Where did the first sweets appear? Educational history of the appearance of candies History of the appearance of candies

Today, sweets have become one of the traditional treats on our table during tea parties. Few people would refuse to treat themselves to some sweets for tea, and manufacturers are trying to supply the market with more and more new varieties of sweet treats.

However, if you decide to study the history of the origin of candies in order to learn many interesting details and facts, then in this article we have tried to collect for you the most interesting historical excerpts from the history of the appearance and gradual development of candies. However, we immediately warn you that after our story you will have an irresistible desire to quickly buy candy in Moscow, and more.

An ancient delicacy

Like many dishes on our table, sweets have been known since ancient times. Even 3 thousand years ago, references to sweets appeared in a variety of sources. The first candies were very simple, no chocolate was added to them, but in shape they were already similar to what we see on the table today.

The sweet first appeared in the Middle East, and then it consisted of nuts and dried fruits pressed with honey. The delicacy was served to rich nobles, but ordinary people did not forget and occasionally indulged themselves with such sweetness. Of course, sugar and chocolate were not added there - completely different ingredients were used.

If we talk about chocolate, the first candies using it appeared in South America. Here, sweets with chocolate were served to the table of priests and high-ranking Indians.

European innovation

If in the East sweets for a long time were in the state in which we wrote about them above, then in Europe cooks gradually began to experiment with them. For example, in Italy, back in the 16th century, sugar was first added to sweets. An interesting feature is that sweets with sugar were sold only in pharmacies for a long time. Moreover, at high prices - sugar was not the most affordable delicacy. Sweets were considered medicinal due to the properties of sugar to raise a person’s tone - patients who did not receive additional glucose naturally became better from sugar.

However, gradually the candies began to move from the shelves of pharmacies to traditional confectionery stores.

What about in Russia?

It’s interesting that in our country, sweets were made back in Ancient Rus'. Back then they were created using honey, molasses and sugar syrup. Traditional sweets appeared on the tables of Russians during the time of Peter I. Then sugar began to be imported into Russia, and quite quickly they began to use sugar beets to obtain it. At the same time, chocolates remained a delicacy for the richest buyers for a long time. Today everything has changed, and anyone can buy caramel in Moscow, as well as a wide variety of sweets. So why deny yourself this?

The Museum of Russian Dessert in Zvenigorod near Moscow is simply a storehouse of knowledge and artifacts of Russian “sweet” cuisine. Which, as it turns out, is full of interesting episodes and unknown pages.

However, there are secrets in the museum itself. The main one is the upcoming “Candy Shop” exhibition. Sounds unusual? It’s just that the current word “candy” is a derivative of the Latin “sonfectum"- a prepared drug. More in dictionariesXVIIIcentury this word was masculine. And even on boxesXIXcentury you can read “Lady's Confection”. In first place was the meaning “a candy is a medicine made from boiled fruits or herbs.” And only then - sweetness.

In today's dictionaries, candy is a sugar-based product prepared with the addition of various types of raw materials, flavoring and aromatic additives. Sweets accompany us throughout our lives. For many, they are the “hormone” of happiness and joy. Eat it and your soul will feel better. And all troubles will recede away.

In general, candy has a history much longer than we might imagine. Her past spans the geography of the entire world. They say that the first candy is three thousand years old. It was born in Ancient Egypt and was a simple ball rolled from finely chopped dates, honey and nuts. In the ancient East, sweets were made from figs, almonds, honey and the same nuts. In Ancient Rome they were rolled in poppy seeds and sesame seeds. And the predecessors of Russian sweets are most likely today's candied fruits. INXVIIcentury, this word came to us from the German language - “candied fruits”. And so it remained with us for many centuries. Before this, a similar product was called “dry Kiev jam.” These are pieces of fruit repeatedly boiled in sugar syrup, almost until amber transparency. The first mentions of it refer toXIVcentury. The chronicles tell how this “dry” jam was brought to the wedding table for the Lithuanian prince Jagiello. Subsequently, Catherine was a fan of this delicacyII. She even issued a special decree that in the fall it should be delivered to St. Petersburg and served at the royal table. Dignitaries and associates followed the example of the autocrat. So stagecoaches and carts with this sweetness went from Kyiv.

The first mention of the familiar candy dates back to 1489. For more than 500 years, this product made from molasses and honey has delighted our children and adults. Our great-great-great-grandmothers added ginger root there, which created a spicy taste. It is not known for certain when they learned to make lollipops. The idea is so simple that, most likely, it was born more than once and in many cities. Then she forgot and came again. At first it wasn’t even “cockerels”, but “houses”, “squirrels”, “bears”. The syrup and molasses were poured into a special mold, a long sliver was inserted into the side, and it froze there. Then the shape “came apart” and the result was that very familiar lollipop.

For a long time, sweets would have been a piece of goods if not for sugar. The first mentions of him also refer toXIIIcentury. It was brought as spices and sold at a high price. And not everyone could afford it. In Russia, for example, drinking tea with sugar as a snack became a common habit only withXVIIIcentury. That old sugar was made, of course, from cane. PeterIalso tried to curb foreign adversaries and ordered the production of sugar in Russia. In 1718, he even established a sugar chamber. However, back then we made sugar from imported sugar cane. Beetroot began to be used as a raw material much later. And the first truly domestic sugar factories appear here at the beginningXIX century. It was then that numerous confectionery workshops opened in Russia, and then mass “industrial” production of sweets.

They say at the beginningXIX century, in cities and villages at parties, lunches and dinners, it was considered completely shameful if some rich and luxuriously dressed lady stole candy from the table and hid it in her reticule. This “indecent” behavior was explained simply: the candy was a rare and tempting product. So society forgave such offenses.
Naturally, the confectionery of the Imperial Court was an example of quality. They really made unique and “one-of-a-kind” products here. In fact, in all aristocratic houses, after a dinner party, a dessert table was set.
It was called “sugar parterre”. Even the architect Rastrelli was involved in the construction of such “tables”, which were essentially entire pyramids and sugar shelves. Based on his sketches, elaborate vases, castles, bouquets were created - all this architecture of “small forms”. They were all made from chocolate, marzipan, mastic, caramel.

It must be admitted that domestic craftsmen have achieved amazing skill in the production of caramel flowers. Whole cascades of these sweets descended from the very top almost to the floor. There were trees decorated with marzipan fruits. True luxury. But she shouldn’t disappear! That is why it was customary after the reception to dismantle it all into “royal gifts”. In the budget of the imperial court since the time of AlexanderI there was a corresponding article on these gifts.

Count Sollogub recalled how as a child he was waiting for his grandmother from these balls. As a huge carriage drove up to the entrance, a grandmother, tired of the ball, got out of it. Ahead of her, a servant was climbing the stairs, carrying two huge dishes filled with marzipan, sugar crackers, gingerbread cookies, cakes, and sweets. And all because after the ball, the grandmother, without hesitation, with the help of her neighbors, filled these dishes from the common table and took them home. Shakos, pockets, handbags - everything was full of these gifts. And then everyone in the manor’s house - from the kids to the cook - received sweets.

Another person who contributed to the candy industry was... Thomas Edison. The talented engineer, it seems, did not ignore any of the many branches of science and industry. Confectioners owe him the invention of waxed paper, which is still used for candy wrappers.

Nougat, marzipan, cake and chocolates - only four types of sweets were produced here at the beginningXIX century. But already from the middle of the century, lollipops appeared. The discoverer of this era was the Landrin factory. The official version says that the factory was founded in 1848 by entrepreneur Georg (Georges) Landrin. It was then that he opened his workshop for the production of candy caramel on Peterhof Highway. Later, the workshop began producing chocolate and biscuits.

However, there is an alternative story. In the book “Moscow and Muscovites”, Vladimir Gilyarovsky provides information about the origin of the word “landrin”, which was told to him by the famous Moscow baker Filippov:

“- For example, take the sweets that are called “landrin”... Who is Landrin? What's a monpensier? Previously, our monpensiers were learned to make from the French, but they were sold in pieces of paper wrapped in all the confectionery shops... And then there’s Landrin... The same word seems to be foreign, which is what we need for trade, but it turned out very simply.

The artisan Fedya worked for the confectionery shop of Grigory Efimovich Eliseev. Every morning, he used to bring him a tray of monpensiers - he made it in a special way - half white and red, motley, no one else knew how to do this, and in pieces of paper. After the name day, perhaps with a hangover, he jumped up to carry the goods to Eliseev.
He sees that the tray is covered and ready. He grabbed it and ran so as not to be late. Brings. Eliseev untied the tray and shouted at him:
- What did you bring? What?..
Fedya saw that he forgot to wrap the candies in paper, grabbed the tray and ran. Tired, I sat down on a pedestal near the girls’ gymnasium... The schoolgirls are running, one, the other...
- How much are the candies?
He does not understand-
-Will you take two kopecks? Give me your heels.
A ten-kopeck coin is put in... Behind it is another... He takes the money and realizes that it is profitable. Then a lot of them ran out, bought up the tray and said:
- You come to the yard tomorrow, at 12 o’clock, for recess... What’s your name?
- Fedor, whose last name is Landrin -
I calculated the profits - it’s more profitable than selling to Eliseev, and the gold pieces of paper are worth the profits. The next day he brought it back to the gymnasium.
- Landrin has arrived!
He started selling first as a peddler, then locally, and then opened a factory. These sweets began to be called “landrin” - the word seemed French... landrin and landrin! And he himself is a Novgorod peasant and got his last name from the Landra River, on which his village stands.”

The candies themselves were accepted not so long ago. such a common sight for us now. The history of candy covers the geography of the entire world. The first confectioners appeared in Ancient Egypt: they made sweets from honey and dates, as well as figs and almonds. In Ancient Rome, the recipe for sweets made from nuts, poppy seeds, honey and sesame was kept in the strictest confidence, and in Ancient Rus', sweets were made from maple syrup, molasses and honey.

The chronicles of France tell how candy played a role of national importance at court. In 1715, the chancellor won the favor of the French king Louis XV by presenting him with gratitude for his speech from the throne... a huge dish of sweets! However, what else could you do to win the heart of a monarch who was only five years old?!
In France in 1659, confectioner David Shelley opened the world's first chocolate factory. He also began making fancy-shaped delicacies that looked like candies. Twelve years later, the Duke of Plessis-Pralines, the French ambassador to Belgium, came up with a sweet dessert made from grated almonds, candied honey and chocolate, called praline.
The art of making marmalade originated in Asia Minor during the Crusades. Then it was produced from apples and quince.

The word “candy” itself was invented by Italian pharmacists in the 16th century: this is what they called fruits that were candied or processed into jam. But the “sweets” of that time were used for medicinal purposes. And in Rus', from time immemorial, they boiled fruits in honey, and also added various spices. But large-scale production of sweets in their current understanding appeared in Russia only in the 19th century.

According to one version, chocolate came to Russia during the time of Peter I along with other “overseas curiosities.” According to another, at the end of the 18th century, when one of the Russian merchants brought cocoa from New York. It is an undeniable fact that already at the beginning of the 19th century, chocolate was very popular in the high society of the Russian Empire, and simply among people of means. Pushkin and Lermontov mentioned the fragrant hot drink in their works. And some doctors attributed healing properties to it.

In the 18th-19th centuries, chocolates were imported into Russia from abroad, but at the same time there were small confectionery shops in the country, each of which had its own special recipes for sweets. Even rich and noble ladies at dinner parties tried to “snatch” a couple of sweets from the table, since experienced pastry chefs hid their recipes well. And in the middle of the 19th century, the first candy factory was opened in St. Petersburg. Its owner was the famous Landrin. At first they produced caramel there, but then they also started making chocolate. At the same time, the prototype of the current candy bouquets appeared - caramel decorations. The technique of caramel decoration was considered the highest achievement of confectionery art. By the end of the 19th century, confectioners of the Russian Empire could give a head start to any foreign master: their caramel flowers turned out to be jewel-like beautiful and at the same time large-scale in Russian style. Each caramel maker tried not to copy the successful works of competitors, but to come up with something of his own. Isn't it similar to the current situation in the matter of sweet gifts?

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many types of candies were already known in Russia: lollipops and monpensiers with various flavors, fudge and toffees, “dragées, pralines,” marshmallows, marshmallows... Boxes for sets of candies were bright and colorful, in no way inferior to today’s ones. They featured graceful pre-revolutionary young ladies, and the names were almost always associated with the female gender: “Marianna”, “Fisherman”, “Merry Widow”, “Sophie”. Wrappers for candies and chocolate bars were no less beautiful and were designed with no less care than theater posters. For example, there was a series of “Riddle” candies: the buyer was asked to guess a simple riddle printed on a candy wrapper. There were “educational” wrappers - with multiplication tables or the alphabet, and entertaining ones - with proverbs, sayings, ditties, horoscopes, fortune telling and wishes.

The work is devoted to the history of the origin of sweets.

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Work completed by: 4th grade student Fayt Yana

Head: Shutova N. G.

1. Introduction.

In the fall, my class and I went to the Abakan confectionery factory. There they told us how sweets are made. The excursion was interesting and educational. And I wanted to know the history of the origin of sweets. To do this, I found the necessary information in encyclopedias and on the Internet.

Object of study: candy as a confectionery product.

Subject of study: the history of the creation and emergence of sweets.

Purpose of the study : find out how candy appeared in people's lives.

Research objectives: find and study literature on this topic;

Get acquainted with the history of the origin of sweets;

Create a booklet: “Do-it-yourself sweets.”

2. History of the origin of sweets.

2.1. First candies.

From early childhood, we all fall in love with this miracle, invented by man many centuries ago. It’s hard to believe, but the ancient Egyptians treated their children to the prototypes of modern sweets, accidentally mixing honey, figs and nuts. And then a wave of experiments swept across the world: in the East, sweets were made from almonds and figs; in Ancient Babylon and Persia they began to make dragee candies in the form of candied anise, coriander and caraway seeds; In ancient Rome, a recipe for sweets made from nuts, poppy seeds, honey and sesame, which were very popular with the imperial children, was kept in the strictest confidence.

By the way, the word “candy” itself came into Russian from the Latin language (from confectus), where it meant “made”, “prepared drug”. In Ancient Rus', unique sweets were made from honey molasses and maple syrup, and from the end of the 18th century, cranberries in sugar became a Russian national delicacy. You see how many different delicacies were invented before the candy acquired the usual shape of a chocolate bar in a beautiful wrapper. Only in 1663, a certain cook prepared praline sweets (filled with nut mass) especially for the French ambassador to Germany. In 1674, liquid chocolate began to be added to rolls and cakes. And in 1700, the British gave a gift to the whole world by adding milk to chocolate, which served as the beginning of milk chocolate. By the way, in 1715, the five-year-old French king Louis XV was given the most expensive thing that was at the court at that time - a huge dish of sweets - for his speech from the throne.

Later, in Germany they began to produce small cheap chocolate bars in original wrapping. At the same time, in 1800, the widespread use of sugar beets began, and the Americans established the production of caramel. So, gradually the world came to the conclusion that what is small and beautifully wrapped will be in greater demand than what is large, shapeless and unwrapped.

2.2. Packaging for candies.

Speaking of packaging. After all, many of us collect these same candy wrappers (candy wrappers). And their diversity truly amazed the imagination. Even now, many different varieties of sweets of various shapes, tastes and colors appear every year. Before you have time to fall in love with and get used to a certain variety, it is replaced by a new fantastic find, which the confectioners translate into a new candy variety. Where do candies “live”?

Wrappers:

Boxes:

Tin boxes:

2.3.Production of sweets and their types.

The production of sweets differs from other groups of confectionery products in a wide variety of technological schemes and a range of finished products, which includes more than 1000 types of products. The technological scheme of production varies depending on the type and variety of sweets. However, the following main and common production stages for all types can be noted: preparation of candy masses, molding of candy bodies, finishing and enrobing of candies, wrapping and packaging.

The basis for the manufacture of candy boxes are as many as 13 different types of candy masses. Depending on the type of candy, these candy masses are formed into rectangles, cakes, bars, bottles, etc. Based on the type of final processing, a distinction is made between glazed candies (chocolate, fat glaze, etc.), unglazed (toffee, fondant, candy bars, etc.) and chocolate with filling. They produce candies wrapped and unwrapped; Higher grades of unwrapped sweets are packaged in boxes. However, among the whole variety of candies, there are also such specific varieties as dragees, caramel, lollipops, and toffee.

Dragees are round-shaped sweets, small in size, different colors, with a polished surface. These small colorful balls have always attracted adults and children. They were thrown at each other in carnival squares before the advent of paper confetti and given to loved ones; fillings and glazes, sizes and colors were changed.

Caramel is a confectionery product made from caramel mass with or without filling.

Lollipops (candy caramel) are produced in the form of bars or pillows with each piece wrapped, tablets with several pieces wrapped in tubes, various figures with or without a stick-holder, as well as in the form of very small products without wrapping (monpensier).

Toffee is a confectionery product made from sugar, molasses, large amounts of milk and fat (butter or margarine).

3. Favorite candies

Sweets are one of our favorite treats. Our country has its own branded sweets:

1. “Mishka in the North” is a brand of chocolates produced by the N. K. Krupskaya Confectionery Factory and other confectionery factories of the USSR and Russia. “Mishka in the North” was produced at the Leningrad factory named after N.K. Krupskaya since pre-war times. It is known that in 1943, 3 tons of sweets of this brand were produced.

2. Oh, these are special candies. The taste is similar to “Mishka” but... One large candy will replace five regular ones! These are souvenir candies "Gulliver"

3. “Cockerel-Golden Comb.”

4. “Teddy Bear”

5. “Squirrel”

6. The most Russian candy “Bird's Milk” The secret of production was agar-agar - jelly, which is extracted from seaweed. By the way, it is also used for finishing fabrics.

5. Conclusion.

The history of mankind's love for sweets began about three thousand years ago. The first confectionery products appeared in Ancient Egypt. The prototypes of modern sweets were made from boiled honey with the addition of dates. It was customary to throw sweets into the crowd during the ceremonial departures of the pharaohs.
The recipes for the first sweets were not very diverse; residents of Ancient Greece and the Middle East enjoyed similar confectionery products. At that time, people did not know how to produce sugar; the basis of all sweets was honey with the addition of dried apricots, nuts, sesame seeds, poppy seeds and spices.

The first candies appeared in Europe

The first chocolates appeared in...Europe!