Both in prose and in poetry, Bunin adhered to the pessimistic Ivanovich Tyutchev Fedor (1803 - traditions. Perhaps the longest was 1873) the influence of F. Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics on him. Tyutchev's motive of disharmony of love and death was heard as a desire to realize the general harmony of the world, the motive of the frailty of existence - an affirmation of the eternity and incorruptibility of nature, which contains the source of eternal harmony and beauty.
In Bunin's poetry, philosophical lyrics occupied one of the key places. Looking into the past, the writer sought to grasp the “eternal” laws of the development of science, peoples, and humanity. This was the meaning of his appeal to distant civilizations of the past - Slavic and Eastern.
The basis of Bunin’s philosophy of life is the recognition of earthly existence as only a part of eternal cosmic history, in which the life of man and humanity is dissolved. His lyrics intensify the feeling of the fatal confinement of human life in a narrow time frame, the feeling of man’s loneliness in the world. In creativity there arises a motive of non-stop movement towards the secrets of the world:
Once upon a time, above a heavy barge (1916) Once upon a time, above a heavy barge With a wide-bottomed stern, Many days in the bright azure the rigging swayed above me. . . It's time, it's time for me to throw dry land, Breathe more freely and fully, And again baptize my naked soul In the font of the sky and seas!
The contradictory experiences of the lyrical hero were most clearly manifested in the deeply philosophical motives of dreams and souls. The “bright dream”, “winged”, “intoxicating”, “enlightened happiness” are sung. However, such a sublime feeling carries a “heavenly secret” and becomes “foreign to the earth.”
Bunin responded to complex questions of existence in his poems. His lyrics are multifaceted and deep in philosophical questions of understanding the meaning of life. The poet expressed the mood of confusion, disappointment and at the same time knew how to fill his poems with inner light, faith in life, in the greatness of beauty. His lyrical hero has a holistic worldview and radiates a joyful, cheerful attitude towards the world.
I. A. Bunin’s lyrics reflect the theme of memory, the past, the mystery of time as a philosophical category: The blue wallpaper has faded, the images and daguerreotypes have been removed. Only the blue color remained there, Where they hung for many years. The heart has forgotten, it has forgotten Much that it once loved! Only those who are no longer there have an unforgettable trace.
These lines contain the idea of the transience of time, the every second change of the universe and the person in it. Only memory preserves our loved ones.
I. A. Bunin, in his subtle, masterfully polished philosophical poems, expressed the idea of the cosmic nature of the soul of each individual person. Philosophical themes of the connection between man and nature, life and death, good and evil took the main place in I. Bunin’s lyrics.
The poet writes about the universal significance of the scientific discoveries of the brilliant researcher Giordano Bruno, who at the moment of execution proclaims: I am dying - because I want to. Scatter, executioner, scatter my ashes, despicable one! Hello Universe, Sun! Executioner! - He will scatter my thought throughout the Universe!
Bunin the philosopher felt the continuity of existence, the eternity of matter, and believed in the power of creation. Human genius turns out to be equal to the boundless and eternal cosmos. Bunin could not come to terms with the necessity of leaving life, of condemning every person to death. According to the recollections of friends and relatives, he did not believe that he would disappear forever:
v The day will come - I will disappear. v And this room is empty. v Everything will be the same: table, bench. v Yes, an image, ancient and simple.
In his poems, Bunin tried to find the harmony of the world, the meaning of human existence. He affirmed the eternity and wisdom of nature, defined it as an inexhaustible source of beauty. Bunin's life is always inscribed in the context of nature.
He was confident in the rationality of all living things and argued “that there is no nature separate from us, that every slightest movement of air is a movement of our own life.”
Landscape lyrics gradually become philosophical. In a poem, the main thing for the author is thought. Many of the poet’s poems are devoted to the theme of life and death:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass, But it’s fun to wander and know that everything passes, Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die, Until the dawn breaks over the earth And young life is born in its turn.
In his lyrical work, Bunin comes to the idea of human responsibility to the past, present and future. Not a single person comes into this world without a goal; living among people, everyone leaves their mark. This idea is confirmed in the poem “Pskov Forest”, where the question is asked: “Are we worthy of our heritage? »
Pskov Forest In the distance it is dark and the thickets are stern. Under the red mast, under the pine tree I stand and hesitate on the threshold Into a forgotten but dear world. Are we worthy of our heritage? I will be too scared there, Where the paths of lynxes and bears lead to fairy tale paths. Where the grain turns red on the viburnum, Where the rot is covered with red moss And the berries are foggy blue, On the dry juniper.
Bunin believed that life is worth living only for creation, love and beauty. The poet, having traveled almost the whole world and read thousands of books in search of answers to the “eternal” questions of existence, did not believe in supernatural miracles, but believed in the mind and will of a person capable of changing the world for the better.
Content:
“Man not only always lies, he also always believes in goodness, beauty and perfection and sees them even where they do not exist at all, or they exist only in the beginning” (E. M. Remarque “Quotes and Aphorisms”).
Topic: “Philosophical problems of the works of Bunin and Kuprin”
The Silver Age gave the world such famous writers of a new milestone of realism as Bunin and Kuprin. Their works are distinguished by grace, but at the same time they reflect the true life, feelings and experiences of the heroes. The philosophical foundations underlying many of the works of these authors will never become obsolete. Including such a philosophical category as love. Let's take a closer look at how writers described this feeling in their novels? And also, how did they express their attitude towards morality and kindness, service to people and loyalty to philosophical principles?
The work “Olesya” by Kuprin was one of the most successful in his work. At the center of the story is a man, with his thoughts about the meaning of life, which are mixed with the canvases of the outback, as well as the unkind morals of the Perbrod peasants. The writer introduces his reader to a very evil world. This is rural life, which is flavored with ignorance, rudeness, rudeness and drunkenness. This is a world not of thinking people, but of individuals trying to survive in such harsh conditions of reality. But the writer does not plunge the reader into horror, because he contrasts the considered world with harmony and beauty, as well as true love. What is love in Kuprin’s understanding? The writer confidently says that love reveals a person, his worldview and character. It is thanks to this magical feeling, which includes many other philosophical subcategories (morality, sacrifice, affection for one’s neighbor), that a person becomes better. Of course, this does not apply to all people! No no! We remember "Eugene Onegin", where Tatyana's love could not change the main character! You can give hundreds...
examples, however, love heals a tired and sinful soul. The author in “Oles” becomes a continuer of the humanitarian mission of Russian literature and an ardent supporter of the healing properties of love! This is precisely the meaning of the philosophical beginning of his works.
When talking about such a creator of words as Bunin, one inevitably remembers his “Dark Alleys”. Despite the fact that this work is difficult to classify as the most famous and popular among the average reader, it is nevertheless beautiful. Bunin is the writer (according to the author of the essay) who is characterized by conciseness of presentation and the absence of complex forms. Dostoevsky, for example, has such forms, which is why it is so difficult to read him. “Dark Alleys” can be reduced to two components: it is a scene of recognizing each other and a stream of regret about unfulfilled love, happiness, and also about the whole life. A hero is a man of conventions. Their society dictates to him, so in the end he regrets that kiss to the woman he once loved. By refusing it, he plunged himself into the abyss of dullness and enduring melancholy, without suspecting it or understanding it. Illusions are what most modern people live by. Without suspecting or understanding the essence of what is happening, we spend our whole lives looking for something, and without finding it, we become philosophers. There is only one consolation: our experience will help our children. What about the main character in “Dark Alleys”? She barely shot, and many years have passed...
She loved and waited, but her moral passion remained unchanged. She didn't dare condemn this man even to herself. This love that lives in her heart is simply amazing. Let's say more: it is incomprehensible to many readers. Especially for modern young people and girls. Nevertheless, it was and is, since philosophical categories will never go into oblivion.
Composition: Bunin. I.A. - Miscellaneous - "Philosophical problems of one of the works of Russian literature of the twentieth century. (The meaning of life in I. Bunin’s story “The Gentleman from San Francisco”)"
"Philosophical problems of one of the works of Russian literature of the twentieth century. (The meaning of life in I. Bunin's story "The Gentleman from San Francisco")"
Philosophical problems of one of the works of Russian literature of the twentieth century.
(The meaning of life in I. Bunin’s story “The Gentleman from San Francisco”)
Although we are mortal, we must
will not submit to corruptible things,
but, as far as possible, rise
to immortality and live according to
with what is best in us. Aristotle.
One thousand nine hundred and fifteen. The First World War is in full swing. Its fire was fanned by no means without the participation of the “selected society”. “They say the Brians, the Milyukovs,” writes I. Bunin, “but we mean absolutely nothing. They prepare millions of people for slaughter, and we can only be indignant, nothing more. Ancient slavery? Nowadays slavery is such, in comparison with which ancient slavery is a mere trifle.” It is this civilized slavery that Bunin showed in his story “The Man from San Francisco.” The plot of the work is simple. The hero of the story, a wealthy American businessman whose name is not even mentioned, having achieved high material well-being, decides to arrange a long trip for his family. But all plans are ruined by one unforeseen circumstance - the death of the hero.
The main idea is not just a story about an American businessman. It's bigger. It would seem that the main character dies - the plot potential has been exhausted. But the boundaries of the story turn out to be much wider than the boundaries of history. The reader sees a panorama of the Gulf of Neopolitan, a sketch of a street market, images of the boatman Lorenz and the Abruzzese highlanders, and, finally, the image of “Atlantis” - a steamship returning a dead gentleman to America.
“Atlantis” closes the compositional circle of the story. If at the beginning the gentleman himself is having fun on the ship - communicating with rich people, watching the bright times of the “lovers”, then in the end the same thing happens with other passengers, and “deep below them, at the bottom of the dark hold,” stands the coffin of the gentleman who I once planned to have fun for two whole years. The coffin in the hold is a kind of verdict on a mindlessly partying society, a reminder that rich people are by no means omnipotent and do not always determine their own destiny. Wealth is by no means a guarantee of happiness. The latter is in completely different human dimensions.
A person’s independence from his social status or wealth is the main theme of the work.
In addition, the story reveals the theme of happiness. True, the gentleman and his family have a unique idea of him. For the hero, happiness is to sit and look at the frescoes next to the billionaire; for his daughter, it is to marry a prince. Love, like other feelings in a “selected society,” is artificial. Proof of this is the couple specifically hired to play lovers.
The master's plans are being disrupted in Nepal. Nature, beyond the control of the master and therefore unpredictably capricious, forces him to go to Capri.
The author describes in great detail the routine of the gentleman's existence. Three times in the story the plot movement almost stops, canceled first by a methodical presentation of the cruise route, then by a measured account of the “daily routine” on the Atlantis, and, finally, by a careful description of the order established in the Neopolitan hotel. The “graphs” and “points” of the master’s existence are mechanically lined: “firstly”, “secondly”, “thirdly”; “at eleven”, “at five”, “network hours”. In general, the regimented lifestyle of the American and his companions sets a monotonous rhythm for the description of the entire social world, forcing the reader to see the artificiality, mechanicalness and monotony of the life of a “selected society”.
An expressive contrast to the punctual world of the master is the unpredictable element of true life. Against the background of the clear routine of the hero’s existence, his death seems “illogical.” But the actions of the hotel employees and the “selected society” turn out to be even more “illogical” and unpredictable. They are clearly not happy that the death of the master interrupted their fun. The hotel owner feels guilty for failing to hide what happened. With the death of the hero, his power over people is lost. In response to the request of the wife of a gentleman from San Francisco to find the coffin, the hotel owner cynically offers a box of soda water, in which the body is delivered to the ship.
It turns out that everything he has accumulated has no meaning in front of that eternal law to which everyone, without exception, is subject. It is obvious that the meaning of life is not in acquiring wealth, but in something that cannot be valued monetaryly - worldly wisdom, kindness, spirituality.
While working on a story, the writer makes the following entry in his diary: “I cried while writing the end.” Bunin does not mourn his hero at all, but feels pain from the deadening life of the rich who decide the fate of ordinary people.
The writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is rightfully considered the last Russian classic, and a true discoverer of modern literature. The famous revolutionary writer Maxim Gorky also wrote about this in his notes.The philosophical issues of Bunin's works include a huge range of topics and questions that were relevant during the writer's lifetime and which remain relevant today.
Philosophical reflections of Bunin
The philosophical problems that the writer touches on in his works were very different. Here are just a few of them:
The decomposition of the world of the peasants and the collapse of the old rural way of life.
The fate of the Russian people.
Love and loneliness.
The meaning of human life.
The first theme about the decomposition of the world of peasants and the collapse of the village and ordinary way of life can be attributed to Bunin’s work “Village”. This story tells how the life of village men changes, changing not only their way of life, but also their moral values and concepts.
One of the philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich raises in his work relates to the fate of the Russian people, who were not happy and were not free. He talked about this in his works “Village” and “Antonov Apples”.
Bunin is known throughout the world as the most beautiful and subtle lyricist. For the writer, love was a special feeling that could not last long. He devotes his cycle of stories “Dark Alleys” to this topic, which is both sad and lyrical.
Bunin, both as a person and as a writer, was concerned about the morality of our society. He dedicated his work “Mr. from San Francisco” to this, where he shows the callousness and indifference of bourgeois society.
All the works of the great master of words are characterized by philosophical issues.
The collapse of peasant life and the world
One of the works where the writer raises philosophical problems is the burning story “The Village”. It contrasts two heroes: Tikhon and Kuzma. Despite the fact that Tikhon and Kuzma are brothers, these images are opposite. It is no coincidence that the author endowed his characters with different qualities. This is a reflection of reality. Tikhon is a wealthy peasant, a kulak, and Kuzma is a poor peasant who himself learned to write poetry and was good at it.
The plot of the story takes the reader to the beginning of the twentieth century, when in the village people were starving, turning into beggars. But in this village the ideas of revolution suddenly appear and the peasants, ragged and hungry, come to life listening to them. But poor, illiterate people do not have the patience to delve into political nuances; they very soon become indifferent to what is happening.
The writer writes with bitterness in the story that these peasants are incapable of decisive actions. They do not interfere in any way, and do not even make attempts to prevent the devastation of their native land, poor villages, allowing their indifference and inactivity to ruin their native places. Ivan Alekseevich suggests that the reason for this is their lack of independence. This can also be heard from the main character, who admits:
“I can’t think, I’m not educated”
Bunin shows that this deficiency appeared among the peasants due to the fact that serfdom existed in the country for a long time.
The fate of the Russian people
The author of such wonderful works as the story “The Village” and the story “Antonov Apples” talks bitterly about how the Russian people suffer and how difficult their fate is. It is known that Bunin himself never belonged to the peasant world. His parents were nobles. But Ivan Alekseevich, like many nobles of that time, was attracted to the study of the psychology of the common man. The writer tried to understand the origins and foundations of the national character of the common man.
Studying the peasant and his history, the author tried to find not only negative, but also positive traits in him. Therefore, he does not see a significant difference between a peasant and a landowner, this is especially felt in the plot of the story “Antonov Apples,” which tells how the village lived. The small nobility and peasants worked and celebrated holidays together. This is especially evident during the harvest in the garden, when Antonov apples smell strong and pleasant.
In such times, the author himself loved to wander in the garden, listening to the voices of men, observing changes in nature. The writer also loved fairs, when the fun began, the men played the harmonica, and the women put on beautiful and bright outfits. At such times it was good to wander around the garden and listen to the conversation of the peasants. And although, according to Bunin, nobles are people who carry true high culture, but simple men and peasants also contributed to the formation of Russian culture and the spiritual world of their country.
Bunin's love and loneliness
Almost all of Ivan Alekseevich’s works that were written in exile are poetic. For him, love is a small moment that cannot last forever, so the author in his stories shows how it fades away under the influence of life circumstances, or by the will of one of the characters. But the theme leads the reader much deeper - this is loneliness. It can be traced and felt in many works. Far from his homeland, abroad, Bunin missed his native places.
Bunin’s story “In Paris” talks about how love can break out far from the homeland, but it is not real, since two people are completely alone. Nikolai Platanich, the hero of the story “In Paris,” left his homeland long ago, because the white officer could not come to terms with what was happening in his homeland. And here, far from his homeland, he accidentally meets a beautiful woman. They have a lot in common with Olga Alexandrovna. The heroes of the work speak the same language, their views on the world coincide, and they are both alone. Their souls reached out to each other. Far from Russia, from their homeland, they fall in love.
When Nikolai Platanich, the main character, dies suddenly and completely unexpectedly in the subway, Olga Alexandrovna returns to an empty and lonely house, where she experiences incredible sadness, bitterness of loss and emptiness in her soul. This emptiness has now settled in her soul forever, because lost values cannot be replenished far from her native land.
The meaning of human life
The relevance of Bunin's works lies in the fact that he raises questions of morality. This problem of his works concerned not only the society and the time when the writer lived, but also our modern one. This is one of the biggest philosophical problems that will always face human society.
Immorality, according to the great writer, does not appear immediately, and it is impossible to notice it even at the beginning. But then it grows and at some turning point begins to give rise to the most terrible consequences. The immorality growing in society hits the people themselves, making them suffer.
An excellent confirmation of this can be the famous story of Ivan Alekseevich “The Gentleman from San Francisco.” The main character does not think about morality or his spiritual development. He only dreams of this - to get rich. And he subordinates everything to this goal. For many years of his life he works hard without developing as a person. And now, when he is already 50 years old, he achieves the material well-being that he has always dreamed of. The main character does not set himself another, higher goal.
Together with his family, where there is no love and mutual understanding, he goes on a long and distant journey, which he pays in advance. Visiting historical monuments, it turns out that neither he nor his family are interested in them. Material values have replaced interest in beauty.
The main character of this story has no name. It is Bunin who deliberately does not give the rich millionaire a name, showing that the entire bourgeois world consists of such soulless members. The story vividly and accurately describes another world that is constantly working. They have no money, and they don’t have as much fun as the rich do, and the basis of their life is work. They die in poverty and in the holds, but the fun on the ship does not stop because of this. The cheerful and carefree life does not stop even when one of them dies. The millionaire without a name is simply moved away so that his body is not in the way.
A society where there is no sympathy, pity, where people do not experience any feelings, where they do not know beautiful moments of love - this is a dead society that cannot have a future, but they also do not have a present. And the whole world, which is built on the power of money, is an inanimate world, it is an artificial way of life. After all, even the wife and daughter do not feel compassion for the death of a rich millionaire; rather, it is regret about the spoiled trip. These people do not know why they were born into this world, and therefore they simply ruin their lives. The deep meaning of human life is inaccessible to them.
The moral foundations of Ivan Bunin's works will never become outdated, so his works will always be readable. The philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich shows in his works were continued by other writers. Among them are A. Kuprin, M. Bulgakov, and B. Pasternak. All of them showed love, loyalty, and honesty in their works. After all, a society without these important moral categories simply cannot exist.
Ivan Bunin is a Russian writer who is known to us as a lyricist. He thinks a lot about the topics of the peasantry, the fate of his people, and human feelings. These topics are always interesting. His works trace his sadness and feeling of loneliness, revealing the essence of human existence, his short stay in this world. It looks at a person's values. According to his judgments, we can conclude that a person is just a grain of sand in this world, compared to the universe.
In his stories, Bunin often reveals human nature. It shows how selfish and self-confident people are. A person very rarely thinks about his stay on earth, life expectancy, values and morality. It is human nature to make plans and imagine himself as the Creator of his life... But as we can understand from the work “The Mister from San Francisco,” life teaches us lessons. Sometimes these lessons become fatal.
The essence of this creation is that the main character, whose name is not mentioned, devoted his life to acquiring material wealth. He craved them without thinking about the main values. The main character was convinced that in this world it is enough to have a lot of money. After all, with their help it is possible to purchase everything! How wrong he was! Life is such that it demands a high price for the benefits received. He achieved his goal. But at what cost? At the cost of his own life. She paused. And the sad fact was that his departure did not sadden anyone, not even his relatives. Bunin is bitter for the main character. What will be left after it? Who will remember him after a while?
The writer, one might say, grieves in the work for those members of society who are not able to see and feel the pain of others, to sympathize, love and provide help. What future awaits this people? How soon will their world turn to dust? Such a rotten society has no morals and no future!
Ivan Alekseevich himself was from a noble family. But he spent time studying the peasant soul. He was interested in observing the work of the peasants and their manner of communication. Bunin loved to watch the peasants when they were relaxing, having fun at fairs and having conversations.
During his emigration, Bunin wrote stories exploring the theme of love. He talks about its transience and impermanence. About the fact that it breaks against the rocks of everyday storms. Or rather, human love extinguishes due to circumstances that we do not want or cannot resist. It’s difficult to devote yourself to one person all your life and not be disappointed in him.
From all of the above, we can draw a conclusion about the highly spiritual inner world of Bunin, which he reveals in his creations.
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