Representing the arrangement of speech elements that are identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure in adjacent parts of the text, creating a single poetic image. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words.

Folklore and ancient literature

Parallelism is widespread in folklore and ancient written literature. In many ancient systems of versification, it acted as a principle for constructing a stanza. In ancient Germanic verse of the Middle Ages, parallelism is of great importance and is combined with alliteration, as well as rhyme.

Parallelism is widely used in Finnish folk verse, in particular the Finnish epic Kalevala, where it is combined with obligatory gradation:

He finds six grains
He raises seven seeds.

Parallelism is associated with the structure of the choral action - amoebic composition. Folklore forms of parallelism are widely used in artistic (literary) song (German: Kunstlied).

Russian folklore

The simplest type of parallelism in Russian folklore is binomial:

A falcon flew across the sky,
Well done, he walked around the world.

It is assumed that more complex types have evolved from binomial parallelism. Polynomial parallelism represents several successive parallels. Negative concurrency- one in which a parallel taken from the external world is opposed to human action, as if denying it:

It is not the white birch tree that bows to the ground -
The red maiden bows to the priest.

IN formal parallelism there is no (or lost) logical connection between the comparison of the external world and human actions:

I'll put the ring in the river,
And a glove for ice,
We signed up for the commune,
Let the whole people judge.

Biblical texts

Parallelism is a popular stylistic device in the poetic texts of the Old Testament, especially in the Psalter. Its essence boils down to the fact that two verses following each other, or two halves of one verse, express the same thought, while the second half complements or clarifies the thought expressed in the first half with other words (often other poetic images, metaphors), hence the term lat., adopted among biblical scholars. parallelismus membrorum, lit. parallelism of members [of grammatical construction].

For example:

May prayer be corrected like a censer before You,
Lifting up my hand is the evening sacrifice.

European literature

Written literatures of later times borrow parallelism from folklore and ancient written literatures. In particular, the development of parallelism is characteristic of ancient literature. Under the influence of this, parallelism is thoroughly studied in ancient rhetoric.

In European fiction, parallelism becomes more complex: its combination with anaphora, antithesis, chiasmus and other figures is widespread.

An example of parallelism with anaphora and antithesis: “I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am God!” (Derzhavin.).

Forms of folklore are often reproduced in literature.

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Meaning of the word parallelism

parallelism in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

parallelism

parallelism, m. (see parallel) (book).

only units Equal spacing of lines and planes from each other throughout (mat.).

portable, units only The constant correlation and concomitance of two phenomena, actions. These facts indicate a complete parallelism between improving student achievement and improving discipline.

Complete coincidence, correspondence in something. between different objects, repetition, duplication of something. Parallelism in the work of two institutions.

The same arrangement of similar parts of a sentence in two or more adjacent sentences (lit.).

A poetic connection between individual images and motifs, expressed in their identical, parallel arrangement in two or several adjacent sentences (lit.), for example: a thread clings to the wall, Dounia hits her mother with her forehead (song).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

parallelism

A, m. The concomitance of parallel phenomena, parallel actions. P. lines. P. at work.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

parallelism

m. Identical syntactic and intonation structure of several sentences as a poetic device (in poetics).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

parallelism

PARALLELISM in poetics is the identical or similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, which, when correlated, create a single poetic image. Along with verbal-figurative, or syntactic, parallelism (“In the blue sea, the waves splash. In the blue sky, the stars sparkle” - A. S. Pushkin; also Antithesis, Chiasmus) they talk about rhythmic, verbal-sound and compositional parallelism.

Parallelism

Term parallelism Can mean:

In natural sciences

Parallelism is the property of parallelism of lines and planes.
Parallelism is a property of systems that consists in performing calculations simultaneously or simultaneously in time.
Parallelism (paraphyly, parallel development) in evolutionary theory is the independent appearance of similar structural features in different groups of organisms based on features inherited from common ancestors.

In the humanities

Cultural parallelism in social and cultural anthropology is the appearance of the same or similar cultural elements in different social units, which cannot be explained by proximity, imitation or influence.
Psychophysical parallelism in some psychological theories is the fact of complete correspondence between mental and physical phenomena in the absence of a cause-and-effect relationship between them.
Price parallelism in economics is the desire of producers in an oligopolistic market to charge the same prices for goods in order to avoid price competition.

In art

Parallelism is a rhetorical figure, the arrangement of identical or similar elements of speech in adjacent parts of the text.
Parallelism - parallel movement at intervals
Parallelism

Parallelism (rhetoric)

Parallelism- a rhetorical figure, which is an arrangement of speech elements that are identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure in adjacent parts of the text, creating a single poetic image. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words. For example: Will I see your bright gaze? Will I hear a gentle conversation? Your mind is as deep as the sea, Your spirit is as high as the mountains.

Parallelism (computer science)

parallelism is a property of systems in which several calculations are performed simultaneously, and at the same time, possibly interact with each other. Computations can be performed on multiple cores of a single chip with preemptive time-sharing of threads on a single processor, or performed on physically separate processors. A number of mathematical models have been developed to perform parallel computations, including Petri nets, process calculus, parallel random access computation models, and actor models.

Note - In Russian-language literature, the terms “parallelism” and “competitiveness” are often confused. Both terms mean simultaneity of processes, but the first - at the physical level (parallel execution of several processes, aimed only to increase execution speed through the use of appropriate hardware support), and the second - on logical (a system design paradigm that identifies processes as independent, which including allows them to be executed physically in parallel, but is primarily aimed at simplifying the writing of multi-threaded programs and increasing their stability).

Examples of the use of the word parallelism in literature.

This syntax parallelism It is further strengthened by anaphoric repetition and serves as a means of communication, consolidating the entire twelve-line line into one structure and into one thematic unit.

Between private grounds we can call parallelism between allotropy and isomerism, numerous lines in the spectrum of each element and the periodic law of Newlands and Mendeleev.

New empirical-statistical detection technique parallelisms and dating duplicates.

If so, then constantly observed parallelism between self-torture and cutting of hair during funeral rites would be quite understandable.

The same unequivocal parallelism the union of the sexes, field sowing and a female-male duel throwing ridicule is shown by the rituals adjacent to the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Guided by the classification of strata existing in Europe, and accepting that groups of strata in other parts of the world must necessarily coincide with some of the groups of strata known to us, geologists are naturally too hasty to admit the existence parallelism based on insufficient evidence.

The combination in one complex sentence with the subordination of two complex sentences, one of which has a subordinate clause in preposition, and the other in postposition, gives interesting cases of reverse syntactic parallelism.

Contrast or parallelism content, anticipation, framing - there is no counting of all the methods of weaving myths in a poem, and the basis for the freedom and harmony of a polysyllabic composition is the convention of time.

Rhyme phrasal parallelism, the couplet makes sense only in the eternal game figures of strike and counterstroke, rise and fall, question and answer of the riddle and its resolution.

Therefore, the impact and, accordingly, the perception of the philosophical and aesthetic concepts of another cultural region, in this case, Eastern intuitionism, always occurred in conditions of meaningful parallelism general cultural processes, when the changes that have arisen do not find an appropriate form and are forced to turn to another cultural tradition in search of it.

The final parallelism marked by a striking event - the Armenian Stepan, it turns out, was TAKEN CAPTURED TO EGYPT.

In this case, we have before us a characteristic biblical parallelism, which is in-depth in patristic interpretation.

Recreation of folklore parallelisms is also found in the poems of Ossian-MacPherson, but in Gnedich their number multiplies.

But this is not enough; the study of the development of material and spiritual phenomena indicates the existence of some parallelism between the properties of the Unknowable and its reflections in our consciousness, parallelism, which can be likened to the relationship between the geometric properties of a cube and its projection on the lateral surface of a cylinder.

PARALLELISM - (from Greek- located or walking nearby) is a compositional device that emphasizes the connection of usually two or three elements of speech in a work of art. These elements are arranged in parallel in adjacent phrases, poems, stanzas, due to which their commonality is revealed and a single poetic image is created. It is customary to distinguish several types of parallelism.

Syntactic Parallelism occurs most often and consists in the fact that the same sentence structure is observed in adjacent verses. For example:

Only in the world is there a tent shady with slumbering maples. Only in the world is there that radiant, childish, thoughtful gaze. Only in the world is there a fragrant headdress for Sweetheart. Only in the world is there this pure parting running to the left. (A.A. Fet)

Stanzaic Parallelism consists in the fact that in adjacent stanzas of the poem the same syntactic and sometimes lexical structure is repeated. For example:

If you love, it’s crazy, If you threaten, it’s not a joke, If you scold, it’s rash, If you chop, it’s reckless! If you argue, it’s too bold, If you punish, then it’s a good thing, If you forgive, then with all your soul, If you feast, then it’s a feast! (A.K. Tolstoy)

Rhythmic parallelism is expressed in the fact that the motives of the poem are emphasized by the corresponding repetition of the rhythmic pattern. For example:

The garden is all in bloom, The evening is on fire, It makes me so refreshing and joyful! Here I stand, Here I go, As if I’m waiting for a mysterious speech. This dawn, This spring is so incomprehensible, but so clear! Am I full of happiness, Am I crying, You are my blessed secret. (A.A. Fet)

In addition to direct parallelism, negative parallelism is found in poetry:

It is not the cold winds that rustle, nor the quicksand that flows, but grief rises again, Like an evil black cloud.

This form of parallelism is often found in folklore, although it is also not uncommon in original poetry.

What is the role of literature in our lives? No matter how strange it may seem, its significance is very great. By reading the works of great writers and poets, we learn to distinguish good from evil. But a book will not make us stronger or more experienced; we need to draw valuable knowledge from it and apply it in real life. You cannot live by illusions alone, and works of art create fictitious situations and characters. Such a technique as parallelism is found quite often in the literature, but few people pay attention to it. We propose to get to know this concept a little closer.

The role of artistic media

Parallelism in literature, like many other techniques, must be present. Their role is actually very important. Anyone who likes to read scientific literature knows that this particular genre is poor in expressive means. This is a continuous dry text that does not evoke any emotions at all. The main task of literature is to captivate the reader, so that the work is read in one breath and makes you want to know the continuation.

Without expressive means, we would not experience any feelings when reading a work: no pity, no sympathy, no joy. Parallelism in literature is also important. What is its main role?

Parallelism

This concept can be heard in rhetoric, it means repetition or comparison. The technique is used to emphasize the similarity of objects or their differences. Parallelism is also used in literature to emphasize significance. Let's take an example - the famous poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. There are the following lines: “Will I see your bright gaze? Will I hear a gentle conversation? In a similar way, the author emphasizes what is extremely important for Ruslan. But this is just one example of possible uses of the technique.

Folklore

What is parallelism in literature? We propose to analyze this using the example of ancient literature and folklore. If we consider versification, then this technique acts as an assistant in the construction of stanzas and rhymes. In biblical or, as it is also called, Hebrew versification, this technique and synonymy are used in parallel, which allows similar images to be varied.

Ancient Germanic verse is also not devoid of parallelism, but it always appears together with alliteration. Let us not ignore Finnish folklore, where it manifests itself in gradations.

Russian folklore

Parallelism here takes several forms:

binomial;
polynomial;
negative;
formal.

The first item presented is the simplest form. Let's consider parallelism in literature, examples from folklore: “A falcon flew across the sky, a fine fellow walked around the world.” It was from this form that more complex or polynomial ones were formed. This type represents several parallels at once. An interesting form often used in the works of authors is negative parallelism. For example: “It was not the birch tree that bowed down, but the red maiden that bowed at its feet.” As for the latter type, it is often found in ditties. There is absolutely no logical connection between the compared objects.

Later times

Modern and classical literature also use the technique of parallelism, in addition, it is borrowed from folklore. The origin of this trend was in ancient times.

European fiction is also not devoid of parallelism, only here it borders on antithesis and anaphora. Our great and mighty Russian language contains many other techniques used by authors to this day in order to interest their readers and make the work truly interesting and exciting.

To achieve vivid impressions and enhance the emotional impact, various techniques are used in fiction - phonetic, lexical, syntactic. One of these means is syntactic parallelism - an artistic technique in which elements of speech that carry a single idea follow in a certain sequence and create a single image.

In contact with

This way of expression uses the principle of repetition and symmetry. Thus, the phenomenon of generality, homogeneity of syntactic structures and their location in a coordinating connection is syntactic parallelism.

There are several types of arrangement of speech elements. If the syntactic constructions are completely identical, this is full parallelism, if the analogy is partial - incomplete.When the structures are adjacent, we can talk about contact parallelism, if they are separated by others - oh distant.

Parallelism as an expressive means of language has been known since ancient times. It is enough to recall biblical texts, ancient epics, thoughts and tales, folk songs, as well as prayers, spells, conspiracies. This technique can also be seen in riddles, sayings, and proverbs. Obviously, this phenomenon is typical for oral folk art, as well as for literary works stylized in antiquity.

The little bird sang and sang and then fell silent;

The heart knew joy and forgot.

In this case, there is a comparison of one main action with another, secondary one, which is a characteristic feature of folklore.

Types of parallelism

In the Russian language, especially in fiction, different types of syntactic parallelism are used:

binomial;
polynomial;
monomial;
formal;
negative;
reverse (chiasmus).

The most commonly used is binomial parallelism. Typically, this technique depicts natural phenomena, then describes some life situation.

The reeds rustled over the backwater.

The princess girl is crying by the river.

When using a polynomial option, the actor is compared with several images:

We are two trunks lit by a thunderstorm,

Two flames of the midnight forest,

We are two flying meteors in the night,

A two-stinged bee has the same fate.

In Russian literature, in particular, in folk art, one-term parallelism is also found. At the same time, human characters appear only in the images of plants, animals, birds, however, it is clear that the image of a “clear falcon” implies a young man - a groom, a lover. A girl, a bride, usually appears in the form of a “swan”, “peahen”, or a birch tree, rowan tree, etc.

In some ways, the formal version of this technique is similar to the monomial one. However, it is not immediately noticeable, since there is no obvious logical connection between the elements. To understand its meaning, you need to imagine the entire work or a certain period.

Syntactic parallelism is sometimes combined with other forms of this expressive means, for example, with phonetic, which is characterized by the use of the same words at the beginning of a line or the same ending of lines. This combination enhances the expressiveness of the text and gives it a special sound:

Your name is a bird in your hand,

Your name is like a piece of ice on the tongue,

Negative parallelism is widely used in oral folk art and works of fiction. This method of expressiveness is found in folk tales, songs, riddles, and authors also use it.

Not the wind blowing from above,

Touched the sheets on the moonlit night -

You touched my soul...

Speaking about this syntactic means of expression, it is impossible not to mention such a striking expressive device as its reverse form, chiasmus. Its essence is that the sequence of elements changes crosswise or mirror. An example of the so-called “purely syntactic” chiasmus is the saying: “Not the people for power, but power for the people.”

In an effort to achieve effect, sharpness, and persuasiveness in their public speeches, chiasmus has been used by orators since ancient times. This expressive means is found in the works of Russian writers and poets of the “golden” and “silver” ages, and modern authors cannot do without it.

Folklore and fiction are a reflection of reality; they are closely connected with the history of society, revealing the essence of phenomena and the inner world of a person with the help of numerous expressive techniques. As a way to enhance emotional impact, syntactic parallelism often contains various types of artistic expression.