Teacher, director of a private (Polivanovskaya) gymnasium in Moscow (founded it in 1868), since 1876 a full member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, in 1880 chairman of the commission for the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow. “Album of the Pushkin Exhibition” was published under the editorship of Polivanov (M., 1882; 2nd ed. M., 1887). Polivanov's assistant for the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin A.M. Slivitsky recalls him: “He was such a light in my life, this man of great intelligence.” highest degree originality, strong will, selfless honesty, deep observation, broad education combined with an amazing artistic flair, and all this with a tender, responsive and receptive heart, like a child’s<...>. With his purely Russian simplicity in all life’s relationships, he made a charming impression on me...”
Polivanov received his initial training in the village under the guidance of his mother. In 1844 the family moved to Moscow. Polivanov studied at the 1st and 4th Moscow gymnasiums, and from 1856 at Moscow University at the Faculty of History, Philology. Polivanov began his teaching career at the women's Mariinsky-Ermolovsky School as a teacher of Russian literature. Polivanov is the author of a number of educational manuals and manuals on the Russian language and literature: “A basic book for teaching the Russian language”; "First Bee"; “Second Bee”; "Russian Reader"; “A short textbook of Russian grammar”; “Russian and Church Slavic etymology”; "Russian Syn-taxis"; “Zhukovsky and his works”; “Writings of A.S. Pushkin" and others.
Pupil of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium Vl.S. Soloviev wrote about Polivanov: “Polivanov was the incarnate spiritual movement, non-stop vibration of the mind and heart.”
Dostoevsky spoke about his meetings in Moscow with Polivanov during the Pushkin celebrations in letters to his wife A.G. Dostoevskaya: “There were 4 professors of the University, one director of the gymnasium, Polivanov (a friend of the Pushkin family)<...>. Polivanov (who was on the commission for the opening of the monument), Yuriev and Aksakov announced out loud that all of Moscow was taking tickets to meetings and everyone taking tickets (to meetings of the Love<ителей>R<оссийской>Literature") take-rut, asking (and sending several times to inquire): will Dostoevsky read!"; "Then I went to Polivanov (the secretary of the Society, the director of the gymnasium). Polivanov explained to me all the steps in the Duma and tickets and sent me young man help me. He introduced me to the family, a whole group of teachers and gymnasium students came together and we went (in the same building) to look at things and portraits of Pushkin, which are still kept in this gymnasium”; “Then, right from lunch, we went to the general meeting of the “Amateurs” commission to organize the final program of morning meetings and evening festivities. There were Turgenev, Kovalevsky, Chaev, Grot, Bartenev, Yuryev, Polivanov, Kalachev and others.”
Pseudonym under which he writes political figure Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ... In 1907 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg.
Alyabyev, Alexander Alexandrovich, Russian amateur composer. ... A.'s romances reflected the spirit of the times. As then-Russian literature, they are sentimental, sometimes corny. Most of them are written in a minor key. They are almost no different from Glinka’s first romances, but the latter has stepped far forward, while A. remained in place and is now outdated.
Nasty Idolische (Odolische) - epic hero…
Pedrillo (Pietro-Mira Pedrillo) is a famous jester, a Neapolitan, who at the beginning of the reign of Anna Ioannovna arrived in St. Petersburg to sing the roles of buffa and play the violin in the Italian court opera.
Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich
Numerous novels and stories of his suffer from the absence of the present artistic creativity, deep feelings and a broad view of the people and life. Dahl did not go further than everyday pictures, anecdotes caught on the fly, told in a unique language, smartly, vividly, with a certain humor, sometimes falling into mannerism and jokeiness.
Varlamov, Alexander Egorovich
Above theory musical composition Varlamov, apparently, did not work at all and was left with the meager knowledge that he could have learned from the chapel, which in those days did not at all care about the general musical development of its students.
Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich
None of our great poets has so many poems that are downright bad from all points of view; He himself bequeathed many poems not to be included in the collected works. Nekrasov is not consistent even in his masterpieces: and suddenly prosaic, listless verse hurts the ear.
Gorky, Maxim
By his origin, Gorky by no means belongs to those dregs of society, of which he appeared as a singer in literature.
Zhikharev Stepan Petrovich
His tragedy “Artaban” did not see either print or stage, since, in the opinion of Prince Shakhovsky and the frank review of the author himself, it was a mixture of nonsense and nonsense.
Sherwood-Verny Ivan Vasilievich
“Sherwood,” writes one contemporary, “in society, even in St. Petersburg, was not called anything other than bad Sherwood... comrades in military service they shunned him and called him dog name"fidelka".
Obolyaninov Petr Khrisanfovich
...Field Marshal Kamensky publicly called him “a state thief, a bribe-taker, a complete fool.”
Peter I Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich Catherine II Romanovs Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich Alexander III Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
We learn about the past mainly from books and archival documents. We judge people past centuries according to their letters, memoirs of contemporaries. And also - on business. More than others, we understand writers who have reflected the depths of their souls in prose and poetry. Inner world We feel less, if at all, representatives of other professions. Alas, a dry list of their deeds, even if they are grandiose, such as the discovery of a new substance or the construction of a grandiose plant, is not able to recreate the image of a person. But you can’t write about writers alone! (Flattering biographies statesmen doesn’t count here, they are, as a rule, legendary and similar to one another, like two peas in a pod.) Let’s try to draw a portrait of a representative of a modest, but exceptional important profession- teacher.
If you list literary works Lev Ivanovich Polivanov, it will turn out to be a fair second, but quite ordinary for an intellectual half of the 19th century century list. Readers for public schools, “A Beginning Book for Teaching the Russian Language,” textbooks “Russian and Church Slavonic Etymology,” “Russian Syntax,” works by A. S. Pushkin in five volumes commented for high school students, also commented publications by Derzhavin, Karamzin, and Russians epics, biography of V. A. Zhukovsky, critical analysis of the poetic book of Y. P. Polonsky, translations of Racine and Moliere, pedagogical articles in magazines and collections. Judging by these works, we see a type of extraordinary worker in the field of public education. But Polivanov was not a type, but a peculiar, unique personality.
Throughout Moscow, for almost half a century since the 1870s, when people talked about education, the words never left their lips: Polivanovskaya Gymnasium. Here, in Pegov’s house on the corner of Prechistenka and Maly Levshinsky Lane, Metropolitan Trifon (Prince Boris Turkestanov) and the poet Valery Bryusov, mathematician Count Mikhail Olsufiev and philosopher Lev Lopatin, world chess champion Alexander Alekhine and three sons of Leo Tolstoy studied...
“Polivanovskaya gymnasium,” said its student, writer Andrei Bely, “I consider, without any illusions, the best Moscow gymnasium of its time.”
Another Polivanovite, philosopher and poet Vladimir Solovyov, argued that the laurels of the gymnasium were acquired by its director: “He invested in his school living soul, raised and maintained this school above the usual formality and knew how to ignite in his pupils sparks of the fire that burned within himself.”
Life path Such a beloved teacher does not shine with either eccentric actions or legendary incidents. He was born on February 27, 1838 in the family of artillery lieutenant Ivan Gavrilovich Polivanov in the village of Zagarin, Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1844, after the death of their mother, the family moved to Moscow. Here the future teacher graduated from the Fourth Gymnasium and the Faculty of History and Philosophy of Moscow University. Since 1861, he taught Russian literature at the women's Mariinsky-Ermolovsky School and at the 1st cadet corps, from 1864 - in the Third and Fourth gymnasiums. In 1868, together with other employees, he opened a private gymnasium and managed it until his death, which came on February 11, 1899. Was a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Psychological Society, Literacy Committee at the Moscow Society of Agriculture, Moscow Circle of Teachers of Ancient Languages, Orthodox Brotherhood in the Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
In Russia, especially in St. Petersburg, there are several thousand officials with much more vivid biographies and an impressive number of titles. But they are talked about only among colleagues. Polivanova was known and loved by all of Moscow. Parents, sending their children to his gymnasium, believed that education there would go hand in hand with family education, that while observing the general gymnasium program, every effort would be made to instill in the pupil a desire for meaningful work.
In Polivanovka we studied the same things as everywhere else: the Law of God, Russian literature, French, German, Latin and Greek (the latter is optional for those who did not prepare for university), mathematics, physics, history, geography, natural history, drawing, calligraphy, sketching, choral singing, gymnastics. But…
Lion, Lion is coming! - the excited high school student, dressed, like everyone else, in a black blouse with a leather belt, warns his comrades.
The lion does not enter - he flies into the classroom. With a gray mane of hair falling over his shoulders, tall and stooped, in a short jacket, with very long hands, always in motion, if not clasped behind his back. He sat down... Or rather, he lounged in his chair, not at all like a teacher, his eyes flashed, and a lively, fascinating speech flowed out. His excitement, his passion were conveyed to the students; they do not even notice that the bell rang for the end of the lesson.
Lion, Lion is coming! - is heard in another class.
Leo reads an excerpt from the book by S. T. Aksakov: “The swan, due to its size, strength, beauty and majestic posture, has long been rightly called the king of all aquatic or waterfowl. White as snow, with shiny transparent small eyes, with a black nose and black paws, with a long, flexible and beautiful neck, he is inexpressibly beautiful when he calmly swims between the green reeds on the dark blue smooth surface of the water.”
Now, strictly following Aksakov’s form, describe the horse. This way you will be able to understand the writer’s style and be in his shoes yourself.
Third grade student Ermolov diligently writes line by line: “The horse, for its beauty, strength, intelligence, endurance and services, has long and rightly become man’s favorite among all animals. Light as the wind, with intelligent expressive eyes, a long and flexible neck, with thin legs, with a lush mane - she is inexpressibly beautiful when she runs free.”
Leo knew how to intuitively instill in his pupils the confidence that it was impossible not to fulfill his demands. And if a teacher can do this, he is omnipotent in the classroom.
But he doesn’t have enough cool lessons, he hardly sleeps, he takes on a lot and always brings the job to the end.
For ten years Polivanov led the Shakespeare Circle, the vast majority of whose participants were his graduates. On the stage of the Nemchinovsky Theater they staged sixteen plays by the English genius and always performed in a packed hall. At the premiere of “Henry IV” there were two Ivans, Turgenev and Aksakov, who had seen many first-class artists in their lifetime, but they, without lying, called the production first-class.
In 1880, Polivanov carried out a tremendous amount of work organizing festivities to mark the opening of the Pushkin monument on Tverskoy Boulevard and creating a unique Pushkin exhibition.
He always wanted to help someone. Aspiring writers, provincial artists and, of course, graduates of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium turned to him. Having met, they always remembered their Leo:
The ideal Russian man.
Amazing artistic flair.
He was friends with both the princes and the timpani player Bolshoi Theater, and with my father’s former orderly.
He brutally attacked anyone for the slightest, most insignificant falsehood.
He knew how to motivate every person to get involved, to make them do at least a little good for the common good.
Having taken up the matter, he devoted himself entirely to it.
He was impeccably conscientious in everything.
Spiritual aristocracy and broad enlightenment were amazingly combined in one person.
He often hurt the pride of teenagers, but never insulted their sense of dignity.
He should be called a romantic in the ancient and good value this word.
He was a teacher-artist and a teacher-thinker.
Moscow was orphaned, they sighed, burying him at the Novodevichy cemetery.
But Polivanov continued to live in the affairs of his students, who proudly called themselves Polivanovites to their graves.
...In 1925, Andrei Bely met the artist Luzhsky while visiting Boris Pilnyak.
Are you a Polivanovite? - Luzhsky asked Andrei Bely.
Yes! - he answered proudly.
I also studied with Lev at one time.
And the conversation turned to our beloved unforgettable teacher...
Lev Ivanovich Polivanov was born in 1838 in the village of Zagarino, Nizhny Novgorod province.
Since 1844 he lived in Moscow, studied at the 1st and 4th gymnasiums.
In 1861 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.
From 1864 to 1875 he worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature at the 4th men's gymnasium, where he had previously studied.
Polivanov tried to develop logical thinking and literary speech in his students, advocated historical principle in teaching the Russian language.
This is what one of the students of the 4th gymnasium wrote about Polivanov: “You should have heard his lessons, full of life, which gave the impression of something extraordinary, sometimes seemed like some kind of inspired improvisation, infecting with love for the subject and the teacher. One had to feel this irresistible moral influence, in which every word was law, every opinion was the highest authority.”
In 1868 L.I. Polivanov opened and for over 30 years headed a private gymnasium, which became known as “Polivanovskaya”. She was one of the best private educational institutions Moscow.
The cult of literature and art reigned in the Polivanovskaya gymnasium, and there was a “Shakespearean circle”, composed mainly of former graduates. The works of the great English playwright were studied and staged there, some for the first time in Russia.
The Polivanovskaya gymnasium had a strong teaching staff.
Polivanov himself, who taught Latin, logic and literature, was the soul of the gymnasium.
According to his colleague L.P. Belsky, he was a “teacher-artist and teacher-thinker” who “found in himself the ideal of a human teacher, lively, enthusiastic, and not setting narrow boundaries for his activities.”
Many graduates of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium, in particular V. Bryusov and A. Bely, left the warmest memories of their mentor.
Since 1875, graduates of the gymnasium received the status of graduates of state educational institutions.
On pedagogical system of that time, the compositions compiled by L.I. had a great influence. Polivanov and repeatedly reprinted school anthologies and textbooks of the Russian language. His true fame was brought to him by textbooks on Russian grammar and etymology, books for reading in public schools, and especially three parts of his “Russian Reader”, addressed to students in grades I-II (1870), grades III-IV (1875) and V-VIII classes of secondary educational institutions (1878), which went through many editions.
In the prefaces to the anthologies, the article “A Lesson in Explanatory Reading and Logical Analysis in Connection with the Oral and Written Reproduction of Thoughts” (1868) sets out Polivanov’s views on the goals and methodology of explanatory reading in junior and middle grades of gymnasiums.
The main task of a literature teacher, in his opinion, is, first of all, to develop in students logical thinking and correct literary speech. To this end, he places in his anthologies texts that are artistically exemplary and interesting from the point of view of their language and style.
Polivanov is not interested in texts that only convey new knowledge; it is more important for him to teach young readers to understand the logic of combining words, sentences, and periods into a single artistic whole.
Polivanov’s method of text analysis is based on the study of the composition, plan of the work and analysis of its linguistic features. He prefers debriefings small works or whole fragments, linking the study of the content of a work with its grammatical structure, teaching pupils to gain “a taste for the style of phrase” (A. Bely).
In the preface to the second part of the anthology by L.I. Polivanov puts interesting samples logical and stylistic analysis, in particular the poems “The Caucasus” and “Demons” by Pushkin, “When the Yellowing Field is Worried” by Lermontov.
The third part of Polivanov’s anthology, addressed to high school students, is a practical guide to the study of stylistics, the theory of prose and poetry.
Its third edition, published under the title “Methodological Russian Reader” (1883), received the highest praise from critics and was awarded the Peter the Great Prize.
The tasks of practical language teaching explain the fact that the section “For the study of stylistics and theory of prose” here is three times larger in volume than the section “For the study of the theory of poetry.”
In addition, Polivanov believes that in high school, “the anthology should take care of prose writers, already yielding poets to separate publications.”
Both sections of the anthology are supplemented with brief guides to the theory of prose and poetry, as well as samples of analysis individual works, for example, “Words” by Filaret, ballads by Schiller.
L.I. Polivanov also owns several historical and literary works, as well as commentaries on the five-volume collected works of Pushkin (1887-1888). He was an excellent translator of the works of Moliere, Racine, Corneille and other authors.
He has written literary works about Zhukovsky, Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy.
Polivanov prepared annotated editions for school and family reading of the works of G.R. Derzhavina, N.M. Karamzina, A.S. Pushkin.
L.I. Polivanov was a member of the Moscow Literacy Committee.
Public recognition of the teacher as a figure of Russian culture is associated with the fact of the work of L.I. Polivanov as the main organizer of the First All-Russian Pushkin celebrations in Moscow in 1880.
Lev Ivanovich Polivanov died in 1899 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The tombstone on his grave was built at the expense of graduates and teachers of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium.
Vladimir Solovyov, in his obituary published in Vestnik Evropy, highly appreciated the scientific and teaching activities Polivanov, emphasized the great educational influence of the personality of the humanist teacher: “Polivanov was the embodiment of spiritual movement, non-stop vibration of the mind and heart. ...In the world of students throughout Russia, the name L.I. Polivanov is well known to everyone. He left many valuable works, pedagogical and literary... And his lively mind sometimes showed great insight far beyond the boundaries of pedagogy and literature.”
Genrikh Afanasyevich left this mortal coil on December 3, 1900, leaving to his children and companions a factory generating up to two million rubles in annual income. His unique collection The widow turned paintings, porcelain, bronze, furniture, and old books into a permanent Moscow museum. Not only the foreign and democratic press published obituaries about him, but even conservatives, who disliked everything foreign, regretted the death of the enterprising Frenchman on the pages of newspapers.
“Yesterday in France in Cannes the funeral of Muscovite G. A. Brocard took place,” wrote a reporter from Moskovsky Listok. - I use the word “Muscovite” not without intention. A Frenchman by birth, a newcomer to Moscow, the late Brocard was nevertheless a Muscovite... This man, who enjoyed wide and good popularity in Moscow, had three main qualities: a strong industrial mind, a sincere love for art and a living kindness of soul.”
Unforgettable teacher. Director of the gymnasium Lev Ivanovich Polivanov (1839–1899)
We learn about the past mainly from books and archival documents. We judge people of past centuries by their letters and memoirs of contemporaries. And also - on business. More than others, we understand writers who have reflected the depths of their souls in prose and poetry. We feel the inner world of representatives of other professions less, if at all. Alas, a dry list of their deeds, even if they are grandiose, such as the discovery of a new substance or the construction of a grandiose plant, is not able to recreate the image of a person. But you can’t write about writers alone! (Flattering biographies of statesmen do not count here; they, as a rule, are legendary and similar to one another, like two peas in a pod.) Let's try to draw a portrait of a representative of a modest, but extremely important profession - a teacher.
If you list the literary works of Lev Ivanovich Polivanov, you will get a hefty list, but quite common for an intellectual of the second half of the 19th century. Readers for public schools, “A Beginning Book for Teaching the Russian Language,” textbooks “Russian and Church Slavonic Etymology,” “Russian Syntax,” works by A. S. Pushkin in five volumes commented for high school students, also commented publications by Derzhavin, Karamzin, and Russians epics, biography of V. A. Zhukovsky, critical analysis of the poetic book of Y. P. Polonsky, translations of Racine and Moliere, pedagogical articles in magazines and collections. Judging by these works, we see a type of extraordinary worker in the field of public education. But Polivanov was not a type, but a peculiar, unique personality.
Throughout Moscow, for almost half a century since the 1870s, when people talked about education, the words never left their lips: Polivanovskaya Gymnasium. Here, in Pegov’s house on the corner of Prechistenka and Maly Levshinsky Lane, Metropolitan Trifon (Prince Boris Turkestanov) and the poet Valery Bryusov, mathematician Count Mikhail Olsufiev and philosopher Lev Lopatin, world chess champion Alexander Alekhine and three sons of Leo Tolstoy studied...
“Polivanovskaya gymnasium,” said its student, writer Andrei Bely, “I consider, without any illusions, the best Moscow gymnasium of its time.”
Another Polivanovite, philosopher and poet Vladimir Solovyov, argued that the laurels of the gymnasium were won by its director: “He put a living soul into his school, raised and maintained this school above the usual formality and knew how to ignite in his students the sparks of the fire that burned in himself "
The life path of such an adored teacher does not shine with either eccentric actions or legendary incidents. He was born on February 27, 1838 in the family of artillery lieutenant Ivan Gavrilovich Polivanov in the village of Zagarin, Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1844, after the death of their mother, the family moved to Moscow. Here the future teacher graduated from the Fourth Gymnasium and the Faculty of History and Philosophy of Moscow University. Since 1861, he taught Russian literature at the women's Mariinsky-Ermolovsky School and in the 1st Cadet Corps, and since 1864 - at the Third and Fourth Gymnasiums. In 1868, together with other employees, he opened a private gymnasium and managed it until his death, which came on February 11, 1899. He was a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, the Psychological Society, the Literacy Committee of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, the Moscow Circle of Teachers of Ancient Languages, and the Orthodox Brotherhood in the Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
In Russia, especially in St. Petersburg, there are several thousand officials with much more colorful biographies and an impressive number of titles. But they are talked about only among colleagues. Polivanova was known and loved by all of Moscow. Parents, sending their children to his gymnasium, believed that education there would go hand in hand with family education, that while observing the general gymnasium program, every effort would be made to instill in the pupil a desire for meaningful work.
In Polivanovka we studied the same things as everywhere else: the Law of God, Russian literature, French, German, Latin and Greek (the latter is optional for those who did not prepare for university), mathematics, physics, history, geography, natural history, drawing, penmanship, drawing, choral singing, gymnastics. But…
Lion, Lion is coming! - the excited high school student, dressed, like everyone else, in a black blouse with a leather belt, warns his comrades.
The lion does not enter - he flies into the classroom. With a gray mane of hair falling over his shoulders, tall and stooped, in a short jacket, with very long hands, always in motion, if not clasped behind his back. He sat down... Or rather, he lounged in his chair, not at all like a teacher, his eyes flashed, and a lively, fascinating speech flowed out. His excitement, his passion were conveyed to the students; they do not even notice that the bell rang for the end of the lesson.
Lion, Lion is coming! - is heard in another class.
Leo reads an excerpt from the book by S. T. Aksakov: “The swan, due to its size, strength, beauty and majestic posture, has long been rightly called the king of all aquatic or waterfowl. White as snow, with shiny transparent small eyes, with a black nose and black paws, with a long, flexible and beautiful neck, he is inexpressibly beautiful when he calmly swims between the green reeds on the dark blue smooth surface of the water.”
Now, strictly following Aksakov’s form, describe the horse. This way you will be able to understand the writer’s style and be in his shoes yourself.
Third grade student Ermolov diligently writes line by line: “The horse, for its beauty, strength, intelligence, endurance and services, has long and rightly become man’s favorite among all animals. Light as the wind, with intelligent, expressive eyes, a long and flexible neck, thin legs, a lush mane - she is inexpressibly beautiful when she runs free.”
Leo knew how to intuitively instill in his pupils the confidence that it was impossible not to fulfill his demands. And if a teacher can do this, he is omnipotent in the classroom.
But he doesn’t have enough cool lessons, he hardly sleeps, he takes on a lot and always brings the job to the end.
For ten years Polivanov led the Shakespeare Circle, the vast majority of whose participants were his graduates. On the stage of the Nemchinovsky Theater they staged sixteen plays by the English genius and always performed in a packed hall. At the premiere of “Henry IV” there were two Ivans, Turgenev and Aksakov, who had seen many first-class artists in their lifetime, but they, without lying, called the production first-class.
In 1880, Polivanov carried out a tremendous amount of work organizing festivities to mark the opening of the Pushkin monument on Tverskoy Boulevard and creating a unique Pushkin exhibition.
He always wanted to help someone. Aspiring writers, provincial artists and, of course, graduates of the Polivanovskaya gymnasium turned to him. Having met, they always remembered their Leo:
The ideal Russian man.
Amazing artistic flair.
He was friends with the princes, and with the timpanist of the Bolshoi Theater, and with his father’s former orderly.
