Honor, glory, empire. Works, articles, correspondence, memoirs (35 pages)

On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army through the Vorskla and on its side stood a small mile from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy. Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy.

On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army through the Vorskla and on its side stood a small mile from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy. Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual impetuous courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, even though it was still dark, from the defiles in which he had his entire army in formation all night, against our cavalry he attacked both with cavalry and with his infantry with such a fury that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he was attacking, he was driven away, but our cavalry, because they could not be rescued by our infantry , follow a little to our retragement, you are forced to give in; However, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was greatly beaten, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, His Royal Majesty sent His Grace General Prince Menshikov and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, so that even in the face of the enemy the marching troops, as well as in the trenches of the remaining enemy General Major Rose with the enemy troops, would attack and We are planning to liberate the aforementioned city from the blockade. And the above-mentioned His Lordship met on the enemy’s road a corps of reserves consisting of 3,000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, which in a short battle were beaten and completely beaten and captured. And then His Grace returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him to fortresses and trenches built in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, due to a brief resistance, forced with all the people who were with him to the discretion of the builder.

Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and (the Swedes) placed their entire army in the battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back, and thus put that army in formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry on both wings. delivered. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his presence there was most needed. And the battle corps was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev, as well as infantry generals Prince Repnin and Alart<...>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the order of battle, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire began on both sides, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, baguettes and pikes, they stabbed, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>

And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which little has been heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise drive was won, for His Majesty truly has his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he also amply showed his courage, three horses were wounded.<...>

News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<...>

And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received as booty from the enemies, about that will follow at seven

On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army across the Vorskla River and on its side a small mile 1) from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood about a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy 2). Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual impetuous courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, almost in the darkness, from the defiles 4) in which he had his entire army in formation all night, on our cavalry both with cavalry and with our infantry with such a fury 5) attacked that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he was attacking, however, our cavalry, because of our infantry only They couldn’t help us out soon, but after a little time we were forced to give in to our retragement; However, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was greatly beaten, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, His Royal Majesty (Peter 1. - Ed.) sent His Grace General Prince Menshikova

Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and (the Swedes) placed their entire army in the battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty ( Peter I . - Ed.) immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back 12), and so he put that army into formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry on both wings.<...>delivered. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his presence there was most needed. And the battle corps 13) was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself and at the same time, Mr. General-Felt Marshal also generals from the infantry prince Repnin<...>and Alart And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery Bruce<...>. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the order of battle, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire began on both sides, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>

both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, baguettes 14) and pikes, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which little has been heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise drive was won, for His Majesty truly has his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>

He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he also amply showed his courage, three horses were wounded.<...>

News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.

Letters and papers from imp. Peter the Great. T. IX. Vol. 1. M.-L.. 1950. P. 258-276.

Reader on the history of Russia from ancient times to the present day. A.S.Orlov, V.A.Georgiev, N.G.Georgieva, T.A.Sivokhina. M. 1999

Notes:

1) Small mile- probably English, about 1.5 km long. 2) Tranzhameng - a trench or ditch with a rampart.

3) Redoubt- closed field fortification; For the first time in the history of military engineering, Peter 1 erected redoubts on the approaches to the main position of the Russian army, placing two battalions of soldiers with cannons in them.

4) The breakthrough of the redoubts upset the battle formation of the Swedes before the clash of the main forces of the two armies. Fashion shows

5) - gorge; here: the Swedes’ exits to the troop formation sites before the start of the battle. Furies

6) - among the ancient Romans, avenging goddesses, evil and frantic; with such fury - in a figurative sense: with such rage, fury. Menshikov A.D.

7) commanded cavalry (dragoon regiments) near Poltava. Sukurs

8) (distorted French) - help, support. Shantsy

9)- trenches, fortifications. General Rose

10) (Rosen, modern spelling Ross) after the destruction of the column of the Swedish general Schlippenbach in the Budishchensky forest, he retreated with its remnants to Poltava and joined the troops located there in Swedish shands, left by Charles XII to continue the siege of the fortress, which he hoped to take after the supposed victory in the main battle . The order of Peter I to “free Poltava from the blockade” was carried out. Retreated

11)- retreated. At the discretion of the owner

- Here; without any preconditions.

13)12) As a reserve at the time of deployment of two lines in battle formation on the field Battalion Corps

14) - the center of the battle formation with infantry. Baginet

- bayonet. Bagnets were inserted into the barrel of a gun; Peter 1 introduced a bayonet into the Russian army, which was attached to a gun barrel with a tube with a lock screwed onto the front sight, which made it possible to conduct gun fire with an attached bayonet. In the Battle of Poltava they used such a bayonet, called in the old report a bapshet.

15) According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels, 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.).

More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.

This month

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Quote By: Battle of Poltava// Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. T. IX. Vol. 1. M.-L.. 1950. P. 258-276.

Decree "On Unity of Inheritance"

We, Peter the Great, Tsar and Autocrat of All Russia, and so on, and so on, and so on, announce this decree to all subjects of Our state, whatever their rank and dignity.

Since the division of estates after fathers to immovable children is a great harm in our state, both to the interests of the state, and to the subjects and to the families themselves, a fall, namely:

I. About taxes. For example, if someone had a thousand households and five sons, he had a contented house, a glorious meal, and clear dealings with people; when, after his death, his children are divided, then only two hundred households will go to each, who, remembering the glory of their father and the honor of their family, will not want to live orphans, but it is clear to everyone (although not so), then there will be five tables from the poor subjects, and not one, and two hundred households will be forced to bear almost the same as a thousand bore (and state taxes are taxes), which will not ruin the people and harm the interests of the state? For two hundred households cannot pay taxes as regularly to the treasury and the landowner as a thousand households, for (as it is written above) from a thousand there is one gentleman (and not from two hundred households), who will be satisfied with a fifth share, but will, however, make it easier peasants, who can more efficiently pay taxes to the treasury and the master. And from that division there is harm to the great state treasury and ruin to the vile people.

II. About surnames. And when from those five there are two sons, then they will get a hundred households each, and thus further multiplying, they will come to such poverty that they themselves may find themselves single-dominated, and a noble family, instead of glory, the villagers will, as there are already many of those examples in Russian people.

Ill, About obscenity. In addition to both of these harmful things you do, and this is that everyone, having his own free bread, although small, will not serve or prostrate himself for any benefit of the state without coercion, but seeks to avoid living in idleness, which (according to Holy Scripture) is matter there are all evil deeds.

On the contrary. First: if immovable property will always go to one son, and the rest will only have movable property, then state revenues will be more manageable, because the master will always be more satisfied with the big one, although he will take little, and there will be one house, and not five (as written above), and maybe it’s better to benefit subjects, and not to ruin.

On the second: the names will not fall, but in their clarity they will be unshakable through glorious and great houses.

Third: others will not be idle, for they will be forced to seek their bread through service, teaching, trading, and other things. And then everything that they do again for their food is a state benefit: for the sake of this, for the sake of good, it was invented to repair this, as stated below:

1. All immovable property, that is, ancestral, serviced and purchased estates and estates, as well as courtyards and shops, should not be sold or mortgaged, but should be turned into a clan in this way:

2. Whoever has sons, and if he wants to give one of them immovable property through the spiritual, it will be his inheritance; other children of both sexes will be rewarded with movable property, which their father or mother must share with them, both sons and daughters, as many as they will according to their will, except for this one, who will be the heir to the immovable property. And if he does not have sons, but has daughters, then he must determine them in the same way. And if he does not determine it with himself, then by decree the immovable property will be determined by primacy to the great son as an inheritance, and the movable property will be divided into an equal share by the other; the same goes, of course, for daughters.

3. Whoever is childless is free to give the immovable property of his own name to whomever he wants, and the movable property he wants to give to his relatives or to strangers, and that will be according to his will. And if he doesn’t do it to himself, then both those estates will be divided by decree into the clan; what is immovable goes to one in line with his neighbor, and the rest to others who equally belong...

Quote By: Decree on unified inheritance// Reader on the history of the USSR. M., 1949. T.2 (1682-1865). pp. 63-64.

Reader

Platonov S.F. Lectures on Russian history. M., 2000. pp. 453-461. 15) According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels, 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.)., and those fugitive people and peasants with their wives and children and their bellies should be taken to the former landowners and patrimonial owners from whom they fled, from the above decree within six months 1). And if those fugitive people and peasants, from that date in six months, are not taken to those places, and from those people half of their estates and estates will be taken to him, the great sovereign, and the other will be given to those whose fugitive people and peasants appear . And those fugitive people and peasants were sent to their former places, and other landowners and patrimonial owners and their clerks and elders and peasants, not allowing them to their former places, will begin to receive them again, and it will be found out about this - and for the reception of those fugitives people and peasants, and which landowners and patrimonial owners have committed or will continue to commit strong 2), there will be no fairy tales about runaway people and peasants in the cities 3), it will be done against the above-announced sovereign decree.

Quote from: On the punishment of runaway peasants. February 16, 1707 // Reader on the history of the USSR. M., 1949. T.2 (1682-1865). P. 50.

More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.

This month On the 20th day we crossed with the entire army across the Vorskla River and stood on its side a small mile 1) from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood about a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy 2). Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts 3) were made, and besieged by people and cannons, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual fiery courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, almost in the dark, from the defiles 4) in which he had his entire army in formation all night, on our cavalry both with cavalry and with his infantry with such a fury 5) attacked that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he had approached, he was driven away, but our cavalry, which was hit only by our infantry They couldn’t help us out soon, but after a little time we were forced to give in to our retrenchment; however, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was completely shot down, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, his royal majesty (Peter 1) sent his lordship General Prince Menshikov 6) and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, 7) marching troops to the enemy, also in the trenches 8) the remaining enemy major general Rose 9) attack enemy troops and liberate the aforementioned city from the blockade. And the aforementioned His Lordship (A.D. Menshikov) met on the road an enemy reserve corps consisting of 3,000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, who, after a short battle, were completely beaten and captured. And then his lordship returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which 10) Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him to fortresses and trenches made in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, after a brief resistance was mounted, he and all the people were forced to surrender at the discretion of 11).

Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and the Swedes placed their entire army in a battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty (Peter I) immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back 12), and so he put that army into formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry placed on both wings. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his arrival was most needed there. And the battle corps 13) was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev<...>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the battle order, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire from both sides began, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, 14) and pikes, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>

And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, of which little has been heard or seen like this, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise victory was won, for His Majesty is truly his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he had shown such courage, three horses were wounded.<...>

News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<...>

And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received from the enemies as booty, a record of that will follow at seven 17). According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels were captured “in full” , 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.). More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.

Quote By: Battle of Poltava// Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. T. IX. Vol. 1. M.-L.. 1950. P. 258-276.

Unified State Exam 2018 History Task 6

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES
A)“The battle corps was commanded by His Tsar's Majesty himself... and, moreover, Field Marshal General Sheremetev, also General of the Infantry, Prince Repnin... And the artillery was controlled by Lieutenant General Bruce. And everyone ruled in their appointed place with a fair amount of experience in their courage and military skill. And how our army went against the enemy... that the entire enemy army, after a half-hour battle with little damage to our troops... was refuted, that it did not stop even once, but until the forest located nearby was driven and beaten... His Majesty is truly his bravery, wise He showed generosity and military skill... and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship Prince Menshikov... three horses were wounded.”

B)“During the Ottoman War with the Porte, when the strength and victories of our weapons gave us the full right to leave the Crimea in our favor, which was formerly in our hands, we then sacrificed this and other extensive conquests to the renewal of good agreement and friendship with the Ottoman Porte, transforming at that end the Tatar peoples into a free and independent region... But now,... considering it a means that will forever remove the unpleasant causes that disturb the eternal peace concluded between the All-Russian and Ottoman empires, no less in replacement and satisfaction of our losses, we will decide to take our Crimean peninsula under our power, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side.”

Read an excerpt from a historical document.

“Meanwhile, his royal majesty sent...his lordship General Prince Menshikov,...with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, in order [to help] the enemy troops...attack and the said city from the blockade...to liberate. And [Menshikov] met on the road an enemy reserve corps consisting of 3,000 people, ... who, after a short battle, were shot down and completely beaten and captured completely. And then his lordship... returned to the main army...

Meanwhile, His Majesty... immediately ordered two lines from our infantry (infantry)... to set out, and left the third behind... And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by him His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his stay there was most necessary... And [the main forces] were commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Field Marshal Sheremetev...<...>And everyone in their designated place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military art... The attack from our troops was carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>was refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, baguettes and pikes, they stabbed, and even to the nearby forest ... they were chased and beaten.”

Using the passage and your knowledge of history, choose three true statements from the list given.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The battle referred to in the report refers to the period of the Seven Years' War.

2) In this battle, the enemy troops were led by Charles XII.

3) Ivan Mazepa was a participant in the events described in the report.

4) The war, to which the battle described in the report refers, ended inconclusively for Russia, without territorial acquisitions.

5) Under the Russian sovereign, to whose reign the battle described in the report relates, a Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility will be adopted.

6) The text notes the large role of A.D. Menshikov in the successful outcome of the battle.

Explanation.

1) The battle mentioned in the report refers to the period of the Seven Years' War - NO, incorrect.

2) In this battle, the enemy troops were led by Charles XII - YES, that’s right, we are talking about the Battle of Poltava in 1709.

3) A participant in the events described in the report was Ivan Mazepa - YES, that’s right, we are talking about the Battle of Poltava in 1709.

4) The war, to which the battle described in the report refers, ended inconclusively for Russia, without territorial acquisitions - NO, incorrect.

5) Under the Russian sovereign, to whose reign the battle described in the report relates, the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility will be adopted - NO, incorrect.

6) The text notes the great role of A.D. Menshikov in the successful outcome of the battle - YES, that’s right, we are talking about the Battle of Poltava in 1709.