The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky. Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky: biography, activities and interesting facts

Reign: 1157-1174

From the biography.

• Son of Yuri Dolgoruky, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. An outstanding and wise statesman. He was a supporter of strong princely power, imperious, sometimes despotic with the rebellious.
• He made Bogolyubovo his residence, where he built a palace and a church, so he went down in history as Bogolyubsky.

Historical portrait of Andrei Bogolyubsky

1.Domestic policy

2. Foreign policy

Results of the activities of Andrei Bogolyubsky:

• The grand-ducal power, based on the nobility, was significantly strengthened, and the beginning of autocracy was laid.
• The influence of the Vladimir prince on Rus' expanded, and such important centers as Kyiv and Novgorod were subjugated. The Vladimir-Suzdal principality becomes the core of the future Russian state.
• There was further development of culture, its original features developed.

It was during his reign that masterpieces of world architecture were built.

• Significant strengthening of the country's economic power, establishment of new trade routes.
• Successful foreign policy.

Chronology of the life and work of Andrei Bogolyubsky

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. 1158-1161

Golden Gate in Vladimir. 1158-1164

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. 1165.

1158-1165
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Bogolyubovo.

Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky was the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. During his lifetime, the father allocated an inheritance to his son - the city of Vyshgorod. There is not much specific information about this stage of the prince’s life. It is only known that he ruled in Vyshgorod for some time, but then he left the city without permission and went to Vladimir. Why did Andrey get the unremarkable Vyshgorod? The fact is that Yuri Dolgorukiy had to transfer power to Andrey after his death, so he wanted to keep his son near him.

Why did he get the nickname "Bogolyubsky"

After leaving Vyshgorod, Andrei headed to Vladimir. On the way he passed through the village of Bogolyubovo. In this village, Andrei’s horse stopped and could not be moved. The prince considered this a good sign and a manifestation of God, so he ordered the construction of a palace and the Church of the Virgin Mary on this site. That is why the prince went down in history as Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Governing body

The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky began in the Rostov-Suzdal principality. Very quickly he renamed it the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. He was a typical prince of the era of feudal fragmentation. He sought to elevate his principality and subordinate the rest of the principalities to his influence.

The Rise of Vladimir

It was no coincidence that I said that initially the principality was called Rostov-Suzdal. It had 2 main cities Rostov and Suzdal. Each city had strong boyar groups. Therefore, the young Prince Andrei decided to rule not in these cities, but in the relatively young Vladimir. That is why the principality was renamed, and it is from here that the rise of the city of Vladimir began.

Since 1157, Andrei was the full and independent ruler of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

Religion

The religious component is important for understanding the personality of the prince and the problems that he solved. The main feature of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky is the desire for independence and independent rule. This is exactly what he wanted for himself, for his principality, and for the religion of his principality. In fact, he tried to create a new branch in the Christian religion - the cult of the Virgin Mary. Today this may seem wild, since the Virgin Mary is important in all religion. Therefore, it is necessary to give a description of what kind of temples were built in large cities:

• Kyiv and Novgorod - a temple in honor of St. Sophia.
• Vladimir - Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

From a religious point of view, these are different worldviews and, to some extent, even contradictions. In an effort to emphasize this, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky turned to Constantinople, seeking to divide the Kyiv and Rostov dioceses, moving the latter to Vladimir. Byzantium rejected this idea and allowed only within the framework of the principality to move the diocese from Rostov to Vladimir.

In 1155, Andrei took from Vyshgorod an icon, which today is considered one of the main Orthodox shrines - the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. It was during his reign that such church holidays as the Savior (August 1) and the Intercession (October 1) were first established.

Military successes

The chronicles note that Andrei Bogolyubsky was an excellent warrior. He had victories and defeats on his account, but in all battles he showed himself bravely. In an effort to create the only powerful principality, he needed to eliminate the gap between Vladimir and Kyiv and Novgorod. For this, the path of war was chosen.

On March 8, 1169, the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky took Kyiv by storm. The prince did not want to rule here, but viewed victory solely as an appanage ruler - to plunder the enemy and weaken him. As a result, Kyiv was plundered, and Andrei approved his brother Gleb to reign in the city. Subsequently, in 1771, after the death of Gleb, the Kiev throne was transferred to Prince Roman of Smolensky. It is noteworthy that when Prince Andrei demanded that Roman Rostislavich of Smolensky hand over the boyars who were suspected of murdering Gleb, the Grand Duke was refused. As a result, there was a new war. In this war, the army of Andrei Bogolyubsky was defeated by the army of Mstislav the Brave.

Having solved the problem of Kyiv, Prince Andrei turned his army’s gaze to Novgorod, but on February 25, 1770, Bogolyubsky lost the battle to the Novgorod army. After the defeat, he decided to use cunning and cut off the delivery of grain to Novgorod. Fearing famine, the Novgorodians recognized the dominant position of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

Murder of the Prince

Today there is a popular version that the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky by the end of his life no longer aroused approval among the population. People believed in their prince less and less, so a conspiracy was hatched during which the prince was killed. The murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky happened on the night of June 29, 1174, when a group of conspirators (these were boyars and nobles) broke into the prince’s chambers and killed him. There are 2 things that are very important to understand here:

1. Prince Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky was unarmed. This is despite the fact that in that era when conspiracies and murders were commonplace, weapons were always carried by a noble person. The most reasoned version is that the boyars bribed someone from the prince’s entourage. Modern historians support this version, and say that they bribed the personal key keeper, who stole the sword.
2. Only boyars took part in the conspiracy. This fact refutes the version that the prince, towards the end of his life, ceased to enjoy the trust of people. He ceased to enjoy the trust of the boyars who were fighting for power. Cause? Andrei began to actively fight against the permissiveness of the nobility.

A very important point - as soon as it became known that Prince Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky was killed, ordinary people rebelled against the boyars guilty of the conspiracy, and killed many of them. It is hard to imagine that the people would react this way to the death of a prince whom they did not love. In reality, the boyar conspiracy against the prince was connected with his policies and an attempt to strengthen his own autocracy by oppressing the power of the boyars.

And the Polovtsian princess, daughter of Khan Aepa Osekevich. The Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1169-1175, before that he reigned in Vyshgorod, participated in his father’s military campaigns and bravely took part in battles, risking his life.

“When his grandfather died, Andrei was about fifteen years old, and despite the fact that he lived mostly in the Rostov-Suzdal region, he could well have heard or read Monomakh’s instructions. The attitude towards power as a personal religious obligation was difficult to establish, breaking the centuries-old habit of princes to look at the Russian land as the joint possession of the entire princely family of Rurikovich.

In this order, the eldest in the clan was at the same time the Grand Duke and sat on the eldest - Kiev - table. The rest owned less significant principalities depending on the degree of their seniority. There was no place for state relations within the princely family - they took on a purely family character. The prince had no connection with his temporary subjects. He knew: the Grand Duke of Kiev would die - his dignity, along with the throne, would pass to the next senior member of the clan, and this would cause the rest of the princes to move to those appanages that now correspond to the degree of their seniority. The new position will remain as long as the new head of the clan is alive. Then - a new movement. This order was inconvenient and complicated due to eternal disputes over seniority and attempts to skip the queue to occupy one or another table...

St. Andrei Bogolyubsky saw the urgent need to break and abolish this tribal system in order to clear the way for a unified Russian state. Known from a young age for his piety, intelligence and military prowess, he was convinced from his own experience of the disastrous nature of related princely disputes and disagreements. Not wanting to participate in the civil strife of his relatives, in 1155 Prince Andrei went to the north, where the Rostov and Suzdal residents recognized him as their prince. There he founded the new great reign of Vladimir, which God's Providence destined to become the heart of the Russian state for almost two centuries.

On the grand ducal table of St. Andrei behaved not like an older relative, but like a sovereign sovereign, giving an answer to one God in his concerns about the country and people. His reign was marked by numerous miracles, the memory of which is still preserved by the Church in the Feast of the All-Merciful Savior (August 1), who blessed the prince for his sovereign service. At the same time, a holiday was established in honor, which became the favorite church holiday of the Russian people.

Feeling that Russia is perishing from the division of power, St. In his efforts to introduce autocracy, Andrei especially counted on the protection and intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. Leaving for the northern lands, he took with him [from the Vyshgorod convent] a miraculous icon, painted, according to legend, by the holy evangelist Luke on the board of the table at which the Savior Himself ate in the days of his youth with His Mother and St. Joseph the Betrothed; Having seen this icon, the Most Holy Theotokos said: “From now on, all my people will bless Me. May the grace of the One born of Me and Mine be with this icon!” [This icon will soon be named after its place of residence and it will become the main shrine in Rus'. – Ed.].

Twice in the morning the icon was found to have come down from its place in the Vyshgorod Cathedral and standing in the air, as if inviting the prince to set out on a journey, the blessing for which he sought from the Most Pure One in his fervent prayers.

When St. Andrei passed Vladimir, which at that time was an insignificant craft town, then the horses carrying the icon stopped and could not budge. [The Lives indicate that on the way the Mother of God appeared to the Prince. At the site of Her miraculous appearance, at Her command, Prince Andrei founded a monastery with a village called Bogolyubovo. At the request of the Prince, an icon of the Lady was painted in the form in which She appeared to him (1157), called Bogolyubskaya. – Ed.] The prince called this place Bogolyubov, because he saw a sign of God in what happened, and Vladimir made it the capital of the principality.

Numerous miracles subsequently revealed by the Most Holy Theotokos prompted the prince to establish a church celebration of the Protection of the Mother of God, revealed over Russia throughout its history. This holiday has been honored in Russia for at least the twelfth century. It is significant that only the Russian Church celebrates it so solemnly, despite the fact that the event remembered on this day (the vision of the veil over the cathedral of worshipers) occurred in Byzantium.

Such a zealous desire to unite the people could not remain without opposition from anti-Orthodox forces. Significant, from this point of view, is the martyrdom of the prince in 1174. The chronicle clearly emphasizes the religious nature of the death of St. Andrey. The main person among the “chiefs of the murder” is the housekeeper Anbal Yasin – a Jew [with the participation of another: Efrem Moizich. – Ed.]. The chronicler likens the council of the attackers to the conference of “Judas with the Jews” before the betrayal of the Savior.

The chronicle also cites the immediate cause of the crime - the prince’s active educational activities among merchants of other faiths, as a result of which the number of Jews converting to Orthodoxy increased. Mourning his master, the faithful servant Kuzma says: “It used to be that a guest from Constantinople would come... or a Latin... even some kind of bastard, if he came, the prince would now say: take him to church, to the sacristy, let them see true Christianity and be baptized; and so it happened: the Bulgarians and Jews and all kinds of trash, seeing the glory of God and the decoration of the church, were baptized and now weep bitterly for you...” According to the views of the Talmud, a goy who “seduced” a Jew into Christianity deserves unconditional death.

Having learned about the murder of the prince, the people of Vladimir rebelled, and only religious processions through the streets of the city with the miraculous icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir prevented further bloodshed. The Church, testifying to the godly work of the Grand Duke, glorified him as a saint. In the memory of his descendants, he remained a Russian ruler who felt not like the owner of the land, but as God’s servant, who tried to realize the ideal of Christian statehood.”

Metropolitan John (Snychev)
http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bogolyub.html

How the Grand Duke was killed. One day Andrei executed one of his wife’s closest relatives, Kuchkovich. Then the brother of the executed man, Yakim Kuchkovich, together with his son-in-law Peter and some other princely servants, decided to get rid of their master. The prince's household servants soon joined the conspiracy - a certain Yas (Ossetian) named Anbal and another Jew named Efrem Moizich.

On the night of June 29-30, 1174, they drank wine for courage and, drunk, went to the prince’s bedroom and broke down the doors. Andrei jumped up and wanted to grab the sword that was always with him (that sword had previously belonged to St. Boris), but there was no sword. The housekeeper Anbal stole it from the bedroom during the day. While Andrei was looking for a sword, two killers jumped into the bedroom and rushed at him, but Andrei was strong and had already managed to knock one down when the others ran in and rushed at Andrei; he fought back for a long time, despite the fact that from all sides they cut him with swords, sabers, and stabbed him with spears. “Wicked people,” he shouted at them. – Why do you want to do the same as Goryaser [the killer]? What harm have I done to you? If you shed my blood on earth, then God will reward you for my bread.” Finally Andrei fell under the blows; the murderers, thinking that the matter was over, took their wounded man and walked out of the bedroom, trembling all over, but as soon as they left, Andrei rose to his feet and went into the hallway, groaning loudly; The killers heard groans and returned back, found the prince along the bloody trail and finished him off.

On July 4, the Prince was buried in the Assumption Cathedral he built in Vladimir. Discovery of St. the relics of Prince Andrey took place in 1702.

To characterize the personal qualities of this outstanding statesman, it is best to quote: “Gifted with enormous abilities, he was at the same time distinguished by excellent moral qualities. His memory is not stained by any vices, any base deeds, or even random crimes. His piety, his sincere faith, prayers and fasts, his widespread charity are undoubted. With rare courage and military talents, he acquired a lot of military glory, but did not value it and did not like war. In the same way, despite his enormous efforts for the benefit of his land, he did not value popularity at all. Throughout his life, he represents a man of ideas, who only valued it, was ready to do everything for it, sacrifice everything and risk everything.”

What was the idea that possessed the son of Yuri Dolgoruky and the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh?.. It was born in his mind as a result of intense reflection, the material for which was provided to him by his broad education. As chroniclers note, he was a “bookish” man, a scientist. He was a thinker, and an extraordinary thinker, who managed to get ahead of his time and look into the future of the Russian land, understand its historical purpose, and guess God’s Plan for it. The idea that was born and strengthened in him was the idea of ​​Rus' as an Orthodox kingdom.

It is difficult to say what role the fact that his great-great-grandfather was Emperor Constantine Monomakh played here, but this idea is certainly Byzantine. One can say more: it contained the germ of a future idea. Andrei Bogolyubsky anticipated it a full three hundred years before it was heard in the message of the monk of the Spaso-Eleazarovsky Monastery to Moscow. Andrei seemed to have foreseen that, and made it his life’s work to prepare a replacement for him.

He began by establishing autocracy in his Suzdal land. Soon it began to present a striking contrast to the rest of Rus': there were discord and strife everywhere, but here order and calm reigned. However, Bogolyubsky did not intend to limit the field of his activity to his own destiny and was only waiting for an opportune moment to extend it to all of Rus'... “With Andrey,” writes Solovyov, “the possibility of a transition from tribal relations to state relations was first expressed.”

Another act of Andrei Bogolyubsky can be called classic for rulers who accustom their subjects to their autocracy. He did the same thing that three other great theorists and practitioners of this form of government did - Akhenaten, and [as well] - he moved the capital to a new place (to Vladimir), as if starting the history of Russia from scratch...

Vladimir did not take root in his new role, like the entire program of Andrei Bogolyubsky for creating the Russian kingdom. It was put forward prematurely... The prince was eventually killed by his own people. Rus' returned to feudal fragmentation, which was overcome only by 1448 [by learning from the opposite: as a result, allowing more than two centuries of the Horde yoke due to our sins. – Ed.], when he finished off the last troublemaker Shemyaka and became de facto the first Russian Tsar, and ours.

But the feat of Grand Duke Andrei was not in vain: if there had not been a first, unsuccessful attempt to create a Russian Orthodox empire, there would not have been a second, successful one. Considering the enormous historical significance of this feat, as well as the righteousness of Andrei Bogolyubsky’s life, his ardent faith and martyrdom, our Church canonized him. It seems that it is not at all accidental that his memory is celebrated on the very day he was - July 4 according to the Julian calendar. The Lord himself arranged it so that we commemorate both great passion-bearers in churches at the same time.

Discussion: there is 1 comment

I was in the city of Volodymyr. I really liked the city of Vladimir, even just being there brings joy to my soul. I asked a local resident if Vladimir was the capital of Rus', she answered: “Yes.”
He asked: “Will it happen?” She replied: “We don’t need it, we don’t want it.”
I think that in the future the capital of Rus' will no longer be in Moscow (and not in St. Petersburg). No matter how difficult and difficult this thought may be for some, we must already think about and prepare for the fact that the capital of Rus' will be in another city. Several cities may have to share capital functions. The history of Rus' will have to start again from scratch.

Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (d. June 29, 1174) - Prince of Vyshgorod in 1149, 1155. Prince of Dorogobuzh in 1150-1151, Ryazan (1153). Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1157-1174. Son of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky and the Polovtsian princess, daughter of Khan Aepa Osenevich, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, brother of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

V. Vasnetsov. Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.

The only information about the date of birth of Bogolyubsky (ca. 1111) is contained in the “History” of Vasily Tatishchev, written 600 years later. The years of his youth are almost not covered in sources. In 1146, Andrei, together with his older brother Rostislav, expelled Izyaslav Mstislavich’s ally, Rostislav Yaroslavich, from Ryazan, and he fled to the Polovtsians.

Andrey was married twice. In 1148 he married Ulita Stepanovna, daughter of boyar Stepan Ivanovich Kuchka. The chronicles remain silent about the death of Princess Julitta. He had sons - Izyaslav, a participant in the campaign against the Volga Bulgars, died in 1165, Mstislav, died 03/28/1173, Yuri, Prince of Novgorod in 1173-1175, in 1185-1189 the husband of the Georgian queen Tamara, died approx. 1190, Rostislav, married to Svyatoslav Vshchizhsky, St. Gleb of Vladimir (mid 60s of the 12th century - after 1190), d. in young age. Bogolyubsky's second wife is a Polovtsian or a native of the Caucasus. In “The Tale of the Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky” it was reported that she was “from Yaz,” that is, an Ossetian. Some sources claim that Andrei's second wife was a Bulgarian princess.

In 1149, after Yuri Dolgoruky occupied Kyiv, Andrei received Vyshgorod from his father, participated in the campaign against Izyaslav Mstislavich in Volyn and showed amazing valor during the assault on Lutsk, in which Izyaslav’s brother Vladimir was besieged. After this, Andrey temporarily owned Dorogobuzh in Volyn. In 1153, Andrei was placed by his father on the reign of Ryazan, but Rostislav Yaroslavich, who returned from the steppes with the Polovtsians, kicked him out.

After the death of Izyaslav Mstislavich and Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (1154) and the final approval of Yuri Dolgoruky in Kyiv, Andrei was again planted by his father in Vyshgorod, but already in 1155, against the will of his father, he left for Vladimir-on-Klyazma. From the Vyshgorod convent he took with him the miraculous icon of the Mother of God, which later received the name Vladimir and began to be revered as the greatest Russian shrine.

Here is how it is described by N.I. Kostomarov: “There was an icon of the Holy Mother of God in the convent of Vyshgorod, brought from Constantinople, painted, as the legend says, by St. Luke the Evangelist. They told miracles about it, they said, among other things, that, Having been placed near the wall, at night she herself moved away from the wall and stood in the middle of the church, seeming to want to go to another place. It was obviously impossible to take her, because the residents would not allow this to be kidnapped and moved to Suzdal. land, thus bestowing on this land a shrine respected in Rus', and thereby showing that a special blessing of God rests on this land. Having persuaded the priest of the convent Nicholas and Deacon Nestor, Andrei took the miraculous icon from the monastery at night and, together with the princess and his accomplices, immediately after. he fled to Suzdal land."

Miniatures of the Facial Chronicle. Laptevsky volume. 2nd half XVI century

The legend says that, before reaching eleven miles to Vladimir, the horse on which the icon was being transported stopped. And this continued until dark, until the prince ordered a tent to be pitched for the night. And at night he prayed earnestly before the miraculous icon, and his prayer was so strong and fervent that the Mother of God herself appeared to him. At this place, Andrei placed the city of Bogolyubov, his favorite residence, and ordered to paint the image of the Mother of God that had appeared to him. The icon of the Bogolyubskaya Mother of God became a local shrine. And the brought icon was placed in the newly built Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the remains of chambers in Bogolyubovo (12th century and 1751).

After the death of his father (1157) he became Prince of Vladimir, Rostov and Suzdal. Having become “the autocrat of the entire Suzdal land,” Andrei Bogolyubsky moved the capital of the principality to Vladimir. In 1158-1164, Andrei Bogolyubsky built an earthen fortress with white stone towers. To this day, of the five outer gates of the fortress, only one has survived - the Golden Gate, which was bound in gilded copper.

Golden Gate in Vladimir.

The magnificent Assumption Cathedral and other churches and monasteries were built. Under Prince Andrei, the famous Church of the Intercession on the Nerl was built not far from Bogolyubov. Probably, under the direct leadership of Andrei, a fortress was built in Moscow in 1156 (according to the chronicle, this fortress was built by Dolgoruky, but he was in Kyiv at that time).

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

According to the Laurentian Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky took the kiss of the cross from the main cities of the Rostov-Suzdal principality on the fact that his younger sons should reign there, in all likelihood, counting on the approval of the elders in the south. In the Rostov land there were two senior veche cities - Rostov and Suzdal. In his principality, Andrei Bogolyubsky tried to get away from the practice of veche gatherings. Wanting to rule alone, Andrei drove his father’s “front men,” that is, his father’s big boyars, from the Rostov land, following his brothers and nephews.

Meeting of the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God in Vladimir on October 4, 1160.

Andrei dreamed of turning Vladimir into the second capital of Rus', more powerful than Kyiv, and even tried to establish a church metropolis independent of Kyiv, but received a decisive refusal from the Patriarch of Constantinople. Under Prince Andrei, the holidays of the All-Merciful Savior (August 16) and the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (October 1 according to the Julian calendar) were established in the Russian (North-Eastern) Church. In 1164 he made a successful campaign against the Bulgarians in the lower reaches of the Volga.

Prayer of thanks before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God after the victory over the Volga Bulgars. Miniature of the Radzivilov Chronicle. Con. XV century

In 1169 he made a campaign against Kyiv and installed his younger brother Gleb as prince there. Andrei’s activities in relation to Rus' are assessed by most historians as an attempt to “make a revolution in the political system of the Russian land.” For the first time in the history of Rus', Andrei Bogolyubsky changed the idea of ​​seniority in the Rurikovich family. “Until now, the title of senior grand duke was inseparably connected with the possession of the senior Kyiv table. The prince, recognized as the senior among his relatives, usually sat in Kyiv; the prince, sitting in Kiev, was usually recognized as the senior among his relatives: this was the order considered correct. Andrei for the first time separated seniority from place: having forced himself to recognize himself as the Grand Duke of the entire Russian land, he did not leave his Suzdal volost and did not go to Kyiv to sit on the table of his father and grandfather" - V. O. Klyuchevsky.

Historian V. O. Klyuchevsky characterizes Andrei with the following words: “Andrei loved to forget himself in the midst of the battle, to rush into the most dangerous dump, and did not notice how his helmet was knocked off. All this was very common in the south, where constant external dangers and strife developed the daring of princes, but Andrei’s ability to quickly sober up from warlike intoxication was not at all common. Immediately after a hot battle, he became a cautious, prudent politician, a prudent manager. Andrey always had everything in order and ready; he could not be taken by surprise; he knew how to keep his head in the midst of general commotion. With his habit of being on guard every minute and bringing order everywhere, he reminded him of his grandfather Vladimir Monomakh. Despite his military prowess, Andrei did not like war, and after a successful battle he was the first to approach his father with a request to put up with the beaten enemy.”

Our Lady of Bogolyubskaya. Holy Bogolyubsky Monastery.

In 1170, Bogolyubsky sent an army under the command of his son Mstislav to punish the Novgorodians. The campaign was unsuccessful. Novgorod was besieged, but managed to defend itself, and the army, after heavy losses, returned back. Still, the Novgorodians had to submit and accept the princes on his instructions, since he stopped the access of grain from the Volga to the Novgorod region.

Battle of Novgorod and Suzdal in 1170, fragment of an icon from 1460.

The second campaign against the Bulgarians in 1172 was unsuccessful: the advance detachment, under the command of Mstislav, set off in the winter, was met by a strong Bulgarian army, took to flight and was almost exterminated. The harsh winter forced the main army to return. The last military venture was also unsuccessful. After the death of Gleb in Kyiv (in 1172), Andrei demanded from the new Kyiv prince Mstislav the extradition of the boyars he suspected of killing Gleb. This time, 20 princes took part in the Suzdal campaign, and the army allegedly reached 50,000 people. The nine-week siege of Vyshgorod was unsuccessful. The arrival of a new army to help the besieged Vyshgorod forced Bogolyubsky's troops to retreat in disarray, especially since the princes were very reluctant to take part in this campaign.

Being a supporter of strengthening the center. authorities, caused discontent among some major boyars, reinforced by the old resentment of the family of the boyar Kuchka (despite Bogolyubsky’s marriage to Kuchka’s daughter). He ordered the execution of one of his first wife's brothers, Kuchkovich. In 1174 (75?) A conspiracy against the prince was made by the brother of the executed boyar Stepan Kuchka and other relatives, the Ossetian palace housekeeper Anbal, and the servant Efrem Mozevich.

Attack on Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky by the Kuchkovich conspirators.
Con. XV century

Legend has it that the conspirators (boyars Kuchkovichi) first went down to the wine cellars, drank alcohol there, and then approached the prince’s bedroom. One of them knocked. "Who's there?" - asked Andrey. "Procopius!" - answered the knocker (naming the name of one of the prince’s favorite servants). “No, this is not Procopius!” - said Andrei, who knew his servant’s voice well. He did not open the door and rushed to the sword, but the sword of St. Boris, which constantly hung over the prince’s bed, was previously stolen by the housekeeper Anbal.

Having broken down the door, the conspirators rushed at the prince. The strong Bogolyubsky resisted for a long time. Finally, wounded and bloodied, he fell under the blows of the killers. The villains thought that he was dead and left - they went down to the wine cellars again. The prince woke up and tried to hide. He was found following a trail of blood. Seeing the killers, Andrei said: “If, God, this is the end for me, I accept it.” The killers finished their job.

Sergey Kirillov. Andrey Bogolyubsky. (Murder).

The cutting off of the left hand and the murder of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky.
Miniature of the Radzivilov Chronicle.

The prince's body lay on the street while people robbed the prince's mansions. The body lay on the porch for two days; on the third, Arseny, abbot from Kuzma and Damian, came, brought the body into the church, placed it in a stone coffin and sang a requiem service over it. According to legend, only his courtier, a Kiev resident Kuzmishche Kiyanin, remained to bury the prince.

Funeral service and burial of the murdered Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky.
Miniature of the Radzivilov Chronicle.

There is a legend that Vsevolod the Big Nest ordered Andrei’s murderers to be sewn into boxes and thrown into Floating Lake (3 miles from Vladimir, Tatishchev calls him filthy), and that to this day these boxes, overgrown with moss, appear on the surface of the lake and moans are heard. There is news that Bogolyubsky’s second wife, originally from Yaz (Ossetia), also took part in the murder.

Soon after the murder of Andrei, a struggle for his inheritance broke out in the principality, and his sons did not act as contenders for the reign, submitting to the right of the ladder. In the Ipatiev Chronicle, which was significantly influenced by the so-called. Vladimir polychron of the 14th century, Andrei is called “Grand Duke” in connection with his death.

The prince was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church around 1702 as a saint. Memory 4 (July 17). The relics of Andrei Bogolyubsky are located in the St. Andrew's chapel of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

Cancer with the relics of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

The Louvre houses the shoulder pads of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Shoulder "Resurrection of Christ".

Shoulder "Crucifixion of Christ"

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Bell tower of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

G., when the people of Kiev invited his nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich to become their prince. A stubborn struggle began between uncle and nephew, in which almost all Russian regions and almost all branches of the princely house, as well as Rus''s neighbors - the Polovtsy, Ugrians and Poles - took part. Twice Yuri occupied Kyiv and was expelled, and only in 1155, after the death of Izyaslav (+ 1154), he finally took possession of Kiev and died as a Kyiv prince in 1157. In the eight-year struggle over Kyiv, Prince Andrey was an active assistant father and had occasion to demonstrate his remarkable courage more than once.

For the first time, Andrei Bogolyubsky appears on the historical stage in the city, when, together with his brother Rostislav, he expels Izyaslav’s ally, the Ryazan prince Rostislav, from his capital city. In the year when Yuri, having defeated Izyaslav, took possession of Kiev, Prince Andrei received Vyshgorod from his father (seven versts from Kyiv).

Prince Andrey accompanied his father on a campaign to the Volyn land - the inheritance of Izyaslav. Here, during the siege of Lutsk (), where Izyaslav’s brother Vladimir settled down, Prince Andrei almost died. Carried away by the pursuit of the enemy who made a sortie, the prince separated from his own and was surrounded by enemies. His horse was wounded, stones were thrown at him from the city walls like rain, and one German wanted to pierce him with a spear. But Andrei Bogolyubsky, taking out his sword and calling on the martyr Theodore, whose memory was celebrated that day, began to fight back and owed his salvation to the horse, which carried his master out of the battle and immediately fell (for this A. buried the horse over the Styr River).

Being brave, Andrei Bogolyubsky was at the same time “not vying for military rank, but seeking praise from God.” The siege of Lutsk forced Izyaslav to ask for peace, which he received through the mediation of Prince Andrei.

Great reign (1157 - 1174)

The beginning of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky was accompanied by political measures aimed at the internal consolidation of the principality, which resulted in what happened approx. d. clash of the Vladimir prince with the opposition from a number of younger Yuryevichs. As a result, the three younger brothers of Andrei Bogolyubsky - Mstislav, Vasilko and Vsevolod, together with the latter’s mother, the second wife of Yuri Dolgoruky (apparently of Byzantine origin), as well as the nephews of Prince Andrei, the sons of his late older brother Rostislav, were forced to seek refuge in Byzantium with imp. Manuel I Komnenos. The prince also expelled his father’s “front men,” which indicates the radical nature of his reforms.

Church politics

Around the same time, there was a conflict between Prince Andrei and the Bishop of Rostov. Leon(t)om, who in 1159-1164. (the exact dates are controversial) was expelled by the prince twice. The cause of the conflict, according to the chronicles, was an attempt by Leon (apparently a Greek) to abolish the practice adopted in Rus' (which differed from the Byzantine one) of abolishing fasting on Wednesdays and Fridays if the Lord's or a great holiday occurred on that day. It is hardly worth seeing here anti-Byzantine tendencies in the policy of Prince Andrei (N.N. Voronin) - after all, the dispute about fasting was by no means limited to the Rostov diocese, also capturing a number of other church centers of Rus', including Kyiv.

It is possible, however, that the church-political situation that had developed by that time gave particular urgency to the prince’s struggle against the “Leontian heresy”. Undoubtedly, Leon resisted Prince Andrei's intention to establish in Vladimir a metropolis independent of Kyiv, headed by the prince's favorite Theodore (Theodore), who had already been named to the Vladimir-Suzdal See, which Andrei Bogolyubsky was going to separate from Rostov. In this, the position of the Rostov bishop coincided with the position of the Kyiv metropolitans, as well as other Russian hierarchs, in particular bishop. Kirill of Turov, who, according to his life story, “Many messages have been written to Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky”. The categorical refusal of the Patriarch of Constantinople Luke Chrysovergus destroyed the plans of Prince Andrey: praising the prince for his zeal for the Church, the patriarch only allowed, however, to move the bishop's residence from Rostov to Vladimir, closer to the princely court.

Crisis of power

Geographically, the Vladimir-Suzdal land acquired noticeable increases under Prince Andrei in the east due to the sphere of influence of Volga Bulgaria (the founding of Gorodets-Radilov), as well as in the north, in Zavolochye (Podvinye).

At the same time, in the 1170s. In Prince Andrei's typical policy of military pressure and mass campaigns, signs of a crisis are obvious. The campaign against the Volga Bulgars in the city did not find the support of the nobility and the allied Murom-Ryazan princes.

Apparently, the roots of the crisis should be sought in the social sphere. The emphatically autocratic rule of Andrei Bogolyubsky, accompanied by extraordinary measures of a military and, obviously, fiscal nature, led to a breakdown in relations between the prince and the nobility, not only the old Rostov-Suzdal boyars, but also the new, Vladimir, in which they rightly see the purposefully created by Prince Andrei in a counterbalance to the clan boyars is the class of serving nobility.

The good relationship between the Rostislavichs and Prince Andrei soon broke down. They let Andrei Yuryevich know that his brother Gleb did not die a natural death, and they pointed out the killers in the person of some Kyiv boyars. Andrei demanded their extradition from the Rostislavichs. The latter considered the denunciation unfounded and did not listen. Then Prince Andrei sent a message to Roman: “You do not follow my will with your brothers: so get out of Kyiv, David from Vyshgorod, Mstislav from Belgorod; everyone go to Smolensk and share there as you wish.” Roman obeyed, but three other brothers (Rurik, David and Mstislav) were offended and sent to tell Andrey: "Brother! we called you our father, we kissed the cross for you, and we stand kissing the cross, we want the best for you, but now you brought our brother Roman out of Kyiv and you show us the way out of the Russian land without our fault; So let God and the power of the cross judge us.”

Having received no answer, the Rostislavichs decided to act by force, captured Kyiv, expelled Andreev's brother, Vsevolod, from there, and imprisoned their brother Rurik there. Another brother of Andrei, Mikhail, constrained in Torchesk by the Rostislavichs, agreed to be at one with them, for which they promised to get him Pereyaslavl to Torchesk.

Having learned about these events, Andrei Bogolyubsky became angry and, calling his swordsman Mikhnos, said to him: “Go to the Rostislavichs and tell them: do not go according to my will - so go, Rurik, to Smolensk to your brother, to your homeland; Tell David: go to Berlad, I don’t order you to be in the Russian land; and say to Mstislav: you are the instigator of everything, I do not order you to be in the Russian land.” Mstislav, who from a young age was not accustomed to fearing anyone but God, for such speeches ordered Andreev’s ambassador to have his beard and head cut off and released him with these words: “Tell your prince from us: we have hitherto revered you as a father; but if you sent us with such speeches, not as a prince, but as a helper, then do what you have in mind, and God will judge us.” Prince Andrei changed his face upon hearing Mstislav's answer, and immediately gathered a large army (up to 50 thousand), which consisted, in addition to the inhabitants of the Suzdal principality, also from Murom, Ryazan and Novgorod. He ordered Rurik and David to be expelled from their homeland, and Mstislav to be brought to him alive. “Prince Andrei was smart,- the chronicler notes on this occasion, - valiant in all his deeds, but he ruined his meaning through intemperance and, incandescent with anger, spoke such daring words.” On the way, Andrei’s army was joined by the people of Smolensk (albeit unwillingly) and the princes of Chernigov, Polotsk, Turov, Pinsk and Goroden. The success of the campaign did not live up to expectations: after the unsuccessful siege of Vyshgorod, defended by Mstislav, this huge army fled.

Prince Andrei's influence in the south seemed lost. But the unrest over Kyiv that began among the southern princes forced the Rostislavichs, less than a year later, to again enter into negotiations with Andrei and ask him for Kyiv for Roman. Death prevented Andrei Bogolyubsky from completing negotiations.

Conspiracy and murder of Prince Andrei

Among the prince's associates, dissatisfied with his severity, a conspiracy was formed, headed by: Yakim Kuchkov, Andrei's brother-in-law by his first wife (who took revenge on the prince for the execution of his brother), Peter, Yakim's son-in-law, and Anbal the key keeper, a native of Yasin (from the Caucasus). The conspirators, numbering 20 people, came to the prince’s bedroom and broke down the door. The prince wanted to grab the sword that once belonged to St. Boris, but there was no sword: Anbal removed it in advance. Despite his advanced age, the prince was still very strong and, unarmed, offered significant resistance to the killers. “Woe to you wicked ones! Andrey said, why did they become like Goryaser (Boris’ murderer)? what harm have I done to you? If you shed my blood, God will avenge you for my bread.” Finally the prince fell under blows. The conspirators thought that the prince had been killed, took the body of their comrade, who was accidentally killed by them in the battle, and wanted to leave, but they heard the groan of the prince, who rose to his feet and went into the vestibule. They returned and finished off the prince, who was leaning against the staircase pillar.

In the morning, the conspirators killed the prince's favorite Procopius and plundered the treasury. They were afraid of revenge on the part of the Vladimir people and sent them to say: “Are you going to attack us? It’s not just our thoughts that killed the prince; there are also our accomplices among you.” But the residents of Vladimir greeted the accomplished fact with indifference. The murder of the prince and the robbery of his palace was followed by the murder of the prince's posadniks and tiuns and the robbery of their houses; The foreign masters of the temple were also robbed. Robberies and murders of the princely administration took place in Vladimir itself and throughout the land (“in the volost”) and stopped only after the religious procession with the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.

On the first day after the murder of the prince, the Kiev resident Kuzma, a devoted servant of the deceased, took the naked body of his master, lying in the garden, wrapped him in a basket (cloak) and a carpet and wanted to bring him into the church. But the drunken servants did not want to unlock the church, and they had to put the body on the porch. For two days the body lay on the porch, until the Kozmodemyansk abbot Arseny came, brought the body into the church and served a requiem. On the sixth day, when the excitement subsided, the people of Vladimir sent for the prince’s body to Bogolyubov. Seeing the princely banner that was carried in front of the coffin, the people began to cry, remembering that the murdered prince had many good deeds. The prince's body was transferred to the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral, where the burial took place.

The story of the prince's death vividly reflects the severity of public discontent that reigned at the end of the prince's reign and focused on the personality of the prince, who had once enjoyed everyone's love.

The failure of the too autocratic, according to the concepts of that time, policy of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky was obvious, and it did not find successors, just like the prince’s family. The only one of his sons who survived his father, Yuri, was forced by the reign of Vsevolod Yuryevich in Vladimir to flee to the Polovtsians; in 1184 he was invited to Georgia, where he became the husband of Queen Tamara and after 1188/89 unsuccessfully fought for the Georgian throne.

Honor and glorification

With all this, the story of the death of Andrei Bogolyubsky glorifies the prince as a temple builder, the second King Solomon (a roll call with the praise of Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise in PVL), a generous donor to the Church, a lover of the poor, and a zealous spreader of Christianity. The personal piety of the prince, who loved to pray in church at night, is highly appreciated: “Accepting David’s repentance, weeping over his sins.” The compiler of the story writes about the prince as a “pleaser” of God, a “passion-bearer” who “I washed my sins with the blood of a martyr from my brother, Roman and David”(i.e. with Saints Boris and Gleb). The author calls on the deceased prince to pray “for his tribe... and for the land of Russia.” Apparently, the chronicle reflected the existence of local veneration of Andrei Bogolyubsky in Vladimir during the prince’s life and after his death.

The existence of veneration is also evidenced by the words of the Laurentian Chronicle about the Rostov prince. St. Vasily (Vasilka Konstantinovich), killed by the Tatars in the city, whom “God honored Andreev’s death with the blood of a martyr.” Prince Andrei was especially honored by Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In preparation for the Kazan campaign, in 1548-1552, he repeatedly visited Vladimir and ordered the annual commemoration of the princes and hierarchs buried in the Assumption Cathedral; Solemn memorial services for Prince Andrei were established by royal command to be served 2 times a year: on the day of his murder and on the day of memory of the apostle. Andrew the First-Called (November 30). During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the concept of Russian history, reflected in the Book of Degrees, took shape, according to which Andrei Bogolyubsky stood at the root of the Russian autocracy, being the founder of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir - the immediate predecessor of the Muscovite kingdom.

In the calendar, the memory of Andrei Bogolyubsky can be traced back to the 17th century. Around August 3 “the murder of the blessed Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, also in Volodymer, from his bolyars, from Yakim Kuchkovich and his comrades” noted in the Monthly Book of Simon (Azaryin) ser. 1650s; in the Kaidalovsky calendar at the end of the same century, the memory of Prince Bogolyubov is listed on October 2 on the occasion of his founding of the Intercession Monastery near Bogolyubov. The name of Andrei Bogolyubsky is included in the “Description of Russian Saints” (late 17th-18th centuries).

At the beginning of the 18th century. a life was compiled and kept in the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral. In the city, during the consecration of the cathedral after renovation, the northern aisle, which had previously been dedicated to the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was reconsecrated in honor of St. Andrey Bogolyubsky; a canopy was built over the saint’s shrine, and the shrine itself, as well as the wall near it, was decorated with poems dedicated to Prince Andrew by Empress Catherine II. matins.

Iconography

In the “Degree Book”, when describing the appearance of Andrei Bogolyubsky, it was noted that he had a handsome face, with black and curly hair, with. His images are present on the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: in a number of marks illustrating the Legend of her miracles, for example. on an icon from the 1st third of the 17th century. (GMMK); frame of a letter from Afanasy Sokolov, 1680 (Tretyakov Gallery); icon con. XVII - early XVIII century icon painter Kirill Ulanov (PZIKHMZ). All R. XVII century In the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir there was an icon of St. Prince Andrei in kneeling prayer to Christ.

In the 18th century icons called “Prayer for the People” (one of the editions of the Bogolyubskaya Icon of the Mother of God) with the figure of Prince Andrei praying to the Mother of God - alone (as on the icon of the late 19th - early 20th century (TsAK MDA)) or in a group of others - became widespread; the saint is dressed in princely clothes, sometimes in imperial clothes. a robe lined with ermine.

On the icon created in the end. XIX - early V. Mstera icon painter O. S. Chirikov (GE), the prince is represented in ancient Russian attire, without a headdress, with a cross in his right hand and a staff in his left hand, against the backdrop of a landscape overlooking an architectural complex - probably the palace in Bogolyubovo. The image is painted in the tradition of a representative princely portrait. A half-length image of Andrei Bogolyubsky in a medallion, with an icon in his hands, is included in the mosaic decoration of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ (Savior on Spilled Blood) in St. Petersburg, 1894-1907.

Literature

• PSRL. L., 1927-19282. T. 1; St. Petersburg, 19082. T. 2;
• NPL (as specified); Message from Patr. Luke Chrysoverga to Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky // PDRKP. Stb. 63-76;
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• Golubinsky. Canonization of saints. pp. 59, 134;
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• Rokhlin D. G. Diseases of ancient people. M.; L., 1965. S. 261-269;
• Wagner G.K. Sculpture of Ancient Rus': XII century, Vladimir, Bogolyubovo. M., 1969. S. 5-203;
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• Rybakov B. A. Russian chronicles and the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” M., 1972. S. 79-130;
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• Hurwitz E. S. Prince Andrej Bogoljubskij: The Man and the Myth. Firenze, 1980; Wörn D. Armillae aus dem Umkreis Friedrich Barbarossas - Naplečniki Andrej Bogoljubskijs // JGO. N. F. 1980. Jg. 28. S. 391-397;
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Used materials

• A. V. Nazarenko, T. E. Samoilova. Andrey Yurievich Bogolyubsky. Orthodox Encyclopedia, vol. 2, p. 393-398
• Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

So according to the Orthodox Encyclopedia. According to the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, Prince Andrei was killed at 63 or 65 years of age, therefore, he was born around 1110.

This episode is not in the original edition of the Tale of the 12th century, but its sufficient antiquity is confirmed by the mention of it in the article of the first half. XV century “And behold the princes of Rustia”, supplementing the NPL Commission List

According to the Orthodox Encyclopedia, his body lay abandoned for 2 days, first in the vegetable gardens, and then in the vestibule of the Nativity Church without a funeral service.

Sergius (Spassky). pp. 195-196

Menaea (MP). July. Part 1. pp. 262-280

Menaea (MP). June. Part 2. pp. 54-71

Menaea (MP). June. Part 2. pp. 240, 247, 248

BAN. 34.5.30. L. 214ob.; con. XV century

Bolshakov. P. 123

IRLI. Coll. Peretz. 524. L. 178v., 1830s.

RNB. Laptevsky volume. F IV. 233. L. 184-208, 2nd half. XVI century; RNB. Golitsynsky volume. F IV. 225. L. CIS ob., 2nd half. XVI century