What is the participle in Russian? Correct spelling: what are participles and gerunds, rules with examples

Participle and gerund are special parts of speech that combine the morphological characteristics of several parts of speech. This is how they differ from the rest. By the way, many linguists classify participles and gerunds as verb forms, and do not separate them into a separate part of speech. In this article we will talk about them as independent.

Communion concept

The participle and the gerund in the Russian language are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological features of the verb: the categories of aspect, reflexivity and tense.

However, the participle gravitates towards adjectives and expresses the attribute of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, being built, being read. This part of speech answers the questions: what is he doing? what did he do? From the adjective, the participle “inherited” gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun, which includes: written book - written books (plural) - about a written book (prepositional case) - written novel (masculine gender) .

Also, the participle can be used in full and short forms. Diploma awarded - certificate awarded. Unlike adjectives, short participles contain only one letter n. Foggy lowland - the lowland is foggy (short adjective); sown field - the field is sown (short participle).

Depending on the meaning, participles can be active (denote a sign created directly by an action - constructing) or passive (denote a sign of an action experienced from the outside - constructing).

The concept of participle

The gerund gravitates, according to grammatical characteristics, to the adverb: from it the part of speech has adopted immutability, but from the verb the gerund remains the form (listening - having listened) and reflexivity (washing - washing).

The gerund denotes an additional, additional action; it can easily be replaced by a homogeneous predicate.

• I walked down the street, enjoying the spring sun. - I walked down the street and rejoiced in the spring sun.

The complementary action indicates how the main verb acts. She walked, rejoicing - the gerund “rejoicing” means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action “walked” is performed.

Active participles: formation, suffixes

Participles and gerunds are formed from verbs using specific suffixes. As for the active participles of the present tense, their productive stem is the verb of the same tense. For the latter, the ending is simply discarded and a characteristic participle suffix is ​​added: - ush-/-yush- And - ash-/-box-.

It should be remembered here that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation - ash-/-box- used for participles of verbs of the second conjugation.

• Sunbathing - sunbathing (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (present active participle).
• Glue - glue (present tense verb, II conjugation) - gluing (present active participle).

These same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.

• Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawled - crawled.

The unstressed vowel before the suffix (the word is placed in the past tense) is also checked: winnow - winnow - winnow.

Passive participles: formation, suffixes

Passive present participles must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -eat-/-im- respectively.

• Decide - decide - solved; wear - wear - wearable.

Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form passive past participles. The productive base is the infinitive verb: decide - decided; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - enne- only the letter e is always written after hissing words. For example, burned, resolved.

In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix n. This is how participles differ from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes or dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut (verbal adjective) - mother's pickled cabbage (participle, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a prefix)

Participles: formation, suffixes

Participle and gerund are similar in that both have a verb as their derivative base.

If we talk about imperfective participles, then the stem of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix is ​​added to it - A- or - I-.

• Watch - watchmen; shine - shining; move - moving; breathing - breathing.

There are a number of verbs from which the formation of gerunds is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.

If we talk about perfective participles, then they should be formed from the stem of the infinitive. This involves suffixes -v-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - having written, having written; bring - having brought.

Thus, the spelling of suffixes of participles and gerunds depends on the type of verb of the generating stem and its conjugation. Also, sometimes you should take into account the type (this is especially true for gerunds). Suffixes of participles and gerunds of various meanings should be known by heart, then writing them correctly will not cause any difficulties.

Spelling not with participles and gerunds

It should be said about one more spelling that often causes difficulties. How to write a particle Not, participle and participle. The rules regarding the latter are quite simple: with the gerund, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: without doing, without thinking, without grabbing, without bringing, but indignant, hating.

The participle will be written with and not separately in the following cases:

1. It has dependent words. In other words, if there is not a single participle, but a participle phrase (Flowers that were not picked yesterday bloomed in all their glory).
2. The sentence contains a contrast built with the help of a conjunction A ( These were not withered, but quite fresh flowers).

Together Not with participles will be written outside the participle phrases: incessant rain, unplowed field, unread book.

Also written together with Not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.

Instructions

Communion They call the unconjugated form of a verb with the meaning of a characteristic of an object that occurs in time. In Russian, participles depend on the type of verb from which they are formed, so four types of participles are possible: active and present participles and active and passive participles.

So, first choose the verb from which you want and determine its main morphological features: aspect, transitivity, conjugation and tense. Then select the stem from which the participle will be formed. Present participles are formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense. To form an active present participle, use the suffixes –уш/-уж (for verbs) and –аш/яж (for verbs). To form the present passive participle, add the suffixes –em () and –im () to the stem. Examples: reader, gon-im.

From the stems of verbs in the infinitive form or, less commonly, in the past tense form, past participles are formed. Attach the suffixes –вш/-ш (for active participles) or –ен/-нн/-т (for passive participles) to the stem. The suffix –вш is used if it ends in a vowel, -ш – in a consonant. Examples: seen, remember.

Participle is an unconjugated form of a verb that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. Answers the questions “doing what?”, “having done what?” and, at the same time, answer the questions “how?”, “in what way?” Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense with -а/-я and using the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -va. Examples: leta-ya, knock-a, washing-ya. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes –v/-vshi/-shi. Examples: stole-in, return-louse-s.

note

It is impossible to form all four types of participles from any verb. After all, for example, active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones - from transitive ones.

Imperfect participles cannot be formed from verbs: 1) with the main present tense ending in hissing and with the infinitive stem in z, s, st, x; 2) with a stem containing only consonants (sew); 3) with a base on g, k and in some other cases.

Helpful advice

If you have difficulty forming participles, refer to the reference book “Russian verb and its participle forms”.

Sources:

• About participles and gerunds
• how to form tenses

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

These past participles are formed using the stem of the transitive verb of the past tense and the suffixes “n” and “nn” (if the verb ends in “at”, “et”, “yat”), for example “lost”, “read”; suffixes “en” and “enn” (if the stem of the verb ends with a consonant), for example “”, “weighted”; suffix “t” (if the verb ends in “here”, “nut”, “ot” and is monosyllabic), for example “grated”, “crumpled”. Some verbs that end in “st”, “sti” form past participles using the stems of the present or future tense.

There are two forms of existence: short and full. If the participle is in the first form, it cannot change and is almost always a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Goals:

• generalization and systematization of students’ knowledge on the topics “Communion” and “Communion”;
• consolidation of the practical ability to find participles and participles, participial and participial phrases in the text;
• consolidation of the ability to compose a monologue statement on a linguistic topic;
• development of logical thinking, skills of independent work with text;
• nurturing a sense of mutual assistance, developing interest in reading through analytical work with the text of N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”.

Lesson type: combined lesson on the use of ZUN.

Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.

Equipment:

1. Table “N.V.Gogol. "Taras Bulba".
2. Information card (4 options).
3. Cards for individual work.
4. Table “Distinctive features of participles and gerunds” (filled out during the lesson).
5. Individual counters for counting earned points.

Epigraphs:

They [participles] serve as abbreviations for the human word, containing a name and a verb force.

M.V.Lomonosov

[Adverbial phrases] are primarily a part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness

D.E. Rosenthal

During the classes

I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Guys! We have finished studying the topics “Communion” and “Communion”. Today in the lesson we will summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling a table “Distinctive features of participles and gerunds.” Why is such a table needed? Firstly, as already mentioned, to systematize your knowledge, because knowledge brought into the system remains in memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, perhaps some of you will have to take an oral exam in the Russian language at the final certification at the end of 9th grade. In this case, the table we have compiled will help you quickly remember all the information about participles and gerunds. Third, and most importantly, you will be able to create similar comparison tables on other topics.

At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and adverbial phrases from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”, which you will use when compiling the table. Each of you also has an information card from which you can take examples to illustrate one or another position of the table.

During the lesson, you will independently calculate the points you earn. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team is determined, the one of you who brings the most points to the winning team will receive additional credit.

II. Epigraph.

Epigraphs have been selected for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are talking about.

(The teacher reads out the epigraphs, the children add the missing words: participles, participial phrase.)

III. Drawing up a table.

What grammatical features do participles and gerunds have? By what criteria will we compare them?

(Students name a grammatical feature, then tell how it manifests itself in participles and gerunds. At this time, the teacher fills out the table on the board. It is better to prepare cards in advance and attach them to the board using magnets.

For each position in the table, children give examples from homework or from an information card).

VI. A coherent story on a linguistic topic.

One representative from each team draws a ticket and answers the questions: “What do I know about the sacrament?” or “What do I know about gerunds?”

During the answer, the class listens carefully and reviews the answer.

V. Individual work using cards or graphic dictation.

(at the discretion of the teacher)

Summing up the lesson.

The result is summarized according to individual counters:

26-28 points – “5”;

22-25 points – “4”;

17-21 points – “3”.

The student from the winning team who scores the most points receives an additional grade of “5”.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from a participant? What punctuation marks make it stand out in the letter? What questions does it answer? What difficulties may arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The participial phrase, like the participle, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerunds and related dependent words. Answers gerund questions: doing what? what did you do? and denotes an additional action of an object/person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the sentence he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

The dot-dash (dash-dot) is emphasized. You can also ask him questions about the circumstances:

• how?
• When?
• for what purpose?
• Why?

They can be given both from the predicate and, in some cases, from the participle or participial phrase.

Examples

Commas when using participial phrases in a sentence

The participial phrase, in contrast to the participle, always separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define its boundaries. The participle phrase includes all dependent words related to a given participle.

For example, in the sentence “The opponent, who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind,” it is the expression “ahead of me at the start,” and not just “ahead of me.” Since the words “at the start” are also dependent on the gerund, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it comes at the beginning of a sentence, then separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sign of the end of the sentence.

Exceptions are the participial phrases included in phraseology. When a phrase is part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not used. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, this rule on the placement of commas does not include those cases when several adverbial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the conjunction “and”. Then there are no commas with them. With punctuation marks, everything is extremely clear here, but errors associated with the incorrect use of participial phrases are often encountered.

Constructing a sentence with an adverbial clause. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it states that the additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you cannot say “As we approached the house, a strange growling and howling was heard from behind the door.” After all, the subjects here are growls and howls, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But they couldn’t approach the house; some other person did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rearranged into a more grammatically correct complex sentence: “When I/he/she approached the house, there was a strange growling and howling coming from behind the door.”

You also need to be careful when using the participial phrase in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by an infinitive, and in the second - by a third-person verb. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is constructed incorrectly, since the gerund implies an action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial phrase can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and secondary actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, “I need to do this job as quickly as possible, using all possible materials.”

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the participial phrase with the basis of the sentence. They can appear quite often in our speech, since we sometimes do not give it due importance. But in vain, because inaccurate use of participial phrases leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

SEPARATION OF THE PARTICIPANT AND

PARTICIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPICIPLE

A participle is a participle with a dependent word or words, that is, with words to which you can ask a question from the participle.

For example:

A book lying on the table.

Participle - lying (the one that lies).

The dependent word is on the table.

Lying where? - on the table.

Participial phrase - lying on the table.

REMEMBER:

1. The participial phrase answers the question WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and so on.

2. The word being defined is expressed by a noun or.

The word being defined is the word from which the question goes to the participle. For example: a book lying on the table. The defined word is book. What book? - lying down.

3. The participial phrase is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:

a) if it comes after the word being defined

In the sentence Outside the window, leaves were flying, torn from the trees by the wind; the participle torn off is the one that was torn off.

The word being defined is foliage. What kind of foliage? - torn off.

Participial phrase “plucked from the trees by the wind”: plucked by what? - by the wind, where from? - from the trees.

The participial phrase comes after the word being defined, so it is set off with a comma: foliage, plucked...

The second comma is not placed in this sentence, since the turn ends the sentence, i.e., at the end of both the turn and the sentence, a period is placed here.

If the participial phrase is isolated in the middle of a simple sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides: Outside the window, foliage flew, torn from the trees by the wind, and fell on the cold ground.

b) if the defined word is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the participial phrase can be located anywhere in relation to the defined word

I was taken off the horse, soaked to the last thread.

Soaked to the last thread, I was taken off the horse.

c) if the participial phrase is removed from the word being defined

The young man quickly got dressed and left the house, overcome by some vague premonition.

d) if the participial phrase has an additional circumstantial meaning of reason or assignment

Stunned by the heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. (Terkin bows his head because he is deafened by the heavy roar)

4. The phrase is not separated by commas if it stands before the word being defined: Outside the window, foliage torn from the trees by the wind was flying.

5. Participles can be recognized by suffixes:

Usch-, - yusch-; - ash-, - box-; - wsh-, - w-; - eat-, - om-, - im-; - enn-, - enn-, - nn-, - t-.

6. The participle can be replaced with a verb

flying ball - one that flies
a written book is one that was written

The sea has merged with the sky and is fast asleep, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds (not) hiding the golden patterns of the stars.

3) Make sentences according to the proposed schemes:

a) [ H | ~~~~ |…]. b) [ |~~~ | H...]. c) [ |_ ._ | Ch].