Artistic wood carving for beginners. Wood carving for beginners: sketches and video tutorials


Having barely learned to hold objects in his hands, the little man shows a craving for creativity. Over time, he will have the opportunity to try himself in various types of crafts: needlework, modeling, origami, wood carving, drawing. Of course, certain skills that the child acquired in early childhood will be useful for this. Sometimes a simple hobby gradually turns into a hobby, and then becomes the work of a lifetime. So many centuries ago in Rus', one of the main types of creativity was wood carving. And in the 21st century it still arouses genuine interest among people.

Popular types of intricate art

For a long time, people decorated their homes with wooden carvings. Various kinds of paintings, kitchen utensils, religious objects, and children's toys were considered valuable things for any family. Perhaps this is why various types of wood carvings appeared. The most popular options are:

  • geometric;
  • flat-notched;
  • slotted;
  • sculptural;
  • embossed;
  • openwork;
  • invoice.

Fortunately, the list does not end there, because this type of creativity is widespread throughout our vast country. Let's look at just a few of them.


Geometric wood carving involves the use of various figures in the work. These are triangles, circles, squares and polyhedra. It is used for the manufacture of furniture elements, household utensils, and wall crafts. The oldest type of such carving is triangular-notched carving. This is one of the simplest methods, since it is performed with only one tool - a knife with a blunt. For such wood carving you will need a simple set of items:

  • linden board;
  • special knife-jamb;
  • ruler;
  • pencil.

First, sketches of geometric shapes or a finished ornament are applied to the board. It is better for novice amateurs not to use complex drawings so that the work turns out flawless. For the first work, material made from deciduous trees is suitable, since it is more convenient to draw straight lines on it with a sharp knife.

The wooden surface should be as smooth as possible. This is achieved by planing the board. At the same time, it does not need to be sanded with sandpaper. Otherwise, the carving will not turn out clear and neat, and the tool will quickly become dull.

The flat-pit method is used to cut out depressions of various sizes and shapes on a plane. These can be oval contours and all kinds of convexities.

The slotted type of carving is also considered quite simple. It is performed using a jigsaw. A sketch of any figure applied to a wooden plane is cut out along the contour. The result is some cute crafts. Slotted threads are used to make background objects through which other planes are visible. It is often called openwork carving, and is used to decorate furniture in the Baroque style. These can also be elements of cupboards, window frames, doors, and sometimes decorative screens. If crafts are attached to a special base, then this type of carving is considered overhead.

The process of working with the slotting method begins with a sketch, which is applied to a pre-polished workpiece. It is transferred to the surface using a special template or transparent white paper. Then holes are made on the contours and cut out on the work table using a thin jigsaw file.


Relief carving includes two main methods: flat and blind. In addition, the blind option implies a low or convex relief. The bottom line is that the pattern is formed due to the main background of the surface.

The flat-relief method is performed in such a way that the pattern and the surrounding background are made at the same depth over the entire area of ​​the base. Blind carving is characterized by a convex pattern that does not have flat outlines. Such products are valued for their high decorativeness and richness of composition. After all, a unique miniature landscape with hills, depressions and depressions is created on the plane. To create such masterpieces, craftsmen use elements of almost all types of wood carving. Therefore, beginners should master each method separately in order to apply the skills with more.

The first steps on the path to mastery

History shows that wood was traditionally used to decorate living spaces. Nowadays, various photographs, drawings and sketches of wood carvings are exhibited in local history museums or printed publications. This suggests that smart people who are willing to learn can master this art form. Wood is a wonderful natural material from which you can create decorative compositions, paintings, furniture elements and kitchen utensils. Having mastered the basics of the ancient art, some became real masters of wood carving, devoting their entire lives to it.

Popular wisdom says: “The hardest trouble is the beginning.” This is how it is if you do nothing. Practical wood carving tips for beginners open the door for brave people to the world of magnificent DIY crafts. First you need to prepare your tools and understand the basic nuances of the craft.

It is advisable for beginners to choose high-quality and durable equipment for work in order to acquire valuable craftsmanship skills.

For wood carving you need to prepare the following tools:

  • sharp knife;
  • chisel;
  • jigsaw;
  • bit;
  • drill;
  • needle files;
  • spoon cutter;
  • bars;
  • milling machine.

Of course, for beginners it will be enough to purchase a special set of tools for wood carving, which includes a knife, a jigsaw and an awl. With their help it is very convenient to master the skills of ancient craftsmanship.

The next step is the selection of raw materials. The quality of the product depends on this. There are two types of wood in nature: hard and soft. The first group includes mahogany, oak and beech. For the second - aspen, pine, spruce, birch. Of course, it is easier to work with soft wood, but with one wrong move it quickly deteriorates. Despite this, it is considered the most suitable raw material for beginners.

Hardwoods are used by professionals because they are very expensive.

In addition to the strength of the material, the color of the wood also plays a key role. A suitable raw material for learning the skill is birch. It lends itself wonderfully to cutting and drilling in any direction. When choosing patterns for wood carving, you should keep in mind that birch wood darkens over time. Despite this, she is very easy to work with.

When the pattern is selected, it must be transferred to a wooden blank. In the age of technology, you can use ready-made photographs or drawings provided by specialists. The subjects of the images are very different, but each has its own unique beauty. When everything is ready, you can start creating your own masterpieces. Thematic wood carving lessons are an invaluable aid for beginners.

Master class on simple crafts

When you look at the finished crafts, you get the impression that making them is not at all difficult. Therefore, many lovers of folk crafts took the instrument into their hands and got to work. To cut an ordinary flower you need to prepare the following set of items:

  • wood blank;
  • double soft pencil;
  • tracing paper;
  • chisels.

Please note that only special chisels for wood carving are suitable. They should be v-shaped, narrow and semicircular. The next stage is drawing. It can be taken from the Internet. To do this, apply a sheet of paper to the screen, redraw the diagram, and then apply it to a wooden plane.

Start working from the central part of the sketch, carefully cutting out a circle. Then, using a v-shaped chisel, cut out the petals along the contour. Wood waste between them is removed as work progresses. If you don’t have such a chisel, professional knives for wood carving will do, as they are just as good to use in this craft.

Using a semicircular chisel, cut out the outer part of the petal. It looks like the outline of a heart, but it's not scary. Then cuts are made in the inner part of the petal, connecting it to the center of the flower. All that remains is to round it off and the flower is ready. Now you can admire the first creation of your own hands. An invaluable aid for beginners is a themed woodcarving video that encourages them to get started immediately.

Modern technology for experienced craftsmen

In the modern world, many works have long been performed mechanically. Applied crafts are not lagging behind in this. The use of technology allows craftsmen to save their energy and precious time. Wood carving machines make it possible to quickly and efficiently prepare the raw material for work. The only drawback of such devices is their high cost, but people for whom carving is not just a hobby are ready to purchase them.

Pantograph

The device is designed to work with any wooden surfaces. It performs operations of various kinds, both volumetric and on a plane. The pantograph is used to process arched, bent or rotating parts. So, with the help of a machine, various elements of furniture, statues or panels are cut out.

Drill

An excellent device for working with hardwood. It is important to take into account the properties and arrangement of the fibers of the natural material. Using a drill, craftsmen sharpen tools, polish wood, and, if necessary, polish.

Tree species with dense wood that do not have a tendency to chip are suitable for working with a drill.

CNC milling machine

This technique is mainly used for the production of wooden furniture with carved decoration. The machine is designed to work with any type of plywood and wood. It is distinguished by high functionality and technical capabilities. When working on such equipment, it is important to use special protective equipment - goggles and gloves. Also follow the operating instructions for the device.

As practice shows, such machines simplify the process of wood carving. They make it possible to create a huge number of products in a short time. The devices are used not only in industry, but also for personal workshops.

In any case, handmade products bring true satisfaction to a person. They create a pleasant atmosphere in the house, help express the master’s feelings for his loved ones, and serve for the benefit of the household for a long time. Wooden crafts retain their natural beauty for a long time and never go out of fashion. Wood carving is an art that is passed down from generation to generation. It is available to anyone who wishes to master this craft. The main thing is not to be afraid of failures, but to be willing to learn, pick up tools and create masterpieces.

Wood carving video tutorial for beginners


Wood carving for beginners is an interesting and exciting activity that is not particularly difficult. It is not necessary to have artistic skills to create ornaments and patterns. Now ready-made sketches and video tutorials come to the aid of a beginner.


Most even accomplished masters are inspired by the work of other people, so be sure to carefully look at the stencils, diagrams and drawings of other amateurs.

Types of techniques

Sculptural carving is the most complex, requiring certain skills. There are many books on this technique.

The incised carving features a fully processed background and beautiful ornamentation. It is performed with a jigsaw, knife, and finishing can be done with a chainsaw.

Geometric carving will help you learn the technique.

In order to perform artistic carving, it is easier to copy a ready-made sketch than to create your own.

But most ready-made patterns are distinguished by a certain intricacy, so a novice master can try his hand at creating his own simple sketch.

Creating a Sketch

When designing a sketch you need to perform the following sequence of steps:

  1. The workpiece for work is selected;
  2. The sketch indicates the main elements and places where the thread will be applied;

  1. Using drawing supplies, the picture is redrawn onto graph paper or tracing paper with scale markings;
  2. If any elements are repeated, then creating a single stencil is sufficient.

If you have the skills to work in simple graphic editors (for example, Paint), you can create a sketch there and then simply print it on paper to the required scale.

Stencils are usually used repeatedly, so it is advisable to make them from a relatively dense material (cardboard, plywood).

Here are some details of transferring the design from the template to the tree:

  1. The sample is fixed directly to the base with a milling cutter, cutting is carried out directly along its contour;
  2. The contours of the stencils are transferred to the wood with a simple pencil;
  3. You can transfer a sketch from paper to a board by placing tracing paper underneath it. After drawing the outline of the sketch, a trace from the carbon paper will remain on the wood;

  1. The simplest patterns can be transferred using pricking (with a needle, knife or awl).

Stages of work

When the sketch is transferred to the base, the most interesting process begins - the actual processing of the wood.

If you are working using the through-thread technique, the first step is to make starting holes in each element. This is usually done using an electric drill. A saw is then inserted into the holes and part of the wood is sawed out. Next, the edges are aligned and the decoration begins.

Flat-relief and volumetric carvings are performed a little differently.

First, the contours of future patterns are made with a knife. Next, the cutter cuts through the deepest central part. All other recesses are formed from it.

Small details are made using a chisel.

Sometimes additional tools may be required (such as a mallet for harder woods).

Deep relief is made with a chisel with a curved blade. Upon completion of the work, all edges are processed to eliminate roughness and chips.


Interested in wood carving for beginners, as a rule, people who do not have an artistic education. For them this art is a hobby. Due to the fact that the knowledge of most of these carvers is scattered, we will try to organize it. There is nothing complicated about wood carving itself. In Russia, this type of creativity has always been the main one. Even in stone processing, at first they used techniques that they had long been accustomed to.

Applying a pattern to a wooden piece

Today this type of art is of genuine interest, despite the fact that many skills are already being lost.

Generally speaking, wood carving can be classified as a plastic art. Traditionally, a distinction is made between relief and. A novice carver should first master the techniques of creating relief.

This technique has several thread options:


The list doesn't end there. There is still a lot left outside the scope. From the names you can understand how this or that performance technique differs. Classification is often complicated by the fact that our country is large. In different regions, the names of the same equipment may differ. However, the essence does not change, so we will outline the general working methods.

All beginning carvers are introduced to geometric carving. She is simple but beautiful. This type of carving is divided into three types:

  • contour;
  • triangular-notched;
  • nail or staple.

For execution you will need:

  • linden board;
  • blunt knife;
  • Ruler and pencil.

Drawings in the form of a geometric pattern are applied to the board. The carver can come up with his own or copy the one he likes. You don’t need to immediately take on complex elements if you don’t have the skills and your hand isn’t strong enough.

Several ornaments for wood carving

The board should be smooth. This surface is achieved through planing. Under no circumstances should you sand the surface with sandpaper. If abrasive particles remain in the fibers, they will prevent the threads from becoming clean and neat. In addition, the cutting edge of the knife will become dull faster.

Beginner carvers are recommended to choose hardwood to make geometric patterns.

They allow you to draw straight lines with a knife. Creating straight lines on softwood boards is much more difficult. So, the tip of the knife cuts vertically into the surface. Depth - 1.5-2 mm. Then the entire line is cut, pull the knife towards you. In this case, the blade tilts at an angle of 40°. Movements should be smooth. Note that you need to start and finish carving the line with the tip of the knife.


Having made one line or cut, we make the next one. Only now the blade should be tilted in the opposite direction. The chips will separate, and a geometrically shaped depression will appear on the board. If the edges are clear and the surface is shiny, then everything was done correctly. Gradually we cut out the entire element, and then the entire ornament.

It must be remembered that the knife goes easier along the fibers. When cutting through cross fibers, you have to apply more effort. Your hand may slip, and here you need to know the rules:

  • work safety;
  • organization of work space;
  • tool preparation.

Carver's workplace

Work with sharp tools should be carried out at a workbench that meets all the requirements for stability and strength. If it is not possible to make such a workbench, you can limit yourself to a tabletop. It can be of any size, but the height should not be higher than the level of the carver’s belt.

The countertop should always be smooth and clean. Often, while working, the knife slips and hits the table. Jagged edges form and need to be removed. Professionals always monitor the condition of the workbench surface. They do not recommend hammering nails, chopping with an ax, or throwing a sharp tool onto a workbench, as all of this can damage the countertop. The board on which the ornament is cut is carefully secured with clamps. Working on your knees or on an unstable table or stool should be avoided.


An example of a carver's workplace

The workbench for wood carving should be well lit. You can install it near a window. However, there is little daylight.

If there is only one light source, dull dark shadows appear, which interfere with making the carving clean. Therefore, 2-3 more lamps are installed above the table.

They should illuminate the work from different sides, especially if it is dark outside the window. The lamps must be installed above the carver's eyes. While working, your eyes feel strained. Even experienced craftsmen notice this. A novice carver gets tired faster, and high-quality lighting makes working conditions comfortable and safe.

Tool requirements

Modern ones open up wide opportunities for artists. They are used successfully in wood processing. But we will consider a tool for manual work.

A selection of chisels for wood carving

After all, gaining the skill to work with such a tool is more important and more difficult.

The master always has in his arsenal:

  • saw;
  • hand drill or brace;
  • plane;
  • semicircular and flat chisels;
  • knives of different sizes;
  • small axe.

Many manufacturers have already taken care of cutters and are creating a variety of sets. It is impossible to unequivocally assess their quality and benefits. There is some debate about this. Let us only note that not a single professional master has such a set. All tools are purchased separately and finished by hand.

Any saw with large teeth is suitable for working with wood. This could be a hacksaw, bow saw or jigsaw. It’s good if there are saws of different sizes and types. A beginner should monitor the condition of the canvas. It should always be well tensioned and sharpened. In addition, do not forget about wiring.


Different Types of Wood Carving Saws

A plane is an indispensable tool when working with wood. For a beginning craftsman, one medium-sized plane is sufficient. This tool is sometimes called a plow, reflecting its function. Experts classify a planer as one of the types of planer. In the future, you can purchase a jointer and scrapers, which can be used to perfectly level the surface of the wood.

The main tool for carving is a chisel. This is true. The carver should have a set of chisels of different thicknesses and shapes. Experience shows that at first it is enough to have 3 flat chisels:

  • wide;
  • average;
  • narrow.

The same can be said about semicircular chisels.

The most important point is the correct sharpening and condition of the cutting edge. Chisels need to be sharpened frequently. Sometimes it is recommended to do this before starting work, but most often the chisels are prepared in advance. Do not use blunt tools. Is it dangerous. An unsharpened chisel is more likely to break off, resulting in serious injury.

In this case, the carving will be ugly, and the work will be long and difficult. To sharpen chisels, you can use a sharpening machine, sandpaper and a piece of genuine leather with polishing paste to finish the blade.

Wood carving

Modern carving

It does not have a strict classification, since different types of thread can be combined in the same product.

Conventionally, we can distinguish the types of threads:

  1. through thread (this includes cutting and slotted threads)
  2. blind thread (all subtypes of relief and flat carving)
  3. sculptural carving
  4. house carving (is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types).
  5. Chainsaw Carving (Performing primarily sculptural carvings using only a chainsaw.)

The conditional classification of thread types is as follows:

Through thread

Walnut

Through thread is divided into actually end-to-end And invoice, has two subtypes:

  • Proriznaya thread - (through sections are cut with chisels and cutters)
  • Propilnaya thread (actually the same thing, but such areas are cut out with a saw or jigsaw).

A slotted or saw-cut carving with a relief ornament is called openwork.

Flat grooved thread

Flat grooved carving is characterized by the fact that its basis is a flat background, and the carving elements go deep into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subtypes of such carvings:

  • contour thread- the simplest, its only element is a groove. Such grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the chisel you choose, the groove may be semicircular or triangular. The semicircular one is cut with a semicircular chisel, and the triangular one is cut with a corner cutter, a corner chisel or an ordinary knife in two steps.
  • staple (nail) thread- the main element is a bracket (outwardly similar to the mark left by a fingernail when pressing on any soft material, hence the name nail-shaped) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. This notch is made with a semicircular chisel in two steps: first, the chisel is deepened into the wood perpendicular to the surface, and then at an angle at some distance from the first cut. The result is a so-called bracket. Many such brackets of different sizes and directions create a picture or its individual elements.
  • geometric (triangular, trihedral notched) thread- has two main elements: a peg and a pyramid (a triangular pyramid buried inside). Carving is performed in two stages: pricking and trimming. First, the sectors that need to be cut are pricked (outlined) with a cutter, and then they are trimmed. All elements are performed with a knife-jamb. Repeated use of pyramids and peg at different distances and at different angles gives a great variety of geometric shapes, among which are distinguished: rhombuses, swirls, honeycombs, chains, radiances, etc.
  • black glaze carving- the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. As in a contour carving, grooves are cut into the background, from which the design is built. The different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of light and shadow and the contrast of the black background and light cut grooves.

Relief carving

Relief carving is characterized by the fact that the carving elements are located above the background or at the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are made using this technique. There are several subtypes of such carvings:

  • flat-relief carving with a cushion background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves become rolled, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (more sharply on the side of the design, gradually, gently, on the background side). Due to such oval contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is flush with the design.
  • flat-relief carving with a selected background - the same carving, but only the background is selected with chisels one level lower. The contours of the drawing also become shaved.
  • Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving (Kudrinskaya)- originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. The author is considered to be Vasily Vornoskov. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic “curly” ornament - curling garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. Like flat-relief, it comes with a cushion and a selected background.
  • carving "Tatyanka"- this type of carving appeared in the 90s of the XX century. The author (Shamil Sasykov) named this formed style in honor of his wife and patented it. As a rule, such carvings contain floral ornaments. A characteristic feature is the absence of a background as such - one carved element gradually merges into another or is superimposed on it, thus filling the entire space.

Sculptural carving

USSR stamp, 1979, Bogorodskaya carving

A distinctive feature is the presence of sculpture - images of individual figures (or groups of figures) of people, animals, birds or other objects. In fact, it is the most difficult type of carving, since it requires the carver to have a three-dimensional vision of the figure, a sense of perspective, and maintain proportions.

It is considered a separate subspecies Bogorodskaya carving. The art of chainsaw carving, which is becoming increasingly popular both among carvers and connoisseurs of beauty, can also be considered a type of sculptural carving. Popularity is easy to explain. Chainsaw carving is, first of all, an action, a performance, a show. Increasingly, festivals, competitions, and demonstration performances by chainsaw carving masters at public events, presentations, and exhibitions began to be held. Unlike other genres of wood carving, the viewer not only sees the final result of the master’s painstaking and long work, but also visually participates in the process of creating the sculpture.

see also

Notes

Literature


Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

    See what “Wood carving” is in other dictionaries: wood carving - Wood in art has been used since ancient times in architecture, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, especially folk art (utensils, furniture, often tinted or decorated with carvings, intarsia, painting, gilding, etc.)... …

    Dictionary of Temple Architecture ARTISTIC WOOD CARVING, one of the oldest and most common types of artistic woodworking, in which a pattern is applied to the product using an ax, knife, cutters, chisels, chisels and other similar tools. WITH… …

    encyclopedic Dictionary ARTISTIC WOOD CARVING, one of the oldest and most common types of artistic woodworking, in which a pattern is applied to the product using an ax, knife, cutters, chisels, chisels and other similar tools. WITH… …

    FLAT-RELIEF WOOD CARVING, one of the most common types of carving. The relatively shallow relief (5-20 mm) maintains the same height with the same depth of the main background. The main motifs of flat-relief carvings are floral ornaments... ARTISTIC WOOD CARVING, one of the oldest and most common types of artistic woodworking, in which a pattern is applied to the product using an ax, knife, cutters, chisels, chisels and other similar tools. WITH… …

GEOMETRIC WOOD CARVING, one of the most ancient and widespread types of wooden ornamental carving. It is made in the form of recesses of two, three, tetrahedral shapes, which in combination give a large number of different compositions.... ...

One can understand the impatience of a novice carver, who thinks that it is enough to learn to hold tools in his hands, and the tree will obey him. These are all illusions. Before something remotely reminiscent of a work of art comes out of the chisel, you will have to work hard, since first of all it is necessary to study the features and properties of the material, since each type of wood is unique and requires an individual approach and a special processing method; learn to take into account such features as ease of processing, the ability to acquire smoothness or maintain a matte shine, and the perception of finishing; be able to distinguish the texture of 3 main cuts - along and across the fibers, at the end; master the rules and basic carving techniques that every carver follows. Of course, as you gain experience, you will develop your own techniques and habits, but there are basics that remain unchanged regardless of the technique in which the carver plans to work.

There are basic methods of carving, without the ability to perform which it is impossible to move forward, achieve mastery and rise from a banal spoon cutter to an artist-wood carver. Let's look at these techniques.

1. An oblique cut (Fig. 46), in order to be clean and smooth, must be made along an inclined line (hence its name) to the wood layer and in the direction of the running fibers. Otherwise, scuffs and chips will form on the material.

Rice. 46. ​​Making an oblique cut: A- Right; b- wrong

2. Cut across the grain of the workpiece (Fig. 47). To perform this technique, a semicircular chisel is used, the movements of which are carried out on both sides in the direction from the edge to the center of the workpiece. You should not cut from one edge to the other in one pass, as in this case it will not be possible to avoid chipping.

Rice. 47. Making a cut across the grain of the workpiece: A- Right; b- wrong

Secrets between the lines

Is it possible to paint in such a way that the wood grain is not visible?

In this case, we can talk about painting on wood, which uses bright colors that tightly cover the wood, for example the famous Khokhloma painting. Carvers use a variety of paints, including watercolors, which are varnished on top. But special means are also intended for this, for example, golden bronze powder, aluminum powder, which are mixed with varnish and then coated with the product. This looks especially impressive on contour carvings, when a golden or silver pattern appears on a black background.

At the end, this technique (Fig. 48) is performed similarly. If you do not follow this rule, chips will form, which will affect the quality and appearance of the product.

Rice. 48. Making a cut on the end plane of the workpiece: 1 - Right; 2 - wrong

Secrets between the lines

Do wood products require special protection?

It must be said that any product of decorative and applied art, even if perfectly polished, requires a mandatory paint coating, which not only gives the object completeness, brightness, shine, but also protects it from harmful factors. For this purpose, varnishes based on cellulose ethers, all kinds of enamels, covering paints, polyester varnishes and other means are used. Of course, the wood is carefully prepared before final finishing.

3. Thread of a straight double-sided notch directed across the grain of the workpiece (Fig. 49). The technique can be roughly divided into 2 stages: in the first, the knife-jamb is held vertically, in the second - obliquely, and at the same time the edges are cut off on both sides of the central marking line (the middle of the notch).

Rice. 49. Performing a straight two-sided notch across the fibers of the workpiece (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the knife): 1 – marking; 2 - middle line

4. The thread of the double-sided notch, which runs obliquely to the direction of the grain of the workpiece (Fig. 50), just like the previous cut, is carried out in several stages. The cutter is held vertically and cuts a straight center line to the full depth of the notch. Then one inclined side of the recess is made in the direction along the fibers and the second inclined side is cut, but in the opposite direction. Violation of the sequence of stages results in such defects as rough cuts, scuffs, etc.

Rice. 50. Making a double-sided notch that runs obliquely to the direction of the grain of the workpiece (the arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): 1 – marking; 2 – edges of the notch

5. Thread of a straight double-sided notch directed along the fibers of the workpiece (Fig. 51). Depending on the structure of the wood (straight-grain or non-straight-grain), carving will be carried out differently. In the event that the texture lines of the annual layers are located parallel to the side edges of the workpiece being processed and are distinguished by a straight-layer structure, it is carried out easily, but it is necessary in the following sequence. First of all, the center line is cut to the full depth of the recess, then the side faces are made along inclined lines, but unlike the previous type of thread, the cutting direction can be any.

Rice. 51. Making a straight two-sided notch directed along the fibers of the workpiece (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): 1 – edges of the notch; 2 - middle line

Secrets between the lines

Are there any special requirements for paints and varnishes?

First of all, it must be said that finishing a product with paints and varnishes requires various solvents, thinners, leveling compounds, etc. Varnishes must cover the product with a thin transparent film that does not mask the wood texture, have a pure color, impart dullness or gloss, be water- and light-resistant, easy to sand and polish. The choice of one or another varnish is determined by the purpose of the item, its composition, and the nature of the finish. Among the most commonly used are varnishes NTs-222, NTs-221 (light), NTs-224 (dark), NTs-49G (matting), pistachio varnish (can be mixed with paints), etc.

If the wood has any defect, such as curling, in which the direction of the grain deviates from a straight line, the carving must be done differently. First of all, the middle line is cut, vertically and in one direction, after which the side edges are made in two directions (Fig. 52). First one in the direction of the center, then the second in the direction from the center.

Rice. 52. Making a straight two-sided notch directed along the fibers of a workpiece made of twisted wood (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the tool): 1 - middle line; 2, 3 – side edges

6. The carving of the recess, which runs along a circle or along a curve (Fig. 53), is carried out in a certain sequence, the observance of which determines the final appearance of the workpiece.

Rice. 53. Making a notch that runs along a circle or along a curve (numbers show the order of movement of the tool in sectors, arrows indicate the direction of movement of the tool when making side faces, and crosses indicate the meeting point of the edges of the notch): A– order of work; b– dihedral notch; V– semicircular recess

Secrets between the lines

How to apply the varnish and can it be removed if necessary?

Varnishing is the final finishing of a decorative product, which is carried out after it has been sanded, cleaned of lint, filled with pores, covered with primer and sanded again. Usually the varnish is applied with a brush or swab, in some cases they resort to pouring. It is also practiced to dip the product in varnish or apply it by spraying. Sometimes, for example, when restoring a product, it is necessary to remove the old layer of varnish. To do this, select the appropriate solvent, among which are white spirit, solvent No. 646, kerosene, acetone, etc.

The work is performed either with a semicircular chisel or with a jamb knife. First, they cut along the center line, then along the side edges, observing the direction of movement, and especially carefully you need to carve in those places where the edges of the notch meet. To make the carving look neat and beautiful, the wood needs to be removed chip by chip - alternately from each side.

Secrets between the lines

Is it possible to eliminate leaks?

When applying varnish to large surfaces, as well as when using a brush as a tool for applying varnish, smudges may appear. They reduce the decorative qualities of the product and therefore need to be leveled. To do this, use solvents (not to be confused with thinners), for example, NTs-31 distribution liquid, under the influence of which nitro varnishes are leveled.

Secrets between the lines

What is polish?

Polishes are special solutions with a reduced content of film formers, containing plasticizers such as soluble wax, colloidal substances, etc. The polish is applied with a swab to a surface that has already been varnished and sanded for the purpose of polishing. Once dry, it gives a hard, glossy surface that can be polished to a mirror finish. There are alcohol and shellac polishes, which are classified into light, cloudy, transparent (No. 13, 14), red (No. 15), black, cloudy (No. 16).

7. The carving of a semicircular recess, which is located obliquely on the workpiece (Fig. 54), should be carried out taking into account the fact that one side of the recess goes along the direction of the layers of growth rings, therefore it is cut without difficulty and turns out smooth, and the other - against the direction of the layers of growth rings rings, and therefore usually has scoring marks. To make the notch look neat, the wood is cut in opposite directions, first on one side of the center line, and then on the other.

Rice. 54. Making a semicircular recess, which is located obliquely on the workpiece (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the tool)

The middle of the recess must be done with extreme care, without forcing the thread; the wood must be removed carefully, in thin layers. Chips from one direction must necessarily fall into chips from another direction. In this case, the recess will be without scoring.

8. The carving of a round concave recess on the workpiece face can be done in different ways.

First way(Fig. 55)

Rice. 55. Carving a concave recess on the workpiece face using the first method (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): A- view from above; b- side view

The thread is made from the marking line, directing it parallel to the location of the fibers in the wood of the workpiece, and leads to a vertical line that passes through the center. In this case, the meeting place is cut towards the center along a vertical line (indicated by an arrow in the figure).

Secrets between the lines

What are the grinding and polishing processes?

Typically, carvers process products by hand. For grinding, use fine-grained sandpaper or microcorundum powder (the latter is applied with a damp swab). The surface prepared in this way is covered with 2 or 3 layers of polish, drying each one, and treated with special polishing pastes (a mixture of abrasive with binding liquids), for example No. 290, polishing first the wet surface, then the dry one. The paste is removed with polishing water (a mixture of abrasive and emulsion).

Secrets between the lines

What is a smoothing iron and how is it used?

This is the name of an instrument that is cut from bone, hardwood or polystyrene and polished. A smoothing iron is used to polish small items that have been previously sanded and freed from lint. They are first lightly ironed, then processed with some effort, making sure that the product does not collapse or become deformed. The use of polishers has some limitations, for example, they are used to polish wood whose growth rings are the same in density. If this condition is not met, the surface of the product acquires some waviness.

Second way(Fig. 56)

Rice. 56. Carving a concave recess on the workpiece face using the second method (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement)

When working, the tool is directed parallel to the layers of wood towards each other. The meeting points are cut across the grain towards the center.

9. The carving of a round concave recess at the end of the workpiece is carried out in different ways.

The notch is made with lateral movements along the wood fibers, directing the cutter of a semicircular chisel from the center in a circle (Fig. 57).

Rice. 57. Making a round concave recess at the end of the workpiece using the first method (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): A- view from above; b- side view

The second method (Fig. 58) is carried out with another tool - a cranberry, and the carving is made from the center to the edges. The cutting lines can be straight or slightly curved (Fig. 59).

Rice. 58. Making a round concave recess at the end of the workpiece using the second method (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): A- view from above; b- side view

Rice. 59. Making a round concave recess at the end of the workpiece using the second method using curved lines (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the tool)

10. Carving of a round convex shape on the workpiece face is carried out in 2 ways, which differ in the direction of movement of the tool. In both cases, the carving is carried out in 4 directions, but in the first method, from a vertical line passing through the center of the convex shape to a horizontal line, also passing through the center, along the direction of the wood fibers (Fig. 60).

Rice. 60. Making a round convex shape on the workpiece face (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement)

Secrets between the lines

Is it possible to bleach wood in an accelerated way?

If it is necessary to bleach wood, resort to a proven product. But it must be said right away that the composition requires increased safety measures, since it contains toxic substances. So, mix 20 ml of a 30% sulfuric acid solution, 15 ml of 20% oxalic acid, 25 g of sodium peroxide and 1 liter of water. Apply the composition to the wood with a grass brush, and after achieving the effect, wash it off with a soda solution.

Secrets between the lines

What rules must be followed when bleaching wood?

There are several of them, and all of them are time-tested. When the desired result is achieved, bleaches are washed off with water. When using acid bleach, use an aqueous solution of soda instead of water. You cannot test different bleaches on the same product, even if the previous one has been thoroughly washed off. Glued products should not be subjected to this procedure, since the wood is impregnated with solutions, and after drying it may warp or come apart.

During carving using the second method (Fig. 61), the tool is directed along the layer of wood from a vertical line passing through the center of the form to the edges. Moreover, the cuts are made parallel to each other.

Rice. 61. Making a round convex shape on the workpiece face in the second way (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the tool)

11. Convex thread at the end of the workpiece (Fig. 62). This technique is carried out in the direction of the structure of the wood, sequentially moving from the edge of the mold platform to the top.

Rice. 62. Making a convex shape at the end of the workpiece (arrows indicate the direction of tool movement): A- view from above; b- side view

These are the basic carving techniques that are used in almost all types of relief. But it must be said that the carver’s arsenal is not limited to them, and other techniques will be described below.

Secrets between the lines

How to use oil primer?

It is used as an independent product and preparatory (before coating with oil varnish). It is known that oil dries for quite a long time, but if the product is kept in a hot and extinguished oven, oven, or even in a container over an open fire, this process can be accelerated. In the latter case, the product is covered with clean calcined sand.

From the book Modern Encyclopedia of Baths author Dominov Eduard

Chapter 1 PRIMUM FUNDAMENTUM: FIRST OF ALL – THE FOUNDATION! The choice of bathhouse foundation design depends on many factors, and economic considerations play an important role: the difference in cost and labor intensity between different types of foundations is very significant. Together with

From the book Extreme Cooking. How to live without money: Russian extreme food author Tsyplyaev Vladimir Removich

From the book Ceramic Products author Doroshenko Tatyana Nikolaevna

Before you start sculpting Where to get clay Clay, clay... What is it and where do you get it? Nature has prepared clay for us. This is a clastic rock consisting of tiny particles and flakes of alumina (aluminum oxide), silica (silicon oxide) and water. But where to look

From the book Speech without preparation. What and how to say if you are caught by surprise author Sednev Andrey
Did you like the article? Share with your friends!