The most common entrance exams:
- Russian language
- Mathematics (basic level)
- Computer science and information and communication technologies (ICT) - specialized subject, at the choice of the university
- History - at the choice of university
- Social studies - by choice of university
- Foreign language - at the choice of the university
To choose a university, you must also pass one of the following exams: history, social studies, computer science and ICT.
At the discretion of the educational institution, an exam in English or any other foreign language may be offered, depending on the specific area of study.
The specialty “State and Municipal Administration” is an excellent opportunity to choose a prestigious job in large organizations. University graduates are in constant demand among employers; they have excellent prospects for subsequent professional growth and career advancement.
Brief description of the specialty
The specialty allows students to gain advanced knowledge in the field of economics during their studies, including such economic areas as management theory and others. They master the necessary professional and administrative skills that allow them to plan and coordinate the work of the organization and manage the team.
Graduates who have completed training in this specialty have skills that allow them to manage an organization as successfully as possible, take part in organizing the work process of the management system, develop and improve the functioning of management in accordance with the main criteria for the development of the socio-economic sphere.
Large universities
- Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
- State University of Management
- Nizhny Novgorod State University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
- Perm State National Research University
Terms and forms of training
This specialty provides both full-time and part-time or part-time forms of education. With full-time study, the duration of mastering the specialty is 4 years, in other options - from 4.5 years or more.
Subjects studied by students
The specialty is universal in nature, therefore special requirements are imposed on the content of the curriculum. Particular attention is paid to such academic disciplines as:
- economic theory
- management
- psychology
- history of world civilizations
- fundamentals of law and others.
Among the compulsory subjects required to master the specialty are the following:
- statistics
- civil law
- management theory
- information technology in management
- administrative law and others.
Some higher education institutions introduce a course of professional foreign language and rhetoric into the curriculum. The training involves practical training in government agencies that meet the needs of the training profile.
Gained knowledge and skills
A bachelor-manager who has completed a program in this specialty can perform the following types of professional activities:
- plan different types of activities;
- organize work according to set goals, available resources and results;
- carefully monitor the activities of employees and the entire organization;
- lead a team and coordinate work in the external environment;
- motivate employees;
- represent the institution (company) and its interests;
- explore and evaluate problems and situations;
- propose forecasts and plan goals;
- work with employees in the field of providing consultations, methodological recommendations, educational issues;
- carry out innovative work in the field of management.
Future profession: what to work for?
Graduates can count on good positions in prestigious organizations, and they also have excellent opportunities for excellent career growth in the state and municipal service.
A specialist bachelor-manager acts as an intermediary between people and the state. He works in various departments and services, including specialized ones, and participates in the development of bills. Also, a specialist manager receives citizens, helping them solve a wide range of issues, provides guidance in matters of healthcare, social, housing, educational, cultural and other life activities, monitors databases, issues certificates and information upon requests, and deals with office work issues. A specialist can find work in:
- state and municipal authorities;
- local government bodies;
- international organizations and governing bodies;
- public sector organizations;
- non-profit organizations;
- civil society institutions;
- educational and research institutions;
Holding a position as a specialist of the second category immediately after graduation, you can count on a salary of 20,000 rubles. The income of a leading specialist can be about 30,000, a chief specialist’s income can be about 35,000, and the head of a department will receive from 40,000 rubles. High professional qualities of specialists allow them to quickly move up the career ladder, but gradually step by step.
Continuing training in the specialty
If desired, you can continue your studies in this specialty in master’s and postgraduate programs.
For many, it is still a mystery what the specialty “state and municipal administration” includes. What skills are taught at universities within this profile, and most importantly - where to go to work later.
State and municipal administration: what kind of profession?
Russia is a state with its own administrative apparatus, which is divided into three levels: federal, regional and municipal. Each level is called upon to resolve a range of issues within its competencies: from the adoption of legislation to the cleaning of adjacent home areas in each individual city or village.
In order for government structures to work effectively and not violate the law and the rights of individual citizens, highly qualified personnel are needed, whose training takes place specifically in the “state and municipal administration” profile. Graduates of this specialty can competently organize the work of government agencies, distribute the budget, process citizens’ requests, improve economic stability, and much more.
How did this specialty appear?
The expression “a country can be ruled by a cook” has long been irrelevant and is fundamentally incorrect. Ordinary people do not even imagine that a person in public service must be deeply versed in various fields: from jurisprudence to biology and geography, in order to make high-quality management decisions.
Advanced countries have been training specialists in this field for a long time; in our country, the system of state and municipal government began to receive competent personnel only in the 2000s.
At a time when the country was just rising from its knees, without a stable regulatory framework behind it, there was a need for professionals who, thanks to their knowledge and competencies, would develop and implement projects aimed at improving the lives of citizens and the state as a whole.
Since 1995, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has issued several standards for training in this specialty at universities and secondary vocational institutions. Then people did not know what state and municipal management included, who to work for, what to do, so only a few went to study, at the moment this program is one of the most popular among humanitarian areas.
Many artists, politicians, and public figures send their children to this direction because of the versatility of the knowledge gained.
Where can you go to get a job after studying?
The prestige of this work has recently risen greatly, but when choosing the specialty “state and municipal administration”, not everyone understands who to work with next. What government structures are open to graduates of this profile?
- Administrations at different levels, and this could be the presidential administration.
- Various executive bodies: committees, departments, departments dealing with economics, housing and communal services, education, healthcare, transport, social protection, ecology.
- Legislative structures, be it the State Duma, the regional or territorial Legislative Assembly or the Council of People's Deputies directly in the municipality. Here you can speak directly on a professional basis, as well as in the supporting apparatus of the entire body or an individual deputy.
- Diplomatic departments, departments for foreign economic relations.
- Supervisory authorities (tax service, law enforcement, bailiff service).
- Various civil institutions dealing with issues of social protection, insurance, and pensions.
- Multifunctional centers providing government services to the population.
In addition, you can stay as a teacher at the university (after completing master's and postgraduate studies), and go to research centers.
Also, commercial organizations that require management personnel very often prefer applicants with a diploma in state and municipal administration.
Advantages of working in government structures
- If you choose the profession of state and municipal administration, work will be guaranteed for you. The market for vacant positions is constantly updated, and there is a demand for specialists in both federal and municipal bodies.
- The employer is the state. Accordingly, all labor legislation will be observed, and wages will always arrive on time.
- Career growth can begin in an ordinary municipal administration, and end in the State Duma - it all depends on the employee’s ambitions, his skills and efforts.
- The knowledge gained during training and in the process of work will allow you to quickly and effectively solve your own everyday problems, since you will know exactly what you need to pay attention to in contracts, where to go for a particular problem, what rights you have .
- Many employees have business trips during their work, so you will have the opportunity to visit different parts of Russia and beyond.
- Being a manager is prestigious. Employees are classified as modern intelligentsia.
Training program
In order to become a competent specialist, you need a broad outlook, which universities try to develop as much as possible. The student must master the basic disciplines for general development, such as: philosophy, history, mathematics, life safety, foreign language, the concept of modern natural science, physical education, ecology, political science.
In addition, there are a number of disciplines in the specialty: office management, jurisprudence (both general and narrower: civil, criminal, administrative, land, and so on), economics (world, macro, micro), theory of state and municipal government , project management, territory management, territorial structure, management, marketing, a set of disciplines in computer science and many others.
There are also disciplines designed to develop the personal qualities of students and their innovative spirit: psychology, sociology, ethics, business communications, consulting, cultural studies, logic, rhetoric, innovation management, public relations management and similar courses.
Thus, knowledge and experience, a broad outlook and a thirst for research, the development of creative and rule-making abilities, as well as a huge range of competencies that are applicable in various fields, are provided by training in the specialty of state and municipal management. The student will decide where to work next without any problems, since in addition to the public service, such a base is also required in other organizations, both commercial and non-profit.
What issues should a graduate understand?
- Know the Constitution, basic federal and regional laws.
- Navigate the government structures and government system.
- Know how to find reliable legal information.
- Know economic patterns, the political situation in the country, problems in the social sphere.
- Be able to make thoughtful management decisions.
- Know various methods of analysis, forecasting, statistics and reporting.
- The most important thing is to understand, after receiving a specialty in state and municipal administration, who to work with later.
What qualities do you need to have to become a successful manager?
- Strive for knowledge.
- Be punctual.
- Have patience and will.
- Be able to correct mistakes.
- Think several steps ahead.
- Don't be afraid to bring something new into your life and work.
Where can I get an education?
In Russia, this specialty can be obtained almost everywhere in large cities and regional centers. In fact, every classical and economics university offers training and retraining in state and municipal management. Where to work after training, the average salary locally, the vacancy market within the region - these questions can be asked directly to the admissions committee in order to unambiguously determine the training profile.
As a rule, this specialty is paid, but there are exceptions. You can apply based on the results of the Unified State Exam, as well as an interview if you already have a secondary specialized education.
At the moment, you can complete a full bachelor's degree program, receive additional education, or take courses.
State and municipal management is an opportunity to gain broad knowledge, skills in working with people, learn the basics of office work, in addition, a person will move up the career ladder over time, which is important for many.
Career growth: where to start?
After graduating from university, you need to create a resume. Next, on the official websites of government agencies, study vacant offers and choose the most attractive ones for yourself.
In the civil service, positions are hired only through competition, so it is worth carefully studying the regulatory framework of the relevant body and the main acts relating to the civil service.
It is necessary to prepare in advance all the necessary documents that must be brought to the interview location. As a rule, filling a position lasts 1-2 months.
Thus, you should not be afraid to enter state and municipal government. You will definitely decide who to work with during your training, since during practical training you will become familiar with various bodies directly, and you will decide what is more interesting: social, legislative, economic, law enforcement, environmental protection or something else. Even if you realize that this profession is not for you, then with your existing qualifications and competencies you can easily find another, more interesting vacancy outside the public service.
Currently, the popularity of the specialty “state and municipal management” is growing. What kind of work can you do after completing your studies?
General points
It would seem that such a prestigious specialization and a high passing grade upon admission to a higher educational institution should be a guarantee of an excellent career and quick and profitable employment. But in practice the situation is somewhat different. Have you graduated from the Faculty of State and Municipal Administration? Who to work with - don’t know? To begin with, let us highlight the features of this direction.
Features of the profession
A natural question arises for those who have chosen “state and municipal management”: what can they do after completing their studies? Yesterday's students have three alternative paths:
- work in a private organization;
- get a job in a government agency;
- get a position at an institute or research laboratory.
Such are the prospects for the specialization “state and municipal management”; the choice of whom to work is up to the holder of the diploma. When applying for a job, the applicant must take into account financial needs and his own ambitions. After five years of training in the basics of forecasting and analysis, there should be little difficulty in working out all the benefits of the proposed position.
Career
In real life, graduates of the “state and municipal management” major do not choose who to work with, but agree to any proposals related to office work. Such a position can hardly be called the ultimate dream, but, despite the low salary and significant amount of work, the clerk has every chance for good career growth. But this is only relevant in those organizations in which subsequent career advancement is possible. Holders of a diploma in “state and municipal management” must choose who to work for themselves.
Service to the state
If a graduate has chosen to work in a government organization, he must understand the full burden of responsibility that is placed on him. In essence, such an employee is an intermediary between government institutions and ordinary people. Are you thinking about who to work after the “state and municipal administration” faculty? At first, you can only count on a category 2 specialist position in government agencies. The salary that will be offered to a young specialist does not exceed 20-25 thousand rubles. But the state offers various support measures in many regions of the country, for example, benefits for children’s enrollment in preschool educational institutions, free travel on public transport, and treatment in local sanatoriums. As the length of service increases, the size automatically increases, and the opportunity to move up the career ladder appears.
Private companies
Do you have a diploma with a specialization in “municipal and public administration”, but haven’t decided where to work yet? Try to get a job in a private company. In this case, you can count on a good salary even without experience. If you want to get instant material profit, immediately look for vacancies in non-state companies. Graduates who dream of serving their country faithfully must be prepared for low wages and irregular work hours. The main advantage of such a choice can be considered the opportunity to maximally satisfy one’s personal ambitions. You have a specialty in “state and municipal administration”, haven’t you decided who to work with yet? In this case, try to apply for a job at a large corporation first. Every company has a special department whose employees are engaged in establishing relationships with government agencies.
Requirements for an employee of a private company
In order to count on a high salary, working in a department dealing with relations with government agencies, you must have certain skills:
- conduct a full analysis of the actions of the authorities, laws adopted, policies pursued;
- find ways to effectively interact with government agencies;
- support and implement programs that are aimed at joint activities with local governments;
- identify the main needs of the company.
Not every private company has interaction with government authorities at such a high level that would allow creating special departments and hiring qualified employees. Only huge corporations and large monopolists engage in such activities. In them, the main shareholder and founder is the state, so it will be difficult for a recent graduate to get a job in such a serious company, even if he has the profession of “state and municipal management.” Where to work for newly minted specialists?
Consulting offices and analytical centers
Employment in such organizations does not guarantee high wages. Moreover, it will be difficult to count on rapid career growth. But for those people who are interested in forecasting and analysis, working in a consulting center or analytical agency will be an excellent option. If the forecasts you make turn out to be accurate and successful, there is a chance in a few years to gain a positive image and become a respected member of the team. Gradually, you will gain some weight in a certain circle, your suggestions and ideas will be listened to, you will be systematically invited to various analytical programs and programs. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that only a few can make a full-fledged career; everyone else will have to be content with second roles and perform very prosaic duties. There is a small chance of ending up as an employee of an international consulting company and getting the opportunity to realize your own potential.
Work as an official
There are certain requirements that an employer places on a graduate of a higher educational institution. In order to count on a prestigious job, you need to demonstrate the following qualities to a potential employer:
- Analysis. It is necessary to have information about the main changes taking place in the financial market, in tax policy, to monitor political trends, and to be aware of the possible risks of management work.
- Organization of activities. Be able to create and plan new projects, including the development of programs for an entire region.
In addition to the skills listed above, an official must establish full-fledged relationships with the public, speak several languages, and provide consultations to private firms. If a young employee has all these qualities, he will find a very promising and highly paid job and will be in demand.
Conclusion
After five years of study, having received the specialty “state and municipal administration,” the holder of the diploma decides where to get a job. It is important not to forget all the skills and knowledge that were acquired during the study process and to fully implement them in practice. This specialty is considered one of the most modern and youngest in our country. In 2015, the Russian Federation introduced a new federal educational standard for the training of specialists in state and municipal management. At the moment, this specialization is one of the most popular among applicants, so to enter the Faculty of Management you need high scores on the Unified State Exam. Successful graduates of secondary schools try to get into this particular specialization, realizing that after completing their studies they will have a real chance to work in commercial structures and government administration.
Municipal government, being a form of public power, provides for the presence and activity in the system of various types of employees and officials who provide solutions to problems of local importance. In the current state of the everyday, socio-cultural and economic infrastructure of all settlements, without involving professionals from the relevant authorities in the administrative apparatus, it is impossible to ensure effective management of the economy. Next, let's take a closer look at what municipal government is.
General information
The Constitution, delimiting state and municipal administration, formed the prerequisites for the creation of appropriate institutions. Local power is exercised through the activities of specially formed services. State and municipal administration cover different areas. However, both of these institutions exist in the interests of society. The concept and general criteria for the formation of local authorities, the legal aspects of the activities of employees are formulated in Law No. 25 “On Municipal Service”.
Basic Concepts
Municipal management is a professional activity carried out on an ongoing basis in the appropriate position. She is not elective. According to the law, a position should be understood as an official position provided for in the charter of a municipality within the framework of regional regulations of the subject. It assumes certain powers relating primarily to problems of local importance. Municipal positions are provided for in the relevant local authorities, formed in accordance with the charter of the Moscow Region. For each official position, its own terms of reference are established for ensuring and exercising the powers of this authority, as well as responsibility for their implementation. 
Job classification
All of them are divided into elective and others. The former can be replaced on the basis of municipal elections, in accordance with the decision of a representative or other local government body. Election concerns, for example, deputies. Filling other municipal positions is carried out through the conclusion of an employment contract. The law provides for a general classification. In accordance with it, positions can be:
- Higher.
- The main ones.
- Leading.
- Seniors.
- Younger.
Regional laws approve special registers. They provide a specific list of names of municipal government positions for a given subject. They are classified according to functional characteristics, groups, election commissions, and authorities. When delimiting, the historical and other features of the territory are taken into account.
Entering the service
For citizens wishing to obtain a particular position, certain requirements are established. Persons who have reached the age of 18, speak the state language of the Russian Federation and have the appropriate qualifications can enter the service. Requirements for professional training of citizens are established in Federal Law No. 25. Persons who do not have the restrictions specified in Art. can enter the municipal service. 13 of this law. When accepting citizens for positions, as well as in the process of professional activity, it is subsequently not allowed to establish any direct or indirect advantages or limits depending on race, gender, origin, nationality, beliefs, place of residence, membership in social groups, official or marital status and other circumstances not related to the professional and business qualities of employees. 
Legal status
A citizen is recognized as a municipal employee who, in the manner established by the relevant acts within the framework of the Federal Law and the laws of the region, performs the duties of his position for a salary. It is paid from the local budget. Persons who provide technical support for the activities of local authorities and election commissions of the Moscow Region cannot fill these positions and are not employees of the relevant institutions. The law establishes a special legal status for persons exercising municipal governance.
Restrictions
Regulatory acts of local authorities establish the duties and rights of employees, as well as guarantees of their activities and restrictions related to the performance of work. During elections and referendums, officials cannot use their status and involve subordinates or those in other working dependence in carrying out activities during the performance of their work duties that would contribute to the election or nomination: collecting signatures, campaigning during business trips. Municipal employees are not provided with a preferential right of access to the media; they cannot use organizational, technical and material means that ensure the execution of their powers during election campaigning and collecting signatures. Officials registered as candidates are exempt from professional activities for the period of their participation in the election campaign. 
Municipal government: bodies
Local power is exercised in the municipality. It is a rural, urban settlement, their parts, several points that are united by a common territory, or another area with residents in which municipal government is carried out. Local authorities are elected and other formations that are empowered to solve problems of local importance. Municipal government bodies are not part of the system of government institutions. The list of local authorities in each specific municipality is determined by its charter.
Representative municipal bodies may form extra-budgetary trust funds under the conditions and in the manner established by law. Local authorities, in accordance with the rules of law of the Russian Federation, can issue lotteries and loans, issue loans, form banks and other financial institutions. The head of the municipal government acts as a coordinating element of the municipal government structure. Its tasks include, among other things, ensuring the coordinated activities of lower levels of the system. Structural divisions are control elements. They form the lowest level of administration and directly interact with local executive authorities. The latter are unitary enterprises. They perform certain functions: they produce any products or provide services. The complex and purposeful activity of the executive elements of the Ministry of Defense is the basis of its functioning. 
Role in the socio-economic system
Local authorities carry out municipal property management. It includes budget funds, reserves of extra-budgetary funds, natural resources, and lands. It also includes municipal organizations and enterprises, their property, cultural institutions, healthcare, sports, etc. The local budget includes taxes, fines, fees, as well as deductions from federal, regional and other payments in accordance with the regulations of the Russian Federation. In cases provided for by law, municipal property management is carried out directly by the population itself.
Farm
At the municipal level, it includes housing and communal services, consumer service institutions, the construction industry, public catering, trade, and so on. Homogeneous industries form corresponding industries. Enterprise management functions, depending on their content, are divided into intersectoral and sectoral. The first include the organization of labor and its payment, long-term forecasting and planning, logistics, accounting, etc. Functions of an intersectoral nature in their content are practically independent of the specifics of enterprises. Municipal property management is carried out by relevant committees. They are in charge of shares (shares, stocks) of business companies of mixed forms, as well as joint-stock companies formed during privatization. Municipal management of property, presented in the form of investments from budgetary funds, as well as those attracted from individuals and legal entities, is carried out by the head of the Moscow Region. 
Cultural sphere
This area of activity includes solving problems of healthcare, education, culture, social protection and other sectors. Culture is an area of spiritual life. Its system in the Moscow Region consists of such institutions as theaters, museums, libraries, cinemas, and clubs. Municipal education management is a relatively independent, territorially isolated part. It interacts with other industries. The municipal government of the city ensures the activities of healthcare and social protection institutions.
I. Issues of the Department of State and Municipal Administration
Concept and properties of the system. Large and complex systems.
A system is a collection of interconnected parts.
The concept of a system is revealed through properties; those properties that are necessary to solve the problem are taken into account.
Properties:
· Static– “instant photo”, what the system has at any fixed moment in time:
- integrity– the system acts as a kind of separate whole, allows you to divide the world into 2 parts: the system and the environment.
-openness– “black box model”, a set of inputs and outputs, connection with the environment.
- heterogeneity– distinguishability of parts, “composition model” - a list of parts of a given system
- structure– “structure model” - a set of connections within the system
· Dynamic– change of the system over time:
- functionality– all systems are functional and perform some function.
- stimulation– external influence on the system is called incentives. There are many stimuli, the most common are inputs controlled and uncontrolled by me
- variability systems over time – the system changes over time: components, structure
- being in a constantly changing environment– all systems change over time, and as a result, the environment also changes
· Synthetic properties– interaction of the system with the environment
- emergence– every system has some properties that its constituent parts cannot have; the structure is responsible for the new properties.
- inherence– the degree of coordination with the environment and the degree of efficiency in performing the functions of the system in this environment
- indivisibility– if we want to preserve the properties of the system, we cannot delete anything from it.
- expediency– a system is created to achieve certain goals; the system is a means to achieve a goal. The subjective goal is the desired future state of the system, the objective goal is the future real state of the system.
Large systems– the model is true, but inadequate, but there are not enough resources to achieve the goal at the right time. 2 ways of management: simplify the model (to get results on time), or attract additional resources.
Complex systems– the model of this system is inadequate (something is unknown to us), therefore we do not get the goal at the output. To simplify the system, there are 2 ways: replenish the model with the necessary information until we get the goal at the output, or simplify the system itself (From complex to simple - we know how to manage it). But for some subjects it will be simple, and for others complex.
Basic principles of organizing the state system. and mun. management.
SGiMU can be called one of the most important disciplines of the management cycle. The subject of SGiMU is territorial entities. The role of a territorial entity can be any territorial settlement that has its own administrative boundaries, which is the main part of the region and is endowed with the possibility of self-government. The control system is divided vertically and horizontally. Vertical division is the division into levels of government, and horizontal division is into branches of government.
Levels of power - the division of powers in accordance with the vesting of certain powers - from the highest levels of management to the lowest. Levels of government determine the way administrative responsibilities are divided.
Branches of government - vertical division of powers to maintain a democratic regime in the country. Vertical streamlining of management activities. Traditionally, the branches of government include the executive, legislative and judicial. The division of SGiMU into vertical and horizontal components is intended to ensure more rational and effective management in the country.
SGiMU contains two types of management: State and municipal. Public administration is called upon to regulate social relations, to ensure the protection of the state as an integrity and its institutions. Management in this area is carried out “from top to bottom”, so the state assumes the right to realize public interest. Public administration is the process of regulating relations within a country. Aimed at protecting the interests of the country, its institutions and the interests of citizens living in it. Public administration is carried out with the help of state power, which can be called a body of legal coercion in the interests of the majority, while respecting the interests of the state. As a system, the GI implements some functions:
Institutional: creates certain institutions to resolve government issues
- regulatory: regulates the behavior of subjects through a system of norms and rules
- goal-setting: chooses the highest priority paths for the country’s development
- functional: supports all economic infrastructures of the country
- ideological: forms a national idea to unite people within the state.
MU, on the contrary, is carried out “bottom-up” in order to adapt municipal interest to state interest. The point of such adaptation is to equip people’s habitats and establish connections between territories. All work of MU is aimed at solving issues of local importance. This is justified by the fact that issues of this nature can only be understood and resolved by people directly living in this territory. Basic principles for the formation of the SSU: - the principle of separation of powers. This principle was introduced by Montesquieu. It was this scientist who proposed dividing power into three components - legislative, executive and judicial. This division should lead to increased efficiency of control over the work of state authorities.
- the principle of complementarity. Ensures continuity in the power system. Uniform distribution of power functions. Allocation of power from both above and below.
- the principle of subsidiarity. Determines how powers will be distributed and redistributed between management levels of government. Determines how authorities should exercise their powers and what responsibility they bear to the population. This principle has two dimensions. Vertical - how power is distributed between levels of government, from local government to state government. Horizontal distribution of power is characterized by the distribution of powers at the federal, regional and local levels.
The principle of sovereignty. Assumes independence. That is, sovereignty should help ensure that the state is independent within the international framework.
- the principle of democracy. It says that the population should take a direct active part in the State Medical University. Those. must take part in the election of government bodies.
- the principle of homogeneity. The advantage of federal law over regional law. This principle suggests that regional legislation should be in a relationship of subordination to federal legislation.
