sound culture of speech. They are carried out not occasionally, but systematically. However, for successful formation children's sound culture of speech You can’t limit yourself to just special classes. Therefore, when planning various activities in your native language (for example, learning a poem, working with pictures, etc.. d, it is necessary to include separate sections in their program content education of sound culture of speech(formation of expressiveness speeches, development of speech breathing, etc.).
So, work on sound culture of speech carried out in various forms:
1) in classes that can be conducted as independent classes in sound culture of speech or as part of native language classes;
2) various sections sound culture of speech can be included in the content of classes in the native language;
3) separate sections works on sound culture of speech included in music classes;
4) additional work on speech sound culture outside of class.
Let's take a closer look at each of the four the listed forms of work.
Classes on sound culture of speech
Classes for children from 3 to 5 years old are carried out with the whole group as part of a lesson in their native language (at least once a week, 5 minutes) and as independent studies (at least one lesson per month, 15 minutes each). Classes for children of this age are aimed at developing phonemic and speech hearing, further improving the mobility of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, mastering and consolidating the skills of correct pronunciation of all sounds of native language, to improve the intelligibility and clarity of pronunciation of words and phrases, to production the ability to correctly use stress in words and pronounce them according to the norms of literary pronunciation, as well as education for all children the ability to use the right volume of voice, pronounce words and phrases at the right pace, taking into account intonation means of expressiveness. Nurturing the sound culture of speech at this stage carried out by conducting didactic games, game exercises using various speech material: pure sayings, riddles, nursery rhymes, counting rhymes, poems, stories, etc.
Enabling different sections sound culture of speech in the content of development classes speeches.
Work on developing the sound culture of speech can be included in the program content of any lesson in the native language. So, during a painting lesson teacher along with the activation of vocabulary and improvement of coherent speeches can carry out and developing good diction. In other classes (didactic games, learning poems, reading and talking about what has been read, telling fairy tales, reading and retelling) you can work on the development of speech hearing, speech breathing, on education ability to control one's voice and pronounce clearly and correctly sounds, tell at the required pace with appropriate intonation.
Enabling different sections sound culture of speech in music classes.
Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of using music classes in which work on the sound culture of speech must be carried out in concert teacher and music worker, since individual elements of a musical lesson (listening to music, singing, musical-rhythmic movements) develop from children speech hearing, speech breathing, voice, diction, tempo, rhythm and intonation expressiveness speeches. Musical worker can help a lot in development sound culture of children's speech, correctly using the various parts of music lessons to achieve the goal. Thus, the development of speech hearing is facilitated by singing songs in various sounds, songs, round dance games. Singing is of great importance for the development of speech breathing. It teaches children calculate the exhalation for a musical phrase without disturbing the melody of the song. Singing and songs teach you to use a natural voice without tension and shouting, and develop the ability to speak voice: sing loudly or quietly. Singing also provides an opportunity to develop children pronunciation of vowels sounds and clear, clear, but not exaggerated pronunciation of consonants sounds, accustoms children clearly and clearly, without unnecessary stress, pronounce the words of the song, i.e., it helps to develop good diction. All parts of a music lesson contribute to the development of children normal tempo and rhythm, develop unity and smoothness speeches, the ability to use intonation means of expression. Thus, in work on the formation of sound culture of speech the music should also be actively turned on worker.
Job over various sections sound culture of speech outside of class.
Work on the sound culture of speech outside of class can be organized during morning speech exercises, on a walk, during play hours, during morning arrival children and before they go home. To develop and improve the articulatory apparatus, voice and speech breathing, it is advisable to include speech exercises in your daily routine. It should be carried out with all children. Moreover, it can be combined with morning exercises or performed separately before breakfast. During speech exercises, children are given play-based exercises aimed at development of accurate, differentiated movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, on the development of speech breathing and voice. With children who have not mastered the program material sound culture of speech or do not learn it well in class, it is necessary to carry out additional work. Classes are organized both individually and in groups (for example, children who have not mastered any sound). Such individual and group classes can be carried out during a walk, during play hours, during morning reception children and before they go home. In additional classes, various games and exercises are given in a playful form, various speech material is used, which is aimed at production in children correct pronunciation sounds, on the development of phonemic and speech hearing. Job outside of class, prevents and eliminates imperfections speech in individual children, aligns the group and makes it possible to successfully conduct subsequent frontal training sessions sound culture of speech.
From all of the above we can conclude that from The teacher’s speech culture depends on the children’s speech culture. Speech teacher, which is constantly in the children’s field of vision, in communication with them, (is the main source from which children receive a sample of their native language, cultural speech, therefore it must not only be correct, with a clear and distinct pronunciation of all sounds of native language, but also maintained at a certain tempo, volume, must be intonationally expressive, correctly grammatically formatted, coherent, easy to understand, with the correct and accurate use of verbal notations. Children will learn more successfully sounds of the native language from the teacher with intelligible, clear and distinct speech, clearly pronouncing phrases, words and each sound separately, i.e. from a teacher with good diction.
List of used sources:
1. Development children's speech preschool age: A guide for kindergarten teacher/ B. I. Loginova, A. I. Maksakov, M. I. Popova and others; Ed. F. A. Sokhina. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Education, 1984. -223 p., ill.
Topic: Forms, methods and techniques of work to educate the sound culture of speech
The concept of sound culture of speech
Each language is characterized by one or another system of sounds. Therefore, the sound side of each language has its own characteristics and distinctive qualities. The sound side of the Russian language is characterized by the melodiousness of vowel sounds, the softness of the pronunciation of many consonants, and the originality of the pronunciation of each consonant sound. The emotionality and generosity of the Russian language are expressed in the richness of intonation.
Sound culture of speech - includes phonetic and orthoepic correctness of speech, its expressiveness and clear diction.
Education of sound culture involves:
1. formation of correct sound pronunciation and word pronunciation, which requires the development of speech hearing, speech breathing, and motor skills of the articulatory apparatus;
2. education of spelling-correct speech - the ability to speak according to the norms of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy includes not only pronunciation, but also stress, i.e. a specific phenomenon of oral speech.
3. formation of speech expressiveness - mastery of the means of speech expressiveness presupposes the ability to use the height and strength of the voice, the tempo and rhythm of speech, pauses, and various intonations. It has been noticed that in everyday communication the child has natural expressiveness of speech, but needs to learn voluntary, conscious expressiveness when reading poetry, retelling, and storytelling;
4. development of diction - clear, intelligible pronunciation of each sound and word separately, as well as the phrase as a whole;
5. fostering a culture of verbal communication as part of etiquette.
In the sound culture of speech, there are two sections: the culture of speech pronunciation and speech hearing. Therefore, work should be carried out in two directions:
1. development of the speech-motor apparatus (articulatory apparatus, vocal apparatus, speech breathing) and on this basis the formation of the pronunciation of sounds, words, clear articulation;
2. development of speech perception (auditory attention, speech hearing, the main components of which are phonemic hearing).
Forms of work to educate the sound culture of speech
The “Sound Culture” section of speech includes the following: developing in children attention to the sound side of audible speech, auditory memory, improving general speech skills: learning a leisurely pace of speech, correct speech breathing, maintaining the necessary rhythm when speaking, working on the voice, being able to lower and raise your voice. It is also necessary to improve the pronunciation of words that are complex in their structure, in accordance with the rules of orthoepy, observing the correct stress, and strive to clearly pronounce the sounds of the native language.
Work on the sound culture of speech also includes distinguishing by ear similar sounds, often mixed by children: S - Sh; L – R; W – F; Z – F; NW; P – B; T – D, etc., try to pronounce these sounds correctly in words, phrases, phrases, tongue twisters and poems. If such violations are permanent, you need to contact a speech therapist.
The formation of the sound side of speech is carried out in a kindergarten in two forms: in the form of training in class and outside class.
The main role in teaching belongs to special classes that combine pronunciation demonstrations with active exercise for children. Classes are complemented and interact with special exercises outside of class.
The leading form of training is collectivefrontal forms of work(not individual) lessons with children. The team is a strong factor of mutual influence for children. In group activities, work productivity increases and fatigue decreases.
It is enough to conduct group-wide classes on teaching sound pronunciation 1-2 times a month. In addition, individual exercises are included in other classes on speech development, as well as in music, gymnastics and outdoor games. The number of classes is determined by the level of children's speech development.
Weekly (1-2 times a week) work in speech classes, taking from 2 to 10 minutes. Once a month, you can conduct a comprehensive lesson entirely devoted to the sound culture of speech. Such classes are especially needed in the second junior group, where the amount of work on sound pronunciation is very large. Most of the time in such a lesson is devoted to working on the pronunciation of one sound or a group of related sounds (in the older group - differentiation of pairs of sounds that are similar in acoustic characteristics: z - zh, s - s', etc.) The rest of the time is devoted to cultivating other qualities of speech (two -three).
Other forms of frontal work that are carried out outside of class are of great importance: dramatization games, round dances, holidays and entertainment. In junior and middle groups, speech gymnastics is effective (1-2 minutes of articulation exercises at the end of morning exercises, 2-3 times a week).
It is also widely practiced to work with subgroups of children at a time convenient for the teacher (didactic games, jokes, etc.). Thus, the calendar plan provides for work on the sound culture of speech almost every day.
All age-related pronunciation errors disappear in children by the age of 5. But this process does not occur on its own, but under the influence of the speech of adults and their pedagogical influence. This influence is beneficial when a child hears normal speech, receives instructions from adults on how to speak, and as a result begins to experience an interest in correct, clear speech.
During classes, during walks, during routine processes, it is necessary to very carefully monitor the children’s speech and ensure that it is clear, precise and intelligible.In the formation of correct sound pronunciation, timely training, based on the age characteristics of children, plays a decisive role.
The greatest effect is achieved by training that began at earlier stages of preschool childhood. The age of children at the start of training is a more important factor than the duration of training itself.
Methods and techniques for developing correct sound pronunciation
What methods are typical for educating the sound culture of speech?
The work is carried out using didactic games, game exercises with the inclusion of speech material: tongue twisters, sayings, nursery rhymes, poems, proverbs, riddles, stories in accordance with the program content in the native language. It is good to use speech with movement in this work. Such exercises activate the process of developing pronunciation skills.
It is advisable to introduce preschoolers to the sounds of speech in a playful way, associating each sound with a specific symbol (“Z” is the song of a mosquito, “R” is the operation of an airplane engine, “Sh” is air coming out of a burst balloon).
Such aids help to effectively prepare children with speech development problems to master writing and reading.
Games developed with symbols in which sounds are automated and differentiated are useful for children. In addition, visual symbols develop memory, attention, and imagination.
Didactic stories that include educational tasks for children are very useful (repeat words with difficult sounds, change the pitch of the voice, etc.). In junior and middle groups, they are often accompanied by a display of pictures on a flannelograph or a demonstration of toys. On the teacher’s table, you can use toys to stage a performance, during which the educational material is repeated (sound combinations, simple sayings, songs).
To develop the expressiveness of speech, classes in retelling and memorizing poems are effective. Individual elements of intonation (prosodemes), speech hearing and breathing are also practiced using the method of exercises: memorizing and repeating familiar tongue twisters, the game exercise “Let’s blow on the fluff”, etc.
Using these methods, the teacher uses a variety of techniques that directly affect the pronunciation side of children’s speech.
The leading technique is the example of correct pronunciation and task completion given by the teacher. If a teacher uses a model at the initial stage of teaching, he often reinforces this technique with a brief or detailed explanation of the demonstrated qualities of speech or movements of the speech-motor apparatus (“You, children, hear that I don’t just say a word with the sound r, but I specifically highlight this sound, I pronounce it long, drawn out: a-r-r-r-buzz..."). When developing phonemic hearing, sound and word pronunciation, a specific technique is recommended - exaggerated (with emphasized diction) pronunciation or intonation of a sound (a stressed syllable, a part of a word distorted by children).
In younger groups, figurative naming of a sound or sound combination is often used (zzz - a mosquito song; tup-tup-tup - a kid stomping).
The demonstration and explanation of articulation in these groups is often included in the game plot (“The Tale of the Merry Tongue”). An active technique is choral and individual repetitions. They are the ones who provide training for children’s speech-motor apparatus, which is so important in the formation of the sound culture of speech. Quiet pronunciation of sounds (sound combinations) in small subgroups is especially useful, when children can listen to the answers of their comrades.
A technique such as justifying the need to complete the teacher’s assignment improves the quality of answers. It is given either in an emotional and humorous form (“Let’s teach the turkey to sing a funny song!”), or in a businesslike form (“We must firmly, firmly remember how to pronounce the word shofe-e-er, chauffeurs, otherwise speaking is simply illiterate, ugly - who wants to get into a funny situation?”).
Related to this is another technique - individual motivation for the task, an individual instruction before the child’s answer (“It seems to me that Seryozha’s lullaby will work especially well - he knows how to be affectionate and caring”).
In case of erroneous answers, such active techniques based on imitation as joint (conjugate) speech of the child and the teacher, as well as reflected speech (immediate repetition by the child of a sample speech) are possible.
In the process of practicing and consolidating a child’s pronunciation skills, an example of the correct speech of his peers is valuable. This factor must be used not only in classes, but also in freely organized games and exercises, in which both children who have not mastered some skill and those who speak correctly and clearly are involved.
Traditional techniques include evaluating a response or action and correcting it. Teachers should be warned against the annoying, too frequent use of corrections and hints (sound pronunciation, tempo, etc.), as this irritates the child. During classes, such a specific technique can be used - a figurative physical education pause, which, thanks to the combination of children’s movements with the utterance of practiced sounds or sound combinations (game situation), serves both as a rest and as a reinforcement of educational material (leave from the tables, walk around, sit down and show like chickens clucking).
In the process of working on the sound culture of speech, visual techniques are also appropriate - showing articulatory movements, demonstrating a toy or picture. Games and exercises often feature additional equipment - a “magic” wand for signaling the beginning or end of an answer, chips and other handouts that serve to indicate sound word structures
Methods and techniques for developing phonemic awareness
Speech hearing is a broad concept. It includes the ability for auditory attention and understanding of words, the ability to perceive and distinguish different qualities of speech: timbre (find out by voice who called you?), expressiveness (listen and guess whether the bear was scared or happy?).
Developed speech hearing also includes good phonemic hearing, i.e. the ability to differentiate all the sounds (phonemes) of the native language - to distinguish the meaning of words that sound similar (duck - fishing rod, house - smoke).
Speech hearing begins to develop early. A child aged two to three weeks has a selective reaction to speech and voice; at 5-6 months he reacts to intonation, and somewhat later - to the rhythm of speech; By about two years, the baby can already hear and distinguish all the sounds of his native language. We can assume that by the age of two, a child has developed phonemic hearing, although at this time there is still a gap between the assimilation of sounds by ear and their pronunciation.
Having phonemic awareness is sufficient for practical speech communication, but this is not enough for mastering reading and writing. When mastering literacy, a child must develop a new, higher degree of phonemic hearing - sound analysis or phonemic perception: the ability to determine which sounds are heard in a word, determine their order and quantity. This is a very complex skill, it involves the ability to listen attentively to speech, to keep in memory the word heard, the sound named.
Work on the formation of speech hearing is carried out in all age groups. Take up a lot of spacedidactic games for the development of auditory attention, i.e. the ability to hear a sound and correlate it with the source and place of presentation.In younger groups, games conducted during speech classes use musical instruments and voiced toys so that children learn to distinguish the strength and nature of sound. Simulating thunder; in the game "Guess what to do?" When the sounds of a tambourine or rattle are loud, children wave flags; when sounds are weak, they lower the flags to their knees. Widespread games are “Where did they call?”, “Guess what they are playing on?”, “What is Parsley doing behind the screen?
In older groups, children’s auditory perceptions are developed not only through games similar to those described above, but also by listening to radio broadcasts, tape recordings, etc. Short-term “minutes of silence” should be practiced more often, turning them into “Who can hear more?” exercises. , “What is the room talking about?” As these exercises progress, you can ask individual children to use onomatopoeia to reproduce what they heard (water dripping from a tap, a squirrel wheel whirring, etc.).
Another category consists of gameson the development of speech hearing itself(for perception and awareness of speech sounds, words). Games are offered for each age group (lasting 3-7 minutes), which are preferably played with children 1-2 times a week in and outside of class.
Already in the younger group, children are asked to listen attentively to the sound of speech, distinguish its various qualities by ear, and “guess” them (the word is spoken in a whisper or loudly, slowly or quickly). So, for example, the game “Guess what I said?” encourages the child to listen attentively to the speech of the teacher and peers. This is facilitated by the game rule, which the teacher says: “I will speak quietly, you listen carefully and guess what I said. Whoever I call will say loudly and clearly that he heard.” The content of the game can be made more rich if you include in it for guessing material that is difficult for children, for example, in the middle group - words with hissing and sonorant sounds, in the older group - polysyllabic words or words that are difficult in orthoepic terms, close to each other in sound (juice -suk), as well as sounds.
Middle age is the time to improve auditory perception and phonemic hearing. This is a kind of preparation of the child for the subsequent mastery of sound analysis of words. In a number of games that are played in this age group, the task is of increased complexity - from the words called by the teacher, by ear, select those that have a given sound (for example, z - the song of a mosquito), marking them with a clap of your hands, a chip. Auditory perception facilitates the slow pronunciation of a word or the prolonged pronunciation of a sound in a word.
In older groups, naturally, they continue to improve their speech hearing; children learn to identify and identify various components of speech (intonation, pitch and strength of voice, etc.). But the main, most serious task is to bring the child to an awareness of the sound structure of a word and the verbal composition of a sentence. The teacher teaches children to understand the terms “word”, “sound”, “syllable” (or part of a word), to establish the sequence of sounds and syllables in a word.
This work is combined with the cultivation of interest and curiosity in words and speech in general. It includes the child’s independent creative work with words, which requires verbal and poetic hearing: coming up with words with a given sound or with a given number of syllables that are similar in sound (gun - fly - drying), finishing or coming up with a rhyming word in poetic lines. In older groups, during exercises and games, children are first introduced to highlighting sentences in speech, as well as words in sentences. They make up sentences, finish words to familiar lines of poetry, correctly arrange scattered words into one complete phrase, etc.
Then they begin the sound analysis of the word.Exercises and games for this purpose can be arranged approximately in the following sequence:
1. “Let’s remember different words, look for similar words” (in meaning and sound: bird - titmouse - singer - small).
2. “There are sounds in a word, they come one after another. Let’s come up with words with certain sounds.”
3. “A word has parts - syllables, they, like sounds, follow one after another, but sound differently (stress). What parts does the given word consist of?
Often such exercises are of a playful nature (jump rope as many times as there are sounds in the named word; find and put into a “wonderful bag” a toy in the name of which the second sound is u (doll, Pinocchio); “buy in a store” a toy, name which begins with the sound m).
Thus, in the process of learning the sound analysis of a word, speech for the first time becomes an object of study for the child, an object of awareness.
Methods and techniques for working on the formationspeech breathing
Non-speech breathing is characterized by the fact that the exhalation is equal in duration to the inhalation, they follow rhythmically one after another; in one go, all the air from the lungs is exhaled, inhalation is done through the nose, the glottis is open.
When we speak, we inhale during pauses through the mouth and nose, and then exhale gradually in separate bursts, sparingly. Inhalation is performed relatively quickly, it is much shorter than exhalation.
The best type of speech breathing is diaphragmatic-lower costal breathing (when inhaling, the diaphragm lowers, the lower ribs move to the sides, but the shoulders do not rise). Correct speech breathing ensures sound and voice formation and good voice sounding.
Timely inhalation and long exhalation are necessary for the smooth sound of speech.
The teacher’s task is to teach the child to breathe correctly during speech and to eliminate age-related deficiencies in speech breathing.
First of all, children need to develop a silent, calm breath without raising their shoulders. The duration of exhalation should correspond to the age of the child: for a two- to three-year-old child, exhalation ensures the pronunciation of a phrase of 2-3 words, for a child of middle and senior preschool age - phrases of three to five words.
Gradually, children become accustomed to exhaling more forcefully. At the same time, you need to ensure that the child has the correct posture so that tension or fatigue does not occur.
To work on speech breathing, some gymnastic exercises are used (“Wood splitter”, “Pump”), as well as game exercises (blowing paper birds, balls, etc.).
Of great importance is the correct, detailed explanation by the teacher of the breathing requirements of children, reproducing the pattern of inhalation and exhalation.
Thus, the work of educating the sound culture of speech is a whole system carried out from the first days of a child’s stay in kindergarten. Without the special attention of adults, the development of the sound side of children's speech is delayed, and negative speech habits may develop that are very difficult to overcome.
Formation of sound culture of speech in preschool children.
A culture of speech - this is the ability to correctly use all language means (sound means, including intonation, vocabulary, grammatical forms), correctly, i.e. in accordance with the content of what is stated, taking into account the conditions of verbal communication and the purpose of the statement,
Sound culture of speechis an integral part of speech culture. Preschool children master it in the process of communicating with the people around them. The teacher has a great influence on the formation of a high culture of speech in children.
More than 50% of our preschool graduates have speech impairments. Not only parents, but also educators are to blame for this.
Main directions The work facing the teacher in developing the sound culture of speech:
Educating children in pure, clear pronunciation of sounds in words;
Correct pronunciation of words according to the norms of orthoepy of the Russian language;
Developing clear pronunciation (good diction);
Nurturing the expressiveness of children's speech.
The work of a teacher in developing correct speech and in preventing speech deficiencies in children in our conditions can be compared with the work of a speech therapist in correcting deficiencies in the pronunciation of sounds. However, the education of the sound culture of speech should not be reduced only to the formation of the correct pronunciation of sounds. Formation of correct sound pronunciation is only part of the work on the sound culture of speech. The teacher helps children master correct speech breathing, correct pronunciation of all sounds of their native language, clear pronunciation of words, the ability to use their voice, and teaches children to speak slowly and expressively. At the same time, when working on the formation of the sound side of speech, educators can use some speech therapy techniques.
When developing correct, good-sounding speech in children, the teacher must decide the following: tasks:
1. Develop speech hearing children, gradually developing its main components:auditory attention(the ability to identify by ear a particular sound and its direction),phonemic hearing.An important role is played by the formation of phonemic hearing, abilityclearly distinguish one sound from another,thanks to which individual words are recognized and understood. Well developed speech hearing ensures clear, clear and correct pronunciation of all sounds of the native language, makes it possible to correctly regulate the volume of spoken words, speak moderately, with intonation expressiveness. The development of speech hearing is closely related to the development of sensations arising from the movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus.
2. Develop the articulatory apparatus.Speech sounds are formed in the oral cavity, the shape and volume of which depend on the positions of the movable organs: lips, tongue, lower jaw, soft palate, small uvula. The correct position and movement of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a given sound is called articulation. Disturbances in the structure of the articulatory apparatus, for example a short hyoid ligament, malocclusion and some other defects, are predisposing factors for the incorrect formation of sound pronunciation. But now we are talking about the fact that the child has good mobility of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, good speech hearing. In this case, the child, with the help of an adult, is able to compensate for deficiencies in sound pronunciation. If a child has imperfections in the movement of the articulatory apparatus (for example, a sedentary tongue, flaccid, thick, lips cannot stretch into a smile), then this can cause incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sluggish, unclear, blurred speech.
Teacher's tasks:
1) development of tongue mobility (the ability to make the tongue wide and narrow, hold the wide tongue behind the lower incisors, lift it by the upper teeth, move it back deeper into the mouth, etc.);
2) development of sufficient lip mobility (the ability to pull them forward, round them, stretch them into a smile, form a gap with the lower lip with the upper front teeth);
3) development of the ability to hold the lower jaw in a certain position, which is important for pronouncing sounds
3. Work on speech breathing, that is, develop the ability to take a short breath and long, smooth exhale, in order to be able to speak freely in phrases.The source of the formation of speech sounds is an air stream leaving the lungs through the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity or nose to the outside.Correct speech breathing ensures normal sound production, creates conditions for maintaining appropriate speech volume, strictly observing pauses, maintaining fluency of speech and intonation expressiveness.
Such imperfections in speech breathing, such as the inability to rationally use exhalation, speech while inhaling, incomplete renewal of air supply, etc., which negatively affect the development of speech in preschool children, may be due to improper upbringing and insufficient attention to children’s speech on the part of adults. Children of preschool age who have weakened inhalation and exhalation, as a rule, have quiet speech and find it difficult to pronounce long phrases. If air is used irrationally when exhaling, the fluency of speech is disrupted; children are forced to take in air in the middle of a sentence. Often such children do not finish the words and often pronounce them in a whisper at the end of the phrase. Sometimes, in order to finish a long phrase, they are forced to speak while inhaling, which makes their speech unclear and choking. A shortened exhalation forces you to speak phrases at an accelerated pace without observing logical pauses.
Therefore, the tasks of the teacher are:
1) using special game exercises, develop a free, smooth, extended exhalation;
2) by imitating the teacher’s speech, develop the ability to use it correctly and rationally (pronounce small phrases on one exhale).
Example:
4. Develop the ability to regulate voice volume in accordance with communication conditions.
5. Form the correct pronunciation of all sounds of your native language.Preschool age is the most favorable for the formation of correct pronunciation all sounds native language. In kindergarten this workmust be finished. Correct pronunciation of sounds can be formed if children have sufficiently developed mobility of the organs of the articulatory apparatus, speech breathing, if children know how to control their voice. It is very important for the formation of correct sound pronunciation to have a well-developed speech ear, as it ensures self-control.
Violations of sound pronunciation can be caused by defects of the speech apparatus (cleft of the hard and soft palate, deviations in the structure of the dental system, short hyoid ligament, etc.), insufficient mobility of the articulation organs, underdevelopment of phonemic hearing (inability to distinguish some sounds from others). A careless attitude towards your speech (inability to listen to yourself and others), assimilation of the incorrect speech of others can also lead to pronunciation deficiencies. Incorrect pronunciation of sounds by children is expressed in omissions of sounds, replacement of one sound with another, distorted pronunciation of sounds. It is especially important to start working on time with children who have identified replacements and distortions of sounds, since replacements of sounds can later appear in written speech (replacement of one letter with another ), and sounds that are pronounced distortedly and not corrected in time will require greater effort in the future (on the part of the speech therapist and the child himself) and a longer time to eliminate them. In addition, we must remember that deficiencies in sound pronunciation are often not an independent speech disorder, but only a symptom, a sign of another, more complex speech disorder that requires special treatment and training (such as alalia, dysarthria, etc.).
The teacher must: teach children to correctly pronounce all sounds in any position (at the beginning, middle and end of a word) and with different word structures (in combination with any consonants and with any number of syllables in a word), timely identify children with speech impediments and, if necessary, send them to special children's institutions in a timely manner.
6. Develop clear and precise pronunciation of each sound, as well as words and phrases as a whole, i.e. good diction.Good diction, i.e., clear, clear pronunciation of each sound individually, as well as words and phrases as a whole, is formed in the child gradually, simultaneously with the development of the articulatory apparatus. Work on diction is closely related to the formation of the correct pronunciation of all sounds of the native language.
At the ages of 2 to 6 years, when all aspects of speech are intensively developed, it is necessary to pay attention to the clarity and clarity of the child’s pronunciation of words and phrases; to develop children's speech by imitation at a slow pace from the age of 1.5 years, with clear pronunciation of all sounds in words, clear pronunciation of all words in phrases.Gradually, with the development of the ability to listen carefully to the speech of others and one’s own, with the development of speech breathing; articulation, with mastery of the voice, the child’s diction also improves.
The teacher should give preschoolers a sample of grammatically correct speech, with good diction, teach them to listen carefully to the speech of others and monitor the clarity of their own pronunciation and the pronunciation of the children.
Example:
7. Develop the pronunciation of words according to the norms of orthoepy of the Russian literary language.We often encounter children using local dialect in their speech; errors in vernacular, incorrect stress, “literal” pronunciation of words (what, what instead of evonnogo, what and what, etc.).
8. Form a normal speech rate, i.e. the ability to pronounce words and phrases at a moderate pace, without speeding up or slowing down speech, thereby creating the opportunity for the listener to clearly perceive it.
9. To develop intonation expressiveness of speech, i.e., the ability to accurately express thoughts, feelings and mood with the help of logical pauses, stress, melody, tempo, rhythm and timbre.
The teacher should have an idea of the main speech disorders (for example: if this is a violation of the pronunciation of a single sound, then you can work on producing this sound, and if it is stuttering), then you need to refer the child to a speech therapist.
Taking into account the age-related characteristics of children’s speech development, the formation of speech sound culture can be divided into three main stages.
Stage I - from 1 year 6 months to 3 years (second half of the 2nd early age group and 1st junior group), phonemic hearing is actively developing.The most important and very important achievement of the third year of life is the child’s ability to independently identify an incorrectly pronounced sound in his own speech. If this skill of phonemic perception is not formed by the age of three, then the baby will not be able to master the correct sound pronunciation,but they don’t yet control their own pronunciation.
Despite the fact that the child’s speech is still far from perfect, he can already distinguish all the phonemes of his native language. This stage is characterized by rapid development of an active vocabulary. The previously formed articulatory movements undergo some changes: they become more precise and become more stable. The child’s ability to consciously imitate the pronunciation of a whole word develops, thanks to which the teacher has the opportunity to significantly influence the development of the sound side of the child’s speech. The basis of work on the sound culture of speech is the use of various onomatopoeias. The efficiency of work increases significantly, since classes with children aged 1 year 6 months to 3 years are conducted not with a small number of children (5-6), as before, but with subgroups.
Stage II - from 3 to 5 years (2nd junior group and middle group). At this age, the phonetic and morphological composition of the word is being formed. Improvement of the most difficult articulatory movements continues. This gives the child the ability to produce fricative, affricative and sonorant sounds. Work at this stage is based on children’s clearly expressed conscious attitude to the sound side of a word and is built on the consistent practice of all the sounds of their native language.
Stage III - from 5 to 7 years (senior group and preparatory group for school). This stage is, as it were, the final period in the formation of the sound side of speech of preschoolers in kindergarten. By the beginning of the stage, the most difficult isolated articulatory movements have already been formed, however, it is important that sounds that are close in articulation (s - sh, z - zh, etc.; s - s, etc.) are clearly distinguished. (bunny - bunny.).
Due to the fact that children enter kindergarten at different ages and learn all sections of the sound culture of speech differently, work on its formation should continue throughout the entire period of the child’s stay in the preschool institution.
At each stage of development of speech sound culture, the teacher must take into account the individual characteristics of children’s speech development.
Speech therapy workshop
on the formation of sound culture of speech in preschool children.
All areas of work on the sound culture of speech are interconnected. To systematically and consistently conduct games and activities to develop the sound culture of speech, work on the “living” sound of a word should be taken as a basis. At each age stage, the material should be gradually complicated, necessarily including all sections of the development of sound culture of speech.
Example: The teacher selects pictures so that each sound being studied or examined appears at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the words, because in each position the same sound is pronounced differently.
Group 1 is voiced consonants.
B – felt boots, cotton wool, fork, owl, peacock. B – bottle, jar, boots, tambourine. D – house, rain, girl, grandfather, swans. G – goose, dove, carriage, needle.
2nd group whistling (S, Sʼ, Z, Zʼ, C)
Group 3 (sizzling Sh, Zh, Ch, Shch).
Group 4 (sonorants L, Lʼ, R, Rʼ, Y at the end and beginning of the syllable bench, berry, leaves, hedgehog, Yura)
Group 5 (rear lingual K, Kʼ, G, Gʼ, X)
Group 6 (soft Tʼ, Dʼ, Nʼ). Pictures are selected for testing, and the child names the words, taking into account whether the child makes letter rearrangements, substitutions, or omissions of syllables. The teacher should record all this in a table.
A set of basic daily exercises.
1. Keep your lips in a smile, while the front upper and lower teeth are exposed.
2. Pull your lips forward with a tube..
3. Alternate the position of the lips: smile and straw.
4. Calmly open and close your mouth, lips in a smiling position.
5. The tongue is wide.
6. The tongue is narrow.
7. Alternate between wide and narrow tongue positions.
8. lifting the tongue by the upper teeth.
9. Alternate the movement of the tongue up and down.
10. Alternate tongue movements (with the tip lowered): move deeper into the mouth - bring it closer to the lower front incisors.
Complexes.
1. “Push the ball into the goal.”
Purpose: to produce a long, directed air stream of air.
2. “Punish the naughty tongue”
Goal: relax the tongue. Watch your lower lip and your breathing.
3. “Make the language broad”
4. “Brush your teeth”(hold the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth)
5. "Mushroom" (stretch the frenulum)
6. “Delicious jam”
7. "Turkey" (to develop tongue lifting)
8. Click your tongue.
9. “The steamer is humming” (open your mouth slightly (the tip of your tongue is lowered and is in the back of your mouth) and pronounce the sound Y.
Name | Nikita |
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Gross visible defects | |||||||
Split Lips, palate | |||||||
Short bridle | |||||||
Wrong bite | |||||||
dental structure row | |||||||
Sound production status | |||||||
Skipping the sound "yba" | omissions |
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Replacement kolova | replacements |
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Distortion (there is sound, but it doesn't sound right) | There is sound, but it sounds unclear |
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Mixing sounds One word is correct and the other is wrong. Masha, with harp | |||||||
Dictionary status | |||||||
Phrasal speech Words or phrases | |||||||
Other Features Quiet, Gormko, quickly, slurred, stutters | |||||||
Differentialsounds | |||||||
Distinction between similar sounds | |||||||
Confuses similar sound | |||||||
sound pronunciation | |||||||
1 group | Start | middle | end | absence | replacement | distortion | inaccuracies |
noch | noch | ||||||
2nd group whistling | |||||||
noch | noch | noch | |||||
WITH | noch | ||||||
noch | noch | noch | |||||
Zʼ | |||||||
noch | |||||||
3 group sizzling | |||||||
Sh-S | |||||||
J-z | J-z | ||||||
Chʼ | Wow | noch | |||||
Shhh | |||||||
Group 4 (sonorants at the beginning and end of the word | |||||||
L-s | |||||||
Lʼ | noch | ||||||
core | core | core | |||||
R | court | core | core | ||||
[th] at the end and beginning of a syllable | |||||||
йʼ[a] berry | |||||||
th [e] hedgehogs, spruce | noch | ||||||
th[o] oilcloth, hedgehogs | |||||||
th [y] skirt, Yura. spinning top | |||||||
Group 5 posterior lingual | |||||||
noch | |||||||
TO | |||||||
noch | |||||||
G | noch | ||||||
6 group soft | |||||||
T | |||||||
Dʼ | |||||||
Note.
1. If he pronounces (+)
2. If the child misses a sound, put (–)
3. When replacing, write a replacement sound.
4. If there is distortion, indicate the nature of the distortion (vague)
In the preparatory group for school, columns are added to the columns “Differentiation of sounds”
If the child distinguishes similar sounds and uses them correctly in his own speech in the appropriate cell (+)
If not (-)
