Ovulation (from Latin ovum - egg) - the release of a mature egg capable of fertilization from the ovarian follicle into the abdominal cavity; stage of the menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle).
Ovulation in women of childbearing age occurs periodically (every 21-35 days). The frequency of ovulation is regulated by neurohumoral mechanisms, mainly by gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland and ovarian follicular hormone. Ovulation is promoted by the accumulation of follicular fluid and the thinning of the ovarian tissue located above the protruding pole of the follicle. The rhythm of ovulation, which is constant for every woman, undergoes changes within 3 months after an abortion, within a year after childbirth, and also after 40 years, when the body prepares for the premenopausal period. Ovulation stops with the onset of pregnancy and after the cessation of menstrual function. Establishing the date of ovulation is important when choosing the most effective time for fertilization, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
Signs of ovulation
Subjective signs of ovulation may include short-term pain in the lower abdomen. Objective signs of ovulation are an increase in mucous discharge from the vagina and a decrease in rectal (basal) temperature on the day of ovulation with an increase in it the next day, an increase in the content of progesterone in the blood plasma, etc. Ovulation disorders are caused by dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system and can be caused by inflammation genitalia, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex or thyroid gland, systemic diseases, tumors of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, stressful situations. The absence of ovulation during childbearing age (anovulation) is manifested by a disturbance in the rhythm of menstruation such as oligomenorrhea (menstruation lasting 1-2 days), amenorrhea, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Lack of ovulation (anovulation) is always the cause of a woman's infertility. Methods for restoring ovulation are determined by the cause that caused anovulation and require a visit to a gynecologist and special treatment.
Ovulation and contraception
Some women experience peak sexual arousal around the days of ovulation. However, the use of a physiological method of contraception from pregnancy, based on sexual abstinence during ovulation, is especially difficult for young spouses, whose frequency of sexual intercourse reaches a fairly high level. In addition, with strong love excitement and nervous stress, additional ovulation can occur (especially with episodic, irregular intercourse) and then not one, but two eggs mature in one menstrual cycle. This should be kept in mind when choosing one or another method of contraception.
Physiology of the ovulation cycle
As soon as every healthy girl aged 11-15 years begins to menstruate, which is an indicator of her body’s readiness for childbearing, problems arise associated with counting the days of the menstrual cycle and the legitimate question of why menstruation does not occur, or vice versa, why the long-awaited pregnancy does not occur . This forces a woman to think and wait all the time, to be in the dark about what is happening to her every month. And so every month for decades.
Duration of menstruation and cycle
Ideal menstruation lasts 3-5 days and repeats every 28 days. However, for some women this cycle takes 19 days or even less, while for others it lasts from 35 to 45 days, which is a feature of their body, and not a violation of menstrual function. The duration of menstruation can also vary within a week depending on the body. All this should not cause alarm in a woman, but a delay of more than two months, called opsometry, or more than six months - amenorrhea, should alert the woman and force her to find out the reason with a gynecologist.
Duration of the menstrual cycle
is a complex physiological process that continues in women up to 45–55 years of age. It is regulated by the so-called reproductive centers located in the middle part of the diencephalon - the hypothalamus. The changes that occur during the menstrual cycle are most pronounced in the uterus and ovaries. In the ovary, under the influence of hormones produced by the ovarian follicles, partly by the adrenal cortex and testes, the growth and maturation of the main follicle, which contains the egg, occurs. A mature follicle ruptures and the egg, along with follicular fluid, enters the abdominal cavity and then into the uterine (fallopian) tube. The process of rupture of the follicle and the release of a mature (suitable for fertilization) egg from its cavity is called ovulation, which, with a 28-day cycle, occurs most often between the 13th and 15th days.
Corpus luteum, estrogen, progesterone
At the site of the ruptured follicle, a corpus luteum forms. These morphological changes in the ovary are accompanied by the release of sex steroid hormones - estrogens and progesterone. Estrogens are secreted by the maturing follicle, and progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.
The release of estrogen has two maximums - during ovulation and during the period of maximum activity of the corpus luteum. So, for example, if the normal estrogen content is about 10 mcg/l, then during ovulation it is about 50 mcg/l, and during pregnancy, especially towards the end, the estrogen content in the blood increases to 70-80 mcg/l per pregnancy. due to a sharp increase in estrogen biosynthesis in the placenta.
Together with progesterone, estrogens promote implantation (introduction) of a fertilized egg, maintain pregnancy and promote childbirth. Estrogens play an important role in the regulation of many biochemical processes, participate in carbohydrate metabolism, in the distribution of lipids, and stimulate the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids and proteins. Estrogens promote the deposition of calcium in bone tissue, delay the release of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and water from the body, that is, they increase their concentration both in the blood and in electrolytes (urine, saliva, nasal secretions, tears) of the body.
The release of estrogen is controlled by the anterior pituitary gland and its genadotropic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Under the influence of estrogens, in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, called follicular, regeneration occurs in the uterus, that is, the restoration and growth of its mucous membrane - the endometrium, the growth of glands that elongate and become convoluted. The mucous membrane of the uterus thickens 4-5 times. In the glands of the cervix, the secretion of mucous secretion increases, the cervical canal expands, and becomes easily passable for sperm. In the mammary glands, epithelium grows inside the milk ducts.
In the second phase, called the luteal phase (from the Latin word luteus - yellow), under the influence of progesterone, the intensity of metabolic processes in the body decreases. The growth of the mucous membrane of the uterine body stops, it becomes loose, swollen, a secretion appears in the glands, which creates favorable conditions for the attachment of a fertilized egg to the mucosa and the development of the embryo. The glands stop secreting mucus, and the cervical canal closes. In the mammary glands, alveoli arise from the overgrown epithelium of the end sections of the milk ducts, capable of producing and secreting milk.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum dies, the functional layer of the endometrium is rejected, and menstruation occurs. Monthly bleeding varies from three to seven days, the amount of blood lost ranges from 40 to 150 g.
Timing of ovulation
It should be noted that different women have a noticeable difference in the timing of ovulation. And even for the same woman, the exact timing of the onset varies from month to month. Some women have extremely irregular cycles. In other cases, cycles may be longer or shorter than the average of 14 days. In rare cases, it happens that in women with a very short cycle, ovulation occurs around the end of the menstrual bleeding period, but in most cases, ovulation occurs quite regularly.
If for one reason or another ovulation does not occur, the endometrial layer in the uterus is thrown out during menstruation. If the fusion of the egg and sperm has occurred, then the cytoplasm of the egg begins to vibrate very strongly, as if the egg is experiencing an orgasm. Sperm penetration is the final stages of egg maturation. All that remains of the sperm is its nucleus, where 23 chromosomes are tightly packed (half the set of a normal cell). The sperm nucleus now quickly approaches the egg nucleus, which also contains 23 chromosomes. The two nuclei slowly touch. Their shells dissolve and their fusion occurs, as a result of which they are divided into pairs and form 46 chromosomes. Of the 23 chromosomes of the sperm, 22 are completely similar to the chromosomes of the egg. They determine all physical characteristics of a person except gender. The remaining pair from the egg always contains an X chromosome, and from the sperm there may be an X or Y chromosome. Thus, if there are 2 XX chromosomes in this set, then a girl will be born, but if XY, then a boy.
Research conducted at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (North Carolina) has shown that not only the actual conception of a child, but also its gender depends on the time of conception in relation to the time of ovulation.
The chance of conception is highest on the day of ovulation and is estimated at approximately 33%. A high probability is also noted on the day before ovulation - 31%, two days before it - 27%. Five days before ovulation the chance of conception is estimated to be 10%, four days before ovulation is 14% and three days before ovulation is 16%. Six days before ovulation and the day after ovulation, the likelihood of conception during sexual intercourse is very low.
If we consider that the average “life expectancy” of sperm is 2-3 days (in rare cases it reaches 5-7 days), and the female egg remains viable for about 12-24 hours, then the maximum duration of the “dangerous” period is 6- 9 days and the “dangerous” period correspond to the phase of slow increase (6-7 days) and rapid decline (1-2 days) before and after the day of ovulation, respectively. Ovulation, as noted above, divides the menstrual cycle into two phases: the follicle maturation phase, which with an average cycle duration is 10-16 days and the luteal phase (corpus luteum phase), which is stable, independent of the duration of the menstrual cycle and is 12- 16 days. The corpus luteum phase refers to the period of absolute infertility; it begins 1-2 days after ovulation and ends with the onset of a new menstruation.
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Ovulation: what is it in simple words and when does it happen?
The reproductive period takes up almost half of a woman's life. It lasts on average from 11-12 years, when a teenage girl has her first menstruation, to 48-50 years, when menopause is established. And all this time, the body patiently, month after month, prepares to accept and nurture the future new person.
“By extracting” more and more follicles from the ovarian reserves, the woman’s body releases eggs from them. This process is called “ovulation”. Let's take a closer look at some points.
What is ovulation in girls
Ovulation occurs once a month for every female if she:
- not pregnant;
- does not breastfeed;
- has no problems with hormones;
- does not take birth control pills.
Perhaps the wording of the question is a little incorrect - ovulation occurs not only in young girls, but also in mature women, until the menopause period begins. What is ovulation and when does it occur - a question to which the clearest and most detailed answer will be given by a gynecologist or gynecologist-endocrinologist. How does it manifest itself?
If we touch lightly on the field of biology, the overall process looks like this.
What many consider to be the end of the menstrual cycle - regular bleeding - is actually the beginning of the ovulatory cycle. On the day when spotting appears on the pad, indicating the rejection of the endometrial layer that turned out to be “extra”, several small - so-called antral - follicles begin to slowly mature. The supply of them in the body of a newborn girl approaches a million, but throughout life it steadily decreases. Most follicles do not reach the maturity stage. Having begun to grow on the first day of a new cycle, they undergo atresia and resolve, with the exception of 1 or 2.
At about 8-9 days, ultrasound already shows 5-10 antral follicles in each ovary. At this point, the dominant one, that is, the largest one, is determined. It is he who is destined to rupture on days 12-14 of the cycle, release an egg and turn into. The process of formation and release of an egg is called ovulation.
This is the most favorable time for, dangerous for those who do not plan to expand their family, and favorable for those who want to become parents.
Early ovulation occurs on days 11-12 of the cycle. comes around 19-20 days. Both cases are not anything different from the norm, because many factors influence the menstrual cycle of women:
- changing of the living place;
- stress;
- any diseases;
- taking medications;
Sometimes a woman constantly ovulates during these periods. If fertility is preserved and there are no hormonal or sexual diseases, then there is no need to worry: this means that this is the individual norm for this woman.
Ovulation day
The day of ovulation is “day X,” which becomes the beginning of a new life if it is destined to be born.
In teenage girls, ovulation cycles are not established immediately. If menstruation begins early, around age 11, the entire first year may consist of anovulatory cycles. This should not cause concern: the “dance” of hormones has not yet subsided, the body has not adjusted the mechanism by which it will work properly until menopause.
However, this does not mean that young girls do not have to worry about the need for contraception: ovulation can happen in any month. Not always (especially at first) and not every girl will be able to feel the distinctive signs of ovulation: it does not manifest itself in any way, because it is not a disease, but a natural process, and it can often be tracked only by ultrasound and jumps in basal temperature. But more on that later.
Gynecologists achieve stimulation of ovulation by injecting drugs. hCG appears, which is administered intramuscularly when the follicle has already become dominant, but has not yet reached its maximum. This gives an impulse to the oocyte to mature and break away from the wall of the ovarian follicle. After an hCG injection, ovulation occurs approximately 36-48 hours later.
Such an injection can be given to the patient before, so as not to miss the time most suitable for the injection of the husband’s or donor’s sperm.
Morris Desmond published a book in 2004: The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body, published in Russian under the title: Naked Woman.
“The evolutionary process proceeded differently in men and women. The same characteristics changed at different rates among them. Men retained a little more of the features of their youth in their behavior, and women - in their anatomical features.
For example, men (thirty-year-olds) are 15 times more likely to be involved in car accidents than women. The fact is that men have a higher risk-taking tendency, characteristic of children's games, than women. Although this quality often creates problems for men, in ancient times it played an extremely important role, because without risk, hunting would not be successful. Ancient women were too valuable for their lives to be put in danger by hunting, so men had to take the risk. The death of several of them did not affect the reproduction capabilities of the small tribe, while the death of several women threatened to significantly limit them. It must be remembered that in ancient times, when there were still few people on our planet, the reproduction of members of society was of great importance.
There are many more men than women inventors. The risks the men took were not only physical, as they often experimented, abandoning the use of traditional methods and techniques. Women had to be careful. They played a central role in the life of the tribe, being responsible for almost everything except hunting, and could not afford costly mistakes. In the process of evolution, they learned better than men to do several things at once, became more talkative and sociable, their sense of smell, hearing, touch and color vision became more subtle and acute than men’s. Women became better educators than men, more attentive parents and were less susceptible to illness - after all, health was of vital importance to the mother.
Along with this, psychologically, men remained “little boys” to a greater extent than women remained “little girls.” Men have been endowed with a richer imagination and are sometimes more vicious than women. Women have become more tender and caring. These differences corresponded to the roles that the two sexes played in society. They complemented each other, and the combination of their qualities guaranteed their overall success.
Physically the situation was different. Due to the division of labor, men who hunted were expected to have a more athletic build. On average, a man's muscle mass is 28 kilograms, while a woman's is only 15. The average man is 30 percent stronger, 10 percent heavier, and 7 percent taller than the average woman. A woman, who played such an important role in reproduction, should have been better protected from nutritional exhaustion, or, simply put, from hunger. As a result, the average female body contains 25 percent fat, while the male body contains only 12.5 percent.
A woman's higher body fat content is a childhood characteristic that, along with other similar characteristics, allows her to fit into her role in society. Adult males have been programmed by evolution to protect their offspring. The more physical childlike traits women exhibited, the more willing men were to care for them.
As a result, the voice of an adult woman became higher than that of a man. The frequency of the male voice is 130-145 Hertz, and the female voice is 235-255 Hertz. In other words, a woman's voice is closer to a child's voice. Women also retain more childlike features, especially when it comes to hair. Men grow mustaches, beards, and chest hair, and are distinguished by thick eyebrows, heavy chins, and large noses, while women's faces retain the childlike smoothness of their skin and fine structure.
So, as representatives of the two sexes followed the evolutionary path towards more and more neoteny, men behaved more and more childishly, changing less physically, and women developed more and more physical childlike traits, showing fewer psychological childish qualities.
Here it is necessary to say about the degree of difference between men and women. I focus on all sorts of differences between the human sexes. However, it is necessary to remember that both of them are 100 times more “child-like” than representatives of the sexes of other biological species.
The differences between men and women are very noticeable and very interesting, but in general a person is a person. I mention these differences here only because it is very important to note the following fact from the outset: the female body is in many ways more perfect, that is, more “childlike,” than the male. Understanding this will help to understand many features of the anatomy of the female body.”
Desmond Morris, Naked Woman. M., "Eksmo", 2009, p. 10-13.
Today I read a post on this topic in my feed. The girl writes that she is really looking forward to an answer to the question of what kind of women everyone wants to marry, and writes her thoughts. So, they say, Evolution objected to one commentator who wrote that such a woman should be very active and have many projects, that for some men there is nothing good in this, some want a wife to spend cozy evenings with her, and not hang out in God knows where . Really, a girl writes in my feed (and I immediately removed her from there), I’ll have to sit at home and bake pies. I, he writes, have long suspected that I am too active and strong, which is why they won’t marry me.
Can you imagine this strong? She is ready to give up everything she owns and bake pies for someone. She doesn’t know how she could bend herself so hard that someone would want to marry her. And who needs such rubbish?
If someone like that sits at home and bakes pies, it will be hell for her husband, no pie will fit into his throat. It’s better to hang out, pumping blood from friends and colleagues.
Just yesterday, many wrote that such a woman should not be a burden to a man.
You can avoid being a burden if you are an unnecessary thing, you have been placed somewhere and you are not in the way.
From a burden to happiness there is a whole abyss, and where we are talking about pleasure, there is not even the concept of such a “burden” or “not a burden.”
If I write that the woman everyone wants to marry (everyone she is in a relationship with, that is) is independent, what do you think most of the readers will imagine?
They will present a woman who is not interested in a man at all. She hangs out somewhere, leads an active life, has many projects and friends. There are no men in her field at all.
That is, most understand independence as indifference, disinterest, indifference. They are independent of everything that does not matter to them. But if something suddenly becomes important, if someone suddenly becomes loved, immediately grunting, and tentacles grow all over their body and begin to wrap suction cups around this loved one on all sides, addiction immediately appears. And it grows until it faces disappointment.
How to combine love and independence in people's minds with the merging of boundaries and an external locus? No way.
Having decided to become independent, many wives begin to hate their husbands. She was dependent and was waiting for care, but since she needs to become independent, she doesn’t need this freak at all. Where does such a wife go? Look for someone to cleave to, of course. She can get carried away with work if she manages to stick to her colleagues. Maybe start hanging out if you can stick with friends. She can find a lover and cling to him. Independence for such wives means that they turn their backs on their husbands and look for dependence elsewhere. As a rule, with a lover, because this is the easiest way.
Therefore, many husbands, upon hearing the word “independence,” immediately understand that they are growing horns.
Well, what words to look for?
I could tell that the woman everyone wants to marry is a giver, not a taker. But what will people with an external locus imagine?
They will imagine a sticky mat that is so firmly stuck to their partner’s feet that they are willing to give anything to keep them from leaving. The rug is ready to give everything it has just to prolong its merger. The rug doesn’t like to take anything, because they don’t give him anything, they don’t even offer him anything. He is afraid to take, because he already feels like a burden that is about to be abandoned. He loves to give because it is an opportunity to remain in fusion.
This is the ugly picture people with an external locus imagine when they hear that they need to give. If they are in a strong disadvantage, then this strengthens them in the fact that their drain is love. And if they are frostbitten, then such words infuriate them. Give away? What more.
Independent? Indifferent.
Loving? Dependent.
Generous? Obsequious.
Active? Shturmanikha.
Strong? Rude navigator.
Tender? Helpless.
Delicate? Cowardly.
Smart? Teacher.
Modest? Shattered.
Confident? In the crown.
There is not a single virtue that a person with an external locus would not see through his prism as a vice.
This is a real crooked mirror in which everything good turns into bad.
The woman that all men (her) want to marry is characterized by the following:
She is independent, despite the fact that she loves this man and is glad to be with him.
She is independent because it does not even occur to her to appropriate him, absorb him and absorb him; she looks at a man as a living, separate, but beloved and interesting creature to her. She is happy with closeness and communication. She sees a lot of unusual and wonderful things in her beloved, and this supports a man’s self-esteem if his self-esteem is shaky, and if it is strong, he simply feels comfortable next to her and sees a kindred spirit in her.
She is generous because she has something to share, she does not feel needy, and she feels pleasure when she shares.
Unfortunately, enjoying your investment is not a measure of true generosity. Many addicted people experience pleasure akin to relief when throwing food. It seems to them that in this way they ensure the presence of a second person. In a strong minus, everyone (everyone!) begins to throw food. This happens to everyone, not just to the victims of predators, it’s just that predators know how to put them in a strong minus. But people themselves go down there quite well, without any predators. In a strong addiction, a person always drains the resource of the economy. All the resources and money too. This kind of “generosity” from addiction should never be confused with real generosity. A truly generous person must be independent. Otherwise, it’s all a waste, not generosity. A generous person must be strong, not weak, otherwise it is not generosity, but fear, the need to bribe and appease.
Generosity raises your importance, generosity evokes gratitude and a desire to repay you a hundredfold. Therefore, generous people never end up at a loss. This applies to both material and emotional generosity.
She is hot because she sees mutual pleasure and is captivated by the process of exchanging emotions with her loved one.
This special warmth, which arises not from hunger and hungry passion, but from the exchange of emotions, has strong magnetism. And this is constant positive reinforcement. The more a man loves, the more she loves, and if he suddenly cools down, she cools down too. With passion from hunger, the opposite happens. The colder the partner, the stronger the passion, because the hunger is stronger. The hotter the partner, the less passion, as saturation occurs. With such people, everyone begins to feel that it is unprofitable to love them, they grow cold, they need to be constantly tormented a little. A sadomasochistic mechanism is built into deficient love. Such love becomes stronger from pain, from distance, from jealousy and doubt. But normal love becomes stronger only from reciprocity and its growth has no limits, it can grow throughout life.
That is, here are three main qualities: independence, generosity, warmth.
See how these three qualities (but only if understood correctly) make the flow strong and beautiful.
Independence ensures stability and stability of the stream, generosity makes the channel of the stream free and open, warmth makes the stream stronger and hotter and gives it sparkle.
This is what it feels like on an energetic level when you are close to such a person. It doesn't matter if it's with a man or a woman. It’s clear why everyone wants to stay close to such a flow and stake it out for themselves by all means, including legal ones?
Is it clear why people with an external locus do not even have the perspective to look from such an angle?
Fortunately, anyone can improve their locus of control. This is available to everyone. And this entirely depends on the personal will of the person.
