Northern nature home- (self-name Suomalayset) nation, the main population of Finland (4.65 million people), total number 5.43 million people (1992), incl. Russian Federation
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary FINNS- FINNS, Finns, units. Finn, Finn, husband 1. The people of the Finno-Ugric group, inhabiting the Karelo Finnish SSR and Finland. 2. The general name of the peoples of the Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Dictionary
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ... Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ...- FINNS, ov, units. Finn, ah, husband. The people who make up the main population of Finland. | wives Finnish, I. | adj. Finnish, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary - (self-name suomalay set), people. In the Russian Federation there are 47.1 thousand people living in Karelia, the Leningrad region, etc. The main population is Finland. The Finnish language is a Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages. Believers... ...Russian history- People living in the northwestern region of Europe. Russia and mainly in Finland. Dictionary foreign words
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ..., included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- FINNS, see Cysticercosis. FISTULA, see Fistula... Great Medical Encyclopedia Finns- residents of the state in Northern Europe, Finland. However, they themselves do not call their country that way. This is a foreign name for them of Germanic origin. IN Finnish
- FINNS, see Cysticercosis. FISTULA, see Fistula... there is not even the sound f. For them, their country is Suomi, and they themselves are suoma layset (people... ... Ethnopsychological Dictionary
47.1 thousand people (1989). Language Finnish. Protestant believers (Lutherans) ...- ov; pl. Nation, main population of Finland; representatives of this nation. ◁ Finn, a; m. Finka, and; pl. genus. nok, dat. nkam; and. Finnish, oh, oh. F. epic. F. language. F. knife (short knife with a thick blade, worn in a sheath). F e sleigh, sleigh (sleigh,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- in a broad sense, a number of Ural-Altai peoples. They were divided into four groups: a) Finnish in the narrow sense (Finns, Ests, Livs, Korels, Lapps); b) Ugric (Magyars, Ostyaks, Voguls); c) Volga (Meshcherya, Merya, Muroma, Mordva, Cheremisy, Chuvash) and... ...
- Finns serving in the SS troops during the Second World War, V. N. Baryshnikov. The monograph, based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, examines key events concerning relations between Finland and Germany in the 1920-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called... Buy for 884 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Finns serving in the SS troops during the Second World War. Second edition, corrected and expanded, Baryshnikov V.. The monograph, based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, examines key events relating to relations between Finland and Germany in the 1920-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called...
Finland is a small northern country with a unique flavor. The birthplace of Santa Claus, the land of a thousand lakes - such associations arise when mentioning Finland. And also a sauna, fishing, and special Finnish humor.
However, few people know that “Finland” is not at all Finnish word. What do Finns call their country, if not Finland? Suomi is the name of the state. Let's figure out where it came from.
A little history. State formation
For almost seven centuries Finland was under Swedish rule. All this time, the Russian Empire was fighting for Finnish lands. Only at the beginning of the 19th century Finland ceded to Russia, and gained independence in 1917. Nevertheless (or maybe that’s why), the Finns are very sensitive to the issue of self-determination and nationality. Anxiously, but patiently, accepting the fact of a multilingual and multinational society. Swedish has the status of a second state language, and Russian, although not officially recognized, is studied in many schools and used in Everyday life. Signs, price tags in stores, announcements in Russian are the norm, especially in border areas.
Why Suomi?
The way Finns call their country has several interpretations. According to one version, the name comes from the word “suomaa” - swamp, swampy land. According to another, from the word "suomu" - fish scales.
In modern Russian there is also a consonant word “Sami”, the name small people, living in Lapland, as well as in the northern part of Norway. The Sami are a nomadic tribe of reindeer herders who have preserved their language (in Norway it is the second state language), traditions, and customs.
If you dig deeper, the root of the word "suomi" echoes the Baltic "zeme", which simply means "land".
Finland vs Suomi. What do Finns think?
There is no clear explanation of where the word Finland comes from. Historians only agree that it dates back to the times of Swedish rule. The Scandinavian word "finnland" literally means " beautiful land"This is exactly what the Swedes called part of the territories of modern southwestern Finland back in the 12th century.
The Finns themselves, with their characteristic equanimity, accept both names. Love your country - national trait. Moreover, this love is deep, not subject to feeling false patriotism. What is the Finnish country? The homeland for the Finns is thousands of lakes, endless forests, northern lights and self-esteem. What word this is called outside the country is a secondary matter.
National idea- is not political system or territorial integrity. For Finns, this is, first of all, silence, peace and respect for nature.
Where did the Finns come from?
Where did the Finns come from? Below is information taken from a Finnish school history textbook.
Finns belong to the Finno-Ugric group of peoples, which now makes up about 1 percent of the world's inhabitants. Now the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group are settled over a large territory: in the central, eastern and Western Europe, as well as in northern Asia.
The Finno-Ugric language group includes the Hungarians, Vodians, Vepsians, Ingrians, Izhorians, Karelians, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Livs, Maris, Mansi, Mordovians, Sami, Udmurts, Finns, Khanty, Estonians. There is no reliable data about the ancestors of these peoples, but researchers believe that about 4,000 years ago they lived between the Ural ridge and the middle reaches of the Volga.
It was stone Age. People lived in huts and dugouts and dressed in animal skins. They hunted, fished and collected fruits and roots. Even then, traders from the Mediterranean reached these places and brought goods and information. Gradually the ancestors modern peoples Finno-Ugric language group began to move to new places of residence. The ancestors of modern Hungarians were the first to move to the southwest. About 500 years before the birth of Christ, part of the tribes moved west. Later they settled on the shores of the Baltic Sea, in the area of Lakes Ladoga and Onega.
About 2,000 years ago, the ancestors of modern Finns crossed the Baltic Sea in search of new hunting grounds. Permanent settlements began to appear in the region of modern Helsinki. Gradually people moved north and east along rivers and the sea coast. The ancestors of the Estonians and Vepsians remained in their former places.
On the shores of Lake Ladoga, between the Vuoksa River and the territory modern city The Karelians settled in Sortavala about 1000 years ago. Karelians settled throughout the Karelian Isthmus, in the north and east of Lake Ladoga. Trade routes passing through these places brought certain benefits local residents. But at the same time, this territory found itself in the zone of interests of two powerful countries - Sweden and Russia.
According to the terms of the peace treaty of 1323, the Karelians were divided into two parts. The eastern Karelians went to Novgorod, the western ones to Sweden. (Later, in 1940, they had to leave the Karelian Isthmus forever.)
Mikael Agrikola played a significant role in the formation of the Finnish people. In 1542 he created the first Finnish alphabet. Since that time, they began to translate into Finnish literary works(primarily religious).
From the works of V.O Klyuchevsky.
Finnish tribes settled among the forests and swamps of the central and northern Russia even at a time when no traces of the presence of the Slavs were noticeable here... The Finns, when they first appeared in European historiography, were noted for one characteristic feature- peacefulness, even timidity, downtroddenness.
According to the historian Klyuchevsky, traces of the presence of the Finns on the territory of modern Russia are present in geographical names. In his opinion, even the original Russian word Moscow is of Finnish origin.
As many already know and have heard, at the instigation of Western scientists, many nationalities of the Ural family living on the territory of Russia received the name “Finns-Ughurs” and the honorary title “indigenous inhabitants”. The name “Finns” was originally used by the Germanic Scandinavians to refer to their neighbors on the Scandinavian Peninsula who did not speak Germanic languages.
It is hardly appropriate to transfer this name to the Russian ethnic groups of the Mordovians, Komi, Mari, Udmurts, Vepsians, who have never lived in the Scandinavian Peninsula or Finland, have a culture far from the Finns, a different religion, and are very seriously mixed with other purely Russian ethnic groups.
Due to the fact that this topic is heavily littered with liberal propagandists, who also rely on the Finnishization of the Ural peoples of Russia, I decided to provide a number of historical details.
Let's turn to exact science, to genetics
Scientists trace the long history of resettlement of the peoples of the Ural family by the distribution of an ethnogenetic marker, that is, the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N1c1 (formerly called N3).
The ancestors of the Uralians come from Southern Siberia or even the territory of modern Northern China (so the name “Uralians” is also very arbitrary, but still much better than the Finns). The purest carriers of the “Finnish marker” N1c1 are now the Turkic-speaking Yakuts. Their prevalence reaches 80%. Note that among the Finns of Finland the prevalence of this truly Finnish marker is about 63%, among the other Ural peoples it is much less: among Komi about 35%, among the Mordovians in general 19%. By the way, Latvians and Lithuanians have Ural roots (42.1% and 43%) more often than Komi and Mordovians.
But let's return to Siberia. For a long time, the taiga was the main habitat of the Ural peoples; they moved along with the taiga to the west (and a serious expansion of the taiga forest zone to the west occurs in 2 thousand BC during the transition to the cold subboreal period). The flow of Ural migrants (hunters, fishermen, gatherers) “flowed around” from the north the areas of settlement of Indo-Europeans (belonging to haplogroup R1a1, to the Proto-Slavs - according to the terminology of the famous ethnogeneticist A. Klesov) or penetrated into their habitat area.
The Indo-European-proto-Slavs lived in the steppe, forest-steppe space, zone deciduous forests, and were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. Contacts between the Urals and the Indo-European-proto-Slavs began in southern Siberia in 3-2 thousand BC. Here we can mention the Indo-European Afanasiev culture (extended up to the modern territory of Xinjiang and Mongolia) and Andronovo culture (Southern Urals and Western Siberia).
Contacts continued on the East European Plain, with the Indo-European Poltavka culture in the Volga-Kama-Ural region, the Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture covering the upper Volga region, the Abashevo culture in the Middle Volga region, and the Pozdnyakovo culture on the Oka and Klyazma. On the shores of the Baltic Sea - with late carriers of the Corded Ware culture. Contact did not take place peacefully everywhere; in some places the Urals exterminated the indigenous Proto-Slavic population and took their wild animals and fish for themselves; captured women and children dispersed to the newly built “Finnish houses” of the aliens. Accordingly, the anthropological type of the Urals in the course of this “Drang nach Vesten” changed from Mongoloid to mixed laponoid, and then to Caucasoid up to Nordic.
Resettlement of the Urals
The Urals appeared on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea much earlier than in Finland, and here they became the ancestors of not only the Estonians and some small tribes such as the Izhoras and Livs, but also contributed to the formation of the peoples of the Letto-Lithuanian group, including the Prussians.
The resettlement of the Ural people to their supposed ancestral home, Finland, was not very active until our era. The ancestors of the Lapps first appeared here; the Germans called them Finns or Kvens, and considered them seasoned sorcerers. From Siberia, the Lapps brought the ability to go into a trance by drinking fly agaric juice, which amazed Western Europeans.
The dense settlement of Finland by the Urals began only at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries AD, when the Yam (Em) and Sum tribes arrived there from the east. The latter actually gave the self-name to the Finnish Finns - suomalayset. Modest and without pretensions.
As I already wrote in the last post, everywhere on the Eastern European plain, where it was possible to engage in agriculture and not suffer from regular enemy invasions, Slavic settlers quickly grew in number and the Urals simply disappeared into the Slavic stream. Therefore, today there are very few Russians carrying the Ural marker N1c1, even in the Moscow region. But where the climate interfered with agriculture and extensive forestry and fishing industries prevailed, there the percentage of carriers of the Ural marker N1c1 among the Russian population turns out to be much higher - up to 20%, for example, in the area of the former settlement of Zavolotskaya Chudi, on the northern Dvina, to the west and east of it . Here, most of all, there are native speakers of living Uralic languages.
The Old Russian state, and then the Polotsk, Pskov, Novgorod principalities, until the 13th century, controlled the wide Baltic entrance to the “route from the Varangians to the Greeks,” including most of the modern territory of Finland, Estonia, and Latvia. With the beginning of Swedish, German, and Lithuanian expansion, a border was formed, but not between the Russians and Finns, but between the Russian principalities, on the one hand, and Sweden, the possessions of the German knightly orders, and Lithuania, on the other hand. The Swedes and the Germans baptized the Estonians, Sums, Estonians, Livonians with fire and sword, then drove them into battle, but these were just bollards, semi-slave infantry. By the way, the successes of Swedish and German expansion, which led to the closure of wide access to the Baltic for the Russians, were based on the godless use of the sweat and blood of the conquered Ural (Finnish) tribes.
But as such, Finns were not present in politics at all. In the 17th century, when the Swedes captured both shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Karelian Isthmus, the course of the Neva, the Orthodox Karelians and Izhorians left the conquerors along with the Russian population, and in their place came Swedish, German, even Dutch settlers, and Lutheran Finns from Finland - these steels ethnic group later known as the "Ingrian Finns".
How great Finland rose from history
The Finnish problem was generated for Russia by the efforts of its liberal elite, including the scientific community. Alexander I, the “republican on the throne,” having received the Principality of Finland from the Swedes, attached the Vyborg province to it in 1811 (previously Votskaya Pyatina in the Novgorod Principality and Korelsky District in Muscovite Rus'). The Russian language and Russian laws are being replaced here by the Swedish language and Swedish laws. Finland rolled under the walls of St. Petersburg. Just a clever combination of privileges - low taxes, abolition conscription, free access to a huge Russian market and closedness to Russian traders - Finland was transformed from a poor, hungry Swedish colony crushed by duties into a prosperous region.
And then it was the turn of the awakening of the Finnish language and culture - in which, by the way, the Finnish Swedes distinguished themselves a lot, consciously and subconsciously wanting revenge for the defeat of 1809. Finnish culture and language were restored by Swedish scientists with Russian money.
And there it was already close to the ideas of a “great Finland”, to Mannerheim, to the Finnish 
concentration camps in occupied Soviet territory, before the blockade of Leningrad and the Finnish advances to the White Sea and Tikhvin(If they had succeeded, there would be no guaranteed Russia today). Today we have lived to see the Finnishization of the Mordovians and Komi, which is taking place amid the noise of a liberal campaign about “Stalin’s crimes” against “democratic Finland.” Our political elite looks at this with an indifferently oligophrenic eye and even puts wreaths on the grave of the Finnish ghoul Karl Gustavovich.
There is only one way out and it is very simple. Accept on high level and explain to the world community the idea - there are no Finns on Russian territory, with the exception of tourists from Finland. There was a scientific error, but it has now been corrected. There are Ural ethnic groups that are an important part of the great Russian or Russian nation- we have been together for 1200 years, and if we take into account the pre-Slavic times, then 4 thousand years. (In the same way, the Bretons are part of the French nation, and the Catalans are part of the Spanish nation.) And the question is closed.
Finns are one of the largest Ural peoples. Their number currently numbers 6–7 million people (an exact figure does not exist due to the lack of reliable statistics on the fairly large Finnish emigration). Finns live mainly in Finland (5.3 million people). as well as in the USA (about 700 thousand people), in Canada (120 thousand), in Russia (34 thousand), Scandinavian countries, in Australia, etc. Language - Finnish or Swedish (about 300 thousand) people in Finland). The self-name of the Finns is suomalainen(units), Russian popular name - Chukhna, Chukhonians, and the official name is - FINNS, see Cysticercosis. FISTULA, see Fistula...- borrowed by Russians from Germanic languages. The ethnonym Finns (Swedish finnar, German Finnen) was first found by the Roman historian Tacitus (I AD) in the form Fenni. Apparently, in its origin it is connected with the Germanic verbs meaning ‘to find, seek’ (Goth. fin?an, Swedish finna, German finden). Initially, this ethnonym served in the Germanic languages, from where it eventually came to Tacitus, to designate the population of Fennoscandia and (in Tacitus, in any case) the Eastern Baltic, leading a mainly active lifestyle and unfamiliar with agriculture (living by hunting, that is, “the seeker”), most likely the ancestors of the modern Sami, whose settlement border at that time lay significantly south of the current one (and the very name of the country - Finnland, Finland - originally meant, in fact, 'the country of the Sami, Sami'). Back in the 18th century, in a word Finnar Norwegians and Swedes called not only Finns, but also Sami (Norwegian finne still means ‘Sami’ today). The Finnish name for Finland is Suomi (suomalainen, thus, literally means ‘resident of the country of Suomi, Suomi’) is first recorded on the pages of Russian chronicles in the form Sum (with beginning of XII V.). Initially, this was the name of the territory of what is now southwestern Finland (coastal areas), the so-called. Varsinais Suomi‘real Finland’. This word itself is also of Germanic origin, going back to an ancient Swedish word meaning 'squad, group, gathering', which in itself should not be surprising - Finnish culture and language have constantly experienced powerful Germanic influence throughout its history. The word Suomi did not immediately become represent the entire country. Simultaneously with the name Sum, another group appears in Russian chronicles - eat(Finnish h?me), and the difference between the dialects of both these groups continues to this day. In a number of ways, the Suomi dialect is close to the Estonian, Votic, Livonian dialects (the southern (western) group of Baltic-Finnish dialects) and is opposed to the Häme dialect, Karelian and Vepsian languages. This indicates the origin of the Suomi group from the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The question of the time of the appearance of Suomi on the territory of southwestern Finland remains debatable; from an archaeological point of view, the most likely assumption is that this happened in the so-called “early Roman time” (the turn of the era - the first centuries AD), when the territory of Varsinais Suomi and all The coast of Finland up to the area of today's Vasa was subject to the expansion of carriers of the culture of stone burial grounds with fences, which originated, in particular, from the territory of modern Estonia and Latvia. In turn, the Häme developed the territories immediately to the east and northeast of Varsinais Suomi, displacing the ancient Sami population from them. The formation of the Finnish people at the end of the 1st - first half of the 2nd millennium AD. was a complex process of consolidation of several Baltic-Finnish tribes. In addition to the Finns-Suomi and Häme, the Karelians played a significant role in this process. As a result of mixing the dialects of Suomi (to a small extent), Häme and Karelians in eastern Finland, the Savo dialect (f. Savo - possibly from the Orthodox personal names Savva, Savvatiy) was formed. and in the southeast - the Ladoga Finnish dialects, which are essentially closer to the Karelian language than to the language of the Suomi Finns. It was these groups that in the 17th century formed the basis of the Finns who moved to the lands of Ingermanland (mainly the modern Leningrad region) that moved to the lands of Ingria (mainly the modern Leningrad region) through the Stolbovo world, who by the end of the 17th century there were already more than 30 thousand people in this territory (more than half the population of the region). Ingrian Finns, who called themselves yyrьmbiset (plural; probably from f. ырьs “steep bank; slope”) and savakot (plural; from Savo - see above), were the largest national minority at the beginning of the 20th century on the territory of the modern Leningrad region (about 125 thousand people) and lived not only in rural areas, but also in St. Petersburg, where a Finnish newspaper was founded back in 1870. Schools taught in Finnish, published literature, and from 1899 to 1918 All-Ingrian song festivals were regularly held. In the first decades Soviet power The national and cultural development of Ingrian Finns continued successfully: the number of Finnish schools grew, in several village councils of the region office work was translated into Finnish, and a Finnish book publishing house was created. However, in the mid-1930s, relations between Finland and Soviet Union began to rapidly deteriorate, and this most sadly affected the fate of Finns in Russia: about 50 thousand people were subjected to forcible deportation from their homeland, since 1937 all Finnish printed publications, teaching in Finnish, and the activities of national cultural organizations were completely banned. During the war, more than 50 thousand Ingrian people were deported to Finland, then returned to the USSR, but they were forbidden to settle in their native places. Finns from the territory of the Leningrad region and from besieged Leningrad were almost completely taken to Siberia, and only in 1956 Finns were again allowed to settle in the Leningrad region. The 2002 census recorded 4 thousand Finns in St. Petersburg, and another approx. in the Leningrad region. 8 thousand. In addition to the Baltic-Finnish tribes, settlers from Scandinavia (ancient Germans - ancient Scandinavians - Swedes), who settled on the coast of western, southwestern and southern Finland since the end of the Bronze Age, played a significant role in the formation of the Finns. Their influx into Finland has increased significantly since around the 3rd century AD. - from this time on, the population of Varsinais Suomi finds itself drawn into a single sphere of trade relations with Scandinavia, in contrast to the more eastern regions, where old ties with Eastern Europe. As a result of the mixing of the Baltic-Finnish and Scandinavian populations in the Middle Ages, a group of Kvens (Russian Kayans, Finnish kainuu, Norwegian kv?n) was formed, settling along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia to the north. The name Kvens is recorded in Old Norse (Kv?nir) and Old English (Cwenas) sources starting from the 9th century, and designated the mixed Finnish-Scandinavian population of the coast of Bothnia (cf. later Russian (Pomeranian) Kayans 'Norwegians'). Around the turn of I and II millennium AD Baltic-Finnish tribes occupied only the west, southwest and south modern Finland, and central Finland and the lake districts, not to mention the north of the country, were inhabited by the Sami, as evidenced by toponymy, archeology, folklore and historical sources . The Baltic-Finnish population turned out to be back in the 1st millennium AD. drawn into the circle of trade relations between the Baltic and, more broadly, Europe as a whole, and was particularly active in the northern direction. In the first centuries of the 2nd millennium AD. The ancestors of the Finns begin expansion into the Sami lands, which was initially of a trading nature. In the 16th-17th centuries, the process of agricultural colonization of the Sami lands of the lake region (central Finland) by Finnish peasants (mainly Savosians) was actively underway, who carried out massive forest burning, thereby eliminating the ecological basis for preserving the Sami hunting and fishing industry here. This led to the gradual displacement of the Sami population further and further north or to its assimilation by the Finns. The advance of the Finnish-Sami border to the north continued throughout the 17th-19th centuries, until almost the entire territory of modern Finland, except for a small Sami enclave in the far north near Lake. Inari and R. Utsjoki did not become Finnish. However, the advance of Finnish groups practicing slash-and-burn agriculture in search of new lands to clear to the north did not stop there: they penetrated into the territories of northern Sweden and especially Norway, where they received the name Forest Finns. After the official prohibition of slash-and-burn agriculture in Sweden in the middle of the 19th century and the implementation of an active state assimilation policy, the “Forest Finns” switched to the Swedish and Norwegian languages by the middle of the 20th century. An important factor that contributed to the consolidation of the Finnish people within the borders of modern Finland was the inclusion of territory into the Swedish state and the conversion of the population to Christianity, which occurred in the second half of the 12th - first half of the 13th century as a result of several crusades associated with the founding of a new diocese on the territory of Finland. During the struggle between Sweden and Novgorod, by the middle of the 14th century, the border of their possessions was established, close to the modern border of Russia and Finland, and the Baltic-Finnish tribes were divided politically and religiously: their western part was subordinated to Sweden (Duchy of Finland from 1284 . to 1563, when the status of the duchy was temporarily abolished after the victory of the Swedish king Gustav Vasa over his rebellious son, Duke of Finland Johan) and converted to Catholicism (during the era of the Reformation, associated in Finland primarily with the activities of the enlightener Michael Agricola in the 16th century, replaced by Lutheranism), and the eastern one was subordinated to Novgorod and converted to Orthodoxy. This circumstance led mainly to the consolidation of the Finnish people in the west and the Karelian people in the east and the establishment of a border between them. Already under the conditions of Swedish domination, enlightenment and upsurge began national identity Finns. In the middle of the 16th century, the already mentioned Mikael Agricola published the first books in Finnish. In 1581, Finland again received the status of a Grand Duchy within the Kingdom of Sweden. After the Russian-Swedish war of 1808–1809. Finland joined Russian Empire on the rights of an autonomous Grand Duchy, later - a Grand Duchy (the conditions for Finland's entry into the Empire were approved by a meeting of representatives of the country's estates - the Borgo Diet in 1809; since 1863, the Diet - the Parliament of Finland - has been in operation again). To consolidate its position in the new lands and combat Swedish influence, the Russian government used the Finnish factor - it granted autonomy rights unprecedented in breadth (since 1863, the equality of the Swedish and Finnish languages in the territory of the Grand Duchy was officially announced, since 1866, education in schools was introduced in Finnish), annexed to the lands of the Grand Duchy the lands that at that time were part of Russia, and not Sweden (Vyborg region). All this created objectively favorable conditions for the national development of the Finnish people. The most significant, fateful for the Finnish cultural history An event in this regard was the transfer of the university from Abo (Turku) to Helsingfors (Helsinki) in 1827. Being under the personal patronage of Emperor Alexander I, the University of Helsingfors was the only university in the Empire that received for its library a control copy of every publication printed in Russia, and became the center Finnish culture and science. All this ensured a sharp rise in the national movement, in which, in addition to politicians, an outstanding role was played by scientists: the collector of Karelian-Finnish epic songs and the creator of “Kalevala” Elias Lönnrot, academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences Antti Johan Sjögren, traveler, linguist and ethnologist Matthias Aleksanteri Castren and others. In the first half of the 19th century, the modern Finnish literary language was formed. Naturally, the national revival of the Finns led to an increase in Russophobic sentiments in society, and the attempts of the government of Nicholas II to smooth out the disproportion between the freedoms enjoyed by the Grand Duchy and the status of other regions of the empire only added fuel to the fire. The growing national movement achieved its main goal during the revolution of 1917: in July the Finnish Diet adopted the “Law on Power”, declaring itself the bearer of supreme power, in December the newly elected parliament adopted the Declaration of Independence, and the Republic of Finland was recognized by Soviet Russia.
