The period in the history of Russia from 1598 to 1612 is usually called the Time of Troubles. These were hard years, years of natural disasters: famine, crisis of the state and economic system, interventions of foreigners.
The year of the beginning of the “Troubles” is 1598, when the Rurik dynasty ended and there was no legitimate king in Rus'. During the struggle and intrigue, power was taken into his own hands, and he sat on the throne until 1605.
The most turbulent years during the reign of Boris Godunov were 1601-1603. People in need of food began to hunt for robbery and robbery. This course of events led the country into an increasingly systemic crisis.
People in need began to flock together. The number of such detachments ranged from several people to several hundred. It became the apogee of famine. Adding fuel to the fire were rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry, most likely killed by Boris Godunov, was alive.
He declared his royal origin, achieved the support of the Poles, promising the gentry mountains of gold, Russian lands and other benefits. At the height of the war with the impostor, Boris Godunov dies from illness. His son Fyodor and his family are killed by conspirators who believed False Dmitry I.
The impostor did not sit on the Russian throne for long. The people were dissatisfied with his rule, and opposition-minded boyars took advantage of the current situation and killed him. He was anointed to the kingdom.
Vasily Shuisky had to ascend the throne at a difficult time for the country. Before Shuisky had time to get comfortable, a fire broke out and a new impostor appeared. Shuisky concludes a military treaty with Sweden. The treaty turned into another problem for Rus'. The Poles went into open intervention, and the Swedes betrayed Shuisky.
In 1610, Shuisky was removed from the throne as part of a conspiracy. The conspirators will still rule in Moscow for a long time, the time of their reign will be called. Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav. Soon Polish troops entered the capital. Every day the situation became worse. The Poles traded in robbery and violence, and also propagated the Catholic faith.
It gathered under the leadership of Lyapunov. Due to internal squabbles, Lyapunov was killed, and the campaign of the first militia failed miserably. At that time, Russia had every opportunity to cease to exist on the map of Europe. But, as they say, Time of Troubles gives birth to heroes. There were people on Russian soil who were able to unite the people around themselves, who were able to motivate them to self-sacrifice for the good of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith.
Novgorod residents Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, once and for all, inscribed their names in golden letters in the history of Russia. It was thanks to the activities of these two people and the heroism of the Russian people that our ancestors managed to save the country. On November 1, 1612, they took the city of Kitay in battle, and a little later the Poles signed a capitulation. After the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow, a Zemsky Council was held, as a result of which he was anointed as king.
The consequences of the troubled times are very sad. Rus' lost many primordially Russian territories, the economy was in terrible decline, and the country's population decreased. The Time of Troubles was a severe test for Russia and the Russian people. More than one such test will befall the Russian people, but they will survive, thanks to their fortitude and behests to their ancestors. Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; the Russian Land has stood and will stand on that. Words spoken many centuries ago remain relevant today!
Reasons for the beginning and results of the Time of Troubles
- indignation, rebellion, rebellion, general disobedience, discord between the authorities and the people.
Time of Troubles- an era of socio-political dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, the Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention, and the ruin of the country.
Causes of the Troubles
Consequences of the ruin of the state during the oprichnina period.
Aggravation of the social situation as a consequence of the processes of state enslavement of the peasantry.
Dynasty crisis: suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-royal Moscow house.
Crisis of power: intensifying struggle for supreme power between noble boyar families. The appearance of impostors.
Poland's claims to Russian lands and the throne.
Famine of 1601-1603. Death of people and surge in migration within the state.
Reign during the Time of Troubles
Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
Fyodor Godunov (1605)
False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
Seven Boyars (1610-1613)
Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613) Chronicle of events
1598 – 1605 — Board of Boris Godunov.
1603 - Cotton's Rebellion.
1604 - Appearance of troops of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
1605 - Overthrow of the Godunov dynasty.
1605 - 1606 - Reign of False Dmitry I.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's Rebellion.
1606 - 1610 - Reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Publication of a decree on a fifteen-year search for runaway peasants.
1607 - 1610 - Attempts of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia.
1610 - 1613 - “Seven Boyars”.
March 1611 - Uprising in Moscow against the Poles.
1611, September - October - Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership.
1612, October 26 - Liberation of Moscow from the invaders by the second militia.
1613 - Accession to the throne.
1) Portrait of Boris Godunov; 2) False Dmitry I; 3) Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky
The beginning of the Time of Troubles. Godunov
When Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich died and the Rurik dynasty ended, Boris Godunov ascended the throne on February 21, 1598. The formal act of limiting the power of the new sovereign, expected by the boyars, did not follow. The dull murmur of this class prompted secret police surveillance of the boyars on the part of the new tsar, in which the main weapon was the slaves who denounced their masters. Torture and execution followed. The general loosening of the sovereign order could not be corrected by Godunov, despite all the energy he showed. The famine years that began in 1601 increased general discontent with the king. The struggle for the royal throne at the top of the boyars, gradually complemented by ferment from below, marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles - the Time of Troubles. In this connection, everything can be considered its first period.
False Dmitry I
Soon rumors spread about the rescue of the man who was previously considered killed in Uglich and about his finding in Poland. The first news about it began to reach the capital at the very beginning of 1604. It was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was no secret to the boyars, and Godunov directly said that it was they who framed the impostor.
1604, autumn - False Dmitry, with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine, entered the boundaries of the Moscow state through Severshchina - the southwestern border region, which was quickly engulfed in popular unrest. 1605, April 13 - Boris Godunov died, and the impostor was able to freely approach the capital, where he entered on June 20.
During the 11-month reign of False Dmitry, boyar conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not suit either the boyars (because of his independence and independence of character) or the people (because he pursued a “Westernizing” policy that was unusual for Muscovites). 1606, May 17 - conspirators, led by princes V.I. Shuisky, V.V. Golitsyn and others overthrew the impostor and killed him.
Vasily Shuisky
Then he was elected tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and a crowd of Muscovites devoted to him, who “shouted out” Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took an oath from the sovereign limiting his power. This reign covers four years and two months; During all this time, the Troubles continued and grew.
Seversk Ukraine was the first to rebel, led by the Putivl governor, Prince Shakhovsky, under the name of the supposedly escaped False Dmitry I. The leader of the uprising was the fugitive slave Bolotnikov (), who appeared as if an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels forced many to join the rebellion. The Ryazan land was outraged by the Sunbulovs and the Lyapunov brothers, Tula and the surrounding cities were raised by Istoma Pashkov.
The Troubles were able to penetrate into other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of slaves and foreigners, led by two Mordvins; in Perm and Vyatka, instability and confusion were noticed. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; A gang was rampant along the Volga, which put up its impostor, a certain Murom resident Ileika, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.
1606, October 12 - Bolotnikov approached Moscow and was able to defeat the Moscow army near the village of Troitsky, Kolomensky district, but was soon defeated by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and left for Kaluga, which the king’s brother, Dmitry, was trying to besiege. An impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula united with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself advanced to Tula, which he besieged from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub.
Minin's appeal on Nizhny Novgorod Square
False Dmitry II
The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, could not end the Time of Troubles. , with the support of the Poles and Cossacks, approached Moscow and settled in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was able to withstand a long siege by his troops from September 1608 to January 1610.
In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with Sweden, hostile to the Poles. Thus, the internal Troubles were supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. King Sigismund III of Poland headed towards Smolensk. Sent to negotiate with the Swedes in Novgorod in the spring of 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, together with the Swedish auxiliary detachment of Delagardie, moved towards the capital. Moscow was liberated from the Tushino thief, who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles in it went to their king near Smolensk.
Russian supporters of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles, led by Mikhail Saltykov, being left alone, also decided to send commissioners to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize Sigismund’s son Vladislav as king. But they recognized him on certain conditions, which were set out in an agreement with the king dated February 4, 1610. However, while negotiations were underway with Sigismund, two important events occurred that had a strong influence on the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the Tsar’s nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow M.V., died. Skopin-Shuisky, and in June Hetman Zholkiewsky inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow troops near Klushyn. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites under the leadership of Zakhar Lyapunov overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to cut his hair.
The last period of the Troubles
The last period of the Time of Troubles has arrived. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkiewski stationed himself with an army, demanding the election of Vladislav, and False Dmitry II came there again, to whom the Moscow mob was disposed. The board was headed by the Boyar Duma, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Seven Boyars). She began to negotiate with Zholkiewski about recognition of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. On September 19, Zholkiewski brought Polish troops into Moscow and drove False Dmitry II away from the capital. At the same time, an embassy was sent from the capital, which had sworn allegiance to Prince Vladislav, to Sigismund III, which consisted of the noblest Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he himself personally intended to be king in Moscow.
The year 1611 was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. At first the patriotic movement against the Poles was led by Patriarch Hermogenes and Prokopiy Lyapunov. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the murder of the leader of the mob False Dmitry II, whose danger forced many to involuntarily rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement.
The uprising quickly spread to Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militia gathered everywhere and converged on the capital. Lyapunov's servicemen were joined by Cossacks under the command of Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where, at the news of this, an uprising arose against the Poles. The Poles burned the entire Moscow settlement (March 19), but with the approach of Lyapunov’s troops and other leaders, they were forced, together with their Muscovite supporters, to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.
The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure due to the complete disunity of interests of the individual groups that were part of it. On July 25, the Cossacks killed Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally captured Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, Delagardie took Novgorod by storm and forced the Swedish prince Philip to be recognized as king there. A new leader of the tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov.
Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin
Minin and Pozharsky
Then Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity Monastery and his cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn preached national self-defense. Their messages found a response in Nizhny Novgorod and the northern Volga region. 1611, October - the Nizhny Novgorod butcher Kuzma Minin Sukhoruky took the initiative to raise militia and funds, and already at the beginning of February 1612, organized detachments under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky moved up the Volga. At that time (February 17), Patriarch Hermogenes, who stubbornly blessed the militias, died, whom the Poles imprisoned in the Kremlin.
At the beginning of April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly advancing, gradually strengthening its troops, approached Moscow on August 20. Zarutsky and his gangs went to the south-eastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, Pozharsky’s soldiers and Trubetskoy’s Cossacks repulsed Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a convoy of supplies to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, they occupied Kitay-Gorod, and on October 26, they cleared the Kremlin of Poles. Sigismund III's attempt to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from near Volokolamsk.
Results of the Time of Troubles
In December, letters were sent everywhere to send the best and most intelligent people to the capital to elect a king. They got together early next year. 1613, February 21 - The Zemsky Sobor elected a Russian tsar, who was married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, but it took a long time to establish firm order.
The first period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
The struggle for the Moscow throne (from the accession of Boris Godunov to the assassination of False Dmitry I)
1598 – Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elects Boris Godunov (1598-1605) to the kingdom.
1600 – The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov's imprisonment of Dmitry's former teacher, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Lev Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.
1601 – Famine years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers, rivals with Godunov. Law banning the export of peasants from small to large owners.
1603 – Fighting near Moscow with Cotton Crookshank’s gang. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family puts forward the impostor False Dmitry I.
1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The impostor's conversion to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into the Moscow state (autumn). They occupied Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege of Basmanov by the Pretender in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, which was moved to help Basmanov.
1605 – Defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynichi (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by the governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transition of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). The campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Orel and Tula. Reading of the Pretender's letter by Pleshcheev and Pushkin in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). Murder of Tsar Feodor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow (June 20). His royal crowning (July 21)
1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy of Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).
The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
Destruction of state order (rule of Vasily Shuisky)
1606 – Accession of Vasily Shuisky. The new tsar’s kiss of the cross states that he will carry out all the most important matters only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Having taken the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. A quarrel between the noble and peasant armies near Moscow, the Lyapunovs going over to Shuisky’s side (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.
The battle between Bolotnikov's army and the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner
1607 – Bolotnikov’s breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to march on Moscow again (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. Appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.
1608 – False Dmitry II’s campaign against Moscow and his occupation of Tushino (early July). The beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).
1609 – The first attempt to overthrow Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The alliance of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardi from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege of False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (from September 16).
Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) 17th century
1610 – Sapieha’s retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. Agreement between the former Tushins and Sigismund on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar under conditions limiting his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). Victory of the Polish Hetman Zolkiewski over Russian troops at Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).
The third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)
1610 – Approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zholkiewski (July 24). The Seven Boyars in Moscow, its oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, supposedly for the defense of the capital from False Dmitry II). Sigismund's intention is to personally take the Moscow throne, and not give it to his son. Murder of False Dmitry II (December 11).
1611 – The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach of Lyapunov’s militia to Moscow (late March) and its connection with the Cossacks. Arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). Capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim Prince Philip the Russian Tsar. The “sentence of June 30, 1611” worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. Murder of Lyapunov (July 25), zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter across Russia
1598-1613 - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles.
At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia was experiencing a political and socio-economic crisis. The Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
First period of turmoil characterized by the struggle for the throne of various pretenders. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he turned out to be unable to rule and was actually ruled by the brother of the king’s wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies caused discontent among the popular masses.
The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry (in reality Grigory Otrepiev), the allegedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He won over a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry was supported by the governors, and then Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. But he acted too independently, which caused discontent among the boyars; he also supported serfdom, which caused protest from the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry I was killed and V.I. ascended the throne. Shuisky, with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the turmoil was marked by the reign False Dmitry I(1605 - 1606)
Second period of troubles. In 1606, an uprising arose, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the militia included people from different walks of life: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. They were defeated in the battle of Moscow. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.
But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon appears False Dmitry II. In January 1608, his army headed towards Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even receiving salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggressive military operations. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.
Shuisky was tonsured a monk and taken to the Chudov Monastery. An interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars (a council of 7 boyars). The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.
So, the second stage was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of False Dmitry II, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).
Third period of troubles characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war acquired a national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky reached Moscow. And already on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was liberated. The time of troubles is over.
Results of the Troubles were depressing: the country was in a terrible situation, the treasury was ruined, trade and crafts were in decline. The consequences of the Troubles for Russia were expressed in its backwardness compared to European countries. It took decades to restore the economy.
13. Russia's entry into the era of modern times. The first Romanovs.
1598-1613 - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles.
At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia was experiencing a political and socio-economic crisis. The Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
First period of turmoil characterized by the struggle for the throne of various pretenders. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he turned out to be unable to rule and was actually ruled by the brother of the king’s wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies caused discontent among the popular masses.
The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry (in reality Grigory Otrepiev), the allegedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He won over a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry was supported by the governors, and then Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. But he acted too independently, which caused discontent among the boyars; he also supported serfdom, which caused protest from the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry I was killed and V.I. ascended the throne. Shuisky, with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the turmoil was marked by the reign False Dmitry I(1605 - 1606)
Second period of troubles. In 1606, an uprising arose, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the militia included people from different walks of life: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. They were defeated in the battle of Moscow. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.
But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon appears False Dmitry II. In January 1608, his army headed towards Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even receiving salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggressive military operations. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.
Shuisky was tonsured a monk and taken to the Chudov Monastery. An interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars (a council of 7 boyars). The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.
So, the second stage was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of False Dmitry II, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).
Third period of troubles characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war acquired a national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky reached Moscow. And already on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was liberated. The time of troubles is over.
Results of the Troubles were depressing: the country was in a terrible situation, the treasury was ruined, trade and crafts were in decline. The consequences of the Troubles for Russia were expressed in its backwardness compared to European countries. It took decades to restore the economy.
Main stages of design: At the end of the 15th century. – first steps in state registration. At the end of the 16th century. – a decisive step, but as a temporary measure. The Cathedral Code of 1649 – final design. During the restoration of the country after the “Troubles,” the bitter struggle of small and large feudal lords for the peasants continues. A huge number of petitions from the “service petty”. It was under their pressure that the Council Code of 1649 was adopted, according to which crossings were prohibited. The search and return of fugitives and deportees was not limited by any time limits. Serfdom became hereditary. Peasants lost the right to independently bring claims in court.
