On this page we have listed the most common family related problems. All of them have a place in the content. Under each heading you will find two arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.
- In the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Minor" This problem affected one of the main characters Mitrofanushka - the son of the landowners Prostakovs. The young man is already 16 years old, but he still doesn’t know what he wants from life. It cannot be said that the parents did not love the child; on the contrary, they literally smothered him with their care and guardianship. Mitrofanushka’s mother, Mrs. Prostakova, demonstrated especially similar zeal for “education.” Motherly love completely blinded the powerful woman. It seemed that she saw nothing around her except the exaggerated merits of the undergrown Mitrofan. She did everything to tie him to her forever. This is where the young man’s lack of independence, laziness and lack of education came from. The little boy had no need to bother himself, since all his problems were solved for him by his overly attentive mother. Thus, in the play by D.I. Fonvizin’s family played a huge role in Mitrofanushka’s life: blind parental love did not allow the hero to develop.
- In the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" The problem of the role of the family in the development of personality is one of the most important. The family of the old Cossack Taras Bulba had two sons - Andriy and Ostap. The image of his father became sacred for the latter. Since childhood, Ostap obediently followed everything his parent taught him. He inherited from him such character traits as perseverance and masculinity. Feelings of patriotism, duty to family and comrades were also instilled in the Cossack by his father. It is safe to say that thanks to his family upbringing and respect for the traditions of his ancestors, Ostap stood up for his Motherland with dignity and withstood all the pains of execution. However, excessive pressure and excess energy of Taras negatively affected the upbringing of Andriy, who fled from his home and violated all the unwritten rules of his family. He rebelled against the pressure of the head of the family and wanted to build his life differently. Thus, the same upbringing had different effects on the fate of Bulba’s sons.
The problem of fathers and children
- Main character novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov could not find a common language with his parents. Being an adherent of new habits and morals, a man of science, not faith, Evgeny Bazarov considers the behavior of his parents inappropriate and outdated. He loves his old people, but does not want to live in the past. Also, the hero’s liberal views give rise to a conflict between him and his friend’s uncle, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Evgeniy is horrified by the fact that Kirsanov is ready to spend money on white collars and an imported suit in the village, where no one sees his efforts anyway. According to the young physician, the art dearly loved by Pavel Petrovich could not be compared with science and natural human labor. The elderly man also does not understand the guest, considering him an ill-mannered snob. Only in the finale do they come to terms with each other’s existence, recognizing the fact that the confrontation between generations is a normal phenomenon.
- The reason for the broken destinies of heroes plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" again there is a mutual misunderstanding that arose due to the difference in age, different views on the world of fathers and children. Thus, the main character of the work, Katerina, became an unloved daughter-in-law because she does not correspond to the merchant Kabanikha’s ideas about a decent person: she does not obey her mother-in-law, allows herself to speak out about anything, and is devoid of meekness and respect for elders. The confrontation between generations leads to complete chaos in the Kabanovs' house, and ultimately to Katerina's suicide. Another representative of the “elite” of the city of Kalinov and co-ruler of Kabanikha in the “dark kingdom,” the merchant Dikoy hates his nephews and the entire family as a whole. It is difficult for him to accept that the younger generation has the same rights as himself, that Boris deserves respect. And boys and girls also rebel against outdated orders: Varvara deceives her mother, and in the finale she runs away from home, Tikhon blames Kabanova for the death of his wife, etc. Unfortunately, all the characters lacked kindness and understanding, otherwise they could have avoided all these negative consequences.
- Father of Peter Grinev - one of the main characters stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"- asked his son to learn a simple truth: “take care of your honor from a young age.” Thanks to his father’s instructions and exemplary upbringing, Pyotr Grinev was able to emerge victorious from a complex game called “Pugachevism.” Honor and respect not only from friends, but also from opponents led Grinev, despite his misdeeds, to find happiness and success in business. Of course, the contribution of Savelich’s father and “nanny” is a very significant contribution to this victory. Peter did the right thing when he did not reject the advice of his elders, drawing conclusions from them; the hero tried to act according to his conscience in everything and with everyone.
- It’s one thing when parents’ advice benefits us, and quite another when a father’s harmless lesson suddenly turns into the cause of a son’s catastrophes. So, in poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" it talks about the fate of a once poor young man who became a prosperous and active person. As we know, Chichikov decided to organize an adventure and cash in on the mortgaged peasants, who in fact do not exist. For the sake of enrichment, he was ready for any deception, so he traveled to estates and tried with all his might to persuade the owners to sell him dead souls. The reason for such a frenzied craving for money was his upbringing: even as a child, Pavel received an order from his father to never forget the value of money and to put material wealth above all else. Such words served as a catalyst for moral decline, and later, oddly enough, for the hero’s disastrous financial situation, because he left with nothing after Korobochka’s exposure.
- Of course, all children love their fathers and mothers, no matter what the circumstances, but the awareness of this fact does not always come immediately, that is, at an early age, when we are still able to correct the situation while our parents are alive. In the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” the young heroine Nastya did not think at all how dear her own mother was to her. Nastya did not understand that the bright colors of big Leningrad would not replace her mother's love and affection. Unfortunately, the girl realized this too late - only when her mother was dying. The death of her closest person gave Nastya a feeling of endless guilt, because the old woman left this world alone, without ever saying goodbye to her daughter.
- As for the main thing hero of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeniy Bazarov, he also admitted his mistakes late, already on his deathbed. He appreciated the care of his father and mother, but considered its manifestation optional for himself. Due to his character, the educated hero commits rash actions - he pushes away his parents, who are not sacred enough to have learned conversations with him. Although, as it turned out, the young nihilist’s feelings are much closer than he himself thought. But he, rejected by the woman he loves, admits this much later, needing help and affection. He realizes how painful it is for his mother to see his indifference, how ashamed she is that she is not smart enough to please her son. Alas, this realization was late, and the hero dies with a feeling of guilt.
The problem of education
Neglect of children towards parents
Publication date: 12/25/2016
Ready-made arguments for writing the Unified State Exam, which emphasize:
The problem of the role of the family in the formation of a child’s personality
The problem of the influence of parents on the development of a person’s personality
The problem of continuity of generations
The problem of education
Possible theses:
Most often, children grow up to be the same as their parents.
It is in the family that moral values and life principles are laid in the child’s personality
Children adopt both positive and negative traits from parents who serve as examples for them.
D. I. Fonvizin comedy “The Minor”
A striking example of the influence of parents on the formation of a child’s personality is Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor.” Mrs. Prostakova invested considerable sums in the education of her only son. She loved Mitrofanushka with all her mother’s heart and overly pampered him, pitied him and cherished him without reason, not noticing her son’s shortcomings. The child, realizing his value in the eyes of his mother, took advantage of his position. Prostakova's excessive guardianship led to the fact that the young man grew up as a lazy, selfish and uneducated person, unable to love even his own mother.
Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” can serve as proof that children learn a lot from their parents. Mrs. Prostakova hired teachers for her son, although she herself was illiterate. In front of Mitrofanushka, she beat the servants, insulted her husband, showed complete disrespect for others and behaved boorishly, or, on the contrary, flattered rich guests. It is not surprising that the young man grew up the same way and behaved rudely even towards his own mother. Seeing how his son pushes away his dearest person, Starodum summed up: “These are the fruits worthy of evil!”
B. L. Vasiliev novel “Don’t shoot white swans”
The problem of the family’s influence on the child’s personality is also touched upon in Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans.” Yegor Polushkin, the main character, showed a reverent and caring attitude towards all living things. His son Kolka inherited his father’s love of nature. When the boy found out that the flayer Vovka was going to torture the puppy to death, he, without hesitation, gave up his spinning rod to save the animal, although he understood that he would never be given such a thing again.
Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” shows how similar children are to their parents. Buryanov, being a forester, abused his position. He cut down forests, stripped linden trees, and did not keep order in the territory entrusted to him. Vovka, who for money took tourists to places where hunting and fishing were prohibited, did not go far from his father.
Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” shows that children adopt both positive and negative traits from their parents. Yegor Polushkin loved all living things, and his son was the same: he wrote poems about caring for nature, and in order to save a puppy, he gave his brand new spinning rod to a flayer. The forester Buryanov took advantage of his position, cut down the forest, peeled off the linden trees, which did not serve as the best example for his son Vovka. The boy grew up as a ruthless and greedy blackmailer.
A. S. Pushkin story “The Captain's Daughter”
The problem of the influence of family on a person’s personality is also touched upon in Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”. Andrei Grinev paid great attention to raising his son, wanting the boy to become a real man. Seeing Petrusha off to work, his father gave him the order: “Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” Perhaps it was thanks to this that the young man showed his best side during the rebellion, demonstrating courage, honesty and thirst for justice.
L. N. Tolstoy novel “War and Peace”
Family values are passed on from parents to children, and Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” can serve as an example of this. In the Rostov family, where moral values played an important role, the children: Nikolai, Peter and Natasha, adopted such qualities from their parents as openness, honesty and kindness. In the Kuragin family, where everything was decided by money, Helen and Anatole grew up to be as selfish and selfish as their father.
Publication date: 12/25/2016
Ready-made arguments for writing the Unified State Exam:
The problem of motherhood
The Problem of Blind Motherly Love
Motherhood as a feat
Possible theses:
Mother's love is the strongest feeling in the world
Being a good mother is a real feat
A mother is ready to do anything for her children
Sometimes mother's love blinds, and a woman sees only good things in her child
D. I. Fonvizin comedy “The Minor”
A striking example of blind maternal love is Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor.” Prostakova loved her son so much that she saw only good things in him. Mitrofan was allowed to get away with everything, any of his whims were fulfilled, his mother always followed his lead. The result is obvious - the hero grew up as a spoiled and selfish young man who loves no one but himself, and is not indifferent even to his own mother.
L. Ulitskaya story “Daughter of Bukhara”
A real maternal feat is described in Ulitskaya’s story “Daughter of Bukhara.” Alya, the main character of the work, was a very beautiful girl. Having become Dmitry’s wife, the oriental beauty gave birth to a girl, but it soon became clear that the child had Down syndrome. The father could not accept the handicapped child and left for another woman. But Bukhara, who loved her daughter with all her heart, did not give up and devoted her life to raising the girl, doing everything possible for her happiness, sacrificing her own.
A. N. Ostrovsky play “The Thunderstorm”
Mother's love is not always expressed in affection. In Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” Kabanikha, the main character’s mother-in-law, loved to “educate” her children, giving them punishments and reading morals. It is not surprising that son Tikhon showed himself as a weak-willed, dependent person and a mumbler who could not take a single step without his “mama.” Kabanikha’s constant interference in her son’s life had a negative impact on his life.
F. M. Dostoevsky novel “Crime and Punishment”
In Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, endless maternal love can also be traced. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was most worried about the happiness of her son Rodion and believed him no matter what. For his sake, the woman was ready to sacrifice her daughter. It seems that the son was much more important to Pulcheria than Dunya.
A. N. Tolstoy’s story “Russian Character”
Tolstoy's story "Russian Character" emphasizes the power of maternal love. When tanker Yegor Dremov received burns that disfigured his face beyond recognition, he was afraid that his family would turn their backs on him. The hero visited his relatives under the guise of his friend. But sometimes a mother’s heart sees clearer than her eyes. The woman, despite her alien appearance, recognized the guest as her own son.
V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man”
Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man” tells how big the heart of a real mother can be. During the war, the main character, having lost her husband and son, was left alone with her unborn child on land plundered by the Nazis. For his sake, Maria continued to live, and soon she took in the little girl Sanya and loved her like her own. After some time, the baby died of illness, the heroine almost went crazy, but stubbornly continued her work - to revive what was destroyed, for those who, perhaps, will return. During this time, the pregnant woman managed to shelter seven more orphans on her farm. This act can be considered a real maternal feat.
THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.
2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.
THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.
2.
THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE
1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goals.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.
2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE
1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.
2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.
2.
From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY
1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART
1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON
1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
1.
In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilievna was depressed when she found out that her son needed to leave for a long time for work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE
1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.
THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.
2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE
1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don and the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who know how to think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.
2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS
1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.
Family problems. The role of childhood in human life. The role of parents in education. Problems of child poverty and suffering. The role of the family in the formation of personality. Family relationships. Blind parental love. Home as the basis of an emerging personality. The role of the mother in education. Love for roleplayers. Relationships between fathers and children. The continuity of generations
I. A. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov". As a child, little Ilya was overprotected by his mother and nannies, fearing for the child. He was protected from possible and impossible dangers, and was not allowed to explore life on his own and gain his own experience. Having matured, Ilya Ilyich was afraid to live, postponing all matters “until tomorrow.”
Story by V.
A. Astafieva "Lyudochka". Lyudochka, after violence was committed against her in the city, came to her native village to visit her mother in order to restore peace of mind and receive maternal support. But her mother, although she guessed what happened to her daughter, did not help her survive this terrible period, cope with what had befallen her, believing that Lyudochka should do it on her own, that she should get used to this. Lyudochka couldn't. But most likely, simple words of consolation and support from the mother could have prevented such an outcome and saved her daughter from sin.
Blind parental love. A. Aleksin's story "Mad Evdokia". Olya, the only daughter of passionately loving parents, is convinced of her own exclusivity. Father and mother do not notice their daughter’s disdain for her friend and consider teacher Evdokia crazy in her desire to introduce the children to life in a team and the ability to appreciate each other. When Olya leaves the excursion without permission, the parents’ grief cannot be expressed in words. Something irreparable happens because of the thoughtless act of a spoiled girl.
Blind parental love. A. S. Makarenko "Book for parents." His parents love their only son Victor immensely. However, he grows up to be a cold, calculating young man who indifferently brushes off his seriously ill father. The parents realize with horror their mistake in raising their son when Victor refuses to buy medicine for his father because he is late for the theater.
V. Hugo's novel "Les Miserables". Cosette becomes the meaning of life for the main character Jean Valjean. In her he finds a woman-daughter, a woman-mother, a woman-sister - everything that he never knew. When Cosette marries, the Hero dies of grief: he has nothing left to live for.
The story of F. M. Dostoevsky "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree." A poor child whose mother dies on Christmas Eve is forced to wander the streets. He looks into the windows of elegant houses, there is a holiday everywhere, treats, fun, only he has nowhere to go and nothing to eat. A child dies of cold, huddled in some dark and cold corner.
