It's finally done! The first stage of joint work of the Research Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute and Museum of Anthropology named after. D.N. Anuchin Moscow State University for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The need for such research arose a long time ago. But it was only at the end of 1999 that scientists around the world completed more than half a century of work to decipher the human genome. It has become possible not only to treat hereditary diseases of individual people, but also to study the genetic characteristics of entire peoples by sequencing mitochondrial DNA and human chromosome DNA.
Anthropologists and historians did not fail to take advantage of this. The results turned out to be stunning, upending the previous ideas of scientists about the ways of settlement of people on our planet, about the history and time of origin of individual nations. All this became possible after deciphering the structure of human sex chromosomes. It is well known that, for various reasons, genes included in the chromosome structure are susceptible to point mutations. Some mutations are harmful and cause hereditary diseases, while others are absolutely harmless. Each mutation is unique, has no repeats, and can initially only occur in one person. A gene that has undergone a point mutation becomes a kind of mark that a person passes on to his children. Thus, having arisen at some point, the mutation is replicated from generation to generation and there are more and more people carrying it. Their accumulation, like the flow of grains of sand in an hourglass, can serve as a measure of time. Thus, it is possible to study the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. Point mutations are most easily traced in the chain of generations in the sex chromosomes, due to their unique structure and conservatism. Every schoolchild knows that the human genome consists of only 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 pairs contain genes that form the characteristics of humans as a biological species. The twenty-third pair determines the gender of a person. The X chromosome carries the feminine principle, the male chromosome is called the Y chromosome.
Having studied point mutations in the X-chromosomes of the peoples of Western Europe, European scientists came to the conclusion that all the peoples of this region descended from only seven female ancestors at the dawn of civilization, back in the era of the Old Stone Age - Paleolithic, who lived locally in this territory. Thus, the significance of the so-called Great Migration for the formation of the modern population of Western Europe is greatly exaggerated. Sequencing the X-chromosomes of Russians made it possible to determine the ancestral home of the Russian Eve - this is the Eastern Baltic region 7–6.5 thousand years ago. e. How did the Russian Eva’s family end up between the Oka and Upper Volga rivers? Archeology helps to understand this issue. Archaeologists know that 4 thousand years B.C. “Volosovo residents” appeared here. This was the name given to the Chalcolletic culture, discovered by archaeologists for the first time in the vicinity of the city of Navashino, near the village. Volosovo, at the confluence of the Veletma River and the Oka.
In Y-chromosomes, the frequency of point mutations is extremely low compared to X-chromosomes; they are passed on from generation to generation through the male line almost unchanged and therefore can serve as a qualitative and quantitative indicator of the genetic characteristics of a particular people, the degree of their relationship with other peoples
Studies of the X- and Y-chromosomes of Russian people over a vast area from the White Sea region to the Kuban (North Caucasus), from the Novgorod region to the Northern Dvina, Vyatka, and Left Bank of the Middle Volga rivers have shown the absolute genetic identity of Russian people. Even Kuban, with its proximity to the Caucasus and constant interaction with it, turned out to be more “Russian” than it was previously imagined. In fact, it was in this vast space that the genotype of the Russian people was formed. All this refutes the now fashionable theory in the West that the Russians are a young historical community consisting of Slavicized Finns who intermarried with the Tatars in the 13th-15th centuries, and do not have a clearly visible ethnic homeland.
A study of the structure of the Y-chromosome in Russian and Finnish men showed a difference of thirty conventional units. And the genetic difference between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Vepsians, Komi-Zyrians, etc.) living on the territory of Russia turned out to be equal to only 2-3 units. With such minimal differences, we can talk about the genetic unity of these peoples with the Russian people. About their common origin! Simply put, they can be considered Finno-Ugrians only conditionally, based on the historically established commonality of cultures. Genetically they have nothing to do with Finns. Moreover, many structural features of the chromosomes of these peoples turned out to be identical to Indian ones. This indicates their Indo-European, as well as Slavic, origin, unlike the Finns.
But the Finns were found to have a typically Asian feature - a high frequency of Y chromosomes containing a large mutation in the DNA structure - the replacement of thymidine (T-allele) with cytosine (C-allele) in a certain place on the chromosome, and this replacement was not found in other countries Western Europe, neither North America nor Australia.
However, the Finns were not the only people with chromosomes with the C allele; they were found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats (50%) and Yakuts (80%). The common Y chromosome, occurring with noticeable frequency in these peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is it possible? Yes, it’s possible, if you imagine that two and a half thousand years ago, two sons came out of the house of a father who had a C-allelic mutation in his chromosome and lived somewhere in the depths of Central Asia. One went to the East and married a woman of the Mongoloid race - the ancestor of the Yakuts and Buryats, while the second went to the far West and reached the Urals, from where his descendants reached the Scandinavian Peninsula through the expanses of the Russian Plain. Walking across the Russian Plain, they married or raped the local female population, thereby endowing 17% of ethnic Russian men in the northern regions with the C-allelic mutation. And in this case, genetics refutes the main thesis of the supporters of the Finnish theory of the origin of the Russian people, that the Slavs seized the lands of the Finno-Ugrians and assimilated them, depriving them of the right to self-determination. Everything was exactly the opposite.
A comparison of the yk-chromosomes of Russians and Tatars also showed a distance of 30 conventional units. So the thesis that, if you dig around in almost every Russian, you can find a fair amount of Tatar, from the point of view of genetics, is also not true. The gene pool of the Tatar people turned out to be more complex than previously thought, while the Mongolian trace in it is insignificant.
In any scientific research, the research method cannot be elevated to an absolute, for fear of a fatal mistake. It is important to achieve comparable results using different methods. This was also provided for in studies of the gene pool of the Russian people. The Department of Anthropology of Moscow State University, in parallel with genetic studies, used the famous method of a generalized portrait, invented in the last century by the Englishman Galton. Over forty years of intense research, anthropologists have been able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to convert to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them by the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other and process them using a special computer program. Thousands of typical Russian faces were brought together into one. And when the faces of a young man and woman appeared on the computer screen, everyone present gasped. From the photo image, slightly blurred at the edges, painfully familiar faces looked at them. Everyone recognized their close relatives in them: grandmother, grandfather, mother, father in their youth... Doctor of Biological Sciences Ilya Vasilyevich Perevozchikov, a leading researcher at the Department of Anthropology at Moscow State University, said that everyone who was shown a generalized portrait admitted that it was difficult to tear himself away from it. A good photograph, as the masters of photo reporting say, differs from a bad one in one hypnotic quality - you want to look at it endlessly...
These portraits concentrated everything that is characteristic of the appearance of the Russian nation, and, on the contrary, everything that distinguishes one Russian from another disappeared. The result was the most typical Russian faces possible.
But whose faces can be original for an entire people? There is only one logical answer to this: the man and woman you see, according to one of Ilya Vasilyevich’s colleagues, should be very similar to the real ancestors of the Russian people who lived many thousands of years ago. The fact that the portraits look at us not as gray, faceless ovals of faces, as happened when drawing up a generalized portrait of the French, but quite attractive young people, indicates that the Russian nation is more united than some politicians who predict the imminent collapse of Russia believe. And first of all, the separation of Finnish Russia from it - according to the Kosovo scheme: the Northern and Northwestern regions of Russia together with the Novgorod region, the empty lands in which are being intensively bought up by Estonians.
There are far fewer anthropological differences between Russians living in Kaliningrad and Kamchatka than between Germans living in neighboring German regions. Anthropologists from expeditions, over almost 100 years of research, brought back verbal portraits of the people they photographed. The computer made a general verbal portrait of them. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of the external appearance of Russians and is found in only 7% of Russian people. This symptom turned out to be more typical for Germans and Finns – 25%. Research into the gene pool of the Russian people will continue. New discoveries are ahead!
For the first time in history, Russian scientists conducted an unprecedented study of the Russian gene pool - and were shocked by its results. In particular, this study fully confirmed the idea expressed in our articles “Country of Moksel” (No. 14) and “Non-Russian Russian Language” (No. 12) that Russians are not Slavs, but only Russian-speaking Finns.
“Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The publication of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order,” this is how the publication on this topic in the Russian publication Vlast sensationally begins. And the sensation really turned out to be incredible - many myths about Russian nationality turned out to be false. Among other things, it turned out that genetically Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns.
THE RUSSIANS TURNED OUT TO BE FINNS
Over several decades of intense research, anthropologists have been able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. However, anthropological measurements of the proportions of the human body are not even the last, but the century before last, of science, which has long ago received at its disposal the most accurate methods of molecular biology, which make it possible to read all human genes. And the most advanced methods of DNA analysis today are considered to be sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y chromosome. Mitochondrial DNA has been passed down through the female line from generation to generation, virtually unchanged since the time when the ancestor of mankind, Eve, climbed down from a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus, in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of kinship between people, writes the magazine “Power”.
In the West, human population geneticists have been successfully using these methods for two decades. In Russia, they were used only once, in the mid-1990s, when identifying royal remains. The turning point in the situation with the use of the most modern methods to study the titular nation of Russia occurred only in 2000. The Russian Foundation for Basic Research has awarded a grant to scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. For the first time in Russian history, scientists were able to fully concentrate on studying the gene pool of the Russian people for several years. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
The molecular genetic results of Russia’s first study of the gene pool of the titular nationality are now being prepared for publication in the form of a monograph “Russian Gene Pool”, which will be published at the end of the year by the Luch publishing house. The magazine “Vlast” provides some research data. So, it turned out that the Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns. By the way, these studies completely destroyed the notorious myth about the “Eastern Slavs” - that supposedly Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians “make up a group of Eastern Slavs.” The only Slavs of these three peoples turned out to be only Belarusians, but it turned out that Belarusians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Western ones - because they are genetically practically no different from the Poles. So the myth about the “kinship blood of Belarusians and Russians” was completely destroyed: Belarusians turned out to be virtually identical to the Poles, Belarusians are genetically very far from Russians, but very close to Czechs and Slovaks. But the Finns of Finland turned out to be much closer genetically to the Russians than the Belarusians. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns in Finland is only 30 conventional units (close relationship). And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, Mordovians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are IDENTICAL. In this regard, the magazine “Vlast” notes: “And the harsh statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia on September 1 at the Council of the EU in Brussels (after the denunciation by the Russian side of the treaty on the state border with Estonia) about discrimination against the Finno-Ugric peoples allegedly related to the Finns in the Russian Federation loses its substantive meaning . But due to the moratorium of Western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry was unable to reasonably accuse Estonia of interfering in our internal, one might even say closely related, affairs.” This philippic is only one facet of the mass of contradictions that have arisen. Since the closest relatives for Russians are Finno-Ugrians and Estonians (in fact, these are the same people, since a difference of 2-3 units is inherent in only one people), then Russian jokes about “inhibited Estonians” are strange, when Russians themselves are these Estonians. A huge problem arises for Russia in self-identification as supposedly “Slavs,” because genetically the Russian people have nothing to do with the Slavs. In the myth about the “Slavic roots of the Russians,” Russian scientists have put an end to it: there is nothing of the Slavs in the Russians. There is only the near-Slavic Russian language, but it also contains 60-70% of non-Slavic vocabulary, so a Russian person is not able to understand the languages of the Slavs, although a real Slav understands any Slavic languages (except Russian) due to the similarity. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that another closest relative of Russians, besides the Finns of Finland, are the Tatars: Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates them from the Finns. The data for Ukraine turned out to be no less sensational. It turned out that genetically the population of Eastern Ukraine is Finno-Ugrians: Eastern Ukrainians are practically no different from Russians, Komi, Mordvins, and Mari. This is one Finnish people, who once had their own common Finnish language. But with the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine, everything turned out to be even more unexpected. These are not Slavs at all, just as they are not the “Russo-Finns” of Russia and Eastern Ukraine, but a completely different ethnic group: between the Ukrainians from Lvov and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units.
This close relationship between Western Ukrainians and Tatars may be explained by the Sarmatian roots of the ancient inhabitants of Kievan Rus. Of course, there is a certain Slavic component in the blood of Western Ukrainians (they are more genetically close to the Slavs than the Russians), but these are still not Slavs, but Sarmatians. Anthropologically, they are characterized by wide cheekbones, dark hair and brown eyes, dark (and not pink, like Caucasians) nipples. The magazine writes: “You can react as you like to these strictly scientific facts that show the natural essence of the standard electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But it will not be possible to accuse Russian scientists of falsifying these data: then the accusation will automatically extend to their Western colleagues, who have been delaying the publication of these results for more than a year, each time extending the moratorium period.” The magazine is right: these data clearly explain the deep and permanent split in Ukrainian society, where two completely different ethnic groups actually live under the name “Ukrainians.” Moreover, Russian imperialism will take this scientific data into its arsenal - as another (already weighty and scientific) argument to “increase” the territory of Russia with Eastern Ukraine. But what about the myth about the “Slavic-Russians”?
Recognizing these data and trying to use them, Russian strategists are faced with what is popularly called a “double-edged sword”: in this case, they will have to reconsider the entire national self-identification of the Russian people as “Slavic” and abandon the concept of “kinship” with Belarusians and the entire Slavic World - no longer at the level of scientific research, but at the political level. The magazine also publishes a map indicating the area where “truly Russian genes” (that is, Finnish) are still preserved. Geographically, this territory “coincides with Russia during the time of Ivan the Terrible” and “clearly shows the conventionality of some state borders,” the magazine writes. Namely: the population of Bryansk, Kursk and Smolensk is not a Russian population at all (that is, Finnish), but a Belarusian-Polish one - identical to the genes of Belarusians and Poles. An interesting fact is that in the Middle Ages the border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy was precisely the ethnic border between the Slavs and Finns (by the way, the eastern border of Europe then passed along it). The further imperialism of Muscovy-Russia, which annexed neighboring territories, went beyond the boundaries of ethnic Muscovites and captured foreign ethnic groups.
WHAT IS Rus'?
These new discoveries by Russian scientists allow us to take a fresh look at the entire politics of medieval Muscovy, including its concept of “Rus”. It turns out that Moscow’s “pulling of the Russian blanket over itself” is explained purely ethnically and genetically. The so-called “Holy Rus'” in the concept of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow and Russian historians was formed due to the rise of Moscow in the Horde, and, as Lev Gumilyov wrote, for example, in the book “From Rus' to Russia”, due to this same fact, Ukrainians and Belarusians ceased to be Rusyns, ceased to be Russia. It is clear that there were two completely different Russias. One, the Western one, lived its own life as a Slav and united into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. Another Rus' - Eastern Rus' (more precisely Muscovy - because it was not considered Russia at that time) - entered the ethnically close Horde for 300 years, in which it then seized power and made it “Russia” even before the conquest of Novgorod and Pskov into the Horde-Russia. It is this second Rus' – the Rus' of the Finnish ethnic group – that the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow and Russian historians call “Holy Russia”, while depriving Western Rus' of the right to something “Russian” (forcing even the entire people of Kievan Rus to call themselves not Rusyns, but “outskirts” ). The meaning is clear: this Finnish Russian had little in common with the original Slavic Russian.
The very centuries-old confrontation between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy (who seemed to have something in common in the Rus of the Rurikovichs and in the Kievan faith, and the princes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Vitovt-Yurii and Jagiello-Yakov were Orthodox from birth, were Rurikovichs and Grand Dukes of Russia, did not speak any other language except Russian knew) - this is a confrontation between countries of different ethnic groups: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gathered the Slavs, and Muscovy gathered the Finns. As a result, for many centuries two Russias opposed each other - the Slavic Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Finnish Muscovy. This also explains the glaring fact that Muscovy NEVER during its stay in the Horde expressed a desire to return to Rus', gain freedom from the Tatars, and become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And its capture of Novgorod was caused precisely by the negotiations of Novgorod on joining the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This Russophobia of Moscow and its “masochism” (“the Horde yoke is better than the Grand Duchy of Lithuania”) can only be explained by ethnic differences with primordial Russia and ethnic closeness to the peoples of the Horde. It is this genetic difference with the Slavs that explains Muscovy’s rejection of the European way of life, hatred of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Poles (that is, the Slavs in general), and a great love for the East and Asian traditions. These studies of Russian scientists must necessarily be reflected in the revision of their concepts by historians. In particular, it has long been necessary to introduce into historical science the fact that there was not one Rus', but two completely different ones: Slavic Rus' and Finnish Rus'. This clarification makes it possible to understand and explain many processes in our medieval history, which in the current interpretation still seem devoid of any meaning.
RUSSIAN SURNAMES
Attempts by Russian scientists to study the statistics of Russian surnames initially encountered a lot of difficulties. The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, citing the fact that only if voter lists are kept secret can they guarantee the objectivity and integrity of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for including a surname in the list was very lenient: it was included if at least five bearers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions of Russia there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others.
When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” The magazine writes: “It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not for everyone pleasant conclusion that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.” And further: “The analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching for the names of all the country's leaders - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of bearers of the top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev occupies 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (Southern region only). Andropov is in 8939th place (Southern region only). Putin took 14,250th place (Southern region only). And Yeltsin was not included in the general list at all. Stalin's last name, Dzhugashvili, was not considered for obvious reasons. But the pseudonym Lenin was included in the regional lists at number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.” The magazine writes that the result amazed even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the bearers of southern Russian surnames was not the ability to lead a huge power, but the increased sensitivity of the skin of their fingers and palms. A scientific analysis of dermatoglyphics (papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arches to loops) and the accompanying sensitivity of the skin increases from north to south. “A person with simple patterns on the skin of his hands can hold a glass of hot tea in his hands without pain,” Dr. Balanovskaya clearly explained the essence of the differences. “And if there are a lot of loops, then such people make unsurpassed pickpockets.” Scientists publish a list of the 250 most common Russian surnames. What was unexpected was the fact that the most common Russian surname is not Ivanov, but Smirnov. This whole list is incorrect, it’s not worth citing, here are just the 20 most common Russian surnames: 1. Smirnov; 2. Ivanov; 3. Kuznetsov; 4. Popov; 5. Sokolov; 6. Lebedev; 7. Kozlov; 8. Novikov; 9. Morozov; 10. Petrov; 11. Volkov; 12. Soloviev; 13. Vasiliev; 14. Zaitsev; 15. Pavlov; 16. Semenov; 17. Golubev; 18. Vinogradov; 19. Bogdanov; 20. Vorobyov. All top all-Russian surnames have Bulgarian endings with -ov (-ev), plus several surnames with –in (Ilyin, Kuzmin, etc.). And among the top 250 there is not a single surname of “Eastern Slavs” (Belarusians and Ukrainians) starting with -iy, -ich, -ko. Although in Belarus the most common surnames are -iy and -ich, and in Ukraine - -ko. This also shows deep differences between the “Eastern Slavs”, for Belarusian surnames with –i and –ich are equally the most common in Poland – and not at all in Russia. The Bulgarian endings of the 250 most common Russian surnames indicate that the surnames were given by the priests of Kievan Rus, who spread Orthodoxy among its Finns in Muscovy, therefore these surnames are Bulgarian, from holy books, and not from the living Slavic language, which the Finns of Muscovy do not have was. Otherwise, it is impossible to understand why Russians do not have surnames of Belarusians living nearby (in -iy and -ich), but Bulgarian surnames - although the Bulgarians are not at all bordering Moscow, but live thousands of kilometers away from it. The widespread use of surnames with animal names is explained by Lev Uspensky in his book “Riddles of Toponymy” (Moscow, 1973) by the fact that in the Middle Ages people had two names - from their parents and from baptism, and “from their parents” it was then “fashionable” to give names animals. As he writes, then in the family the children had the names Hare, Wolf, Bear, etc. This pagan tradition was embodied in the widespread use of “animal” surnames.
ABOUT BELARUSIANS
A special topic in this study is the genetic identity of Belarusians and Poles. This did not become the subject of attention of Russian scientists, because it is outside Russia. But it is very interesting for us. The very fact of genetic identity of Poles and Belarusians is not unexpected. The very history of our countries is confirmation of this - the main part of the ethnic group of Belarusians and Poles is not the Slavs, but the Slavicized Western Balts, but their genetic “passport” is so close to the Slavic that it would be practically difficult to find differences in genes between the Slavs and the Prussians, Masurians, Dainova , Yatvingians, etc. This is what unites the Poles and Belarusians, the descendants of the Slavicized Western Balts. This ethnic community also explains the creation of the Union State of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The famous Belarusian historian V.U. Lastovsky in “A Brief History of Belarus” (Vilno, 1910) writes that negotiations began ten times on the creation of the Union State of Belarusians and Poles: in 1401, 1413, 1438, 1451, 1499, 1501, 1563, 1564, 1566, 1567. - and ended for the eleventh time with the creation of the Union in 1569. Where does such persistence come from? Obviously, only out of awareness of ethnic community, for the ethnic group of Poles and Belarusians was created by dissolving the Western Balts into themselves. But the Czechs and Slovaks, who were also part of the first in the history of the Slavic Union of Peoples of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, no longer felt this degree of closeness, because they did not have a “Baltic component” in themselves. And there was even greater alienation among the Ukrainians, who saw little ethnic kinship in this and over time entered into complete confrontation with the Poles. The research of Russian geneticists allows us to take a completely different look at our entire history, since many political events and political preferences of the peoples of Europe are largely explained precisely by the genetics of their ethnic group - which until now has remained hidden from historians. It was genetics and the genetic kinship of ethnic groups that were the most important forces in the political processes of medieval Europe. The genetic map of peoples, created by Russian scientists, allows us to look at the wars and alliances of the Middle Ages from a completely different angle.
The results of research by Russian scientists about the gene pool of the Russian people will be absorbed in society for a long time, because they completely refute all our existing ideas, reducing them to the level of unscientific myths. This new knowledge must not only be understood, but rather one must get used to it. Now the concept of “Eastern Slavs” has become absolutely unscientific, the congresses of the Slavs in Minsk are unscientific, where it is not Slavs from Russia who gather, but Russian-speaking Finns from Russia, who are not genetically Slavs and have nothing to do with the Slavs. The very status of these “congresses of the Slavs” is completely discredited by Russian scientists. Based on the results of these studies, Russian scientists called the Russian people not Slavs, but Finns. The population of Eastern Ukraine is also called Finns, and the population of Western Ukraine is genetically Sarmatian. That is, the Ukrainian people are not Slavs either. The only Slavs from the “Eastern Slavs” are the Belarusians, but they are genetically identical to the Poles - which means they are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but genetically Western Slavs. In fact, this means the geopolitical collapse of the Slavic Triangle of the “Eastern Slavs,” because the Belarusians turned out to be genetically Poles, the Russians were Finns, and the Ukrainians were Finns and Sarmatians. Of course, propaganda will continue to try to hide this fact from the population, but you can’t hide an sew in a bag. Just as you can’t shut the mouth of scientists, you can’t hide their latest genetic research. Scientific progress cannot be stopped. Therefore, the discoveries of Russian scientists are not just a scientific sensation, but a BOMB capable of undermining all currently existing foundations in the ideas of peoples. That is why the Russian magazine “Vlast” gave this fact an extremely concerned assessment: “Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The publication of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.” The magazine did not exaggerate.
28.05.2016 - 11:32
Probably, no other people on Earth has as many myths about its history as the Russians. Some say that “there are no Russians”, others - that Russians are Finno-Ugric, not Slavs, others - that we are all Tatars in the depths, if you scratch us, others repeat the mantra that Rus' was founded by the Varangians...
Professor of Moscow State University and Harvard Anatoly Klyosov refuted most of these myths. The new science of DNA genealogy and its research based on the analysis of genetic data helped him in this, writes KP.ru.
No matter how much you scratch, you won’t find a Tatar
- Anatoly Alekseevich, I would like to get an answer: “So where did the Russians come from?” So that historians, geneticists, ethnographers can gather and tell us the truth. Is science able to do this?
Where did the Russians come from? - there cannot be an exact answer to this question, since Russians are a big family, with a common history, but separate roots. But the question of the common Slavic origin of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians is closed by DNA genealogy. The answer has been received. Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians have the same roots - Slavic.
- What kind of roots are these?
The Slavs have three main genera, or haplogroups (a scientific synonym for the concept of “genus”). Judging by DNA genealogy data: the dominant clan of Slavs are carriers of haplogroup R1a - they are about half of all Slavs in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Poland.
The second largest genus is the carriers of haplogroup I2a - the southern Slavs of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Macedonia, up to 15–20% of them in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus.
And the third Russian genus - haplogroup N1c1 - descendants of the southern Balts, of which in modern Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia there are about half, and in Russia on average 14%, in Belarus 10%, in Ukraine 7%, since it is farther from the Baltic.
The latter are often called Finno-Ugric people, but this is incorrect. The Finnish component there is minimal.
- What about the saying: “Scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar”?
DNA genealogy does not confirm it either. The share of “Tatar” haplogroups among Russians is very small. Quite the contrary - the Tatars have many more Slavic haplogroups.
There is practically no Mongol trace, a maximum of four people per thousand. Neither the Mongols nor the Tatars had any influence on the Russian and Slavic gene pool.
Eastern Slavs, that is, members of the R1 genus - a on the Russian Plain, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians - are descendants of the Aryans, that is, ancient tribes who spoke the languages of the Aryan group, lived from the Balkans to the Trans-Urals, and partly moved to India, Iran , Syria and Asia Minor. In the European part of Russia, the ancestors of the Slavs and ethnic Russians separated from them approximately 4,500 years ago.
- Where did Russians come to Russia from?
Presumably the Eastern Slavs came to the Russian Plain from the Balkans. Although no one knows exactly their paths. And successively Tripoli and other archaeological cultures were founded here. All these cultures are, in fact, Rus cultures, because their inhabitants are the direct ancestors of modern ethnic Russians.
Nationalities are different, but the people are one
- What genetic data do you have for Ukraine?
If you compare Russians and Ukrainians based on the “male” Y chromosome, they are almost identical. Yes, and by female mitochondrial DNA too. The data for Eastern Ukraine is simply identical, without any “practically”.
There are slight differences in Lviv, there are fewer carriers of the “Baltic” genus N1c1, but they exist there too. There is no difference in the origin of modern Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians; these are historically the same peoples.
- What do Ukrainian scientists think about this?
Unfortunately, the “scientific” historical materials that are sent to me from Ukraine can be described in one word: horror. Either Adam is from Ukraine, or Noah’s Ark landed there, apparently at Mount Goverla in the Carpathians, or some other “scientific news”. And everywhere they try to emphasize the difference between Ukrainians and Russians.
- Sometimes the genus R1a, still dominant in Russia and Ukraine, is called “Ukrainian”. This is true?
Rather, they called it a few years ago. Now, under pressure from DNA genealogy data, they have already realized the mistake, and those who made the name have slowly “swept it under the rug.” We have shown that the genus R1a appeared approximately 20 thousand years ago, in southern Siberia. And then the parent haplogroup was found on Lake Baikal, dating back 24 thousand years ago.
So the R1a genus is neither Ukrainian nor Russian. It is common to many peoples, but numerically it is most pronounced among the Slavs. After their appearance in Southern Siberia, R1a carriers traveled a long migration route to Europe. But some of them remained in Altai, and now there are many tribes there that continue to belong to the R1a genus, but speak Turkic languages.
- So, are Russians a separate nation from the rest of the Slavs? And are Ukrainians an “invented” nationality or a real one?
Slavs and ethnic Russians are simply different concepts. Ethnic Russians are those for whom Russian is their native language, who consider themselves Russian, and whose ancestors lived in Russia for at least three or four generations. And the Slavs are those who speak languages of the Slavic group, these are Poles, and Ukrainians, and Belarusians, and Serbs, and Croats, and Czechs with Slovaks, and Bulgarians. They are not Russians.
And Ukrainians in this sense are a separate nation. They have their own country, their own language, citizenship. There are differences in culture.
But as far as the people, the ethnic group, their genome is concerned, you will not find any differences from the Russians. Political boundaries often separate related peoples. And sometimes, in fact, one people.
The Varangians left no traces on us
- There is a generally accepted “Norman” theory, which we all studied in school. She claims that Rus' was founded by the Scandinavian Varangians. Is there a trace of their DNA in the blood of Russians?
One can name the names of many scientists, starting with Mikhail Lomonosov, who rejected this “Norman” theory. And DNA genealogy completely refuted it. I examined thousands of DNA samples from all over Russia and from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and nowhere did I find any noticeable presence of Scandinavians. Out of thousands of samples, only four people were found whose ancestors included a Scandinavian by DNA.
Where did these Scandinavians go then? After all, some scientists write that their number in Rus' was tens, or even hundreds of thousands. When you report this data to supporters of the “Norman” theory, they, speaking in Russian, “pretend to be rags.” Or they simply state that “DNA genealogy data cannot be trusted.” The “Norman” theory is a concept more of ideology than of science.
- Where did this version about the Varangians - the founders of Rus' - come from?
The Russian Academy of Sciences was originally created by German scientists. And in their historical theories there was practically no place for the Slavs. Lomonosov fought with them, wrote to Empress Catherine II, pointing out that the German Miller wrote such a Russian history, where there was not a single good word about Rus', and all the exploits were attributed to the Scandinavians. But in the end, this theory of “Normanism” still became part of the flesh and blood of Russian historical science.
The reason is simple - the “Westernism” of many historians, and the fear that they will be considered “nationalists” if they honestly study the history of the Slavs. And then - goodbye Western grants.
Also, some scientists talk about a certain Finno-Ugric substrate in the Russian people. But DNA genealogy does not find this substrate! However, this is repeated and repeated.
There is no "white race"
- There seems to be no doubt that Russian culture is part of European culture. But genetically Russians are a European, “white race”? Or, as Blok wrote, “yes, we are Scythians, yes, we are Asians”? Is there a border between Russians and Europe?
First of all, there is no “white race”. There are Caucasians. Using the term “white race” in science is bad manners.
The Scythians possessed haplogroup R1a, but most are believed to have had a Mongoloid appearance. So Blok was partly right, only in relation to the Scythians, but his “we” is a poetic fantasy. It is difficult to determine the boundaries of races, especially in the modern world, where there is active mixing of peoples. But it’s easier to separate the Slavs from other Europeans. Note, not only Russians, but Slavs in general.
There is a fairly clear boundary between the predominance of haplogroups R1a and R1b - from the former Yugoslavia to the Baltic. To the West, R1b predominates, and to the East, R1a. This border is not symbolic, but quite real. Thus, Ancient Rome, which reached Iran in the south, could not overcome it in the north.
For example, recently, north of Berlin, in the territory of the early Slavic Lusatian archaeological culture, where almost all settlements still have Slavic names, evidence of a grandiose battle that took place 3200 years ago was found. According to various sources, thousands of people took part in it.
The world press has already dubbed it the “First World War of Civilization,” but no one knows who those warriors were. And DNA genealogy along migration routes shows that this was apparently a battle between the early Slavs of haplogroup R1a against carriers of haplogroup R1b, which is now carried by 60% of men in Central and Western Europe. That is, the ancient Slavs defended their territories 3200 years ago.
- Can genetics look not only back, but also forward? What awaits the gene pool of Europe, the gene pool of Russians in the next 100 years, your forecast?
As for Europe, we can conclude that its gene pool will change under the pressure of migrants. But no one will publish an article about this there; it will be considered politically incorrect. For example, the press in the USA did not say a single word about the New Year's events in Cologne, because according to their concepts, such news incites hatred towards migrants.
In Russia there is much more freedom in science; in Russia many issues are freely discussed and the authorities are criticized. In the USA this is almost impossible. I worked both at Harvard as a professor of biochemistry and at large American biomedical companies, and I know how things are. If some scientific conclusions turn out to go against US policy, such things will not be published in the West. Even scientific journals.
As for Russia, don’t expect anything dramatic. The Russian gene pool will remain, and everything will be fine with it. And if we remember that our history is not black or white, but all of it, without exception, is ours, then everything will be fine with the country.
Interviewed by Yulia Alyokhina
Genetic studies have shown that Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia. Recent joint research by Russian, British and Estonian genetic scientists has put a big, bold end to the common Russophobic myth that has been instilled into people’s minds for decades - they say, “scratch a Russian and you will definitely find a Tatar.”
The results of a large-scale experiment published in the scientific journal “The American Journal of Human Genetics” clearly state that “despite the popular opinions about the strong Tatar and Mongol admixture in the blood of Russians, which their ancestors inherited during the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the haplogroups of the Turkic peoples and other Asian ethnic groups left virtually no trace on the population of the modern northwestern, central and southern regions."Like this. We can safely put an end to this long-standing dispute and consider further discussions on this issue simply inappropriate.
We are not Tatars. We are not Tatars. No influence on Russian so-called genes. The “Mongol-Tatar yoke” had no effect.
We Russians did not have and do not have any admixture of Turkic “Horde blood”.Moreover, genetic scientists, summing up their research, declare the almost complete identity of the genotypes of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, thereby proving that we were and remain one people: “genetic variations of the Y chromosome of the inhabitants of the central and southern regions of Ancient Rus' turned out to be practically identical to those of Ukrainians and Belarusians.”
One of the project leaders, Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky, admitted in an interview with Gazeta.ru that Russians are an almost monolithic people from a genetic point of view, destroying another myth: “everyone is mixed up, there are no longer pure Russians.” Quite the opposite - there were Russians and there are Russians. One people, one nation, a monolithic nationality with a clearly defined special genotype.
Further, examining the materials of remains from ancient burials, scientists found that “Slavic tribes developed these lands (Central and Southern Russia) long before the mass resettlement of the main part of the ancient Russians to them in the 7th–9th centuries.” That is, the lands of Central and Southern Russia were inhabited by Russians (Rusichs) already, at least in the first centuries AD. If not before.
This allows us to debunk another Russophobic myth - that Moscow and the surrounding areas were supposedly inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes from ancient times and that Russians there are “aliens.” We, as geneticists have proven, are not aliens, but completely autochthonous inhabitants of Central Russia, where Russians have lived since time immemorial. “Despite the fact that these lands were inhabited even before the last glaciation of our planet about 20 thousand years ago, there is no evidence directly indicating the presence of any “original” peoples living in this territory,” the report states. That is, there is no evidence that any other tribes lived on our lands before us, whom we supposedly displaced or assimilated. If I can put it this way, we have been living here since the creation of the world.
Scientists also determined the far boundaries of the habitat of our ancestors: “analysis of bone remains indicates that the main zone of contact between Caucasians and people of the Mongoloid type was in Western Siberia.” And if you consider that archaeologists who excavated the most ancient burials of the 1st millennium BC. on the territory of Altai, they found the remains of distinctly Caucasoid people there (not to mention the world-famous Arkaim) - the conclusion is obvious. Our ancestors (ancient Russians, proto-Slavs) originally lived throughout the entire territory of modern Russia, including Siberia, and quite possibly the Far East. So the campaign of Ermak Timofeevich and his comrades beyond the Urals, from this point of view, was a completely legitimate return of previously lost territories.
That's it, friends. Modern science is destroying Russophobic stereotypes and myths, cutting the ground from under the feet of our liberal “friends”.
Gene geographer Oleg Balanovsky: “It is sometimes impossible to distinguish Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians at the level of the gene pool”
Five years have passed since KP, in the article “Sensational discovery of scientists: The secret of the Russian gene pool has been revealed,” spoke about the work of gene geographer Oleg Pavlovich Balanovsky and his colleagues and their research into the gene pool of the Russian people.“I would like to find out how the Russian gene pool works and try to reconstruct its history using modern features,” the scientist said then. Today, in light of new scientific data, we will return to this conversation.
DON'T SCRATCH THE RUSSIANS
— Oleg Pavlovich, where did the Russian people come from? Not the ancient Slavs, but the Russians?
— Regarding Russians, the only thing we can say for sure is that the Mongol conquest of the 13th century, contrary to popular belief, did not have an impact on the gene pool - Central Asian gene variants are practically not found in Russian populations.
— That is, the well-known expression of the historian Karamzin “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar” is not confirmed by science?
- No.
— Before geneticists, the Russian people had been studied by anthropologists for a long time. To what extent do the results of your research and theirs agree or disagree?
— Genetic studies of peoples are often perceived as the final word of science. But that's not true! The people who worked before us were mainly anthropologists. By studying the appearance of a population (as we study genes), they described the similarities and differences between the populations of different regions and from this reconstructed their paths of origin. Our entire field of science grew out of ethnic, racial anthropology. Moreover, the level of work of the classics remains largely unsurpassed.
- By what parameters?
— For example, on the details of studying the population. Anthropologists examined more than 170 populations within the historical territory of settlement of the Russian people. And in our research we are 10 times less so far. Perhaps this is why Viktor Valeryanovich Bunak (an outstanding Russian anthropologist, one of the founders of the Soviet anthropological school. - Ed.) was able to identify as many as 12 types of the Russian population, and we only identified three (northern, southern and transitional).Anthropologists, linguists and ethnographers have collected information about almost all the peoples of the world. Huge amounts of information have been accumulated about the physical appearance of the Russian population (the science of somatology deals with this) and about skin patterns on the fingers and palms (dermatoglyphics, which reveals differences among different peoples). Linguistics has long been studying data on the geography of Russian dialects and the distribution of thousands of Russian surnames (anthroponymy). One can list many examples of coincidences between the results of modern genetic research and classical research by anthropologists. But I can’t name a single insurmountable contradiction.
That is, the answer of scientists is unequivocal - Russians exist as a nation.
— This question is not for scientists, but for those people who identify themselves with the Russian people. As long as there are such people, scientists will record the existence of the people. If these people from generation to generation also speak their own language, then attempts to declare such a people non-existent are ridiculous. So, for example, there is no need to worry about Russians and Ukrainians.SLAVS - NOT A GENETIC CONCEPT, BUT A LINGUISTIC CONCEPT
— And yet, how homogeneous is the Russian genotype?
— The differences between populations of different regions WITHIN one nation (in this case Russian) are almost always smaller than the differences BETWEEN different nations. The variability of Russian populations turned out to be higher than, for example, the populations of Germans, but less than the variability of many other European peoples, for example Italians.
— That is, Russians differ from each other more than Germans, but less than Italians?
- Exactly. At the same time, genetic variability within our European subcontinent is much less than variability, for example, within the Indian subcontinent. Simply put, Europeans, including Russians, are much more similar to each other than peoples neighboring each other in many regions of the planet; it is much easier to detect genetic similarities between European peoples and more difficult to detect differences.
- Now many people question the existence of “brotherly Slavic peoples” - Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian... They say that these are completely different peoples, completely dissimilar.- “Slavs” (as well as “Turks” and “Finno-Ugrians”) are not genetic concepts at all, but linguistic ones! There are Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric groups of languages. And within these groups, peoples genetically distant from each other get along quite well. For example, it is difficult to find genetic similarities between Turks and Yakuts, who speak Turkic languages. Finns and Khanty speak Finno-Ugric languages, but are genetically distant from each other. So far, not a single linguist has doubted the close relationship of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages and their belonging to the Slavic group.
As for the similarity of the gene pools of the three East Slavic peoples, initial studies have shown that they are so similar that sometimes it is not possible to distinguish. True, we have not stood still these years and have now learned to see the subtle differences in the Ukrainian gene pool. Belarusians from the northern and central regions are so far indistinguishable from Russians across the entire set of genes studied; only the Belarusians of Polesie have been shown to be unique.
WHERE DOES THE RUSSIAN NATION HAVE TWO FOREFatherS?
—Are Russians Slavs? What is the actual share of the “Finnish heritage” in the Russian gene pool?
— Russians are, of course, Slavs. The similarity of the northern Russian populations with the Finns is very low, but with the Estonians it is quite high. The problem is that exactly the same genetic variants are found among the Baltic peoples (Latvians and Lithuanians). Our study of the gene pool of northern Russians showed that interpreting its characteristics as inherited from the Finno-Ugric peoples assimilated by the Russians would be an unfounded simplification. There are some peculiarities, but they connect the northern Russians not only with the Finno-Ugric peoples, but also with the Balts and with the German-speaking population of Scandinavia. That is, these genes - I would venture to suggest - could have been inherited by the ancestors of the northern Russians from such ancient times, when neither the Slavs, nor the Finno-Ugric peoples, nor the Germans, nor the Tatars simply existed in the world.You write that for the first time the two-component nature of the Russian gene pool has been shown based on Y-chromosome markers (that is, along the male line). What are these two forefathers of the Russian gene pool?
— One genetic “father” of the Russian people is northern, the other is southern. Their age is lost in the centuries, and their origin is in the fog. But in any case, a whole millennium has passed since the inheritance of both “fathers” became the common property of the entire Russian gene pool. And their current settlement is clearly visible on the map. At the same time, the northern Russian gene pool has similarities with the neighboring Baltic peoples, and the southern one has similarities with the neighboring Eastern Slavs, but also with the Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks).Are there political passions surrounding the research? Is there pressure? Who is distorting your data and how? And for what purposes?
— Fortunately, we have never encountered politics and especially pressure. But there are a lot of distortions. Everyone wants to fit scientific data to their usual views. And our data, with an honest approach, is not adjusted to them. That is why our conclusions in their entirety are not liked by both sides - those who say that the Russian gene pool is “the best” in the world, and those who say that it does not exist.The January issue of The American Journal of Human Genetics published an article about a study of the Russian gene pool conducted by Russian and Estonian geneticists. The results were unexpected: in fact, the Russian ethnos genetically consists of two parts - the indigenous population of Southern and Central Russia is related to other peoples who speak Slavic languages, and the inhabitants of the North of the country are related to the Finno-Ugric peoples. And the second rather surprising and, one might even say, sensational point is that the set of genes typical for Asians (including the notorious Mongol-Tatars) was not found in sufficient quantities in any of the Russian populations (neither northern nor southern). It turns out that the saying “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar” is not true.
Secret secret or the “Russianness” gene
The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Classified secrets.Formally, this data is not classified, since it was obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and was even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around it is unprecedented. What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo?
This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people. Paternal kinship Why information is hidden - more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half of which are inherited from the father and half from the mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that is passed on from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has in his DNA exactly the same haplogroup as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, etc. for many generations.Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred 4,500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 emerged. The mutation turned out to be very viable. The R1a1 genus, which was started by this same boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and multiplied over a vast space. Currently, holders of haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form were born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. A boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men now living on earth whose DNA contains this haplogroup. All of them are his biological or, as they used to say, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, together making up a single people - the Russians. Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.
Now men of the Russian clan R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the upper castes there are almost half of them - 47%. Our ancestors migrated from the ethnic home not only to the east (to the Urals) and to the south (to India and Iran), but also to West – to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, holders of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England - the least (3%).
The settlement of Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north; and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group - Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages of modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for the obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian language) they stand next to the original source - Aryan the proto-language from which all other Indo-European languages grew. “It’s impossible to dispute. You need to shut up"
The above are irrefutable natural scientific facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Disputing them is the same as disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply kept silent. They are hushed up unanimously and stubbornly, they are hushed up, one might say, completely. And there are reasons for this. For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'.
The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not there! Solid R1a1 – and nothing more, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Rus' was not at all what is commonly thought of it: if the Mongols were present there, then in statistically insignificant numbers, and it is generally unclear who was called “Tatars”. Well, which scientist will refute scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
The second reason, incomparably more significant, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences. Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from the trees, naturally backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the same Aryans who had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and Europe itself!
That Europeans owe a lot to Russians for their prosperous lives, starting with the languages they speak. It is no coincidence that in recent history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. Etc.
Great historical tradition It is no coincidence, because behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifesting itself with iron inevitability due to the fact that it grew on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia. Western politicians and ideologists have a lot to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they don’t want to think or change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan topic. The collapse of the myth about the Russian people The collapse of the myth about the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth - the myth about the multinationality of Russia.
Until now, they have tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from the Russian “you won’t understand what the mixture is” and many indigenous peoples and newcomer diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly “multinational.” But genetic studies provide a completely different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there is no reason not to believe them: they are authoritative scientists, they value their reputation, and they have no reason to lie in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians.
According to the data of the penultimate census (the results of the latter are still unknown), 80% of respondents consider themselves Russian, i.e. 10% more are Russified representatives of other nations (it is in these 10%, if you “scratch”, that you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Total: Russia is a mono-ethnic country, albeit multi-ethnic, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. This is where Jan Hus' logic comes into play.
About backwardness Next - about backwardness. The clergy thoroughly contributed to this myth: they say that before the baptism of Rus', people lived in complete savagery. Wow, “wildness”! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the aborigines their language, and all this long before the birth of Christ... Real history does not fit in, it does not fit in with its church version. There is something primordial, natural in the Russian people that cannot be reduced to religious life. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to the Russians, many peoples lived and still live, but none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of the Russian-Aryans in ancient times. Natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something common to all of them: they are great on the historical scale of values and far surpass the achievements of their neighbors.
Photo identikit of a typical Russian person,
created by the artists of "Power" on
based on typical images
representatives of the population
different regions of Russia
Russian gene pool
Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. Vlast correspondents Daria Laane and Sergei Petukhov got acquainted with the results of this study and realized that their publication could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.
The self-identification of the Russian people has long been hampered by the Soviet state ideology of internationalism. An additional obstacle was the defeat of genetics as a science in the Soviet Union and its replacement with Michurin's pseudoscience, according to which heredity did not exist in nature at all. The situation began to change only in the late 1960s, when American scientists published sensational results of a study of the genotype of a typical American. The result of genetic screening of the US population really went beyond academic science and caused a real shock among American citizens. It turned out that in less than 200 years of American statehood, its standard citizen - white, of Anglo-Saxon origin and Protestant religion - became genetically 30% black. The results of the Americans interested Soviet officials, so the first laboratories on human population genetics were created in the USSR. They were exclusively engaged in the study of the heredity of small nations, and most of the results obtained were immediately classified as “for official use.” Research on the titular nation could only be carried out using anthropological methods.
Entertaining anthropology
Typical representatives
Vologda-Vyatka zone
Over several decades of intense research, anthropologists have been able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to convert to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them by the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. They explained this to the “authorities” by the supposed scientific lack of information in such work, but in the end they were forced to admit that such a photograph could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Only in this issue “Vlast” fills this gap in Russian anthropology and for the first time publishes photographic portraits of absolutely Russian people, obtained by us by superimposing the faces of “regional” Russian people on top of each other. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from a Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).
However, anthropological measurements of the proportions of the human body are not even the last, but the century before last, of science, which has long ago received at its disposal the most accurate methods of molecular biology, which make it possible to read all human genes. And the most advanced methods of DNA analysis today are considered to be sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y chromosome. Mitochondrial DNA has been passed down through the female line from generation to generation, virtually unchanged since the time when the ancestor of mankind, Eve, climbed down from a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus, in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.
Entertaining genogeography
In the West, human population geneticists have been successfully using these methods for two decades. In Russia, they were used only once, in the mid-1990s, when identifying royal remains. The turning point in the situation with the use of the most modern methods to study the titular nation of our country occurred only in 2000. The Russian Foundation for Basic Research has allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for research into the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. For the first time in Russian history, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to focus entirely on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, rather than small nations, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of the family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal) could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. As the head of the project, Doctor of Science Elena Balanovskaya, explained to Vlast, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own. The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, citing the fact that only if voter lists are kept secret can they guarantee the objectivity and integrity of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for including a surname in the list was very lenient: it was included if at least five bearers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250 (see list). From which followed the obvious and not pleasant conclusion that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.
Over three years, project participants
“Russian gene pool” (in the photo - his
manager Elena Balanovskaya)
walked around with a syringe and a test tube a little
perhaps the entire European territory of the Russian Federation
and made a very representative
Russian blood sample
The analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thought. Even the simplest action that “Vlast” performed—searching for the names of all the country’s leaders—yielded an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of bearers of the top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev occupies 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (Southern region only). Andropov is in 8939th place (Southern region only). Putin took 14,250th place (Southern region only). And Yeltsin was not included in the general list at all. Stalin's last name, Dzhugashvili, was not considered for obvious reasons. But the pseudonym Lenin was included in the regional lists at number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.
The result amazed even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the bearers of southern Russian surnames was not the ability to lead a huge power, but the increased sensitivity of the skin of their fingers and palms. A scientific analysis of dermatoglyphics (papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arches to loops) and the accompanying sensitivity of the skin increases from north to south. “A person with simple patterns on the skin of his hands can hold a glass of hot tea in his hands without pain,” Dr. Balanovskaya clearly explained the essence of the differences. “And if there are a lot of loops, then such people make unsurpassed pickpockets.” However, “Vlast”, in an interview with the country’s chief geneticist, academician Sergei Inge-Vechtomov (see #24 for 2004), has already warned that underestimating a person’s genetics in his career guidance has brought and continues to bring huge losses to the country. And again he draws attention to this: it is absolutely clear that from the point of view of increasing labor productivity, it is more profitable to locate thin, high-tech assembly production in the south of Russia, where the fingers of the population are best suited for assembling microprocessors, and hot industries that do not require fine motor skills of the hands (steel foundries and similar type) - in the north.
The Elusive Gene Pool
However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are now being prepared for publication in the form of a monograph “Russian Gene Pool”, which will be published at the end of the year by the Luch publishing house. Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who a moratorium was imposed on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. The reason is valid, and “Vlast”, unfortunately, cannot provide original graphs and flowcharts of DNA analysis of Russian people and their neighbors in the Russian Federation, CIS countries and some European countries. But nothing prevents us from describing these data (which are at the disposal of “Power”) in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put , genetically they are almost identical. And the harsh statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia on September 1 at the Council of the EU in Brussels (after the denunciation by the Russian side of the treaty on the state border with Estonia) about discrimination against the Finno-Ugric peoples allegedly related to the Finns in the Russian Federation loses its substantive meaning. But due to the moratorium of Western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry was unable to reasonably accuse Estonia of interfering in our internal, one might even say closely related, affairs. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis also fall under the same moratorium, according to which Russians from Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from Finns, but between Ukrainians from Lvov and Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Mari. You can react as you like to these strictly scientific facts that show the natural essence of the standard electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But it will not be possible to accuse Russian scientists of falsifying these data: then the accusation will automatically extend to their Western colleagues, who have been delaying the publication of these results for more than a year, each time extending the moratorium period.
The only thing “Vlast” can do today for the Russian people is to publish a map indicating the area where truly Russian genes are still preserved. Geographically, this territory coincides with Russia during the time of Ivan the Terrible and clearly shows the conventionality of some state borders.
In conclusion, Russian scientists asked to publish their appeal to President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. “Huge megacities are, in fact, black holes that suck in the gene pool of the Russian people and destroy them without a trace,” says Dr. Balanovskaya. “The boundaries within which native Russian genes are still preserved in villages and small towns have now become known. But even there, due to lack of money, mothers are giving birth to fewer and fewer children. Meanwhile, against the backdrop of huge state spending on other needs, targeted financial assistance for children to these women can save the Russian gene pool from further degradation.”
250 most Russian surnames
1 Smirnov
2 Ivanov
3 Kuznetsov
4 Popov
5 Sokolov
6 Lebedev
7 Kozlov
8 Novikov
9 Morozov
10 Petrov
11 Volkov
12 Soloviev
13 Vasiliev
14 Zaitsev
15 Pavlov
16 Semenov
17 pigeons
18 Vinogradov
19 Bogdanov
20 Vorobyov
21 Fedorov
22 Mikhailov
23 Belyaev
24 Tarasov
25 Belov
26 Komarov
27 Orlov
28 Kiselev
29 Makarov
30 Andreev
31 Kovalev
32 Ilyin
33 Gusev
34 Titov
35 Kuzmin
36 Kudryavtsev
37 Rams
38 Kulikov
39 Alekseev
40 Stepanov
41 Yakovlev
42 Sorokin
43 Sergeev
44 Romanov
45 Zakharov
46 Borisov
47 Queens
48 Gerasimov
49 Ponomarev
50 Grigoriev
51 Lazarev
52 Medvedev
53 Ershov
54 Nikitin
55 Sobolev
56 Ryabov
57 Polyakov
58 Flowers
59 Danilov
60 Zhukov
61 Frolov
62 Zhuravlev
63 Nikolaev
64 Krylov
65 Maksimov
66 Sidorov
67 Osipov
68 Belousov
69 Fedotov
70 Dorofeev
71 Egorov
72 Matveev
73 Bobrov
74 Dmitriev
75 Kalinin
76 Anisimov
77 Petukhov
78 Antonov
79 Timofeev
80 Nikiforov
81 Veselov
82 Filippov
83 Markov
84 Bolshakov
85 Sukhanov
86 Mironov
87 Shiryaev
88 Alexandrov
89 Konovalov
90 Shestakov
91 Kazakov
92 Efimov
93 Denisov
94 thunders
95 Fomin
96 Davydov
97 Melnikov
98 Shcherbakov
99 Pancakes
100 Kolesnikov
101 Karpov
102 Afanasiev
103 Vlasov
104 Maslov
105 Isakov
106 Tikhonov
107 Aksenov
108 Gavrilov
109 Rodionov
110 Cats
111 hunchbacks
112 Kudryashov
113 Bulls
114 Zuev
115 Tretyakov
116 Savelyev
117 Panov
118 Rybakov
119 Suvorov
120 Abramov
121 Voronov
122 Mukhin
123 Arkhipov
124 Trofimov
125 Martynov
126 Emelyanov
127 pots
128 Chernov
129 Ovchinnikov
130 Seleznev
131 Panfilov
132 Kopylov
133 Mikheev
134 galkin
135 Nazarov
136 Lobanov
137 Lukin
138 Belyakov
139 Potapov
140 Nekrasov
141 Khokhlov
142 Zhdanov
143 Naumov
144 Shilov
145 Vorontsov
146 Ermakov
147 Drozdov
148 Ignatiev
149 Savin
150 Logins
151 Safonov
152 Kapustin
153 Kirillov
154 Moiseev
155 Eliseev
156 Koshelev
157 Kostin
158 Gorbachev
159 Nuts
160 Efremov
161 Isaev
162 Evdokimov
163 Kalashnikov
164 Kabanov
165 Socks
166 Yudin
167 Kulagin
168 Lapin
169 Prokhorov
170 Nesterov
171 Kharitonov
172 Agafonov
173 Muravyov
174 Larionov
175 Fedoseev
176 Zimin
177 Pakhomov
178 Shubin
179 Ignatov
180 Filatov
181 Kryukov
182 Rogov
183 Kulakov
184 Terentyev
185 Molchanov
186 Vladimirov
187 Artemyev
188 Guryev
189 Zinoviev
190 Grishin
191 Kononov
192 Dementyev
193 Sitnikov
194 Simonov
195 Mishin
196 Fadeev
197 Commissioners
198 Mammoths
199 Nosov
200 gulai
201 Sharov
202 Ustinov
203 Vishnyakov
204 Evseev
205 Lavrentiev
206 Bragin
207 Konstantinov
208 Kornilov
209 Avdeev
210 Zykov
211 Biryukov
212 Sharapov
213 Nikonov
214 Shchukin
215 Dyachkov
216 Odintsov
217 Sazonov
218 Yakushev
219 Krasilnikov
220 gordeev
221 Samoilov
222 Knyazev
223 Bespalov
224 Uvarov
225 Shashkov
226 Bobylev
227 Doronin
228 Belozerov
229 Rozhkov
230 Samsonov
231 Myasnikov
232 Likhachev
233 Burov
234 Sysoev
235 Fomichev
236 Rusakov
237 Strelkov
238 gushchin
239 Teterin
240 Kolobov
241 Subbotin
242 Fokin
243 Blokhin
244 Seliverstov
245 Pestov
246 Kondratyev
247 Silin
248 Merkushev
249 Lytkin
250 Tours
Kommersant magazine “POWER” No. 38 (641) dated September 26, 2005: PERSON OF RUSSIAN NATIONALITY: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=611986
