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I like the subject history! I was also interested in the topic we studied this year: “Knight’s Castle.” I have a problem problem: I wanted to learn more on this topic and decided to conduct research on the topic: “Comparative characteristics of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals.”

Why for me relevant exactly this topic?

Firstly, the medieval era has always fascinated me.

Secondly, the Romanesque and Gothic styles awakened in my soul a feeling of admiration for something mysterious, mysterious and grandiose.

Thirdly, most of the Gothic cathedrals and Romanesque churches are under state protection as a UNESCO property.

Target work: conduct a comparative analysis of cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic styles.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Describe Romanesque cathedrals.

2. Write a description of Gothic style cathedrals.

3. Perform a comparative analysis of cathedrals of the Gothic and Romanesque styles.

Hypothesis research: cathedrals of the Romanesque and Gothic styles have not only similar, but also distinctive features.

An object research - general history, the Middle Ages.

Item research - cathedrals of Romanesque and Gothic styles.

During our work we used the following techniques research, such as analysis, comparison, systematization and generalization of the information received.

For a comparative analysis of cathedrals of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, the following were identified: criteria:

By structure the work consists of an introduction, a main part, including three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and applications.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Romanesque cathedrals

"Roman style(from lat. romanus- Roman) is an artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 11th-12th centuries, one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. He expressed himself most fully in architecture” (1, p.14).

The main role in the Romanesque style was given to harsh fortress architecture: monastery complexes, churches, castles. “The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress, located on elevated places, dominating the area” (3, p.4).

The Romanesque style is characterized by massiveness, severity and lack of frills, as well as the severity of its appearance. Romanesque architecture is famous for its ponderous castles and temples, more reminiscent of an impregnable fortress in the spirit of the Middle Ages. “The interior of the Romanesque style shows more power than grace” (2, p. 11). All elements of the interior create a feeling of simplicity and heaviness, with an almost complete absence of decorative decorations in the rooms.

The Romanesque style is distinguished by thick massive walls, narrow loophole windows and high towers. During periods of civil strife, Romanesque churches could withstand siege and serve as refuge during war. Knight's castles were built on elevated places, convenient for protection from the enemy, and then surrounded by high walls and a moat.

“The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders."

Thus, During the study, the following characteristic characteristics were identified Features of Romanesque style fortresses:

Lines:

Form:

Designs:

Window:

Doors:

Romanesque architecture uses a variety of building materials. In the early period, not only residential buildings, but monasteries and churches were built from wood, but in the Middle Ages stone became the main building material. At first it was used only in the construction of temples and fortresses, and later for buildings of a secular nature.

The most famous monuments of the Romanesque style:

- “Kaiser Cathedrals in Speyer, Worms and Mainz in Germany;

Libmurg Cathedral in Germany;

Pisa Cathedral and partly the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy;

Abbey Maria Laach in Germany;

Church of St. Jacob in Regensburg;

Romanesque churches in Val de Boi;

Speyer Cathedral (German: Speyerer Dom, full name: German: Kaiser- und Mariendom zu Speyer) is a large cathedral in the city of Speyer in Germany.

Pisa Cathedral and partly the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy.

Church of St. Jacob (German: die irische Benediktinerklosterkirche St. Jakob und St. Gertrud) - Romanesque basilica in Regensburg."

Chapter 2. Characteristics of Gothic style fortresses

"Gothic style(from Italian. gotico. - Gothic, from the name of the German tribe Goths) is an artistic style that was the final stage in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe in the 13th - 14th centuries. The term “Gothic” was introduced in the Renaissance as a derogatory designation for all medieval art that was considered “barbaric” (6, p. 37).

The Gothic style was mainly manifested in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. “It developed on the basis of Romanesque, or more precisely, Burgundian architecture. In contrast to the Romanesque style with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vypergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows. All elements of style emphasize verticality” (3, p.46).

Gothic architecture spread throughout Western Europe and continued to develop until the 16th century. With the advent of the Renaissance, Gothic began to lose its importance. The Gothic style was best manifested in the architecture of cathedrals, temples and monasteries. “Gothic covers various works of art: painting, fresco, stained glass, sculpture, book miniatures and many others. But as already mentioned, it is the medieval cathedrals of Europe that fully demonstrate all the beauty and grandeur of the Gothic style” (2, p. 34). Gothic style is characterized by narrow and tall towers, pointed arches, columns, multi-colored stained glass windows and a richly decorated façade. An integral part of Gothic art is sculpture. “Gloomy figures of gargoyles and mythical creatures served as particularly frequent decorations on the walls. The combination of stained glass windows shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow, magnificent patterns and stone sculptures of figures create an inimitable ensemble.” Exactly to Gothic Czech castles include some of the most famous castles not only in the Czech Republic, but throughout Europe, the former royal castles of Karlštejn and Křivoklát, located in Central Bohemia, near Prague.

Thus, features Gothic style fortresses

Predominant and fashionable colors: yellow, red, blue;

Gothic style lines:

Form:

Characteristic interior elements:

Gothic style designs:

Window:

Doors:

The most famous monuments of the Gothic style:

1. In France:

- “Cathedral in Chartres, XII-XIV centuries.

Cathedral in Reims, 1211-1330, where French kings were crowned.

Council of Amiens, 1218-1268.

Notre Dame Cathedral, 1163 - XIV century.

Cathedral of Bourges, 1194

2. In Germany:

Cologne Cathedral, 1248 - XIX century.

Münster Cathedral in Ulm, 1377-1543" (No. 6). .

3. In England:

- “Canterbury Cathedral XII-XIV centuries, the main temple of the English kingdom

Westminster Abbey Cathedral XII-XIV centuries. in London

Salisbury Cathedral, 1220-1266.

Exeter Cathedral, 1050

Cathedral in Lincoln, XI century.

Cathedral in Gloucester XI-XIV centuries" (No. 6).

4. In the Czech Republic:

- “The Cathedral of St. Vitus (1344-1929)” (No. 6).

Chapter 3. Comparative analysis of Romanesque and Romanesque cathedrals

Gothic styles.

Thus, comparing Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals , you can do the following conclusions:

So, we see an almost complete difference between the Romanesque and Gothic styles. The only similarity was the presence of an emphasized skeleton of the structures.

Conclusion

For a comparative analysis of cathedrals of the Gothic and Romanesque styles, the following were identified: criteria: colors, lines, shape, interior and design elements.

The study identified the following characteristic Features of Romanesque cathedrals:

Predominant and fashionable colors: brown, red, green, white;

Lines: barrel, semi-circular, straight, horizontal and vertical;

Form: rectangular, cylindrical;

Characteristic interior elements: semicircular frieze, repeating geometric or floral pattern; halls with exposed ceiling beams and center supports;

Designs: stone, massive, thick-walled; wooden plastered with visible skeleton;

Window: rectangular, small, in stone houses - arched;

Doors: plank, rectangular, massive.

Features Gothic style cathedrals steel the following characteristics:

Predominant and fashionable colors: yellow, red, blue;

Gothic style lines: lancet, forming a vault of two intersecting arcs, ribbed repeating lines;

Form: rectangular in plan of the building; pointed arches turning into pillars;

Characteristic interior elements: Fan vault with supports or coffered ceiling and wooden wall panels; foliate complex ornament; the halls are high, narrow and long, or wide with supports in the center;

Gothic style designs: frame, openwork, stone; elongated upward, pointed arches; emphasized skeleton of structures;

Window: elongated upwards often with multi-color stained glass windows; There are sometimes round decorative windows along the top of the building;

Doors: pointed ribbed arches of doorways; doors are oak paneled.

Thus, comparing cathedrals of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, we can make the following conclusions:

In the Romanesque and Gothic styles, completely different colors predominated: if in the Romanesque there were brown, green and white, then in the Gothic the main colors were yellow, red and blue.

The Romanesque style was characterized by semicircular, straight, horizontal and vertical lines. In contrast to this, in the Gothic style the lines were pointed, forming a vault of two intersecting arcs, repeating ribbed.

If the Romanesque style was characterized by rectangular and cylindrical shapes, then the Gothic style was characterized by pointed arches turning into pillars.

Characteristic elements of the Romanesque style interior were geometric or floral patterns, halls with open ceiling beams and supports in the center. In contrast, in the Gothic style the halls were either tall, narrow and long, or wide with pillars in the center.

If in the Romanesque style the structures were stone, massive, thick-walled, as well as wooden, plastered, with a visible skeleton of the walls, then in the Romanesque there were framed, openwork, stone, elongated upwards, pointed arches, an emphasized skeleton of the structures.

The purpose and objectives of the work have been fully realized. The hypothesis posed at the beginning of the work was partially confirmed: cathedrals of the Romanesque and Gothic styles have distinctive features. The only similarity was the presence of an emphasized skeleton of the structures.

Research materials can be used in history lessons, world artistic culture and extracurricular activities.

List of sources used

1. Zaretskaya D.M., Smirnova V.V. "Anthology on world artistic culture." - M., 1997

2. Knyazhitsky A.I., Khurumov S.Yu. "World Art". - M., 2008

3. Rapatskaya L.A. "World Art". - M., 2007

4. Gothic style of architecture/revolution.allbest.ru/construction/00021965_0.html

5. Romanov style of architecture/smallbay.ru/architec041.html

6. Architecture styles/znanija.com/task/931781

7. Romanovsky and Gothic style of architecture/ homy.com.ua/article/romanskij-stil

Appendix No. 1

ROMANESK AND GOTHIC ARCHITECTURAL STYLES:

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

INTRODUCTION 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN STYLE 6

^ FEATURES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 10

ROMANESK AND GOTHIC STYLES - UNITY AND CONTRADICTION 18

Appendix 24

I decided to get to know this topic in more detail using examples of cathedrals built in these styles and pleasing the human eye to the present day.

^ The object of study is general history, the Middle Ages.

The subject of the research is medieval European art, masterpieces of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

The goal is to systematize, generalize and expand knowledge about the Romanesque and Gothic artistic styles in their comparative characteristics, to explore the most famous and significant Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals.

search, selection, systematization of material on selected topics;

characterize the features of Romanesque and Gothic architecture;

get acquainted with the most outstanding Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals of France, Germany, England, Italy;

find out the influence of the Romanesque style on the Gothic style;

determine the place and role of these styles in history;

study the artistic works of poets and writers (legends, tales) dedicated to this topic;

create a computer presentation using Power Point to illustrate the points of the project.

^ Research methods: description, comparison, comprehensive analysis of sources, systematization and generalization of the information received.

Hypothesis: the Gothic style arose through the evolution of Romanesque architecture and meant its transition to a new, higher stage of development.

The Romanesque style dominated Western Europe in the 10th-12th centuries. (in a number of places - in the 13th century), one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. The main type of art of the Romanesque style is architecture, mainly church.

The Romanesque style developed in the era of feudal fragmentation, and therefore the functional purpose of Romanesque architecture is defense. The motto of the Romanesque style, “My home is my fortress,” equally determined the architectural features of both secular and religious buildings and corresponded to the way of life of Western European society of that time.

The formation of Romanesque architecture was facilitated by the great role of monasteries as centers of pilgrimage and centers of culture, disseminating common artistic forms. The first workshops with specialists of various profiles, necessary for the construction of a temple or cathedral, appeared at the monasteries. The first construction cooperatives were monastic ones. Their secularization began towards the end of the Romanesque period, when the construction of cities began throughout Europe.

The Gothic style is an artistic style that was the final stage in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe (between the mid-12th century and the 15th-16th centuries). Gothic developed in countries where the Catholic Church dominated, and under its auspices the feudal-ecclesiastical foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era.

The cathedral occupied a special place in Gothic art - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting.

Gothic reflected dramatic changes in the structure of medieval society. The Gothic cathedral is of undoubted interest. Notre Dame Cathedral, Cologne Cathedral, St. Vitus Cathedral and others delight with their grandeur and beauty and are rightfully considered true pearls of Gothic architecture.

The practical significance lies in the fact that the project materials can be used in MHC lessons and extracurricular activities.

^ CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN STYLE

The Romanesque style (from Latin romanus - Roman) developed in Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries, one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.

The Romanesque style completely rejected the proportional canons and forms of ancient architecture and its inherent arsenal of ornamental and decorative means. What little remained of the architectural details of ancient origin was extremely transformed and roughened.

The term “Romanesque style” appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, when a connection was established between the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries with ancient Roman architecture. In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main, side of art. However, it has come into general use. The main type of art of the Romanesque style is architecture, mainly church (stone temple, monastery complexes). Its development was associated with monumental construction that began in Western Europe during the formation and prosperity of feudal states, the revival of economic activity and the new growth of culture and art. The monumental architecture of Western Europe arose in the art of barbarian peoples. Such are, for example, the tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna (526-530), church buildings of the late Carolingian era - the court chapel of Charlemagne in Aachen (795-805), the church in Gernrod of the Ottonian period with its plastic integrity of large masses (second half of the 10th century). Combining classical and barbaric elements, distinguished by austere grandeur, it prepared the formation of the Romanesque style, which subsequently developed purposefully over the course of two centuries.

Romanesque architecture developed as a result of the combination of original local and Byzantine forms. It was the earliest stage in the development of Western European architecture. New types of buildings were identified - a feudal castle, city fortifications, large city churches, cathedrals. A new type of urban residential building also emerged.

The severity and power of Romanesque structures were generated by concerns about their strength. The builders limited themselves to simple and massive forms of stone, which impress with their power, internal strength, combined with external calm.

The main building material of Romanesque architecture was stone. The most complex process was the development of rational and rhythmic planning solutions for the massive stone structure of religious buildings. The system of vaults and the stone supports that support them evolved. The process proceeded differently in various architectural schools in France, Germany, Italy and other countries.

The church buildings, mainly monastic ones, that have survived from that time are of the basilica type. They have the shape of a Latin cross. These are massive stone buildings, with narrow and small windows in thick oblong walls with squat columns inside, separating the main and side naves from each other.

Romanesque churches and cathedrals are predominantly three-nave: the central nave on the eastern side ends in a semicircular apse. The nature of the ceilings is changing: wooden building trusses disappear, they are replaced by a stone vault, first semi-circular, then cross-shaped. Massive towers become a characteristic element of the exterior. The entrance is decorated with a portal (from the Latin “porta” - door), cut into the thickness of the walls with semicircular arches reduced in perspective.

An important task of Romanesque building art was the transformation of a basilica with a flat wooden ceiling into a vaulted one. At first, the vault covered the small spans of the side naves and apses; later, the main naves also began to be covered with the vault. The thickness of the vault was sometimes quite significant, so the walls and pylons were designed thick with a large margin of safety. Due to the need for large covered spaces and the development of construction technical ideas, the construction of initially heavy vaults and walls began to be gradually lightened.

A vault makes it possible to span larger spaces than wooden beams. The simplest in shape and design is the cylindrical vault, which, without moving the walls apart, presses on them from above with enormous weight, and therefore requires especially massive walls. This vault is most suitable for covering rooms with a short span, but it was often used in the main nave - in France in the regions of Provence and Auvergne (Notre-Dame du Port Cathedral in Clermont). Later, the semicircular shape of the vault arch was replaced with a pointed one. Thus, the nave of the Cathedral in Otyun (early 12th century) is covered with a pointed vault with so-called edge arches.

The basis for new types of vaults was the old Roman straight cross vault over a square room in plan, obtained by the intersection of two half-cylinders. The loads arising from this arch are distributed along the diagonal ribs, and from them are transferred to four supports at the corners of the space being covered. Initially, the ribs arising at the intersection of the semi-cylinders played the role of arches - they circled, which made it possible to lighten the entire structure (St. Stephen's Cathedral in Cana, 1064 - 1077; the monastery church in Lorsch - the first completely covered with basilica vaults).

A typical Romanesque architectural structure is usually found with regular geometric shapes that stand out, sharp and noticeable angles, a modest external design, the building itself blends seamlessly with the rest of the building, the walls are majestic and massive, the windows are small, and large recessed portals. The main characteristic feature of the Romanesque style is considered to be a stone vault.

The most common buildings of that time are temple-fortresses. The dominant architectural feature of that time was the tower - the donjon. Around it, like the center, are other buildings, which are also made in regular geometric shapes: cylinder, prism, etc.

The most famous monuments of the Romanesque style:

Kaiser Cathedrals in Speyer, Worms and Mainz in Germany;

Libmurg Cathedral in Germany;

Pisa Cathedral and partly the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy;

Abbey Maria Laach in Germany;

Church of St. Jacob in Regensburg;

Romanesque churches in Val de Boi.

Speyer Cathedral (German: Speyerer Dom, full name: German: Kaiser- und Mariendom zu Speyer) is a large cathedral in the city of Speyer in Germany. The largest surviving Romanesque church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.

Built in 1030-1061 by the Holy Roman Emperors. The construction was started by Kaiser Conrad II, then continued by his son Henry III and completed by his grandson Henry IV, under whom the consecration of the cathedral took place. At that time, about 500 people lived in Speyer, and Speyer Cathedral was one of the largest buildings in the world. It had political significance in particular, since its size symbolized the power of the Kaiser.

^ Pisa Cathedral and partly the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is part of the ensemble of the city cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore in Pisa. The tower is the bell tower of the cathedral and is adjacent to its north-eastern corner.

^ Church of St. Jacob's (German: die irische Benediktinerklosterkirche St. Jakob und St. Gertrud) is a Romanesque basilica in Regensburg. The church originally belonged to an Irish Benedictine abbey, founded in 1070; its construction dates back to 1175-1180.

The church is a fine example of Romanesque architecture: a three-nave basilica with three apses, towers in the east, and a transept in the west. The gallery in which the organ is installed runs over all three naves in the transept.

The central nave is separated from the side naves by cylindrical pillars of masonry (not monolithic columns), their capitals are fine examples of high Romanesque sculpture, depicting men, lions, eagles and crocodiles, and may have an allegorical meaning. The corners of the bases of the pillars are decorated with the heads of less noble animals, including pigs, dogs, donkeys, and vultures.

Under the arch of the central apse stand three late twelfth-century wooden sculptures, which together form a crucifixion scene.

FEATURES OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. Gothic replaced the Romanesque style, gradually displacing it. Although the term "Gothic style" is most often applied to architectural structures, Gothic also covered sculpture, painting, book miniatures, costume, ornament, etc.

Gothic style originated in the 12th century in northern France; in the 13th century it spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, and England. Gothic penetrated into Italy later, with great difficulty and strong transformation, which led to the emergence of “Italian Gothic”. At the end of the 14th century, Europe was swept by the so-called. international gothic. Gothic penetrated into the countries of Eastern Europe later and stayed there a little longer - until the 16th century.

Although the Gothic style arose in the process of development of Romanesque architecture, in contrast to it and the subsequent architecture of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism, it is the only style that created a completely unique system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. The name “Gothic” does not correctly reflect the essence of this style. During the Renaissance, it was a derisive name invented by Italian art criticism for the creative style that arose north of the Alps. In France, this style received the more accurate name “style ogivat” (pointed style).

The word comes from Italian. gotico - unusual, barbaric - (Goten - barbarians), and was first used as an expletive. For the first time, the concept in the modern sense was used by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, arising on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and in the Renaissance (Renaissance) the art of the Middle Ages was considered “barbaric”. Gothic art was cultic in purpose and religious in theme. It addressed the highest divine powers, eternity, and the Christian worldview.

The Gothic style was mainly manifested in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, or more precisely, Burgundian architecture. In contrast to the Romanesque style with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and tall towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimperes, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize verticality.

In Gothic architecture, there are 3 stages of development: early, mature (High Gothic) and late.

Almost all the architecture of Gothic cathedrals is due to one main invention of the time - a new frame structure, which makes these cathedrals easily recognizable.

Gothic developed in countries where the Catholic Church dominated, and under its auspices the feudal-ecclesiastical foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era. Gothic art remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in theme: it was correlated with eternity, with “higher” irrational forces. Gothic is characterized by a symbolic-allegorical type of thinking and a conventional artistic language. The cathedral occupied a special place in Gothic art - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting (mainly stained glass). The space of the cathedral, incommensurate with man, the verticalism of its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to dynamic architectural rhythms, and the multicolored radiance of stained glass windows had a strong emotional impact on believers.

The Gothic style used a variety of building materials. Residential and outbuildings were usually built from wood. Many significant buildings of a secular and ecclesiastical nature were also built from the same material.

In areas with a shortage of stone, brick construction developed (Lombardy, Northern Germany, Poland). Here, shaped bricks were produced for laying profiled pylons, windows and roses (round windows). But the main material, most characteristic of Gothic, was stone - hewn and rubble. Rubble stone masonry, as a rule, especially in interiors, was plastered. Stone in Gothic architecture was used both to create structures and for decorative decoration. Simultaneously with the construction of the building, work was carried out to decorate it with complex and rich decor.

Gothic builders worked with stone differently than ancient craftsmen, who carefully crafted huge blocks of stone to build often colossal structures. Medieval stonemasons, with their extraordinary imagination and static instinct, boldly constructed buildings of large area and height, which in the process of Gothic development became as lightweight as possible, essentially turning into frame structures. In this case, relatively small processed stones are used. This frame system and its extremely important component - the ribbed vault - constitute the essence of the Gothic building art.

The ribbed vaults, built by local craftsmen from fine-grained limestone, were light and durable. The ribs were made from wedge-shaped stones. At the intersection of the ribs at the top point there was a four-sided “lock”. When using lightweight materials, for example, chalk and limestone, in the masonry of the vault, the thickness of the vault even for large spans was relatively small - 30 - 40 cm.

The Gothic vault is much more perfect than the massive and heavy Romanesque one. In the vault system there is a clear division of effort into the ribs and the sheet - stripping. In the development of the cross vault, the oldest element is the formwork. The rib at the intersection of the surfaces of the vaults appeared later, which as a result completely changed the essence of the vaulted ceiling.

The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, pointed arches, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault. The advantage of using ribs is that the vault can be larger, thereby reducing the loads arising from it.

The absorption of these loads by the system of buttresses made it possible to make the walls thinner. The desire to minimize the massiveness of the structure led to the fact that as a result of the introduction of the frame, the wall ceased to be a load-bearing element and became just a filling between the load-bearing pylons. As a result of its variability, the pointed vault was structurally superior to the semicircular vault in many respects. The massive stone masonry of the vault in the early Middle Ages gave way to openwork stone structures, whose emphatically vertical supports and columns transfer static loads collected in a bundle to the foundations.

With the development of the Gothic style, the Gothic space changes significantly. If the Romanesque architecture of individual regions of Europe, diverse in its manifestations, developed in different ways, the new possibilities of the Gothic style are determined by one school, from where new creative ideas, with the help of the monastic orders of the Cistercians and Dominicans and the construction artels working for them, spread to all accessible areas.

Until the beginning of the 14th century, the basilica form predominated. Over time, especially in cities, the hall form became the most common, the equal-sized naves of which merged inside into a single space. Along with church mysteries, folk festivals, city meetings, theatrical performances were held in huge religious premises, and trade was carried out there.

The development of cities has led to the emergence of new types of structures. Buildings for the town hall, workshops and guilds appeared on the market square; buildings for trade in meat and textiles, warehouses and trading houses were required. Arsenals, construction yards, schools and hospitals were erected. But above all, the townspeople defended themselves and their property from competing neighbors and attacks by feudal lords by building walls and towers around the city.

Gothic originated in Northern France (Ile-de-France) in the middle of the 12th century and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. Stone Gothic cathedrals received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are three-five-nave basilicas with a transverse nave-transept and a semi-circular choir (“ambulatory”), to which radial chapels (“crown of chapels”) are adjacent. Their high and spacious interior is illuminated by the colorful shimmer of stained glass windows. The impression of uncontrollable movement upward and towards the altar is created by rows of slender pillars, the powerful rise of pointed pointed arches, and the accelerated rhythm of the arcades of the upper gallery (triforium). Thanks to the contrast of the high main and semi-dark side naves, a picturesque richness of aspects and a feeling of the infinity of space arises. The structural basis of the cathedral is a frame of pillars (in mature Gothic - a bunch of columns) and pointed arches resting on them. The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grasses), delimited by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with arched ribs, form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightweight small vaults - formwork. The lateral thrust of the arch of the main nave is transmitted with the help of supporting arches (flying buttresses) to the outer pillars - buttresses. The walls, freed from the load, are cut through with arched windows in the spaces between the pillars. Neutralizing the expansion of the vault by moving the main structural elements outside made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and spatial freedom of the interior. The two-tower western facades of French cathedrals with three “perspective” portals and a patterned round window (“rose”) in the center combine upward aspiration with a clear balance of divisions. The facades have pointed arches and rich architectural, plastic and decorative details. The statues on the consoles in front of the columns of the portals and in their upper arched gallery, the reliefs on the plinths and tympanums of the portals, as well as on the capitals of the columns form an integral plot system, which includes characters and episodes of the Holy Scriptures, allegorical images. The best works of Gothic sculpture - the statues of the facades of the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg - are imbued with spiritual beauty, sincerity and nobility of feelings. The decor is rhythmically organized and strictly subordinate to the architectural divisions of the facade, which determined the harmonious tectonics and proportions of the statues, the solemnity of their poses and gestures.

The established Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis (1137-1144). Early Gothic also includes cathedrals in Laon, Paris, and Chartres. The grandiose mature Gothic cathedrals in Reims and Amiens, as well as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel in Paris (1243 - 1248) with numerous stained glass windows, are distinguished by the richness of rhythm, perfection of architectural composition and sculptural decoration. Since the middle of the 13th century, majestic cathedrals were built in ancient European countries - in Germany (in Cologne), the Netherlands (in Utrecht), Spain (in Burgos, 1221 - 1599), Great Britain (Westminster Abbey in London), Sweden (in Uppsala), the Czech Republic (choir and transept of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague), where Gothic construction techniques received a unique local interpretation. The Crusaders brought Gothic principles to Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria.

At the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV century. The construction of cathedrals in France was experiencing a crisis: the architectural forms became drier, the decor was more abundant, the statues received the same emphasized S-shaped bend and features of courtliness. Since the 14th century, city and monastery hall churches, castle and palace chapels have acquired great importance. Late (“flaming”) Gothic is characterized by a whimsical pattern of window openings reminiscent of flames (the Church of Saint-Maclou in Rouen). In secular urban architecture, mainly Gothic compositions and decorative techniques were used. Town halls with lavish decoration, often with a tower, were built on the main square of cities (town hall in Saint-Quentin, 1351-1509). Castles were transformed into majestic palaces with rich interior decoration (the papal palace complex in Avignon), and mansions (“hotels”) of wealthy citizens were built.

In late Gothic, sculptural altars in interiors became widespread, combining painted and gilded wooden sculptures and tempera painting on wooden boards. A new emotional structure of images has emerged, characterized by dramatic (often exalted) expression, especially in the scenes of the suffering of Christ and the saints, conveyed with merciless truthfulness. Paintings on secular subjects appeared (in the papal palace in Avignon, XIV-XV centuries). In miniatures (books of hours) there was a desire for the spiritualized humanity of images, for the transfer of space and volume. The best examples of French Gothic decorative art include small ivory sculpture, silver reliquaries, Limoges enamel, tapestries and carved furniture.

In Germany, the heyday of Gothic dates back to the middle of the 13th century (western choir of the cathedral in Naumburg). Hall churches appeared here early (Elisabethkirche in Marburg, 1235-1283); in the southwest a type of single-tower cathedral developed (in Freiburg in Breisgau, Ulm); brick churches were built (the monastery in Corin, 1275-1334; Marienkirche in Lübeck), in which the simplicity of plans, volumes and structures was combined with patterned masonry, the use of glazed and figured bricks. Stone, brick and half-timbered secular buildings (city gates, town halls, workshops and warehouse buildings, dance halls) are diverse in type, composition and decor. The sculpture of the cathedrals (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumburg) is distinguished by the concreteness and monumentality of the images, and powerful plastic expression. Late German Gothic (late 14th-early 16th centuries) provided brilliant examples of hall churches (Annenkirche in Annaberg-Buchholz, 1499-1525) and palace halls (Albrechtsburg in Meissen) with complex vault patterns. Altar sculpture and painting reached their peak. Gothic style also became widespread in Austria (the Gothic part of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna) and Switzerland (the Cathedral in Bern).

The glory of Dutch Gothic was brought by the towers of the cathedrals in Antwerp and Mechelen, but especially by the richly decorated civil buildings (cloth rows in Ypres, 1200-1304, Bruges; town halls in Brussels, Leuven).

In Great Britain, the preconditions for Gothic arose earlier than on the European continent, but its development, interrupted by internal historical upheavals, was slow. English cathedrals, mostly monasteries, usually have a low, elongated volume with a rectangular choir end and a tower above the middle cross. The strict geometric simplicity of the volumes is, as it were, compensated by the richness and complexity of the patterns on the facade and vaults. According to the forms of decoration, styles are distinguished: early (“lanceolate”; Salisbury Cathedral), “decorated” (close to “flaming” Gothic (Exeter Cathedral, between 1275-1375)) and “perpendicular”, characterized by a fractional rhythm of verticals on the walls and windows and intricate weaving of ribs on the vaults and ceilings (King's College Chapel, Cambridge, 1446-1515). The flowering of English book miniatures, alabaster and wood carvings, and embroidery is associated with Gothic. The influences of English, French and German brick Gothic influenced the Gothic architecture of Norway (Cathedral in Trondheim, Gothic parts - 1180-1320), Denmark (Cathedral of St. Canute in Odense), Sweden (church in Vadstena, 1369-1430).

In Spain, extensive city cathedrals (in Seville) usually had wall planes clearly divided into tiers and small windows. The interior was divided in two by an altar image (retablo) with sculpture and painting. The Gothic architecture of Catalonia and Southern Spain was influenced by Moorish art (1-nave late Gothic cathedral in Girona, 1325-1607). Large vaulted halls were created in secular buildings (the exchange in Palma on the island of Mallorca, 1426 - 1451). In the 16th century, Gothic designs were carried over to the Spanish colonies in America.

In Italy in the 13th-14th centuries. Gothic elements were included in the Romanesque architecture of churches. Lancet Gothic vaults and decor were combined with the static nature of the architectural masses, the proportional clarity of spacious interiors, and polychrome marble cladding of facades and interiors (the Cathedral in Siena, the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence). Gothicism in Italy was most clearly manifested in civil engineering - town halls (Palazzo Publico in Siena, Palazzo del Podesta in Florence) and palaces (Doge's Palace in Venice). Their harsh (in Siena, Florence) or elegant (in Venice) decor contrasted with the monolithic masonry of the walls. The influence of Venetian Gothic influenced the architecture of Dalmatia (Croatia), Greece, Crete, and Cyprus.

Gothic buildings in Eastern Europe are often characterized by fortress-like features, laconicism and external severity of forms, contrasting with the elegant decor of windows, towers, and portals. In Hungary, Gothic style spread at the end of the 13th - 15th centuries. (Church of St. Michael in Sopron, castle in Visegrad). The heyday of Czech Gothic dates back to the 14th and 15th centuries. (St. Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge in Prague, hall church of St. Barbara in Kut na Hora, hall churches in South Bohemia). Gothic also spread to Slovakia, Slovenia, and Transylvania. In Poland, Gothic developed in the 13th-15th centuries. Wars with the Teutonic Order stimulated fortress construction, and the development of cities contributed to the flourishing of secular architecture (town hall in Toruń, city fortifications with barbicans in Krakow and Warsaw (Jagiellonian University in Krakow). In southern Poland, churches were built of stone and brick (Church of the Virgin Mary in Krakow ), in the north - made of brick (Church of the Virgin Mary in Gdansk). In Latvia, the transition to Gothic took place in the 13th - 14th centuries (Dome Church in Riga; castle in Cesis, 13th - 16th centuries). . Brick Gothic churches were built (the St. John's Church in Tartu). The Gothic appearance of Tallinn was determined in the 14th - 15th centuries (Vyshgorod and the burgher part of the city with the town hall, the Oleviste church) belong to the early Gothic monuments of Lithuania (the castle in Trakai). In the 15th - 16th centuries, the Onos Church in Vilnius and the Perkuno House in Kaunas received rich brick decoration.

The most famous monuments of the Gothic style.

Cathedral in Chartres, XII-XIV centuries.

Cathedral in Reims, 1211-1330, where French kings were crowned.

Council of Amiens, 1218-1268.

Notre Dame Cathedral, 1163 - XIV century.

Cathedral of Bourges, 1194

Germany

Cologne Cathedral, 1248 - XIX century.

Münster Cathedral in Ulm, 1377-1543.

Canterbury Cathedral XII-XIV centuries, the main temple of the English kingdom

Westminster Abbey Cathedral XII-XIV centuries. in London

Salisbury Cathedral 1220-1266

Exeter Cathedral 1050

Cathedral in Lincoln, XI century.

Cathedral in Gloucester XI-XIV centuries.

Gothic architecture of Prague

Cathedral of St. Vitus (1344-1929)

It is difficult to find suitable words to describe the impressions of the Gothic cathedral. They are tall and stretch towards the sky with endless arrows of towers and turrets, wimpergs, phials, pointed arches. The walls are not felt, it is as if they are not there. Arches, galleries, towers, some platforms with arcades, huge windows, further and further - an endlessly complex, openwork play of openwork forms. And all this space is inhabited - the cathedral is inhabited both inside and outside by a mass of sculptures. They occupy not only portals and galleries, but they can also be found on the roof, cornices, under the vaults of chapels, on spiral staircases, appearing on drainpipes, on consoles. In a word, the Gothic cathedral is a whole world. It truly absorbed the world of a medieval city.

ROMANESK AND GOTHIC STYLES - UNITY AND CONTRADICTION

ROMAN STYLE

Predominant and fashionable colors: brown, red, green, white.

^ Lines: barrel, semi-circular, straight, horizontal and vertical.

Shape: rectangular, cylindrical.

Characteristic elements of the interior: semi-circular frieze, repeating geometric or floral pattern; halls with exposed ceiling beams and supports in the center.

Structures: stone, massive, thick-walled; wooden plastered with visible skeleton.

Windows: rectangular, small, in stone houses - arched.

Doors: plank, rectangular with massive hinges, lock and bolt.

^ GOTHIC STYLE

Predominant and fashionable colors: yellow, red, blue.

Lines: pointed, forming a vault of two intersecting arcs, ribbed repeating lines in the decoration of houses.

Shape: rectangular in building plan; pointed arches turning into pillars.

^ Characteristic elements of the interior: fan vault with supports or coffered ceiling and wooden wall panels in apartment decoration; foliate complex ornament; the halls are high, narrow and long, or wide with supports in the center.

Structures: frame, openwork, stone; elongated upward, pointed arches; emphasized skeleton of structures.

^ Windows: elongated upwards, often with multi-color stained glass; There are sometimes round decorative windows along the top of the building.

Doors: pointed ribbed arches of doorways; doors are oak paneled.

The creative searches of Gothic architects were focused on creating a grandiose city cathedral, which at the same time met the requirements of the church, raised the prestige of the French kingdom, glorified the French kings, embodied the strengthening and flourishing of a new urban culture, expressing the most sublime and daring hopes and aspirations of the century. The appearance of the Gothic cathedral makes a deep impression. It towers over the city like a huge magnificent ship. With each tier of the western facade - portals, windows, sculptural galleries and balustrades - a powerful upward movement of architectural forms increases. Throwed into the sky, the cathedral does not dominate the teeming city below with its mass, but rises and soars above it.

The development of the Gothic style in Ile-de-France is striking in its speed, unity and purposefulness. The experience accumulated by French masters in the second half of the 12th century and the experimental nature of early Gothic construction made it possible to create the most brilliant and perfect examples of Gothic by the first half of the 13th century. Boldness of aspirations, creative courage, and the power of spiritual impulse accompanied its creators throughout the existence of the Gothic style. Witnesses of the first steps of Gothic architecture were not indifferent to the emergence of a new style.

Historical and literary documents of the second half of the 12th century are rich in comments from contemporaries about new tastes in architecture and art. Opinions about the emerging style were then divided. Like any innovation, Gothic was condemned by some and liked by others. However, all contemporaries agreed on one thing - the striking novelty of the Gothic style, unlike anything that had existed before.

Although the largest Romanesque churches could successfully compete with Gothic cathedrals in the size and grandeur of the internal space, witnesses of the emergence of Gothic immediately saw in it a significant innovation, a new artistic style and tried to determine its stylistic features. The rigidity and isolation of Romanesque statues was replaced by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer.

Abbot Suger names the main differences between the new Gothic church of the Abbey of Saint-Denis and the old Romanesque basilica:

spatiality (the choir is “ennobled by the beauty of length and width”);

verticalism (the wall of the central nave “suddenly rises up”);

saturation with light (“the amazing and endless light of the most sacred windows”).

Gervasius of Canterbury, comparing the old Romanesque building with the new Gothic cathedral being built, notes the difference between the two buildings:

the nobility of the forms of the new building;

a significant increase in the length of the pillars (while maintaining their previous thickness), that is, the height of the temple;

the subtlety of the new carved and sculpted work in comparison with the unpretentiousness of the previous sculptural design;

the vaults are equipped with ribs (arcuatae) and keystones;

“a vault made of stone and light tuff,” and not “a wooden ceiling, decorated with excellent paintings”;

the greater height of the new building - just the height of the windows.

Gervasius's description indicates that contemporaries were able to reasonably and subtly judge the changes taking place in architecture and art and imagined what the difference was between the old and new styles, and were inclined to contrast them.

A modern researcher cannot fail to note the closest ties connecting Gothic with the entire previous development of medieval art, and above all its close relationship with the art of the Romanesque era. The entire two centuries of Romanesque experience in building and decorating churches and the complete establishment of the majestic system of Romanesque artistic thinking were necessary for the emergence of the Gothic style.

Gothic architects followed the plan of the church building and the diagram of its internal divisions developed in the Romanesque era, and on the basis of the Romanesque iconographic tradition a harmonious iconographic system of the 13th century grew. Indeed, even the most superficial comparison of the basic artistic principles of the Gothic and Romanesque eras shows the complexity of their relationships with each other.

Gothic developed on the basis of the Romanesque style, but at every step contradicted it, putting forward its own system of architectural and artistic thinking. Therefore, it is not surprising that Gothic emerged and a new style developed on the territory of Ile-de-France. Not only the most important political and economic reasons played a role here, but also the fact that Ile-de-France was one of the weakest links in the chain of Romanesque architectural schools. In the 12th century, this was one of the few areas where the Romanesque style did not take shape and was not completely established, and where archaic architectural forms continued to hold out: simple wooden flat coverings, powerful square pillars, static enclosure of the internal space. The weakness of the Romanesque traditions of Ile-de-France allowed the young style to quickly strengthen and develop in an atmosphere of creative exploration, free from the oppressive power of old entrenched artistic ideas.

If Romanesque architecture was based on ancient ideas about the laws of construction and the relationship of structural elements in an architectural structure, adjoining the Roman building tradition, then the Gothic era offers a new architectural solution and creates a new constructive system that breaks old ideas about the technical capabilities of architecture and follows its own architectural logic.

Gothic cathedrals are not only tall, but also very long: for example, Chartres is 130 meters long, and the transept is 64 meters long, and to walk around it you need to walk at least half a kilometer. And from every point the cathedral looks new. Unlike the Romanesque church with its clear, easily visible forms, the Gothic cathedral is vast, often asymmetrical and even heterogeneous in its parts: each of its facades with its own portal is individual.

Notre Dame Cathedral is located in the center of the French capital, on the Ile de la Cité. Notre Dame de Paris - located on the site where St. Stephen's Basilica was previously located. The cathedral intricately intertwines various architectural styles and images: Romanesque (with its massiveness), Gothic (giving the building space and simplicity).

CONCLUSION

In the development of European architecture of the early Middle Ages, two periods and two styles can be distinguished: Romanesque (XI-XII centuries) and Gothic (XIII-XV centuries). The second of these two stages - Gothic - arose through the evolution of Romanesque architecture and meant its transition to a new, higher stage of development.

Both Romanesque and Gothic architecture developed under essentially the same socio-historical conditions. In principle, compositional techniques were also common. The main difference between these styles was that the Romanesque was characterized by particularly massive structures, while the Gothic structures acquired a more advanced, lightweight frame character in a number of structures.

The entire two centuries of Romanesque experience in building and decorating churches and the complete establishment of the majestic system of Romanesque artistic thinking were necessary for the emergence of the Gothic style.

Gothic developed on the basis of the Romanesque style, but at every step contradicted it, putting forward its own system of architectural and artistic thinking.

Opinions about the Gothic style were then divided. Like any innovation, Gothic was condemned by some and liked by others. However, all contemporaries agreed on one thing - the striking novelty of the Gothic style, unlike anything that had existed before.

A comparison of the basic artistic principles of the Gothic and Romanesque eras shows the complexity of their relationships with each other.

If Romanesque architecture was based on ancient ideas about the laws of construction and the relationship of structural elements in an architectural structure, adjoining the Roman building tradition, then the Gothic era offers a new architectural solution and creates a new constructive system that breaks old ideas about the technical capabilities of architecture and follows its own architectural logic.

The bold and complex frame structure of the Gothic cathedral, embodying the triumph of daring human engineering, made it possible to overcome the massiveness of Romanesque buildings, lighten the walls and vaults, and create a dynamic unity of the internal space. In Gothic there is an enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts, an expansion of the system of plots, which reflected medieval ideas about the world.

Used Books

Vorotnikov A.A. Literature and art. - Mn.: Harvest LLP, 1996.

Zaretskaya D.M., Smirnova V.V. Reader on world artistic culture. - M.: Publishing and book trading center A3, 1997.

Knyazhitsky A.I., Khurumov S.Yu. World Art. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2008.

Rapatskaya L.A. World Art. - M.: Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS, 2007.

Romanesque style architecture. Romanesque art.

http://smallbay.ru/architec041.html

Gothic style of architecture. http://revolution.allbest.ru/construction/00021965_0.html

Application

Roman style

Gothic style

Appendix No. 1

Roman style

Abbey Maria Laach in Germany

Appendix No. 2

Kaiser Cathedral in Worms, Germany

Appendix No.

Gothic style

Notre Dame Cathedral

Appendix No. 4

Speyer Cathedral

Appendix No. 5

Stained glass windows of Cologne Cathedral, Germany

Appendix No. 6

Open lesson on art history for 2nd grade art department.

Topic: “Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles."

The lesson was compiled by the teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.

Goal: to develop students’ ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Objectives: To familiarize students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;

Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;

To cultivate a moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, interest in art and its history.

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Open lesson on art history for 2nd grade art department.

Topic: “Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles."

Lesson compiled teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.

Target : formation of students’ ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Tasks :

To familiarize students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;

Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;

To cultivate a moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, interest in art and its history.

Illustration material:

A presentation that clearly reflects all the features of medieval architecture.

Other materials:

Landscape sheet for practical work, oil (or other) pencils.

SLIDE No. 1.

During the classes

Organizational stage.

SLIDE No. 2.

In pursuit of a verse, an escaped word,

I like to go to medieval castles.

Their gloomy silence pleases my heart,

I love the sharp rise of their black and gray roofs,

Gloomy battlements on the towers and gates,

Squares of glass in lead bindings.

Drawbridges, deep ditches,

Steep stairs and vaulted halls,

Where the wind rustles and moans above,

They tell me about battles and feasts...

And immersed in a dream of the past, I see again

The greatness of chivalry and the splendor of the Middle Ages.

This romantic image of a medieval castle was created by the 19th century French writer and poet Théophile Gautier.

And it is no coincidence that the poet’s words merged opposites: “sharp rise” and “gloomy battlements”, “deep ditches” and “vaulted halls”, “the greatness of chivalry” and “brilliance”.

Today in class we continue our acquaintance with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Learning new material.

Goal setting.

The leading art form of the Middle Ages was architecture. Other types of art are organically connected with it - music, fine art, applied art and others. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the architectural styles of the Middle Ages. Let's try to understand them and distinguish them from each other. But how? - You ask. With the help of language.

Language, it gives us the opportunity to express our feelings and thoughts. Art also has the gift of speaking in its own special artistic language about the spiritual values ​​of man in different eras. This language in art is called style.

Let's take a closer look at examples of architectural monuments and try to understand from whose lips do the “words” about the past come?

On the screen are examples of Romanesque and Gothic styles.Students look at samples and try to determine for whom, for what purpose, this or that building was built.

SLIDE No. 3.

An example of the Romanesque style - a castle, a fortress, the building is quite massive. Who speaks to us from the past?

Teacher: What do you think this structure served for?

Students: This building was created to protect against the enemy, reminiscent of the era of knights.

SLIDE No. 4.

An example of the Gothic style is a church, an airy and upward-looking building.

Teacher: Who is speaking to us in this case? What was this building created for?

Students: This is a church, it was created for believers, monks.

Teacher's word.

And indeed, the architecture of the Middle Ages has two faces - the so-called Romanesque and Gothic styles. But before we get ready for a detailed look, we need to know the meaning of the terms that define these styles.

We had two search groups of students who prepared information on these styles.

SLIDE No. 5.

A student's report on the origin of the term "Romanesque art."

Term "Romanesque art"appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. This is how European art of the 10th – 12th centuries was designated. Scientists believe that the architecture of that period was strongly influenced by the so-called “Romanesque” architecture (from the Latin romanus - Roman). Later, researchers’ view of medieval art changed, but the name “Romanesque art” remained.

The development of Romanesque art in different countries and regions of Europe occurred unevenly. If in the north-east of France the period ended at the end of the 12th century, then in Germany and Italy the characteristic features of this style were observed even in the 13th century.

SLIDE No. 6.

Work in a notebook.The term “Romanesque art” arose in the 19th century to designate the style of European art of the 10th-12th centuries.

Teacher's word.

SLIDE No. 7.

The main and most significant buildings of the Romanesque style were the monastery-fortress, the temple-fortress, and the castle-fortress. Maybe this is where the expression “My home is my castle” came from.

But the times of knightly wars have passed and today we can easily tour the Romanesque Cathedral. But before we go in, let's take a look at it from the outside.

SLIDE No. 8.

The temple seems strict and massive. Romanesque churches had strong stone floors. The enormous weight of the stone vaults required powerful, thick walls capable of withstanding heavy loads. The windows in the temples are small and narrow so that the walls do not lose their reliability. Therefore, twilight most often prevailed in Romanesque cathedrals.

SLIDE No. 9.

The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower - donjon . Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders.

SLIDE No. 10.

The most important feature of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault.

Vault - a type of overlap that is formed by a convex curved surface. The only support for vault architecture is found in the wall.

SLIDE No. 11.

The entrance to the building began with a Portal, which blended into the environment.

SLIDE No. 12.

An important element of Romanesque architecture is the column with a capital decorated with sculptural ornaments.

The walls of the temple are smooth. Guys, how can you decorate a smooth wall?

Students: Painting, mosaic, frescoes.

Teacher: This is true; the walls of Romanesque churches were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Unfortunately, paintings from the Romanesque period have practically not survived.

Monumental sculpture first appeared during the Romanesque period. Sculptural images - reliefs - were located, as a rule, on portals (architecturally designed entrances).

SLIDE No. 13; 14.

The sculpture of the Romanesque temple is special. Everything here is for the believer to think about his sins. Subjects of the Last Judgment, biblical scenes, there was even a place for a monster devouring a sinner.

If the temple was considered the fortress of God, then the castle was the fortress of the knight. Romanesque stone castles with powerful defensive walls were impregnable fortresses. Castles were built near the river on a hill surrounded by a moat with water, and a drawbridge was thrown over the moat.

SLIDE No. 15.

A student's report about one of the monuments of Romanesque architecture.

Cathedral of Worms (1171 - 1234) One has only to look at this temple in Worms, and you feel its special spirit. He is like a ship cutting through the waves. Four narrow towers guard the temple from the east and west. There is nothing superfluous in its architecture, the decoration is very restrained, only the arches emphasize the main lines. The sculpture of the temple shows unusual, wild, sometimes monstrous animals. They are like a stone book - created for the believer to think about God and his laws.

SLIDE No. 16.

Interim conclusions.

It was in Romanesque architecture that huge buildings built entirely of stone first appeared. Vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornaments are characteristic features of a Romanesque church.

Let's continue our acquaintance with the architecture of the Middle Ages. And the next style is Gothic.

A student's report on the origin of the term "Gothic art."

SLIDE No. 17.

Name "Gothic art"(from Italian gotico - “Gothic”, after the name of the German tribe Goths) arose during the Renaissance. “Gothic” in those days meant “barbarian” as opposed to “Roman”: gothic was the name given to art that did not follow ancient traditions, and therefore was of no interest to contemporaries.

The idea that Gothic art was formless and unworthy of attention changed only in the 19th century, when the Middle Ages were no longer considered the “dark ages” in human history. However, the name “Gothic” was retained by European art of the late Middle Ages. In various European countries, Gothic had its own characteristic features and chronological framework, but its heyday occurred in the 13th – 14th centuries.

SLIDE No. 18.

Work in a notebook.The term "Gothic art" originated during the Renaissance. This is how they designate the style of European art of the 12th – 15th centuries.

Teacher's word.

SLIDE No. 19.

The word “Gothic” itself is of later origin, it comes from the word “Goths”. The Goths are barbarian tribes that destroyed Rome and destroyed ancient art. But looking at these beautiful, airy Gothic cathedrals, we will not find anything in common with the barbarians. In the Gothic style, a single artistic idea is felt, and it is consistently carried out in all types of art: in architecture, sculpture, music, applied art, and even in written font. In Gothic cathedrals, stone turns into lace, and instead of heavy stone walls, the visitor to the cathedral sees light sparkling through the stained glass window. Overcoming materiality is, perhaps, the main idea of ​​the Gothic style. The spirit transforms matter, changes it.

SLIDE No. 20.

Gothic temple is a spiritual symbol of the era embodied in stone. How to read this symbol? The temple embodies the image of the universe. The stone walls lose their power and begin to show through. And instead of thick walls we see fragile stained glass windows, permeated with light. Leaving the earthly, the Gothic temple rushes upward to heaven, defeating the entire weight of stone.

SLIDE No. 21.

It was the architects of the Middle Ages who managed to create such a miracle, where fragile walls, consisting almost entirely of stained glass windows, did not collapse under heavy stone vaults using a frame system with inclined arcs. It was this system that made it possible to implement a soaring vault inside a Gothic temple.

SLIDE No. 22.

The sculptures of the Gothic cathedral are full of meaning. It depicts scenes from the Bible, images of Christ and the Mother of God, saints and prophets, kings of ancient and modern times, and even a medieval calendar - signs of the Zodiac and scenes of agricultural work.

SLIDE No. 23.

A distinctive detail of medieval Gothic architecture is the central stained glass window"Gothic rose". At first glance, it is just a collection of various multi-colored pieces of glass - the eye gets lost in this infinity. But if you look closely, you can see that there is no chaos here at all. Everything is in its place. Moreover, the Gothic rose depicts nothing more than the order of the universe. In the center is God, around him are angels, then the apostles, then the saints, bishops, kings, and so on.

Let's take you on a short tour of European medieval Gothic cathedrals. And our guides will be students from the expert group who studied Gothic-style cathedrals.

Student messages.Architectural monuments are illustrated on the screen.

SLIDE No. 24.

Cologne Cathedral - Roman Catholic Gothic cathedral in Cologne (Germany), which ranks third on the list of the tallest churches in the world and is one of the world cultural heritage sites. The construction of the main temple of the Cologne Archdiocese was carried out in two stages - in 1248-1437 and in 1842-1880. Upon completion of construction, the 157-meter cathedral became the tallest building in the world for 4 years.

SLIDE No. 25.

Cathedral in Reims was built in the 13th century, that is, later than Notre Dame Cathedral and Chartres Cathedral. The Cathedral in Reims is one of the most famous examples of Gothic art in France, thanks to its architecture and sculptural compositions it is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. From the Middle Ages until the 19th century, the cathedral was the coronation site of almost all French monarchs.

SLIDE No. 26.

Cathedral of Chartres - Catholic Cathedral located in the city of Chartres. Located near Paris and is one of the masterpieces of Gothic architecture. For example, the cathedral in Chartres is 130 meters long. To get around it, you need to cover a path of half a kilometer. In 1979, the cathedral was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

SLIDE No. 27.

Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris)- Christian cathedral in the center of Paris, the geographical and spiritual “heart” of the French capital, located in the eastern part of the Ile de la Cité, on the site of the first Christian church in Paris - St. Stephen's Basilica.

The majestic Notre-Dame de Paris was founded in 1163 (the first stone of the future cathedral was laid by Pope Alexander III), but its construction continued for several centuries - until the 14th century. There are three entrances to the temple - portals framed by arches extending into the depths; above them there are niches with statues - the so-called “royal gallery”, images of biblical kings and French kings.

For many years the cathedral stood dilapidated until the famous novel by Victor Hugo appeared in 1831, which marked a revival of interest in the historical heritage, and Gothic art in particular, and drew attention to the deplorable state of the great architectural monument. The king, by his decree, ordered the restoration of the temple. Since then, the constant concern of the authorities has been to preserve the cathedral in its original form.

SLIDE No. 28.

Notre-Dame de Paris is famous for its bells. The largest bell is Maria, named after Our Lady and patroness of this cathedral, its weight is 6,023 kg. The bell is hung on the South Tower. His story is engraved on it.

The architecture of the cathedral reveals a duality of stylistic influences: on the one hand, there are echoes of the Romanesque style of Normandy with its characteristic powerful and dense unity, and on the other, innovative architectural achievements of the Gothic style are used, which give the building lightness and create the impression of simplicity of the vertical structure.

SLIDE No. 29.

Generalization on the Gothic style.

The Gothic cathedral is an endlessly complex, changing game of openwork forms. Arches, galleries, towers, huge windows - sometimes narrow and tall, sometimes round (the so-called Gothic roses) with colored glass and complex interlacing of frames. The cathedral inside and outside is populated with a mass of sculptures (for example, in the Chartres Cathedral there are about 9 thousand statues alone). In a word, a Gothic cathedral is a whole world.

Generalization and consolidation of acquired knowledge.

Teacher's word. I give each of you a table with the characteristics of the styles of the Middle Ages, your task, with the help of the knowledge gained and the table, identify what style do the proposed images on the screen belong to?(on the screen there are 3 slides with images of comparisons of Romanesque and Gothic styles).

Working from images.

SLIDE No. 30 – 33.

(this table is distributed to each student to paste into their notebook)

Features of medieval art styles

SLIDE No. 34.

Teacher: To consolidate your knowledge of the Gothic style, I suggest you draw on a piece of paper one of the elements of the stained glass window ornament - the “trefoil”.The shamrock is a symbol of the Christian faith, symbolizing the Holy Trinity: God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.

Lesson summary.

Today in class we continued our acquaintance with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages and, based on a comparative analysis of the architecture of that time, we gained an idea of ​​the two main styles of medieval architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.

Notebook entry: The term “Romanesque art” arose in the 19th century. This is how they designate the style of European art of the 10th – 12th centuries.

Bamberg Cathedral, eastern façade with two towers. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress.

A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is thick walls cut through by small windows.

The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders. Donjon (French donjon) is the main tower in European Romanesque castles.

The most important feature of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault. A vault is a type of ceiling that is formed by a convex curved surface. The architecture finds the only support for the vault in the wall.

The building carefully blended into the surrounding nature and looked solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals.

PORTAL – entrance to a temple with promisingly decreasing semi-arches embedded in the thickness of the walls.

In the 12th century, sculptural images were used for the first time to decode church facades. The subjects most often served as menacing prophecies of the Apocalypse and the Last Judgment.

Sculpture of the Romanesque temple

St. Peter's Cathedral in Worms

Some conclusions: In Romanesque architecture, for the first time, huge buildings built entirely of stone appeared. Vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornaments are characteristic features of Romanesque style architecture.

Preview: "Gothic Rose"

Cathedral in Cologne (Germany)

Cathedral in Reims (France)

Cathedral in Chartres (France)

Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris)

Some conclusions: The appearance of the Gothic cathedral is a building directed upward. Arches, galleries, domed vaults, and huge windows add lightness and airiness to the structure. A special role is played by stained glass windows, a feature of the Gothic cathedral, the round window - “Gothic rose”. The Gothic cathedral is filled with sculptures inside and outside.

Romanesque fortified city of Carcassonne in Provence (XII-XIII centuries), France

Gothic York Cathedral, 13th century, England

Gothic chapel-reliquary Holy Chapel Sainte-Chapelle, 13th century, France

Romanesque Fortress of the Conquistadors, X-XI centuries, Germany

The shamrock is a symbol of the Christian faith.

Homework: Draw a sketch of a castle in the Romanesque style.

Introduction. 3

1. Romanesque style in Western European architecture. 4

2. Secrets of Gothic craftsmanship. 9

2.1 Main types of Gothic art. 9

2.2 Gothic sculpture. eleven

Conclusion. 16

Bibliographic list. 17

Introduction

Romanesque art, a style of architecture and other branches of art, emerged in Western Europe in the 10th century. The Romanesque era is the time of the emergence of a pan-European architectural style. The leading role in this process was played by the peoples of Western Europe.

The formation of Western European Romanesque culture due to continuous wars and migration of peoples occurred later than in the East, in Byzantium, but proceeded more dynamically. The main feature of the Romanesque era is openness to external influences.

It is wrong to consider Romanesque art as a purely Western style. In the preparation of pan-European medieval art, the beginning of which was early Christian, continuation - Romanesque and highest rise - Gothic art, the main role was played by Greco-Celtic origins, Romanesque, Byzantine, Greek, Persian and Slavic elements.

The development of Romanesque art received new impetus during the reign of Charlemagne (768–814) and in connection with the founding of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 by Otto I (936–973).

In the sequence of works of Gothic art, starting from the second half of the 12th century and ending with the 14th century, the worldview of this era is reflected in all its integrity and forward movement with such brightness, maturity, strength and completeness that was matched only by art that had reached the classical stage of development.

All the threads of the intellectual and spiritual life of the era converged in Gothic art. In it, the ideal ideas of the Middle Ages about the universe, history and humanity are inextricably intertwined with the simple and concrete dimensions of everyday reality.

1. Romanesque style in Western European architecture

Romanesque art (Romanesque style) is the art of Western Europe in the 11th–12th centuries. The Romanesque style manifested itself in architecture, fine and decorative arts, with architecture playing the main role in the synthesis of arts. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry; the leading types of buildings were temples (basilicas), monasteries, castles, and military fortifications.

At this time, due to the upswing in the economic life of Europe, significant advances were made in the field of stone construction, and the volume of construction work increased. The harsh masonry of hewn stones created a somewhat “gloomy” image, but was decorated with interspersed bricks or small stones of a different color. The thickness and strength of the walls were the main criteria for the beauty of the building. Romanesque buildings were mainly covered with tiles, known to the Romans and convenient in areas with rainy climates. The windows were not glazed, but covered with carved stone bars; the window openings were small and rose high above the ground, so the rooms in the building were very dark.

The outer walls of the cathedrals were decorated with stone carvings, which consisted of floral ornaments and motifs brought from the East (images of fairy-tale monsters, exotic animals, beasts, birds). The interior walls were completely covered with paintings that have hardly survived to this day. Marble mosaic inlay was also used for decoration.

The spirit of belligerence and the constant need for self-defense permeates Romanesque art. The buildings are characterized by massiveness, harsh appearance, and thick walls. The military threat forced even temples to be given a serf-like character. Composed of simple geometric volumes, they had an expressive silhouette (the Church of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse, France, XI-XIII centuries; Maria Laach, Germany, XII century).

Towers were placed above the middle cross and at the western facade. Temples were often covered with cylindrical and then cross vaults (Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Saint-Sernin in Toulouse). Semicircular (semicircular) arches completed the window and door openings, led from the main one to the side naves, and opened into the galleries of the second tier. The leading elements of architectural decoration were also semi-circular arches and semi-columns (Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, 11th–12th centuries; tower in Pisa, Italy, 11th–13th centuries).

Monasteries and churches remained the cultural centers of this era. The Christian religious idea was embodied in religious architecture. The temple, which had the shape of a cross in its plan, symbolized the way of the cross of Christ - the path of suffering and redemption. Each part of the building was assigned a special meaning, for example, the pillars and columns supporting the vault symbolized the apostles and prophets - the support of Christian teaching.

In combining watchtowers, military camps with Greek basilicas and Byzantine ornamentation, a new “Roman” Romanesque architectural style emerged: simple and expedient. Strict functionality almost completely excluded the figurativeness, festivity and elegance that distinguished the architecture of Greek antiquity.

Characteristic features of a Romanesque church: cylindrical (half-cylinder shaped) and cross (two half-cylinders crossing at right angles) vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornaments.

Gradually the service became more and more magnificent and solemn. Over time, architects changed the design of the temple: they began to enlarge the eastern part of the temple, in which the altar was located. In the apse (altar ledge) there was usually an image of Christ or the Mother of God, below were images of angels, apostles, and saints. On the western wall there were scenes of the Last Judgment. The lower part of the wall was usually decorated with ornaments.

In the Romanesque period, monumental sculpture (reliefs) first appeared, which were usually located on the portals (architecturally designed entrances) of churches. The size of churches increased, which entailed the creation of new designs of vaults and supports.

Romanesque art was most consistently formed in France - in Burgundy, Auvergne, Provence and Normandy. A typical example of French Romanesque architecture is the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in the monastery of Cluny (1088–1131). It was the largest church in Europe, the length of the temple was 127 meters, the height of the central nave was over 30 meters. Five towers crowned the temple. To maintain the majestic shape and size of the building, special supports are introduced at the outer walls - buttresses. Small fragments of this building have survived. Norman churches are also devoid of decoration, they have well-lit naves and high towers, and their general appearance resembles a fortress rather than a church.

Feudalism developed in Germany later than in France; its development was longer and deeper. In the architecture of Germany at that time, a special type of church emerged - majestic and massive. This is the cathedral in Speyer (1030–1092), one of the largest in Western Europe.

The first Romanesque cathedrals had a stern, forbidding appearance. They were fortress-like, with smooth walls and narrow windows, with squat conical completed towers at the corners of the western façade. Only arcature belts under the cornices decorated the smooth facades and towers (Worms Cathedral, 1181–1234). The architectural decor is very restrained - there is nothing superfluous, destructive, veiling the architectural logic.

During the Romanesque period in Germany, sculpture was placed inside churches; it was found on facades only at the end of the 12th century. The images seem detached from earthly existence; they are conventional and generalized. These are mainly wooden painted crucifixes, decorations of lamps, fonts, and tombstones.

Romanesque art in Italy developed differently. Since the main force of historical development in Italy was cities, and not churches, secular tendencies are stronger in its culture than in other peoples. The connection with antiquity was expressed not only in the copying of ancient forms, it was in a strong internal relationship with the images of ancient art. Hence the sense of proportion and proportionality to man in Italian architecture, naturalness and vitality combined with the nobility and grandeur of beauty in Italian sculpture and painting.

Among the outstanding works of architecture of Central Italy is the famous complex in Pisa: the cathedral, the tower, the baptistery. It was created over a long period of time (XI-XII centuries). The most famous part of the complex is the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. The Cathedral of Santa Maria Nuova (1174–1189) shows a strong influence not only of Byzantium and the East, but also of Western architecture.

English architecture of the Romanesque period has much in common with French architecture: large sizes, high central naves, and an abundance of towers. The conquest of England by the Normans in 1066 strengthened its ties with the continent and influenced the formation of the Romanesque style in the country. Examples of this are the cathedrals in St. Albans (1077–1090), Peterborough (late 12th century) and others. However, most Romanesque English churches were rebuilt during the Gothic period, and therefore it is extremely difficult to judge their early appearance.

Romanesque art in Spain developed under the influence of Arab and French culture. XI–XII centuries for Spain it was a time of civil strife and fierce religious battles. The harsh fortress character of Spanish architecture was formed in the conditions of incessant wars with the Arabs, the war for the liberation of the territory of the country captured in 711–718. The war left a strong imprint on all the art of Spain of that time, first of all, this was reflected in architecture.

In the religious buildings of Spain of the Romanesque period there are almost no sculptural decorations. Temples look like impregnable fortresses. One of the earliest castles of the Romanesque period is the royal palace of Alcazar (Segovia - 9th century), which stands on a high cliff surrounded by thick walls with many towers. At that time, cities were built in a similar way. Monumental painting (frescoes) played a major role. The paintings were done in bright colors with a clear contour pattern; the images were very expressive. Sculpture appeared in Spain in the 11th century. (decoration of capitals, columns, doors).

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Prepared by Belousova M.A., art teacher Romanesque and Gothic styles in medieval architecture.

2 slide

Slide description:

The Romanesque style (from the Latin romanus - Roman) is an artistic style that dominated Western Europe (and also affected some countries of Eastern Europe) in the 10th-12th centuries (in some places - in the 13th century), one of the most important stages in the development of the medieval European art. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Bamberg Cathedral in Germany, east facade with two towers and polygonal choirs.

3 slide

Slide description:

The main role in the Romanesque style was given to the harsh fortress architecture. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress, located on elevated places, dominating the area. The English name for the Romanesque style is “Norman”. The tower on the Nibelungen Bridge, built in 1887-1900, is an example of the neo-Romanesque style. Germany, Worms.

4 slide

Slide description:

Abbey Maria Laach Romanesque style. A German monastery on the southwestern shore of Lake Laach. The monastery was founded in 1093. Count Palatine Henry II von Laach Completion of construction - 1216.

5 slide

Slide description:

The term “Romanesque style” was introduced at the beginning of the 19th century by Arciss de Caumont (a French antiquarian and archaeologist from the noble family of Caumont, founder of the French Archaeological Society), who established a connection between the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries with ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semicircular arches and vaults). Roman bridge with semicircular arches. Alcantara, Spain

6 slide

Slide description:

Arch is an architectural element, a curved covering of a through or blind opening in a wall or a span between two supports (columns, bridge abutments). Like any vaulted structure, it creates lateral thrust. As a rule, arches are symmetrical about the vertical axis. Dudley is a ruined castle in the town of Dudley, West Midlands, England, 12th century.

7 slide

Slide description:

8 slide

Slide description:

Romanesque churches and cathedrals are predominantly three-nave: the central nave on the eastern side ends in a semicircular apse. The nature of the ceilings is changing: wooden building trusses disappear, they are replaced by a stone vault, first semi-circular, then cross-shaped. Massive towers become a characteristic element of the exterior. The entrance is decorated with a portal (from the Latin “porta” - door), cut into the thickness of the walls with semicircular arches reduced in perspective.

Slide 9

Slide description:

Vault (from “to bring together” - to connect, to close) - in architecture, a type of ceiling or covering of structures, a structure that is formed by a convex curved surface. Vaults allow you to cover large spaces without additional intermediate supports.

10 slide

Slide description:

Worms Cathedral, Germany, Worms (1130-1181) Thick walls, narrow windows, towers - all these stylistic features of architectural structures simultaneously performed a defensive function. The serf nature of churches and cathedrals allowed the civilian population to take refuge in them during feudal civil strife. The internal layout and size of the cathedrals met cultural and social needs. The cathedral could accommodate a mass of people of various classes: laity and clergy, commoners and nobles, numerous pilgrims.

11 slide

Slide description:

Gothic (Italian gotico - Gothic, Gothic) is a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th-16th centuries. Gothic replaced the Romanesque style, gradually displacing it. Salisbury Cathedral (1220-1320) - the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary in the city of Salisbury (England), is considered an example of English Gothic. Famous for its 123 meter spire, the tallest medieval building in Britain.

12 slide

Slide description:

Signs of Gothic architecture: frame system (pointed arches of cross vaults rest on pillars), huge windows, multi-color stained glass and lighting effects. Cologne Cathedral in Germany, Construction: 1248-1437, 1842-1880.

Slide 13

Sections: History and social studies

Architecture is music frozen in stone

Architecture is also a chronicle of the world...
She speaks when legends are silent

Lesson objectives:

1) To introduce students to the features of medieval culture using the example of two styles in architecture

2) Continue developing the skills to work with a document, illustration (photography), read schematic information and draw conclusions

3) Show the close relationship between the development of material culture and the formation of phenomena in the spiritual sphere

Interdisciplinary connections with courses –

• art
• social science

Updating of in-subject knowledge –

• historical source
• material culture
• middle Ages

Equipment:

• on the desks - illustrations of two cathedrals in Romanesque and Gothic styles and diagrams of their structure
• on the board - a table filled out using tablets with inscriptions or images of details of cathedrals - a schematic representation of 6 famous cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic style without signatures (for a task for consolidation)

Basic concepts: Romanesque and Gothic styles, pointed arch, stained glass

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Characteristics of the topic

Architecture is a very important, visible part of the culture of the history of peoples and civilization. When I say “Egypt”, one of the first things people remember is the pyramids, “China” - pagodas, “Russia” - the domes of Orthodox churches.

Medieval history cannot be imagined without Romanesque and Gothic churches. They still delight audiences, even though they date back half a millennium.

It’s not for nothing that the saying “Architecture is music frozen in stone” comes to mind.

But it is not only beauty that attracts us to these architectural structures. Some periods of the Middle Ages are called dark ages by historians. Due to ignorance, wars, and epidemics, people have forgotten a lot of knowledge about their history, many historical sources have been lost.

3. Work with the class to update knowledge

What is a historical source? (from the dictionary)

What are they? (material, oral, written, etc.)

Let's turn to the statement on the board (Architecture is the chronicle of the world...)

What can a temple tell us as a material, material source?

(about wealth or poverty, ideas about beauty, the level of science and technology)

4-5. Stages of practical work when children extract information from illustrations in the textbook or illustrations prepared on the desk by the teacher

Analysis of illustrations of two temples

Let's compare two temples built in different historical periods of the Middle Ages in different architectural styles and enter the information into a table.

Let's remember the rules for filling out the table

• A table is a way to select the most important and at the same time very brief information
• All information in the table should be distributed vertically (in columns) and horizontally (in rows)
• This distribution of information allows you to quickly use it to answer any question on this topic.
• Only characteristics of the same type can be compared (short - tall, graceful - powerful, etc.)
• Any table must end with a conclusion. The comparison table should show common and special features in the compared phenomena

Circuit Analysis

Let's look at the diagram of the structure of two temples

(remember the symbols in the diagram - by the width of the line you can judge which walls were the main ones in this building, supporting, load-bearing, holding the entire weight of the dome)

5.Generalization in dialogue between teacher and students

So what can the temple tell us as a historical source?

For Gothic churches with such a structure to appear, serious discoveries in the field of technology, mathematics, and materials were needed. The Gothic temple is a living testimony to the development of engineering in medieval Europe. And for their construction, huge funds were needed, which came from rich cities.

However, it is not only the technical or economic development of Europe that is changing. The spiritual world of medieval man is changing. From the temple, where a stern, demanding God reigned, man came to a temple-palace full of light and vertical lines. Here the soul itself ascended to the new God - merciful, forgiving. Thus ends the period of the late Middle Ages and prepares the transition to a New era in the history of Europe.

6. Consolidation of knowledge

On the board there is a schematic representation of 6 famous cathedrals in Romanesque and Gothic style. Determine which of them belongs to the Romanesque and which to the Gothic style. Justify your answer.

7. Summarizing.

Grading

Homework: using a paragraph from the textbook, make 5 statements - traps for classmates, answering which they must agree or refute this statement with the help of evidence

For example: “A Gothic cathedral could have served a defensive function” is an incorrect statement, which is appropriate for a Romanesque cathedral, and a Gothic cathedral had many large windows, which would have made its defense extremely difficult.