Science-fiction writers, and after them film directors, dreamed of the Moon long before man actually entered space.

1. A trip to the moon

Le Voyage dans la Lune

• France, 1902.
• Science fiction, comedy.
• Duration: 14 minutes.
• IMDb: 8.2.

3. Space flight

• USSR, 1935.
• Fantastic.
• Duration: 70 minutes.
• IMDb: 7.1.

The events take place in 1946 (that is, in the future at the time of the film's release). The first experiments in space exploration end in failure: the rabbit dies and the cat disappears. But following them on the Joseph Stalin rocket are the academician and his young companions. They successfully get to the Moon and even save a cat that went missing there.

When creating the film, the authors were advised by the founder of theoretical cosmonautics, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. And despite the fact that real flights were at that time in the distant future, the filmmakers managed to plausibly show the rocket launch, overloads, etc.

4. Destination - Moon

Destination - Moon

• USA, 1950.
• Drama, fantasy.
• Duration: 180 minutes.
• IMDb: 6.4.

The film is based on the novel Rocket Ship Galileo by Robert Heinlein. Only general features remain from the original. Almost the entire plot is devoted to the preparation of the first expedition to the Moon and the flight itself. One of the first astronauts even has to go into outer space due to engine failure.

It is curious that in 1969, Robert Heinlein, along with another famous writer, commented on live television on the real moon landing.

5. Catwomen from the Moon

Cat-Women of the Moon

• USA, 1953.
• Fantasy, adventure.
• Duration: 64 minutes.
• IMDb: 3.7.

On the dark side of the Moon, astronauts find a cave in which the air is breathable. They discover a city there populated by beautiful and friendly girls. But in fact, the natives do not have the most pleasant plans for the newcomers.

Every year the number of films about visiting the Moon grew, and such vulgar creations were inevitable even then. All the girls in the film wear tight tights (apparently this is why they are called cats), and the astronauts behave around them like bar patrons.

In 1958, a remake of this film, “Rocket to the Moon,” appeared. And in 1961, the film “Naked on the Moon” was released, where, as the title implies, they also abandoned tights.

6. From Earth to Moon

From the Earth to the Moon

• USA, 1958.
• Duration: 101 minutes.
• IMDb: 5.1.

It is a rare case when the action in such a film takes place not in the future, but in the past. In the film adaptation of Jules Verne's novel, three men and one girl are sent to the moon, who, of course, secretly made her way onto the ship.

7. The first people on the moon

First Men in the Moon

• Great Britain, 1964.
• Adventure, fantasy.
• Duration: 103 minutes.
• IMDb: 6.7.

Another adaptation of a classic work. This time the film is based on the novel of the same name. An international UN expedition arrives at the Moon and discovers that the British had been there much earlier. The pioneer is in a nursing home and talks about the first flight and contacts with lunar inhabitants.

Interestingly, the unexpected ending of this film is taken from another book by Wells - “War of the Worlds”. In 2010, another film adaptation of the same work was released. The script for it was written by one of the authors of Sherlock, Mark Gattis.

8. For the sake of all mankind

For All Mankind

• USA, 1989.
• Documentary.
• Duration: 80 minutes.
• IMDb: 8.2.

10. First on the Moon

• Russia, 2005.
• Pseudo-documentary.
• Duration: 75 minutes.
• IMDb: 7.0.

A group of enthusiasts is trying to understand the events of the distant past. It turns out that back in the 1930s, an expedition to the Moon was sent to the USSR, but communication with the ship was lost, and then a strange meteorite fell to Earth. And all this was filmed by hidden cameras of intelligence agents.

11. Journey to the Moon 3D

Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D

• USA, 2005.
• Documentary, short film.
• Duration: 40 minutes.
• IMDb: 7.0.

The incredibly beautiful film includes both documentary footage from NASA and computer graphics. And behind the scenes (who once played in Apollo 13) talks about the conquest of space and the majestic silence of the Moon.

12. Moon 2112

• Great Britain, 2009.
• Science fiction, drama, dystopia.
• Duration: 97 minutes.
• IMDb: 7.9.

Sam has been working on the Moon for three years at a rare gas extraction station. He can only communicate with a talking robot, and there is not a soul else around. His contract is already coming to an end. But then Sam meets his replacement - himself.

The first film by Duncan Jones (son of David Bowie) was made with minimal investment. Even a model of the lunar rover was simply dragged along on a rope.

13. Apollo 18

Apollo 18

• USA, Canada, 2011.
• Mockumentary, science fiction, .
• Duration: 86 minutes.
• IMDb: 5.2.

According to official information, the lunar program ended with Apollo 17. However, supporters of conspiracy theories believe that there were other flights, but all data about them is classified. The mockumentary follows the next visit to the Moon, where the team encounters a strange infestation.

14. Moon scam

Moonwalkers

• France, 2015.
• Comedy.
• Duration: 96 minutes.
• IMDb: 6.1.

And another plot based on a conspiracy theory. In the late 1960s, an FBI agent is sent to London to help him film the moon landing. However, instead of Kubrick, he comes across a petty swindler and weed lover who is filming documentary footage in a porn studio.

Stanley Kubrick filmed the Apollo moon landing

Famous astronaut Alexey Leonov, who was personally preparing to participate in the Soviet lunar exploration program, denied many years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the Moon, and the footage broadcast on television around the world allegedly mounted in Hollywood.

He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing of US astronauts in human history, celebrated on July 20. Neil Armstrong And Edwina Aldrin to the surface of the Earth's satellite.

Correspondent: So were the Americans or were they not on the moon?

“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the Moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about footage allegedly fabricated in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to disseminate these rumors, was imprisoned for libel,” noted in this regard Alexey Leonov.

Famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov

Correspondent: Where did the rumors come from?

“And it all started when, at the celebration of the 80th birthday of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who created a science fiction novel based on the book Arthur C. Clarke In his brilliant film "2001 Odyssey", journalists who met with Kubrick's wife asked to talk about her husband's work on the film in Hollywood studios. And she honestly said that on Earth there is only two real lunar modules – alone in the museum, where no filming has ever been carried out, and it is even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is in Hollywood, where to develop the logic of what is happening on the screen and additional filming was carried out American landing on the Moon,” the Soviet cosmonaut said.

Correspondent : Why did you use studio additional filming?

Alexey Leonov explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see on the movie screen the development of what is happening from beginning to end, elements of additional shooting.

“It was impossible, for example, to film a real discovery Neil Armstrong the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon - there was simply no one to remove it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. These are the moments that really completed Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what was happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossips that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set,” explained Alexey Leonov.

Correspondent : Where does truth begin and editing end?

“The real shooting began when Armstrong, who first set foot on the Moon, got a little used to it, installed a highly directional antenna through which the broadcast was carried out to Earth. His partner Buzz Aldrin Then he also left the ship on the surface and began filming Armstrong, who, in turn, filmed his movement on the surface of the Moon,” the astronaut said.

Is it so?

Let's ask ourselves a question : what is the volume of completed filming? pictures in the Kubrick pavilion?

On the Moon and in Earth orbit no atmosphere to diffuse sunlight. Therefore the shadows completely dark, and the sky is black, even when the sun is shining. The harsh lighting creates a striking effect.

Sun and Earth as seen from orbit, Apollo 11; AS11-36-5293..

Photo taken by an astronaut Gregory Harbaugh. The photo shows his colleague Joseph Tanner during the second spacewalk related to servicing the space telescope. Hubble in February 1997. The photo also shows the aft part of the space shuttle Discovery and the Sun hanging above the thin crescent of the Earth's limb. Tanner holds a test sheet in his left hand, and Harbau is reflected in the helmet of his spacesuit. NASA

It should be. In this case, on the surface of the “moon” a Hasselblad with a focal length of 60 mm is used than in the top image of Apollo 11. This means that objects in the images will be 25% smaller, in particular the Sun. However, in the photographs of man’s stay on the Moon in 1969-1972, everything is different - an optical crown and halo around the sun, the angular dimensions of the “sun” are 10 degrees! This twenty times larger than the actual size of 0.5 degrees (the apparent size of the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth). Below is a series of pictures.

View of the sun near the landing site of the LM. Apollo 12. AS12-46-6739

View of the sun 100 meters from the LM landing site. Apollo 12. AS12-46-6763

View of the sun 300 meters from the LM landing site. Apollo 14. AS14-64-9177

View of the sun 4 km from the LM landing site. Apollo 15. AS15-87-11745

View of the sun near the landing site of the LM. Apollo 15. AS15-85-11367

View of the sun 300 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo 16. AS16-109-17856

View of the sun 100 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo 17. AS17-134-20410

View of the sun 50 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo17.AS17-147-22580. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 60 mm; Sun Elevation: 16°; Description: STA ALSEP; Film Width: 70 mm.

Halo and crown around the sun in the image of Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 indicate the presence of an atmosphere. Details about halos and optical phenomena. Below are pictures of the halo and crown of light sources on Earth in the presence of an atmosphere.

The sun and the halo around it for terrestrial conditions.

Rays and crown of the sun for terrestrial conditions

Crowns of the Sun.

Halo and crowns of street lamps

1. Optical phenomena are associated with refraction and diffraction by atmospheric water droplets

The diagram shows how two points on the surface of a droplet can scatter light and act as sources of a diverging spherical wave. The light increases where the crests of the waves coincide or are of the same sign. The intensity of light decreases where the waves have different amplitudes. Scattered light from the entire surface of the drop plus the contribution of the reflected and transmitted waves are combined in a diffraction pattern - the corona.

The first picture shows the corona caused by the diffraction of light by small particles. Each point on the illuminated surface is a source of scattered diverging spherical waves ( Huygens-Fresnel principle). Diverging waves intersect each other, where they add up they give areas of increased brightness, and where they subtract they give dark areas.

The second picture shows scattering from only two points along the central axis, the direction of the incident light, the ridges of the two scattered waves always coincide with the shape of the area with bright light intensity.

The third figure shows the sum of all coronas from each spectrum and each particle.

All Apollo images with optical phenomena from the sun completely fit within the framework of refraction and diffraction by atmospheric water droplets.

2. Increasing the angular dimensions of the “Sun”

In the case of a vacuum, the angular dimensions of the sun, like any light source, remain the same. In the presence of an atmosphere the situation is different.

Any light wave is scattered by electrons, atoms and molecules of the atmosphere. Moreover, the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the light wavelength. Because of this, each particle becomes a source of light, especially for blue rays. This is approximately like a diverging wave from a float after the main wave passes through it. As a result, due to the presence of the atmosphere, the molecules emit light in all directions, especially brightly near the light source. At very high brightness and exposure, it leads to flare on the film and an increase in the angular dimensions of the light source. An example is given below.

Electric arc; size approximately 5 millimeters. Due to the scattering of light on air molecules, the size of the light ball is tens of times larger than the size of the plasma arc channel.

Finally, when there is little coverage of the light source, a halo is maintained due to light scattering in the atmosphere. We see this in the Apollo photographs. In a real vacuum there are no such optical phenomena.

Apollo 14. AS14-66-9305

3. The cause of optical phenomena on the Moon is dust

On Earth, we often see the sun blurry, for example through a cloud. This is the scattering of sunlight on aerosols (fog, smoke, dust). Their volume in the earth’s atmosphere is no more than 0.1% of the volume of gases that make up the atmospheric air. Similarly, one can assume for the Moon. This means that in order to observe at least approximately the same optical phenomena (corona, crown and light scattering), the total mass of particles on the Moon per unit volume must be at least 1 g/m³. This is a huge number of particles and is equivalent to the existence of an aerosol atmosphere on the Moon. Still nothing like this was not found.

DISCUSSION

We have more than 5% of the volume of photographs of man's presence on the Moon in 1969-1972, depicting halos, crowns of the Sun and light scattering, which indicates the presence of atmosphere. Considering that 5% of the images are included in the panoramas of the area, it can be firmly stated that 30% of the images from the total volume of photographic materials or More than 70% of astronauts' stays on the surface of the Moon were made in the presence of an atmosphere.

The Apollo 12 panorama (a12pan1162447) consists of more than two dozen photographs, two of which are of the Sun.

More than 70% of photographic documents are pre-filmed photographs of Stanley Kubrick! Statement by the famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov in support of the Americans being on the Moon and about minor additional studio filming insolvent.

In addition, all images are interconnected in libraries: 1) expedition outputs, 2) image numbers, 3) audio conversations, 4) Apollo videos on the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This means that the photographs are of terrestrial origin, along with NASA audio conversations issues for documents of man's presence on the Moon.

Conclusion: This falsification human presence on the Moon, which has been maintained at the highest official level for more than 40 years.

Glare and optical effects from the "sun" for Apollo 11

The first thing that is important to note is the presence of up to 10 different optical axes (the optical axis is the lens) and the absence of one axis of the light source (in this case, the Sun) in the images. According to the laws of Optics, all glare on the optical axes for one light source converges at one point. This not in any photo Apollo 11 during their stay on the surface of the Moon. At the same time, for images from the Apollo 11 orbit, we see one optical axis of the light source, the Sun, and the absence of a huge number of lighting effects, in particular, the absence of an optical halo, is also noticeable.

On some double vision shadows of the lunar module.

Below are pictures

Multiple light source axes. Apollo 11, AS11-40-5872HR. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Film Width: 70 mm

Three axes of the light source. Apollo 11, AS11-40-5935HR. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Film Width: 70 mm

These patterns are obvious for other images with optical flares. Below are highlights from the Sun in the same Hasselblad Apollo 11 camera:

View of Earth from orbit, Apollo 11; AS11-36-5293.Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 80 mm; Film Width: 70 mm.

View of the Earth from orbit; Apollo 11, AS11-36-5299.Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 80 mm; Film Width: 70 mm

We see one optical axis of the light source, the Sun, and the absence of a huge number of light effects, in particular, the absence of an optical halo, is also noticeable. On some light sources in the sky on the "Moon" for Apollo 11 also indicate double vision lunar module shadows:

Dual shadows from the lunar module indicate multiple light sources above the lunar surface. AS11-37-5463, AS11-37-5475, AS11-37-5476 andWithincreasedcontrast, brightness. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Magazine: 37; Description: LUNAR MODULE SHADOW ON SURFACE; Film Width: 70 mm.

Two shadows exactly repeat the contour of the lunar module and details: an antenna for long-distance communications and for radio communications of astronauts, a system of auxiliary engines, and more. And this is not one random shot, not three shots, but series of photographs Magazine 37 – approx. 20 shots! One could suggest that there are always two shadows on the Moon - one from the Sun, the other from the huge and bright crescent of the Earth! However, look - this is the Earth in the Apollo 11 images:

View of the Lunar Module and Earth for Apollo 11; AS11-40-5923, AS11-40-5924. LUNAR MODULE; EARTH.

Compare with the brightness of the Sun (see pictures above). In general, the Sun is far from the most powerful star in existence, but it is relatively close to the Earth and therefore shines very brightly - 500,000 times brighter than the full Moon and 5,000 times brighter than the full Earth when observed from the Moon. Our planet is shining several orders of magnitude lower! In addition, keep in mind that the Earth is at its zenith. And what is the shadow of the Earth?! Below you!

All together - these are NASA absurdities and lack of knowledge

But even after the publication of this fact that photographs of Apollo 11 on the “Moon” indicate the presence of several light sources in the sky and this is a falsification, NASA defenders persist in their: “Americans walked on the Moon.” The amazing nature of debaters!

This note about multiple light sources in the sky on the “Moon” does not apply to glare for the remaining missions: Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17. For images from these missions, we have one axis of the light source. And here it should be noted that the shooting conditions are the same - the sun is low above the horizon, the optical equipment is the same - a Hasselblad camera, the shooting technique is the same, the picture is the same as for Orlov... However, the axis of the light source is unique. Photos of Apollo 11 fall out from a general pattern. Probably NASA on its "first" flight to the Moon there wasn't enough power one spotlight.

You can also note the minor “oddities” of glare on the optics of Apollo 11, and the Apollo mission as a whole:

– the presence of equidistant twisted spirals in the glare, as in a long-range spotlight;

– asymmetry of the highlights elements, which is possible if you the light source has no symmetry;

– glare from the presence of a drop of liquid on the lens (reflection on the surface of the drop);

– halo and crown (crown) around the sun for Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17, which is possible only if there is atmosphere;

- other.

The halo and corona around the sun in the Apollo 17 image (AS17-147-22580) indicates the presence of an atmosphere. Details OhaloAndopticalphenomena . Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 60 mm; Sun Elevation: 16°; Description: STA ALSEP; Film Width: 70 mm.

Conclusion: before us some light sources illuminate the surface of the "Moon" for the Apollo 11 astronauts. This indicates hoax NASA lunar conditions in the pavilion on the ground.

USA lunar scam. Yuri Mukhin. MaximumliesAndnonsense

More details and a variety of information about events taking place in Russia, Ukraine and other countries of our beautiful planet can be obtained at Internet Conferences, constantly held on the website “Keys of Knowledge”. All Conferences are open and completely free. We invite everyone who wakes up and is interested...

Interview with Stanley Kubrick about filming the moon landing; 3 days later he passed away.

A dying interview with the famous film director Stanley Kubrick has been published, in which he spoke in detail about how all the lunar landings were fabricated by NASA and how he filmed all the footage of American lunar expeditions on Earth...

The interview was published 15 years after his death. Director T. Patrick Murray interviewed Stanley Kubrick three days before his death in March 1999. Previously, he was forced to sign an 88-page non-disclosure agreement (NDA) about the contents of the interview for 15 years from the date of Kubrick's death.

Kubrick's dying interview has become a sensation all over the world in recent days.

In 1971, Kubrick left the US for the UK and never returned to America. All of his subsequent films were shot only in England. For many years, the director led a reclusive life, fearing murder. According to the English newspaper The Sun, the director “was afraid of being killed by American intelligence services, following the example of other participants in the television support of the US lunar scam.”

The director died suddenly, allegedly of a heart attack, at the end of the editing period of the film “Eyes Wide Shut,” in which Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman played the main roles. It was Kidman who, in an interview with the American newspaper The National Enquirer in July 2002, reported that Kubrick had been killed. The director called her 2 hours before the official time of “sudden death” and asked her not to come to Hertfordshire, where, as he put it, “we will all be poisoned so quickly that we won’t even have time to sneeze.” According to British journalists, employees of the US National Security Agency first tried to kill Kubrick back in 1979.

The violent nature of Kubrick's death on March 7, 1999 at an English estate near Harpenden (Hertfordshire) later became the reason for the revelations of his widow. In the summer of 2003, in an interview with French television, and later, on November 16, 2003, in the program “The Dark Side of the Moon” (CBC Newsworld television channel), the director’s widow, German actress Christiane Susanne Harlan, made a public confession, the essence of which is as follows:

At a time when the USSR was already fully exploring space, US President Richard Nixon, inspired, according to the widow, by her husband’s science-fiction epic film, which went down in history as one of the best masterpieces of Hollywood “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968), called on the director, along with other Hollywood professionals, to “save the national honor and dignity of the United States.” That’s what the masters of the “dream factory”, led by Kubrick, did. The decision to falsify was made personally by the President of the United States.

Similar statements from participants in the “project” have been made before.

In particular, rocket engineer Bill Kaysing, who worked at Rocketdyne, the company that built rocket engines for the Apollo program, and author of the book “We Never Flew to the Moon. America's $30 Billion Swindle (We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle), published in 1974 and co-written by Randy Reid, also claimed that under the guise of live coverage of NASA's lunar module landing distributed a fake filmed on Earth. A military training ground in the Nevada desert was used for filming. In photographs taken at various times by Soviet reconnaissance satellites, one can clearly see huge hangars, as well as a large area of ​​the “lunar surface” dotted with craters. It was there that all the “lunar expeditions” took place, filmed by Hollywood specialists.

There were daredevils even among the astronauts themselves. Thus, American astronaut Brian O’Leary, answering a direct question, said that “he cannot give a 100 percent guarantee that Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin really went to the moon.”

P.S. Excerpt from A. Novykh’s book “Sensei VI”

Yes, it’s cool for America,” Kostya said enthusiastically. - Who would have thought!

“It’s a pity for the people who live there,” Victor said sympathetically. - Behind the outward show of “freedom” there is such slavery in the shackles of archontic “democracy”!

Yeah,” Kostya chimed in, “but they said that this is the coolest country in the world, that everything there is at the highest level - from the standard of living to advanced technologies, they were even the first to visit the Moon...

No, but really, why were the Americans the first to go to the moon, and ours not? - Ruslan was offended. - We were the first to fly into space!

If you want, I’ll tell you a big secret,” Sensei said with a barely noticeable smile, watching the guys’ conversations. - The Americans have never been to the moon. And in general, no human foot has ever set foot there,” and he clarified with humor, “in the sense of a creature, and not a print from his shoe.

How is it that you haven’t been to the moon?! - Kostya and Ruslan were surprised at the same time.

Yes, very simple. People have not been to the Moon,” Sensei repeated again.

What, really? - Nikolai Andreevich asked intrigued.

Yes. “Flight to the Moon” is a big hoax, disinformation and a large-scale scam, which, however, brought considerable income to its organizers.

Zhenya looked at Sensei with curiosity.

Yes? This is getting interesting...

Wait,” Nikolai Andreevich stopped Zhenya and turned to Sensei: “How can this be a scam, if, as far as I know, this is a well-known fact.” At the same time, as they write, more than half a million television viewers around the globe watched the landing of astronauts on the Moon. And this lunar epic lasted practically from 1969 to 1972, when American astronauts flew there almost every six months. And in general, at that time the USA and the USSR had a whole race for the championship of the flight to the Moon. If the Americans were cheating, I think the Soviet Union would not remain silent about it.

It's not as simple as you think. Behind the world PR that you are talking about were the “Freemasons” of the highest level. From this project they have downloaded almost forty billion dollars from the American people alone, as law-abiding taxpayers. Although in fact there was no manned flight to the Moon, and even with those technologies,” Sensei grinned. - Even now, at the current level of scientific development, this is simply not realistic. So all this was just another successful match of the Archons in big politics.

Hmm, more details,” Volodya expressed his general desire, looking at Sensei.

Of course, you can go into more detail,” Sensei shrugged. - Although this information, in my opinion, is not of particular interest. These are just games of big politics...

But they tickle your nerves, your heels itch,” Zhenya said, causing the kids to laugh.

You need to wash more often! - Victor answered him with humor.

No, really, Sensei, tell me,” Volodya asked again.

What can I tell you? Dirty story. So many good people died because of this... This scam was started by the Archons during the years of the so-called “great space race” between the USSR and the USA. The faithful servants of the Archons - the “Freemasons” - very prudently played on the ambitions of big politicians... At this time, the USSR was in the lead. - And somehow smiling kindly, as if remembering something good, Sensei said warmly: - Why not lead! After all, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev himself headed the cosmonautics. He was a good man, of high decency and morality, and very responsible for his thoughts, actions and decisions.

Korolev? Who is this? Politician? - asked Slavik.

Come on! - Andrey grinned. - This is a scientist!

An outstanding scientist,” Sensei emphasized. - Talented design engineer.

“Now I know,” the guy answered with a smile.

Korolev was not just an outstanding scientist-practitioner,” Sensei stated, “but also a talented organizer. Everyone who worked with him on the same team admired his incredible enthusiasm. He simply infected people with his absolute confidence in victory. And as they say now, he “intuitively” developed promising directions. It `s naturally. After all, Korolev was far from an ordinary person. Few people know that in the early thirties, then a young engineer Sergei Korolev met not only with Tsiolkovsky, but also with quite extraordinary non-public personalities who, in addition to the “theory” of astronautics, revealed to him many very interesting things. It was after those meetings that Korolev became “sick” with the topic of developing jet interplanetary flights. It was thanks to those meetings that he was able, as they would write later, to “predetermine and predict” the future of aviation and astronautics for many years to come, ahead of his time.

Who did he meet? - Ruslan said impatiently.

Sensei only smiled mysteriously and, without answering his question, continued the story further.

So, thanks to Korolev’s inexhaustible enthusiasm, a whole era of astronautics began in the Union. Already in 1957, the USSR launched the first Earth satellite. Then there were launches of automatic interplanetary stations, including to the Moon, where soil samples were repeatedly taken. Again, it was the Soviet automatic station “Luna-2” that first reached the surface of the Moon in 1959. The first human flight into space in history on the Vostok spacecraft was also a merit of the USSR, and so on and so forth. The Americans also did not lag behind and, as they say, stepped on the heels of the Union in space exploration. If Yuri Gagarin made a flight on April 12, 1961, then the American Alan Shepard - on May 5, 1961. That is, with a small time difference. However, the American was already the second person to visit space. And now we were talking about the country’s prestige on the world stage. The Archons took advantage of this situation and the exorbitant ambitions of people.

Through then US President John Kennedy, the priority of the lunar conquest program was announced. By the way, the technical development of this project was carried out by none other than the German designer of rocket and space technology, former SS Sturmbannführer, chief designer of the A-4 (V-2) rocket (used in World War II to bombard cities in Great Britain and Belgium) - Wernher von Braun. This man also came from the family of a major German financier and influential political figure, Baron Magnus von Braun, who was in the same “team” from the Freemasons as Hjalmar Schacht. And after the war, Wernher von Braun will receive American citizenship and will calmly work for the US military-industrial complex, as he did for Nazi Germany. Moreover, he will be elevated up the career ladder to senior management positions at NASA (US National Aeronautics and Space Administration).

So, the media will begin to intensively convince the American people that since their cosmonauts did not manage to be the first to fly into space, they simply have to make sure that it is the American who is the first to set foot on the surface of the Moon. As a result of all these manipulations and speculations, the US Congress allocated appropriations for this “lunar” program that were simply astronomical at that time, removing them from the pockets of taxpayers, as if the Americans had no other problems than conquering the Moon. And for these tens of billions of dollars, they showed the whole world a cheap series about the “epic of man’s conquest of the Moon,” calling it the loud name “Apollo Program.”

Is it in honor of the ancient Greek Olympian god? - Kostya asked with the air of an “expert”.

Nikolai Andreevich said, as if complementing the guy’s words:

- ...healer, soothsayer, and patron of the arts... As I see it, the Archons are great lovers of ancient Greek poetry.

Of course,” Sensei grinned. - Who owns the creation of the Olympic religion of Homer... Only the name of this program did not arise in honor of the mythical god Apollo, although it was presented to the masses in such a beautiful package. Archons are big fans of double meanings. In fact, with the appearance of the name of the program, everything was much simpler. It’s just that the Archon who came up with this whole large-scale scam is nicknamed “Phoebus” in narrow circles for his brilliant mind (which is translated from Greek “phoibos” as “brilliant”). And if we consider the word Phoebus in the context of mythology, then this is simply another name for Apollo, as the “all-seeing solar deity.”

Well, yes,” Victor laughed along with the team, “as they say, everything ingenious is simple!

They staged such a “cosmic” performance that the famous screenwriters couldn’t compete with them! Six expeditions successfully landed on the Moon without a hitch. Twelve people visited the Moon. But the Apollo 13 spacecraft could not land on the lunar surface due to an accident on board. He flew around the Moon and returned to Earth with nothing.

So this was all really a performance?! - Kostya couldn’t believe it.

Certainly. They simply played on people’s ambitions and stole a lot of money. Not only were the American people fleeced, but the Soviet Union was also involved in this senseless race.

So, wait,” Nikolai Andreevich said doubtfully. - What, didn’t our specialists know that it was a “linden”?

Of course they knew. But in exchange for silence and support for the “lunar version”, the Soviet Union received huge benefits on the international market... And then, how did the “Freemasons” cover their tracks, from government reshuffles to the elimination of “unreliable” individuals?! And I wouldn’t be surprised if in the future someone becomes seriously interested in this scam, it suddenly turns out that the original footage of this performance, in which it must be said there were a lot of blunders, will disappear without a trace. And, as you know, there are no documents, there is no subject of conversation.

So, American astronauts never landed on the moon? - Victor clarified again.

Naturally not. To get to the Moon, it is necessary to overcome the belts of enormous radiation.

But how do astronauts fly into space, go into outer space and return from there alive?

Well, they are under the protection of the earth’s gravitational, magnetic field and do not go beyond its limits. That is, they fly in near-Earth space within acceptable limits from the Earth’s surface. And then, when increased cosmic radiation penetrates these layers, they are forced to reduce the flight altitude... Naturally, in the future, with the development of nanotechnology, flights to both the Moon and other nearby planets will be quite possible for humans.

The moon is not a bad place. Definitely worth a short visit.
Neil Armstrong

Almost half a century has passed since the Apollo flights, but the debate about whether Americans were on the Moon does not subside, but is becoming increasingly fierce. The piquancy of the situation is that supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory are trying to challenge not real historical events, but their own, vague and error-ridden idea of ​​them.

Lunar epic

First the facts. On May 25, 1961, six weeks after Yuri Gagarin's triumphant flight, President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech to the Senate and House of Representatives in which he promised that an American would land on the moon before the end of the decade. Having suffered defeat at the first stage of the space “race,” the United States set out not only to catch up, but also to overtake the Soviet Union.

The main reason for the lag at that time was that the Americans underestimated the importance of heavy ballistic missiles. Like their Soviet colleagues, American specialists studied the experience of German engineers who built the A-4 (V-2) missiles during the war, but did not give these projects serious development, believing that in a global war long-range bombers would be sufficient. Of course, Wernher von Braun's team, taken from Germany, continued to create ballistic missiles in the interests of the army, but they were unsuitable for space flights. When the Redstone rocket, the successor to the German A-4, was modified to launch the first American spacecraft, Mercury, it could only lift it to suborbital altitude.

Nevertheless, resources were found in the United States, so American designers quickly created the necessary “line” of launch vehicles: from Titan-2, which launched the two-seat Gemini maneuvering spacecraft into orbit, to Saturn 5, capable of sending the three-seat Apollo spacecraft "to the Moon.

Redstone
Saturn-1B
Saturn-5
Titan-2

Of course, before sending expeditions, a colossal amount of work was required. Spacecraft of the Lunar Orbiter series carried out detailed mapping of the nearest celestial body - with their help it was possible to identify and study suitable landing sites. The Surveyor series vehicles made soft landings on the Moon and transmitted beautiful images of the surrounding area.

The Lunar Orbiter spacecraft carefully mapped the Moon, identifying future astronaut landing sites.

Surveyor spacecraft studied the Moon directly on its surface; parts of the Surveyor-3 apparatus were picked up and delivered to Earth by the crew of Apollo 12

At the same time, the Gemini program developed. After unmanned launches, Gemini 3 launched on March 23, 1965, maneuvering by changing the speed and inclination of its orbit, which was an unprecedented achievement at that time. Soon Gemini 4 flew, on which Edward White made the first spacewalk for Americans. The ship operated in orbit for four days, testing attitude control systems for the Apollo program. Gemini 5, which launched on August 21, 1965, tested electrochemical generators and a docking radar. In addition, the crew set a record for the duration of stay in space - almost eight days (Soviet cosmonauts managed to beat it only in June 1970). By the way, during the Gemini 5 flight, Americans for the first time encountered the negative consequences of weightlessness - a weakening of the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, measures have been developed to prevent such effects: a special diet, drug therapy and a series of physical exercises.

In December 1965, Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 approached each other, simulating a docking. Moreover, the crew of the second ship spent more than thirteen days in orbit (that is, the full time of the lunar expedition), proving that the measures taken to maintain physical fitness are quite effective during such a long flight. The docking procedure was practiced on the ships Gemini 8, Gemini 9 and Gemini 10 (by the way, the commander of Gemini 8 was Neil Armstrong). On Gemini 11 in September 1966, they tested the possibility of an emergency launch from the Moon, as well as a flight through the Earth's radiation belts (the ship rose to a record altitude of 1369 km). On Gemini 12, astronauts tested a series of manipulations in outer space.

During the flight of the Gemini 12 spacecraft, astronaut Buzz Aldrin proved the possibility of complex manipulations in outer space

At the same time, the designers were preparing the “intermediate” two-stage Saturn 1 rocket for testing. During its first launch on October 27, 1961, it surpassed the Vostok rocket in thrust, on which Soviet cosmonauts flew. It was assumed that the same rocket would launch the first Apollo 1 spacecraft into space, but on January 27, 1967, there was a fire at the launch complex in which the crew of the ship died, and many plans had to be revised.

In November 1967, testing of the huge three-stage Saturn 5 rocket began. During its first flight, it lifted into orbit the Apollo 4 command and service module with a mock-up of the lunar module. In January 1968, the Apollo 5 lunar module was tested in orbit, and the unmanned Apollo 6 went there in April. The last launch almost ended in disaster due to a failure of the second stage, but the rocket pulled out the ship, demonstrating good survivability.

On October 11, 1968, the Saturn 1B rocket launched the command and service module of the Apollo 7 spacecraft with its crew into orbit. For ten days, the astronauts tested the ship, conducting complex maneuvers. Theoretically, Apollo was ready for the expedition, but the lunar module was still “raw.” And then a mission was invented that was not initially planned at all - a flight around the Moon.

The flight of Apollo 8 was not planned by NASA: it was an improvisation, but was carried out brilliantly, securing another historical priority for American astronautics

On December 21, 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft, without a lunar module, but with a crew of three astronauts, set off for a neighboring celestial body. The flight went relatively smoothly, but before the historic landing on the Moon, two more launches were needed: the Apollo 9 crew worked out the procedure for docking and undocking the ship modules in low-Earth orbit, then the Apollo 10 crew did the same, but this time near the Moon . On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin stepped on the surface of the Moon, thereby proclaiming US leadership in space exploration.

The crew of Apollo 10 conducted a “dress rehearsal”, performing all the operations necessary for landing on the Moon, but without landing itself

The Apollo 11 lunar module, named Eagle, is landing

Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin's lunar walk was broadcast through the Parkes Observatory radio telescope in Australia; the original recordings of the historical event were also preserved and recently discovered

This was followed by new successful missions: Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17. As a result, twelve astronauts visited the Moon, conducted terrain reconnaissance, installed scientific equipment, collected soil samples, and tested rovers. Only the crew of Apollo 13 was unlucky: on the way to the Moon, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, and NASA specialists had to work hard to return the astronauts to Earth.

Falsification theory

On the Luna-1 spacecraft, devices were installed to create an artificial sodium comet

It would seem that the reality of expeditions to the Moon should not have been in doubt. NASA regularly published press releases and newsletters, specialists and astronauts gave numerous interviews, many countries and the global scientific community participated in technical support, tens of thousands of people watched the takeoffs of huge rockets, and millions watched live television broadcasts from space. Lunar soil was brought to Earth, which many selenologists were able to study. International scientific conferences were held to understand the data that came from instruments left on the Moon.

But even during that eventful time, people appeared who questioned the facts of the astronaut landing on the Moon. Skepticism towards space achievements appeared back in 1959, and the likely reason for this was the policy of secrecy pursued by the Soviet Union: for decades it even hid the location of its cosmodrome!

Therefore, when Soviet scientists announced that they had launched the Luna-1 research apparatus, some Western experts spoke out in the spirit that the communists were simply fooling the world community. Experts anticipated the questions and placed a device on Luna 1 for evaporating sodium, with the help of which an artificial comet was created, whose brightness was equal to the sixth magnitude.

Conspiracy theorists even dispute the reality of Yuri Gagarin's flight

Claims arose later: for example, some Western journalists doubted the reality of Yuri Gagarin’s flight, because the Soviet Union refused to provide any documentary evidence. There was no camera on board the Vostok ship; the appearance of the ship itself and the launch vehicle remained classified.

But the US authorities never expressed doubts about the authenticity of what happened: even during the flight of the first satellites, the National Security Agency (NSA) deployed two surveillance stations in Alaska and Hawaii and installed radio equipment there capable of intercepting telemetry that came from Soviet devices. During Gagarin's flight, the stations were able to receive a television signal with an image of the astronaut, transmitted by an on-board camera. Within an hour, printouts of selected footage from the broadcast were in the hands of government officials, and President John F. Kennedy congratulated the Soviet people on their outstanding achievement.

Soviet military specialists working at Scientific Measuring Point No. 10 (NIP-10), located in the village of Shkolnoye near Simferopol, intercepted data coming from the Apollo spacecraft throughout the flights to the Moon and back.

Soviet intelligence did the same. At the NIP-10 station, located in the village of Shkolnoye (Simferopol, Crimea), a set of equipment was assembled that made it possible to intercept all information from the Apollo missions, including live television broadcasts from the Moon. The head of the interception project, Alexey Mikhailovich Gorin, gave the author of this article an exclusive interview, in which, in particular, he said: “For guidance and control of a very narrow beam, a standard drive system in azimuth and elevation was used. Based on information about the location (Cape Canaveral) and launch time, the flight trajectory of the spacecraft was calculated in all areas.

It should be noted that during about three days of flight, only occasionally did the beam pointing deviate from the calculated trajectory, which was easily corrected manually. We started with Apollo 10, which made a test flight around the Moon without landing. This was followed by flights with the Apollo landings from the 11th to the 15th... They took fairly clear images of the spacecraft on the Moon, the exit of both astronauts from it and the journey across the surface of the Moon. Video from the Moon, speech and telemetry were recorded on appropriate tape recorders and transmitted to Moscow for processing and translations.”

In addition to intercepting data, Soviet intelligence also collected any information on the Saturn-Apollo program, as it could be used for the USSR's own lunar plans. For example, intelligence officers monitored missile launches from the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, when preparations began for the joint flight of the Soyuz-19 and Apollo CSM-111 spacecraft (ASTP mission), which took place in July 1975, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information on the ship and rocket. And, as you know, no complaints were made against the American side.

The Americans themselves had complaints. In 1970, that is, even before the completion of the lunar program, a brochure by a certain James Craney was published, “Has Man Landed on the Moon?” (Did man land on the Moon?). The public ignored the brochure, although it was perhaps the first to formulate the main thesis of the “conspiracy theory”: an expedition to the nearest celestial body is technically impossible.

Technical writer Bill Kaysing can rightfully be called the founder of the “moon conspiracy” theory.

The topic began to gain popularity a little later, after the release of Bill Kaysing’s self-published book “We Never Went to the Moon” (1976), which outlined the now “traditional” arguments in favor of the conspiracy theory. For example, the author seriously argued that all deaths of participants in the Saturn-Apollo program were associated with the elimination of unwanted witnesses. It must be said that Kaysing is the only author of books on this topic who was directly related to the space program: from 1956 to 1963, he worked as a technical writer at the Rocketdyne company, which was designing the super-powerful F-1 engine for the rocket. Saturn-5".

However, after being fired “of his own free will,” Kaysing became a beggar, grabbed any job, and probably did not have warm feelings for his previous employers. In the book, which was reprinted in 1981 and 2002, he argued that the Saturn V rocket was a "technical fake" and could never send astronauts on interplanetary flight, so in reality the Apollos flew around the Earth, and the television broadcast was carried out using unmanned vehicles.

Ralph Rene made a name for himself by accusing the US government of faking flights to the moon and organizing the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

At first, they also did not pay attention to Bill Kaysing’s creation. His fame was brought to him by the American conspiracy theorist Ralph Rene, who posed as a scientist, physicist, inventor, engineer and science journalist, but in reality did not graduate from a single higher educational institution. Like his predecessors, Rene published the book “How NASA Showed America the Moon” (NASA Mooned America!, 1992) at his own expense, but at the same time he could already refer to other people’s “research”, that is, he looked not like a loner, but like a skeptic in searching for truth.

Probably, the book, the lion's share of which is devoted to the analysis of certain photographs taken by astronauts, would also have gone unnoticed if the era of television shows had not come, when it became fashionable to invite all kinds of freaks and outcasts to the studio. Ralph Rene managed to make the most of the sudden interest of the public, fortunately he had a well-spoken tongue and did not hesitate to make absurd accusations (for example, he claimed that NASA deliberately damaged his computer and destroyed important files). His book was reprinted many times, each time increasing in volume.

Among the documentaries dedicated to the “lunar conspiracy” theory, there are outright hoaxes: for example, the pseudo-documentary French film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002)

The topic itself also begged for film adaptation, and soon films appeared with claims to be documentaries: “Was it just a paper Moon?” (Was It Only a Paper Moon?, 1997), “What Happened on the Moon?” (What Happened on the Moon?, 2000), “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon” (2001), “Astronauts Gone Wild: An Investigation into the Authenticity of the Moon Landing” Investigation Into the Authenticity of the Moon Landings, 2004) and the like. By the way, the author of the last two films, film director Bart Sibrel, twice pestered Buzz Aldrin with aggressive demands to admit to deception and was eventually punched in the face by an elderly astronaut. Video footage of this incident can be found on YouTube. The police, by the way, refused to open a case against Aldrin. Apparently, she thought the video was faked.

In the 1970s, NASA tried to cooperate with the authors of the “lunar conspiracy” theory and even issued a press release that addressed Bill Kaysing’s claims. However, it soon became clear that they did not want dialogue, but were happy to use any mention of their fabrications for self-PR: for example, Kaysing sued astronaut Jim Lovell in 1996 for calling him a “fool” in one of his interviews.

However, what else can you call the people who believed in the authenticity of the film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002), where the famous director Stanley Kubrick was directly accused of filming all the astronaut landings on the Moon in the Hollywood pavilion? Even in the film itself there are indications that it is a fiction in the mockumentary genre, but this did not stop conspiracy theorists from accepting the version with a bang and quoting it even after the creators of the hoax openly admitted to hooliganism. By the way, another “evidence” of the same degree of reliability recently appeared: this time an interview with a man similar to Stanley Kubrick surfaced, where he allegedly took responsibility for falsifying materials from lunar missions. The new fake was quickly exposed - it was done too clumsily.

Cover-up operation

In 2007, science journalist and popularizer Richard Hoagland co-authored with Michael Bara the book “Dark Mission. Secret History of NASA" (Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA), which immediately became a bestseller. In this weighty volume, Hoagland summarized his research on the “cover-up operation” - it is allegedly carried out by US government agencies, hiding from the world community the fact of contact with a more advanced civilization that has mastered the solar system long before humanity.

Within the framework of the new theory, the “lunar conspiracy” is considered as a product of the activities of NASA itself, which deliberately provokes an illiterate discussion of the falsification of the lunar landings so that qualified researchers disdain to study this topic for fear of being branded “marginal”. Hoagland deftly fit all modern conspiracy theories into his theory, from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to “flying saucers” and the Martian “Sphinx.” For his vigorous activity in exposing the “cover-up operation,” the journalist was even awarded the Ig Nobel Prize, which he received in October 1997.

Believers and non-believers

Supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory, or, more simply, “anti-Apollo” people, are very fond of accusing their opponents of illiteracy, ignorance, or even blind faith. A strange move, considering that it is the “anti-Apollo” people who believe in a theory that is not supported by any significant evidence. There is a golden rule in science and law: an extraordinary claim requires extraordinary evidence. An attempt to accuse space agencies and the global scientific community of falsifying materials of great importance to our understanding of the Universe must be accompanied by something more significant than a couple of self-published books published by an aggrieved writer and a narcissistic pseudo-scientist.

All hours of film footage from the lunar expeditions of the Apollo spacecraft have long been digitized and are available for study.

If we imagine for a moment that in the United States there was a secret parallel space program using unmanned vehicles, then we need to explain where all the participants in this program went: the designers of the “parallel” equipment, its testers and operators, as well as the filmmakers who prepared kilometers of films of the lunar missions. We are talking about thousands (or even tens of thousands) of people who needed to be involved in the “lunar conspiracy.” Where are they and where are their confessions? Let's say they all, including foreigners, swore an oath of silence. But there must remain piles of documents, contracts and orders with contractors, corresponding structures and testing grounds. However, apart from quibbles about some public NASA materials, which are indeed often retouched or presented in a deliberately simplified interpretation, there is nothing. Nothing at all.

However, “anti-Apollo” people never think about such “little things” and persistently (often in an aggressive form) demand more and more evidence from the opposite side. The paradox is that if they, asking “tricky” questions, tried to find answers to them themselves, it would not be difficult. Let's look at the most typical claims.

During the preparation and implementation of the joint flight of the Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information of the American space program

For example, “anti-Apollo” people ask: why was the Saturn-Apollo program interrupted and its technology lost and cannot be used today? The answer is obvious to anyone who has even a basic understanding of what was happening in the early 1970s. It was then that one of the most powerful political and economic crises in US history occurred: the dollar lost its gold content and was devalued twice; the protracted war in Vietnam was draining resources; youth were swept by the anti-war movement; Richard Nixon was on the verge of impeachment in connection with the Watergate scandal.

At the same time, the total costs of the Saturn-Apollo program amounted to 24 billion dollars (in terms of current prices we can talk about 100 billion), and each new launch cost 300 million (1.3 billion in modern prices) - it is clear that further funding became prohibitive for the shrinking American budget. The Soviet Union experienced something similar in the late 1980s, which led to the inglorious closure of the Energia-Buran program, the technologies of which were also largely lost.

In 2013, an expedition led by Jeff Bezos, the founder of the Internet company Amazon, recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean fragments of one of the F-1 engines of the Saturn 5 rocket that delivered Apollo 11 into orbit.

However, despite the problems, the Americans tried to squeeze a little more out of the lunar program: the Saturn 5 rocket launched the heavy orbital station Skylab (three expeditions visited it in 1973–1974), and a joint Soviet-American flight took place. Soyuz-Apollo (ASTP). In addition, the Space Shuttle program, which replaced the Apollos, used the Saturn launch facilities, and some technological solutions obtained during their operation are used today in the design of the promising American SLS launch vehicle.

A working box with moon rocks in the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility storage facility

Another popular question: where did the lunar soil brought by astronauts go? Why isn't it being studied? Answer: it has not gone anywhere, but is stored where it was planned - in the two-story Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility building, which was built in Houston, Texas. Applications for soil studies should also be submitted there, but only organizations that have the necessary equipment can receive them. Every year a special commission reviews applications and approves from forty to fifty of them; On average, up to 400 samples are sent out. In addition, 98 samples with a total weight of 12.46 kg are exhibited in museums around the world, and dozens of scientific publications have been published on each of them.

Images of the landing sites of Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 17 taken by LRO's main optical camera: the lunar modules, scientific equipment and the “paths” left by the astronauts are clearly visible

Another question in the same vein: why is there no independent evidence of visiting the Moon? Answer: they are. If we discard the Soviet evidence, which is still far from complete, and the excellent space films of the lunar landing sites, which were made by the American LRO apparatus and which “anti-Apollo” people also consider “fake”, then the materials presented by the Indians (Chandrayaan-1 apparatus) are quite sufficient for analysis ), the Japanese (Kaguya) and the Chinese (Chang'e-2): all three agencies have officially confirmed that they have discovered traces left by the Apollo spacecraft.

"Moon deception" in Russia

By the end of the 1990s, the “moon conspiracy” theory came to Russia, where it gained ardent supporters. Its wide popularity is obviously facilitated by the sad fact that very few historical books on the American space program are published in Russian, so an inexperienced reader may get the impression that there is nothing to study there.

The most ardent and talkative adherent of the theory was Yuri Mukhin, a former engineer-inventor and publicist with radical pro-Stalinist beliefs, noted for historical revisionism. In particular, he published the book “The Corrupt Wench of Genetics,” in which he refutes the achievements of genetics in order to prove that repressions against domestic representatives of this science were justified. Mukhin's style is repulsive with its deliberate rudeness, and he builds his conclusions on the basis of rather primitive distortions.

TV cameraman Yuri Elkhov, who participated in the filming of such famous children's films as “The Adventures of Pinocchio” (1975) and “About Little Red Riding Hood” (1977), undertook to analyze the film footage taken by the astronauts and came to the conclusion that they were fabricated. True, for testing he used his own studio and equipment, which has nothing in common with NASA equipment of the late 1960s. Based on the results of the “investigation,” Elkhov wrote the book “Fake Moon,” which was never published due to lack of funds.

Perhaps the most competent of the Russian “anti-Apollo activists” remains Alexander Popov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, a specialist in lasers. In 2009, he published the book “Americans on the Moon - a great breakthrough or a space scam?”, in which he presents almost all the arguments of the “conspiracy” theory, supplementing them with his own interpretations. For many years he has been running a special website dedicated to the topic, and has now agreed that not only the Apollo flights, but also the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft were falsified. Thus, Popov claims that the Americans made their first flight into orbit only in April 1981 - on the Columbia shuttle. Apparently, the respected physicist does not understand that without extensive previous experience, it is simply impossible to launch such a complex reusable aerospace system as the Space Shuttle the first time.

* * *

The list of questions and answers can be continued indefinitely, but this makes no sense: the views of the “anti-Apollo” are not based on real facts that can be interpreted in one way or another, but on illiterate ideas about them. Unfortunately, ignorance is persistent, and not even Buzz Aldrin's hook can change the situation. We can only hope for time and new flights to the Moon, which will inevitably put everything in its place.