15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Valentina Danilovna Chernyak: “Emotional-evaluative words include words that are associated with the expression of any feeling, attitude towards a person, assessment of the subject of speech, situations and communication”

The famous linguist V.D. Chernyak writes about emotional-evaluative words that they are associated with feelings, attitude or assessment. I think that such words help us understand the characters and the author's intention. For example, in the text by R. P. Pogodin many such words are used. Let's say in sentence 13 Mishka says about Sim that he “got out.” This word shows us Mishka’s contemptuous attitude towards another hero. In sentence 16, he addresses Sima not by name, but very rudely: by the personal pronoun “you”. Next, he calls Sima a sycophant, says that he is sucking up - this also shows us his rudeness and contempt.

Emotional and expressive words make a literary work more expressive.

15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 55-56 of the text: “The bear stood up and began to take pictures from the guys. He collected all the sheets and put them back in the album."

In an excerpt from the work of R. P. Pogodin, we read about the relationship between children from the same yard. They didn't like one of the boys, so they suspected him of various nasty things: for example, that he was a sycophant. Without figuring it out, they take the album from Sima and sort out the pictures. Only after some time, their “leader” Mishka suddenly realizes that the album was intended for an old teacher who no longer works at the school (this is stated in sentence 52). And from sentences 53 and 54 it becomes clear why Sima wanted to thank her: she helped him study during a serious illness. When Misha realized this, he felt ashamed, and he began to take the pictures away from the guys and put them back in the album. From sentences 67-75 we understand that the guys gave Maria Alekseevna the drawings that Sima made for her.

These words mean that Misha knew how to admit his mistakes and correct them.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on the definition you have given. Write an essay-argument on the topic: “What is conscience?”, taking the definition you gave as the thesis.

Conscience is a person’s ability to realize that he is wrong; it restrains from doing a bad thing or reproaches if a person has already done wrong.

In an excerpt from the work of R.P. Pogodin, Mishka took away from Sima an album with drawings that he made for the teacher, but then Mishka realized that he was wrong. His conscience reproached him, and he decided to correct his mistake. I took the drawings from my friends and still gave them to the teacher.

Both in life and in literature, we often encounter situations in which a person experiences pangs of conscience. For example, in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” the main character harshly judges himself for cowardice. Fearing public condemnation, Eugene went to a duel with a friend and accidentally killed him. Onegin punishes himself - sends him into exile.

Each person must act in accordance with the requirements of his conscience.

His name was Petya. Peter Filonenko. The boy runs away from home to the front. Went through the entire War! But why did you have to flee to war?

He will tell you himself:

I was clearly going to my death. And he knew what I was going for. The Germans cut out a star on my 18-year-old sister's forehead, pierced her chest with ramrods, she screamed - they knocked out her cheekbones. The mother rushed to protect her, and they hit the mother with a butt on the head; she fell. She had my younger sister in her arms then. There is something to hate fascists and Banderaites for...

Execution at age 11

In the fall of 1941, the Germans approached Lozovaya, Kharkov region. Petya was only 11 when he learned what a bombing was. His father and older brothers had been fighting for a long time, and the boy decided that he himself was old enough to take up a weapon. Despite his mother’s pleas, he rushed after the retreating Red Army soldiers and clung to the ammunition wagon.

The commander of the reconnaissance group appreciated the audacity and courage of the boy. He pulled me up and taught me how to be a soldier. Well, soldiers are no longer divided into adults and children. While he was going through the war, he was thrown behind the German lines seven times. And each time I managed to return.

Fate saved the boy even when, on the Stalingrad direction near the village of Popovka, he was surrounded and captured. The enemy also did not divide soldiers by age. When he was taken out to be shot, Peter was saved by an unknown Red Army soldier, who covered him with himself at the last moment.

I was also hit by a bullet, but managed to get out. And a local resident, a kind woman, came out,” the veteran recalls.

Twice Buried

It happened on July 16, 1943 years when Pyotr Filonenko fought as part of a tank brigade. We came under terrible bombing! Saving the commander from the bomb, Peter pushed him into the trench and took on a hail of shrapnel.

It was later that I found out that seven of them entered me,” recalls Pyotr Alekseevich. “And then, I remember, the commander shouted: “Run to the paramedic!” And the paramedic is dead... Then I lost consciousness.

Friends said that then 14 people were put in a mass grave. And they were already starting to cover it with earth, when suddenly someone saw that a bloody bubble was inflating under Peter’s nose. “Dig it up! He's alive! At the medical unit, nurse Valya donated her blood for the boy. And he survived again!

The second time Pyotr Filonenko gave death a click on the nose was in June 1944, when our troops went on the offensive.

There was a battle for the Gomel - Bobruisk highway. The infantrymen were unable to get through the wall of fire that was pouring on us from the enemy pillbox. I jumped off the armored personnel carrier, made my way through the bushes and hit the hot barrel of the machine gun with my shoulder as hard as I could. 12 bullets through...

Peter was only 14 years old at the time. They decided to bury the little hero, who repeated the feat of Alexander Matrosov, as an officer, in a coffin. They had already dug a hole and began hammering nails into the lid, when faint wheezing was heard from the house. Then - 12 operations and six months of rehabilitation in a hospital in Tskhaltubo.

Because of these wounds, my comrades gave me the nickname Darned,- recalls Peter Filonenko. - Now I am the only one left alive from our tank brigade - the last soldier.

Simonov bequeathed to write a book

Having gotten back on his feet, Peter decided to enter the Suvorov Military School. But they were rejected due to health reasons. But the boy again turned out to be suitable for the front. Now with the signal regiment he reached Berlin, leaving his signature on the Reichstag.

The war gave him many memorable meetings. The son of the regiment starred in the films of the famous military documentarian Roman Carmen. He was in the hospital with Marshal Rokossovsky. But the memory dearest to his heart is his friendship with Konstantin Simonov.

We met at the front in 1941. Simonov bequeathed to me:

“This damn war will end, and we must write a book. I’m talking about the living and the dead, and you’re talking about the war through the eyes of a young soldier.”...

Cinema and the police

Peter was demobilized on February 15, 1946. He was not even 16 years old. Returning to Ukraine, he graduated from a factory school and worked at factories in Kharkov and Zaporozhye. And then he went to the police. His character was too militant to live and work in peace. He began his service in Melitopol. On the first day of patrol I caught two robbers.

“Even then I planted these bandits like potatoes in May,” the veteran boasts about his service.

In Kyiv, where the young policeman was assigned to a cavalry squadron, his passion for cinema was unexpectedly discovered.

This was in 1949. We rode horses down the street: stately, in uniform, singing songs. It was there that director Timofey Levchuk noticed us.

After Peter played the role of a standard bearer in Levchuk’s film “300 Years Ago,” he began to be invited to other films. His military bearing, ability to ride and shoot were appreciated by the directors. There are episodes with his participation in “Reluctant Diplomats”, “Bumbarash”, “Bogdan Khmelnitsky”, “The Kotsyubinsky Family”, “Yaroslav the Wise”... When he retired with the rank of colonel, he had 130 feature films and 230 documentaries.

When at the studio. Dovzhenko Viktor Ivanov began filming the immortal comedy “Chasing Two Hares”, Pyotr Filonenko was involved in the film “British Woman”. Tall, thin, Ivanov liked him, and he decided to make a dandy out of him. The policeman was dressed in a checkered jacket, a vest - an invariable attribute of Golokhvastov's cronies, a yellow bow tie, a flat hat and a mustache. It turned out to be a real dude.

After editing the film, only a few shots with Filonenko’s participation survived, but there was an unforgettable friendship with Oleg Borisov and other members of the film group. And a photo as a souvenir, where the son of the regiment is a real dandy. You can’t even guess that under his vest this dandy has scars from many wounds and that he is proud of his front-line nickname - Darned.

Last Stand

Pyotr Alekseevich always believed that he had three homelands: Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. From now on, he has one less homeland...

In March 2014 five Pravosek soldiers threw him onto the asphalt and began to beat him. They beat him on his arms and legs; Pyotr Alekseevich managed to cover his head. The result of his “conversation” with grateful Ukrainian descendants was numerous bruises and two broken ribs.

Kyiv doctors, having learned who beat the veteran, refused to treat him.

And because Veteran gave an interview to Russian journalists, nationalist militants started hunting him: threats began to pour in over the phone, and a right-sector mark was pasted on the door.

On the first floor landing, four men walked past Tolik. He stepped aside to let them upstairs.

Because of all the troubles and worries, Tolik neglected his lessons, and now he was often left to study at school. The aunt grumbled and asked if he was sick.

One day, when he was returning late from school, Mishka and Keshka met him in the gateway.

- Only... The major came to see you here. “I wanted to see you,” they vied with each other. - He told me to go see him. I left a piece of paper to let you in.

Tolik put the piece of paper in his pocket and, hanging his head, wandered home. A few minutes later, Tolik reappeared in the yard with a heavy object tied in his mother’s scarf in his hands.

Tolik untied his scarf in the major's spacious office and placed a large earthenware dog with stupid sparkling eyes on the table.

-What kind of figure is this? - asked the major. -Why did you bring her here?..

“Physical evidence,” muttered Tolik. - There is the money they gave me.

The major shook his head.

“And it’s not a pity?.. After all, you have scraps there too,” he smiled and narrowed his eyes. - And for good grades...

Tolik blushed.

- How do you know?..

- We know everything about you. – The major tapped the dog with a pencil. – English faience. You'll get it from your aunt!

“It will hit,” agreed Tolik. “But I still won’t take it back.”

SIMA FROM ISSUE FOUR

B The boy was tall and thin, with his prohibitively long arms deep in his pockets. The head on the thin neck always leaned forward a little. The guys nicknamed him Semaphore.

The boy recently moved into this house. He went out into the yard in new shiny galoshes and, raising his legs high, walked out into the street. When he passed by the guys, he lowered his head even lower.

- Look, he’s imagining! - Mishka was angry. “He doesn’t want to know...” But much more often Mishka shouted: “Semaphore, come here, let’s talk!”

The guys also shouted after the boy various mocking and sometimes insulting words. The boy only lowered his head and quickened his pace. Sometimes, if the guys came close to him, he looked at them with blue, very large, clear eyes and silently blushed.

The guys decided that Semaphore was too good a nickname for such a weakling, and they began to call the boy simply Sima, and sometimes - to be sure - Sima from number four. And Mishka kept getting angry and grumbling at the sight of the boy:

- We need to teach this goose a lesson. Walking here!..

One day Sima disappeared and did not appear in the yard for a long time. A month or two passed... Winter began to weaken and ruled the streets only at night. During the day a warm wind blew from the Gulf of Finland. The snow in the yard turned gray and turned into a wet, dirty mess. And on these spring-like warm days, Sima appeared again. His galoshes were as new as if he had never worn them at all. The neck is wrapped even more tightly with a scarf. Under his arm he held a black sketchbook.

Sima looked at the sky, squinted as if unaccustomed to the light, and blinked. Then he headed to the far corner of the yard, to someone else’s front door.

“Hey, Sima got out!” Mishka whistled in surprise. - Well, I made an acquaintance.

Lyudmilka lived along the stairs where Sima walked.

Sima walked up to the front door and began to slowly walk back and forth, hesitantly looking into the dark opening of the stairs.

“He’s waiting,” Round Tolik grinned, “for his Lyudmilka...”

“Or maybe not Lyudmilka at all,” Keshka put in. – Why should he get involved with Lyudmilka?

Tolik looked at Keshka slyly - they say, we know, they are not small - and said:

– What is he doing there then?.. Maybe he’s breathing air?..

“Maybe,” Keshka agreed.

Mishka listened to them bicker and thought about something.

“It’s time to act,” he suddenly intervened. - Let's go talk to this Sima.

Bear and Round Tolik moved forward shoulder to shoulder. Keshka also joined them. At the decisive moment you cannot leave your comrades - this is called honor. Several more guys joined the three friends. They walked along the sides and behind.

Noticing the army approaching him, Sima raised his head, as always, blushed and smiled timidly.

“What are you doing?” Mishka began. - What’s here?.. Well, what?

Sima blushed even deeper. Muttered:

- Nothing... I’m walking...

- It turns out he’s walking! – Round Tolik laughed.

Mishka leaned forward, put his hands behind his back, turned slightly sideways to Sima and spoke slowly, threateningly:

- Maybe you don’t consider us to be people?.. Yes?.. Maybe you’re brave?.. Let’s go and have a chat...

Sima looked around at all the guys with his huge eyes and opened his mouth slightly.

- Did I do anything to you?

“We’re not going to beat you,” Mishka explained to him, “we’ll always have time to do it... I say, let’s exchange it, let’s go one on one... Let’s see what kind of ostrich you are, so extraordinary that you don’t want to come near us.”

- With you? – asked Sima.

Mishka stuck out his lip and nodded.

Sima looked at his feet and quite unexpectedly objected:

- It’s very dirty.

Essays for the collection “Main state exam OGE - 2018. Tsybulko. 36 options"

Essay on the topic “The boy was tall and thin, he kept his exorbitantly long arms deep in his pockets” (Option 1)

Emotional and expressive words make a literary work more expressive.

These words mean that Misha knew how to admit his mistakes and correct them.

Conscience is a person’s ability to realize that he is wrong; it restrains from doing a bad thing or reproaches if a person has already done wrong.

Each person must act in accordance with the requirements of his conscience.

Essay on the topic “The quiet chirping of birds sounded joyful in spring...” (Option 2)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal: “Our grammatical system provides many options for expressing the same thought.”

The grammatical system of the Russian language offers the speaker various syntactic structures to express the same thing. They are synonymous.

For example, sentences with participial phrases and subordinate clauses are synonymous. True, it is not always possible to replace a subordinate clause with an adverbial phrase, but if it is possible, the text becomes livelier and more energetic. This is probably why such constructions are preferred by V. O. Bogomolov, with an excerpt from whose book I became acquainted. This text contained a lot of adverbial phrases and single adverbial participles. For example, in sentences 3, 5, 7, 12, 13 we encounter such constructions.

However, sometimes the writer prefers subordinate clauses: in sentences 21, 23 and some others. This makes the text more expressive and beautiful.

15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of the last sentences of the text: “There is no plan,” Vitka said gloomily with his characteristic directness. - And combat support too. This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this."

The hero-narrator, after heavy fighting, forgot that he was ordered to set up a guard and sketch out a plan of action in the event of an enemy attack (sentence 21). This was indeed necessary, but the narrator neglected it, albeit unintentionally, and because of his forgetfulness, his friend, battalion commander Vitka, suffered. But the commander took all the blame upon himself, realizing that the brigade commander could punish him and, in any case, would scold him. The words “This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this,” they say that the battalion commander is an honest person who is not capable of letting a friend down; in addition, he is ready to be responsible for everything that happens in his unit. The narrator was confident in his friend, this is stated in sentence 24, he was very ashamed that his friend would suffer through his fault.

Sometimes friends have to correct each other's mistakes.

Conscience is a feature of a person’s personality. Anyone who has a conscience will try under no circumstances to commit a bad act. If he accidentally does something bad, then his conscience torments him and forces him to correct the evil caused.

In an excerpt from the work of V. O. Bogomolov, the hero-narrator forgot to carry out the instructions of his friend the battalion commander, and because of this, the brigade commander scolded Vitka. But the friend did not betray his friend, but took the blame upon himself. The narrator was very ashamed of this.

We often come across examples of pangs of conscience in literature and life. For example, in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov,” one boy, Ilyusha, succumbing to the persuasion of the evil student Rakitin, treated a stray dog with a piece of bread with a pin. The dog squealed and ran away. The boy thought that Bug had died, and this tormented him terribly, he even became seriously ill. But, fortunately, it later turned out that the dog survived.

Conscience is very necessary for every person.

Essay on the topic “In a school called “Republic of SHKID”, at the same time as the newcomer Panteleev, a decrepit old woman, the director’s mother, appeared...” (OPTION 3)

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: “The figurative meaning of a word enriches our language, develops and transforms it.”

In the Russian language, along with unambiguous words, there are a huge number of words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look at the Explanatory Dictionary, you can see that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words add expressiveness to speech. A joke like a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one polysemantic word; The figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.

For example, in L. Panteleev’s text in sentence 11 we read about how a pile of flat cakes “melted.” This word is used in the figurative meaning of “decreased in size,” and we can easily imagine this picture: a bunch of flat cakes becomes smaller and smaller, and then they disappear altogether.

In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips “jumped.” This is also a word with a figurative meaning. As we read, we immediately understand that the new guy is almost crying with anger and resentment, he is so shocked by the actions of the guys.

Words in a figurative sense are often used in fiction as a means of expression.

15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “You know, Lyonka, you’re great,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffling. - Forgive us, please. I say this not only on my own behalf, I speak on behalf of the whole class.”

The action of the book “Republic of SHKID” takes place in a colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to die of hunger, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen flatbreads.

But the new Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonest to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.

The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked Lyonka for forgiveness. The guys suddenly realized that it was possible to live more honestly than they did: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the Japanese proposal, but still the guys felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lyonka made peace with the guys (sentence 51-52).

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?

Conscience is what allows a person to be human, a sense of the rightness or wrongness of an action, a kind of compass. Anyone who has a conscience understands how to act and how not to, and he tries to avoid bad actions even if no one will know about them.

Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some people think that she causes only problems: she reproaches, does not give peace, but a person strives for happiness and peace. It also happens that someone’s conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text we see children who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather hindered them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and cheat so as not to die of hunger. But Lyonka’s honest act first shocked them and caused aggression, and then made their best feelings awaken. They felt ashamed, which means that they became a little better than they were before.

Conscience makes a person feel ashamed for others if they do something bad. I came across such an example in literature - in the story “Doll” by E. Nosov. The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by a mutilated doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: “You can’t bury everything.” I think he means that unscrupulous people, with the silent connivance of others, have already committed a lot of evil, it is already difficult to correct it. The author calls on those in whom conscience is still alive not to get used to bad things, but to try to correct them.

Conscience is the core in a person’s soul.

Essay on the topic “I stood in a dark, cold circus stable...” (Option 5)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Lyudmila Alekseevna Vvedenskaya: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified”

The famous linguist L.A. Vvedenskaya has a saying: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified.”

The Russian language is a rich and ideally constructed system; this language is able to deeply and vividly describe the entire gamut of human emotions. A person who uses the Russian language has a whole arsenal of phraseological units, sayings, an incredible number of synonyms, comparisons, metaphors, etc.

But still, every person has situations, joyful or bitter, when he sometimes lacks generally accepted norms to express his feelings. But in order to deviate from the general rules of language, the speaker or writer must have motives. These motives are explained by a specific situation, according to Vvedenskaya’s statement. For example, in the sentence “I stood in a darkened cold stable next to my sick friend and with all my heart wanted to help her.” The author here is talking about a friend, and then that he wanted to help “her.” The text is about the circus elephant Lyalka. Why does the author call her a friend and not a girlfriend? After all, if “she” means “friend”. The fact is that the author sincerely worries about the elephant and is very afraid that she will not recover, because she is very dear to him. The word “friend” contains much more meaning than “girlfriend”. A friend is a close person, he will support and reassure, he will always be there. In this case, given how much the author cares for Lyalka, the use of the word “friend” can be justified.

He turns to Lyalka, who has already recovered. The author speaks to the animal as if it can understand his words. From this exclamation it is clear how sincerely glad the author is that the elephant recovered and ate the food. Here, addressing these words to an animal is justified by the author’s genuine joy.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text fragment: “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, are beautiful, cheerful elephants.”

The story “Lalka the Elephant” tells how the author is very worried about his friend, an elephant named Lyalka. She became seriously ill and refused to eat. All night the author imagined Lyalka getting cold and trembling, but the next morning it turned out that she had already recovered. The way she cheerfully trumpeted spoke about the good mood of the elephant. To celebrate, the author came up with the thought: “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, are beautiful, cheerful elephants.” This means that in any case, life, love for this life and work wins. Despite the threat of illness, Lyalka won and is ready to continue to delight the children with her performances.

From the sentence “Seeing me and immediately recognizing me, Lyalka trumpeted triumphantly,” we see that the elephant is very happy with her friend and wants to show him that the illness has receded and she is ready to get back into action again.

The author is so happy with Lyalka’s mood, he is proud that they are the ones who organize a holiday for people, that clowns and clowns allow them to plunge back into a carefree childhood. Lyalka fully supports the author in this and seems to say: “Let the amazing cavalcade of joy and happiness in life always dance!”

Kindness is the ability to empathize and put yourself in another person’s shoes.

There are many definitions of the word “kindness”, but I will focus on the fact that it is, first of all, empathy, compassion. To do good, you need to be able to take on the grief and troubles of others, and then act as you would like to be treated.

If a person or animal is in trouble, you need to show your nobility and willingness to help, because these are the traits that characterize a real Person.

Kindness is visible in the behavior of the author of the story “Lalka the Elephant.” He worries about the animal with all his heart. The author prepared medicine for Lyalka, then did not sleep all night, thinking about her, how bad she felt. In the morning, seeing nothing, he ran to her and fed her. The author does good for the elephant, as for a real friend.

What motivates us when we give money for the treatment of a child we don’t know, help frail old people, give up our seat on the bus, or pick up a hungry stray cat? Of course, kindness. It is she who helps us preserve this world and all the best that is in it.

Essay on the topic “It was the last days of June...” (Option 6)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov: “Ellipses are traces on the tiptoes of words that have passed away.”

Despite all the richness of the Russian language, every person at certain moments in life is faced with a situation when he cannot find the right words; when it seems: here they are, on the tip of his tongue, but he is not able to pronounce them, although they are clearly implied in speech.

This phenomenon is confirmed by the statement of the Russian writer V.V. Nabokov: “Ellipses are traces on tiptoes of departed words.” If in a conversation we can understand from a person’s behavior that he is not telling something, then in written speech this function is performed by an ellipsis.

In the sentence “Well, Grishuk, get better without me...” Emelya said goodbye to his grandson, who was seriously ill. “And I’ll go get the deer,” we clearly see how difficult it is for the grandfather to leave one sick boy, but he has no other choice. The ellipsis in this sentence clearly shows Emelya’s anxiety, sadness, and concern for her grandson.

We can say that ellipsis is used to save language resources.

Further, after returning from the hunt empty-handed and after his grandson’s questions whether the grandfather shot the fawn, Emelya says: “No, Grishuk... I saw it... He’s yellow himself, and his face is black. He stands under a bush and plucks leaves... I took aim..."

Here, under the ellipses, one can clearly see the desire of the deed to console Grisha, to explain to him that his hand did not rise to shoot a defenseless deer.

An ellipsis is an understatement that can be easily guessed from the context and behavior of the character.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “Grisha fell asleep and all night saw a little yellow fawn who was happily walking through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep.”

The text ends with the sentence “Grisha fell asleep and all night he saw a little yellow fawn, who was happily walking through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep.”

Emel's grandfather went into the forest, hoping to get a deer, and exactly the one that his Grishutka so wanted. But seeing how the deer bravely defended her cub, risking her life, he could not shoot, although the animals were only a few steps away from him.

To his grandson’s question, he answered: “When he whistled, and he, a calf, ran into the thicket - that’s all they saw. He ran away, shot like that...”

Grishutka was glad that the little yellow fawn remained alive and listened with pleasure to the stories of the case. Sincere childish joy can be seen in the following sentences: “The old man told the boy for a long time how he searched for a calf in the forest for three days and how it ran away from him. The boy listened and laughed merrily with his old grandfather.”

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

Our world rests on kindness, responsiveness, and willingness to help others. Kindness is what holds everything beautiful in our lives. If we did not show kindness and compassion to any living creature, we would simply disappear from the face of the earth. By showing kindness and accepting it from others, we know that everything is still good in our lives, not all is lost.

This text perfectly demonstrates the act of mercy and kindness. The old hunter lost three days; his sick grandson was waiting for him at home. Luck was right in front of the old man. But when he saw how selflessly the doe protected her cub, he felt sorry for both of them. Instead of returning home with rich booty, he chose to give life to defenseless animals. What is this if not a manifestation of kindness? The old man remembered who his granddaughter miraculously survived the attack of wolves, however, at the cost of his mother’s life.

This is all shown in the sentences “Exactly what broke in old Emelya’s chest, and he lowered the gun. The hunter quickly stood up and whistled - the small animal disappeared into the bushes with the speed of lightning.”

In real life, there are many cases when people, risking their lives and health, saved children in trouble, pulled them out of burning houses, rescued them from water, from animal attacks.

All these cases give us hope that we will not be left without a helping hand if we get into trouble.

Essay on the topic “Now Kolka, Vovka and Olya rarely met: vacation...” (Option 7)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness.”

Russian linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness.”

Often it is not enough for a speaker to express his thoughts using only one word, one synonym or description. In order to give persuasiveness and expressiveness to his speech, a person can use homogeneous members of the sentence, as, for example, in the sentence “But he said it as if he had been there and seen it, and Olya’s eyes opened even wider.”

Here the homogeneous members of the sentence are the words “was” and “saw”. In order to understand the meaning of the sentence, it would be enough to use only one of them, but the use of both of them gave dynamism and brightness to the sentence.

The feelings and melancholy of the main character can be seen in the sentence “I watched how the arrow rotated, how it trembled, where it pointed.” It would be enough to say that the boy was looking at the compass, but the words “spinning,” “trembling,” “pointing” convey how dear his compass is to the boy.

Kolka's compassion shows that he does not even expect to get a puppy for the compass. It is enough for him that the dog will live. He is ready to lose what is so dear to him, just to know that the puppy will not be drowned: “I’m not for good,” Kolka sighed. - Let him live with you, if you want. I’m for you not to drown.”

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

The age-old question - what is kindness? Each person will answer it differently, based on their own life experience. For some, kindness is the willingness to help those weaker and more helpless than oneself; for others, it is the ability to sympathize, to share the pain and grief of one’s neighbor.

I believe that kindness implies a willingness to make any sacrifice so that an innocent living being, no matter human or animal, is harmed. You show goodness if you stop cruelty and injustice without thinking about how it will turn out for you. On the contrary, you condone evil if you silently observe it, without even participating in it.

Kindness is when a person does not pass by someone else’s misfortune or trouble, believing that it does not concern him. In the text, the boy Kolka is ready to sacrifice a thing dear to him for free in order to save a puppy, which he will not receive: “That’s what they decided. Vovka dragged the puppy home, Olka ran away, and Kolka went to say goodbye with the compass. I watched how the arrow rotated, how it trembled, where it pointed.”

I once had to observe one case. A sick dog lay in a collar on a busy road, breathing heavily. People passed by, looking at the animal with disgust. Only one girl dared to approach her, without fear of human judgment and opinion. She gave the dog water and moved it away from the road onto the grass.

In this case, it was more important for the person to help, to show kindness, than what others might think.

Essay on the topic “That night there were long, cold rains...” (OPTION 8)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism and brevity.”

The famous linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism and brevity.”

Native speakers, and not only others, can express their thoughts without using personal pronouns to save language resources and time. They, of course, give the sentence greater specificity, but they can still be omitted for the sake of brevity without losing the meaning of the sentence. For example, in the sentence “Let’s cook porridge!” the soldiers could have said: “We’ll cook porridge!”, but they used a definitely personal proposal. The exclusion of the pronoun “we” gave the sentence brevity and a sense of unity among the soldiers, their common joy.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”

The text ends with the sentence “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”

The story tells about a difficult, wartime time. Cold, hunger, no food, the soldiers eat only water and crackers. And what happiness it was when soldier Lukashuk suddenly found a bag of oatmeal, which seemed like a real treasure to the poor soldiers. They were already looking forward to eating plenty of hearty porridge. But suddenly the owner of this bag showed up and took it away.

After a while, when things got better with food, soldier Lukashuk was saved by the very man who took away their last hope - a bag of oatmeal. He turned out to be a military orderly.

It seems that this orderly is making excuses to Lukashuk for what happened then. He makes it clear to the wounded man: thanks to the fact that he gave the porridge to the dogs, they managed to take him out on a sled and thereby save him. After all, if the orderly had not done this, the animals would have weakened from hunger and, perhaps, thanks to this particular incident, Lukashuk remained alive, because the dogs got him there on time. This is how it happens in life: what at first glance seems like destruction, in fact, unexpectedly becomes salvation.

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?

Kindness is a life phenomenon when a person helps others, despite the fact that for him this is fraught with some inconvenience, loss of time, etc. This means giving another a piece of his warmth, without being afraid of freezing himself.

To know that today you have made life better for someone, to realize that you have done good to someone - isn’t this happiness? The joy and satisfaction from giving is much stronger than in a situation when you receive something yourself. Kindness makes the life of each of us better and brighter. If you do good to someone, that someone along the chain will do good to someone else.

The text contains an example of showing kindness and compassion. The orderly, who took the bag of oatmeal from the soldiers, gave it all to the hungry dogs, although he himself could get enough of it, because it was a very hungry war time. Thanks to the fact that the orderly, to his own detriment, fed the animals, they were able to gain strength and bring the wounded and injured on sleds. This is what is said in the sentence “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”

There are many people who, despite being busy and having limited finances, visit orphans in orphanages and helpless old people left alone. These people share with them not only material values, but also spiritual warmth, which means that life becomes brighter for them.

Essay on the topic “At dusk, Bidenko and Gorbunov went out on reconnaissance, taking Vanya Solntsev with them...” (OPTION 9)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Literary Encyclopedia: “By making the characters talk to each other, instead of conveying their conversation from himself, the author can introduce appropriate shades into such a dialogue. He characterizes his heroes by theme and manner of speech.”

Every book lover knows how well monologues or dialogues of characters characterize them, clearly highlighting their literacy, education and other individual characteristics.

For convenience, the author could simply briefly convey the essence of the conversation between two or more book characters, but it is the schedule of their detailed dialogue that allows the reader to form an opinion about each of them. From the sentence “Why the hell are you hanging around here at night, you bastard! - shouted a rough German voice with a cold.” It is clear to us that these words belong to a cruel man who knows no mercy. There is not even a need for a more detailed description of this character - it is already clear to the reader that nothing good should be expected from him.

The following example: “Oh, uncle, don’t hit me! – he whined pitifully. - I was looking for my horse. I found it by force. I wandered around all day and all night. “I’m lost...” he shouted, swinging his whip at Serko.” Here the author could simply write that the boy pretended to be a shepherd and asked for mercy. But this phrase by Vanya helps the reader vividly imagine the image of a pitiful shepherd who is exhausted and begs to be let go in peace.

The characters’ phrases and their unique manner of speaking help the reader to immerse themselves deeper into the work and create the effect that he himself seems to be present at the scene of the events being described.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 31-32 of the text: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry they will rush to the rescue and kill every last one of the fascists.”

The boy Vanya is entrusted with a very important mission - to be a guide for scouts, lead them into the enemy camp and warn them of danger. For this purpose, the image of a foolish shepherdess was thought out for him. Vanya is well aware of how important this goal is and how much depends on him.

The text contains the sentence: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry they will rush to the rescue and kill every last one of the fascists.”

When Vanya showed the way to Bidenko and Gorbunov, he came across two Germans and was seized with real horror. He was afraid not even for himself, but for the fact that their whole plan would collapse. He knew that in any case his comrades would not harm him and would protect him from the Nazis. When one of the Germans humiliatingly hit him, Vanya was furious: “What! He, a soldier of the Red Army, a scout of the famous battery of Captain Enakiev, was dared to be hit with a boot by some fascist flaw! But he pulled himself together in time. If he gives in to his anger, that's the end of their plan. Despite the fact that there were people behind him who would protect him, Vanya pushed personal grudges into the background and put his important task first: “But the boy also firmly remembered that he was in deep reconnaissance, where the slightest noise could reveal group and disrupt the execution of a combat mission.”

The boy Vanya, in the guise of a shepherdess, completed his task with honor and did not let down the scouts, who completely relied on him.

The text describes a terrible time for a great country - the Great Patriotic War. These were the years when fearlessness was required from every citizen of our country, a willingness to sacrifice everything in the name of victory and freedom. It was a time when ordinary Soviet people performed feats for the sake of their Motherland.

A feat in my understanding is when a person puts the well-being of his people and country first, and then takes care of his personal well-being. A feat is something for which a person is ready to sacrifice his life.

During the war, millions of people lost their families and homes; they united to defeat the enemy, putting aside their personal concerns.

A simple Russian boy, Vanya, stoically endured the bullying of the Nazis and cast aside his pride. It was incredibly difficult for him, but he knew that he simply did not have the right to let his comrades down: “Then, with a powerful effort of will, he suppressed his rage and pride.” He coped with the horror that gripped him from meeting his enemies and led the scouts further.

Since school, we have heard incredible stories about the heroism and exploits of Soviet people during the war. Despite their nation and religion, they all stood up as one to defend their country and were not afraid of difficult trials. People boldly made their way into the enemy camp, freed prisoners, and rescued the wounded. All these are feats thanks to which today we have the opportunity to live and love, to enjoy the peaceful sky above our heads.

Essay on the topic “Once, when my grandmother was on her knees, talking heartily with God...” (OPTION 10)

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shiryaev “The entire organization of linguistic means in fiction is subordinated not simply to the transfer of content, but to the transfer of artistic means.”

The artistic style differs from the scientific, official and journalistic style in the richness of its means of expression. If scientific works and newspaper articles contain only dry facts, then fiction provides unlimited scope for imagination. Fiction novels, short stories, stories abound in such artistic means as metaphor, comparison, description, hyperbole, personification and many others.

A striking example of the use of artistic means is shown in the following sentences: “In the quiet night his red flowers bloomed smokelessly; only a dark cloud hovered very high above them, not preventing them from seeing the silver stream of the Milky Way. The snow glowed crimson, and the walls of the buildings trembled and swayed, as if rushing towards the hot corner of the yard, where the fire was playing merrily, filling the wide cracks in the workshop wall with red, sticking out of them like red-hot crooked nails.”

The text describes the heroism of the grandmother, who fearlessly and with enviable self-control gives out instructions: “- Barn, neighbors, defend! If the fire spreads to the barn, to the hayloft, ours will burn to the ground and yours will take over! Cut the roof, the hay goes into the garden! Neighborhood priests, come together as friends, God will help you.” The author shows the simple speech characteristic of this woman; these phrases characterize her as a courageous person who does not lose her composure.

15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentence in the text: “It was impossible not to listen to her at that hour.”

The text describes a fire that happened at two in the middle of the night and alarmed all the inhabitants of the house and neighbors. The servants and even the grandfather, the owner of the house, rushed about randomly in confusion while the fire devoured everything in its path. And only the grandmother managed to maintain composure, act wisely and give instructions in order to save the household and the whole family. She even advises neighbors who drop by on how to save barns and hay.

The little grandson, on whose behalf the story is told, describes in detail the events of this terrible night: “It was as interesting as the fire; illuminated by the fire, which seemed to catch her, black, she rushed around the yard, keeping pace everywhere, in charge of everything, seeing everything.”

The boy notices how his grandmother fearlessly ran into the burning workshop and carried out explosive vitriol. She even managed to calm the frightened, soaring horse. He affectionately calls him “little mouse.” Grandmother took upon herself all the burden and responsibility: “Evgenya, take off the icons!” Natalya, get the guys dressed! - the grandmother commanded sternly, in a strong voice, and the grandfather quietly howled: “E-and-s.” That’s why the grandson immediately understood: “It was impossible not to listen to her at that hour.”

15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word FEAT?

Both in works of art and in real life there were and are numerous examples of feats that were performed by both men and women. A feat is a selfless act that is performed in the name of saving the Motherland, family, strangers, even at the cost of one’s own life. Only a Man with a capital M, noble and ready to help, is capable of such an act. A hero man runs to help those who are in dire straits, and the last thing he thinks about is himself.

In the text, such a Person is the grandmother; she is the only one, risking her life, who burst into a building engulfed in fire in order to save the others, to save the barns and hay, not only her own, but also those of her neighbors. She does not panic, but calms the others. She even managed to calm down a horse running in fear: “Don’t be afraid! - Grandmother said in a deep voice, patting him on the neck and taking the reins. - Am I going to leave you with this fear? Oh, little mouse..."

They say about such women: “She will stop a galloping horse and enter a burning hut.”

The world rests on such heroic people; they give a chance for survival when it seems that everything is over. The feat does not depend on age. I remember a case where a fifteen-year-old boy saved seven neighbor children from a fire in his house, while the rest succumbed to panic and lost hope.

Page 13 of 18

Nikitin got behind the wheel. He lit a cigarette and took several drags. Then he threw away the cigarette butt.

Let's! - Vitalka waved his mitten.

The fuel truck with a growl pulled the cover under the wheels, rose up as if to jump, then snorted tiredly and slid back into the previous potholes.

More gas! More! - Vitalka yelled, placing his shoulders under the convex rear of the tank. At that moment he believed that he was helping the machine. With all his might he tried to hold her on the edge of the cliff.

This time the wheels mixed the sleeveless jacket with snow and rose higher. One hundred and twenty forces roared in the engine. The blinding bluish light of the headlights cut into the night.

Well!.. Well!.. Well!.. - Vitalka muttered, leaning his whole body on the cold metal.

“If only it could withstand the snow!”

The tank rose slowly. The cold weight put less and less pressure on Vitalka’s shoulders and finally moved off them. The engine died down for a second, then jerked furiously and brought the car onto a flat road surface.

And Vitalka felt that, although they escaped, he could not rejoice - he had no strength.

Nikitin fell back and felt the back of the seat cushion on the back of his head. She was cool and soft. He sat for a while with his eyes closed, then took his hands off the black circle of the steering wheel. He took it off carefully, as if from the keys of a piano.

Vitaly! - Nikitin called out, getting out of the cab. And once again: - Vitaly!

Darkness pressed on all sides. My knees were shaking disgustingly. Heavily moving his feet, he walked a few steps back.

Two ruts, worn out by wheels, darkened on the slope of a snowdrift. They climbed the rubble and ended there, cut off by a new landslide. The edge of the rubble still could not withstand the last tug. And at the very edge, above the disastrous depths howling with the icy wind, stood Vitalka - a small figure in the middle of the huge northern night.

Vital! What are you worth? After all, they escaped! - The driver choked on the burning air, ran up to Vitalka and grabbed him by the shoulders. - My dear! After all, they escaped, you know?

“We got out, Uncle Nikitin,” Vitalka echoed.

“Let’s go into the cabin,” said the driver. - You are my dear assistant... I will definitely be your guest today.

In Chukotka, two thousand kilometers away, somewhere between the Big and Little Diomede islands, the new year was already beginning.

Radiy Petrovich Pogodin
Sima from issue 4

The boy was tall and thin, with his prohibitively long arms deep in his pockets. The head on the thin neck always leaned forward a little.

The guys nicknamed him Semaphore.

He's imagining! - Mishka was angry. - He doesn’t want to know... - But much more often Mishka shouted: - Semaphore, come here, let’s talk!

The guys also shouted after the boy various mocking and sometimes insulting words. The boy only quickened his pace. Sometimes, if the guys came close to him, he looked at them with blue, very large, clear eyes and silently blushed.

The guys decided that Semaphore was too good a nickname for such a wimp, and began to call the boy simply Sima, and sometimes - to be sure - Sima from number four. And Mishka kept getting angry and grumbling at the sight of the boy:

We need to teach this goose a lesson. Walking here!..

One day Sima disappeared and did not appear in the yard for a long time. A month or two passed... Winter began to weaken and ruled the streets only at night. During the day, a warm wind blew from the Gulf of Finland. The snow in the yard began to wrinkle, turned gray, and turned into a wet, dirty mess. And on these warm spring days, Sima appeared again. His galoshes were as new as if he had never worn them at all. The neck is wrapped even more tightly with a scarf. Under his arm he held a black sketchbook.

Sima looked at the sky, squinted as if unaccustomed to the light, and blinked. Then he headed to the far corner of the yard, to someone else’s front door.

Hey, Sima got out!.. - Mishka whistled in surprise. - I made an acquaintance, no way.

Lyudmilka lived along the stairs where Sima walked.

Sima walked up to the front door and began to slowly walk back and forth, hesitantly looking into the dark opening of the stairs.

“He’s waiting,” Krugly Tolik grinned, “for his Lyudmilka.”

Or maybe not Lyudmilka at all,” Keshka put in. - Why should he get involved with Lyudmilka?

Tolik looked at Keshka slyly, “We know they’re not small,” and said:

What is he doing there then?.. Maybe breathing air?..

Maybe,” Keshka agreed.

Mishka listened to them bicker and thought about something.

It’s time to act,” he suddenly intervened. - Let's go talk to this Sima.

Let’s go,” Tolik supported.

Noticing the army approaching him, Sima raised his head, as always, blushed and smiled timidly.

What are you doing?.. - Mishka began. - What’s here?.. Well, what?

Sima blushed even deeper. Muttered:

Nothing... I'm walking...

“It turns out he’s walking,” Round Tolik laughed.

Mishka leaned forward, put his hands behind his back, turned sideways to Sima and spoke slowly, threateningly:

Maybe you don’t consider us to be people?.. Yes?.. Maybe you’re brave?.. Let’s go and have a chat...

Sima looked around at all the guys with his huge eyes and opened his mouth slightly.

What did I do to you?

But we are not going to beat you, we will always have time... I say, let’s go one-on-one... Let’s see what kind of ostrich you are, so extraordinary that you don’t want to come near us.

With you? - asked Sima.

Mishka stuck out his lip and nodded.

Sima looked at his feet and quite unexpectedly objected:

So it's very dirty.

The guys laughed together. And Mishka looked contemptuously at Sima from head to toe.

Maybe I should lay out a Persian rug for you?

Sima clutched the black album to himself, stomped around and asked:

Let’s wait, and... when will the sun be there?

When the guys had laughed enough, Mishka stepped forward and snatched the album from Simina’s hands.

He needs the sun... Come on, let me see!

Sima turned pale and was about to grab Mishka’s hand, but the guys immediately pushed him away.

And Mishka has already opened the black calico cover.

On the first page of the album, in beautiful colored letters, was written: “To teacher Maria Alekseevna from Grigoriev Kolya.”

He is engaging in sycophancy... I see! - Misha said this in such a tone as if he did not expect anything else.

Give me the album,” Sima asked behind the guys’ backs. He tried to push the crowd aside, but the boys stood tightly. Some laughed, and Mishka shouted:

You sycophant are not very good, otherwise I won’t even wait for the sun to come, I’ll slap a portion of pasta down your neck!