DOSTOEVSKY Fyodor

If there is no God and immortality of the soul, then there can be no love for humanity. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you take everything that is foreign to your heart so much and if you sympathize with everything so much, then really, there is something to be happy about. the most unfortunate person. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Poor people"

If you yourself sin and are grieved even to the point of death about your sins or about your sudden sin, then rejoice for another, rejoice for the righteous, rejoice in the fact that even if you sinned, then he is righteous and has not sinned. - Fedor Dostoevsky"The Brothers Karamazov"

If such a feeling of “thirst for fame” becomes the main and only motive of an artist, then this artist is no longer an artist, because he has already lost the main artistic instinct, that is, love for art, solely because it is art, and nothing else, not fame. . - Fedor Dostoevsky"Netochka Nezvanova"

If what we consider sacred is shameful and vicious, then we will not escape punishment from nature itself: what is shameful and vicious carries death within itself and, sooner or later, will execute itself on its own. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you set off towards your goal and start stopping along the way to throw stones at every dog ​​that barks at you, you will never reach your goal. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If the belief in immortality is so necessary for human existence, then, therefore, it is the normal state of humanity, and if so, then the immortality of the human soul itself undoubtedly exists. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you want to regenerate humanity, give it land. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you want to examine a person and know his soul, then delve not into how he is silent, or how he speaks, or how he cries, or how he is excited by the noblest ideas, but look at him better when he laughs. A person laughs well means he is a good person. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you want, a person must be deeply unhappy, because then he will be happy. If he is constantly happy, he will immediately become deeply unhappy. - Fedor Dostoevsky

If you want to conquer the whole world, conquer yourself. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

If a person is educated, then he has received moral development and, if possible, a correct concept of evil and good. Consequently, he, so to speak, is morally armed against evil with his education, and consequently, he has the means to repel evil. – Fedor Dostoevsky

If there is something that protects society even in our time and even corrects the criminal himself and regenerates him into another person, then this, again, is the only law of Christ, which is reflected in the consciousness of one’s own conscience. Only by realizing his guilt as a son of Christ’s society, that is, the church, does he recognize his guilt before society itself, that is, before the church. Thus, it is only before the church that a modern criminal is able to admit his guilt, and not so much before the state. - Fedor Dostoevsky"The Brothers Karamazov"

If I see where the grain or the idea of ​​the future is, it’s here, in Russia. Why is that? But because we have and still have survived among the people one principle, and that is that the earth is everything to them, and that they derive everything from the earth and from the earth, and this is even in the vast majority. But the main thing is that this is a normal human law. There is something sacramental in the earth, in the soil. If you want to regenerate humanity for the better, to make people almost like animals, then give them land - and you will achieve your goal. At least our land and community are in the worst shape, I agree, but still a huge seed for a future idea, and that’s the point. In my opinion, order is in the earth and from the earth, and this is everywhere, throughout all of humanity. The whole order in every country - political, civil, everything - is always connected with the soil and with the nature of land ownership in the country. The nature of land ownership was the same as the nature of everything else. If there is anything in Russia that is most disordered, it is in the ownership of land, in the relations of owners to workers and among themselves, in the very nature of cultivation of the land. And until all this is settled, do not expect a firm arrangement in everything else. – Fedor Dostoevsky

There is a God, there is! – Fedor Dostoevsky

There are things in the memories of every person that he reveals not to everyone, but perhaps only to his friends. There are also those that he will not reveal to his friends, except to himself, and even then in secret. But, finally, there are those that a person is afraid to reveal even to himself, and every decent person will accumulate quite a few such things. That is, even this: the more decent a person he is, the more he has them. At least, I myself only recently decided to remember my other previous adventures, and until now I have always avoided them, even with some anxiety. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Notes from the Underground"

There is, in extreme cases, that degree of final cynical frankness when nervous man, irritated and infuriated, is no longer afraid of anything and is ready for any scandal, even glad of it; rushes at people, having at the same time a vague but firm goal of certainly flying from the bell tower a minute later and at the same time resolving all bewilderments, if any. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Idiot"

There are things that not only cannot be talked about intelligently, but which it is also unwise to begin to talk about. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

There is the main thing, and there is the most important thing. - Fedor Dostoevsky

There are strange friendships: both friends almost want to eat each other, they live like this all their lives, and yet they cannot part. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

There are women who are definitely sisters of mercy in life. You don’t have to hide anything in front of them, at least nothing that is sick and wounded in your soul. Whoever suffers, go to them boldly and with hope and do not be afraid to be a burden, because few of us know how infinitely patient love, compassion and forgiveness can be in another woman's heart. Entire treasures of sympathy, consolation, hope are stored in these pure hearts, which are also often wounded, because a heart that loves a lot, saddens a lot, but where the wound is carefully closed from a prying glance, because deep grief is most often silent and hidden. Neither the depth of the wound, nor its pus, nor its stench will frighten them; whoever approaches them is worthy of them; Yes, however, they seem to be born for heroism... - Fedor Dostoevsky

Eat historical events, carrying everything along with it and from which you cannot get rid of either by will or cunning, just as you cannot prevent the sea tide from stopping and returning back. - Fedor Dostoevsky

There are people like tigers, eager to lick blood. Who has once experienced this power, this boundless dominion over the body, blood and spirit of a man like himself, a man created in the same way, a brother according to the law of Christ; who experienced power and full opportunity to humiliate with the highest humiliation another being who bears the image of God, he involuntarily somehow becomes no longer in control of his feelings. Tyranny is a habit; it is gifted with development, it finally develops into a disease. I stand by what is most best person can become coarse and dull from habit to the point of being a beast. Blood and power intoxicate: they develop coarseness and depravity; The most abnormal phenomena become accessible to the mind and feeling and, finally, sweet. Man and citizen perish forever under the tyrant, and a return to human dignity, to repentance, to rebirth becomes almost impossible for him. Moreover, the example and the possibility of such self-will have a contagious effect on the entire society: such power is seductive. A society that looks at such a phenomenon with indifference is already infected at its core. In a word, the right of corporal punishment given to one over another is one of the ulcers of society, it is one of the most powerful means for destroying in it every embryo, every attempt at citizenship and full reason to its inevitable and irresistible decomposition. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Notes from the House of the Dead"

There are people about whom it is difficult to say anything that would present them at once and entirely, in their most typical and characteristic form; These are the people who are usually called “ordinary” people, “the majority”, and who really constitute the vast majority of any society. Ordinary people are constantly and for the most part a necessary link in the connection of everyday events; the very essence of some ordinary persons lies precisely in their ever-present and unchanging ordinariness, which never wants to remain what it is, and at all costs wants to become original and independent, without having the slightest means of independence. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Idiot"

There are people for whom clean underwear is even indecent. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

There are people whom for some reason it’s nice to see next to you in difficult times. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Idiot"

There are small children and big children. Everything is “child”. - Fedor Dostoevsky"The Brothers Karamazov"

There are moments in which you experience much more with your consciousness than in entire years. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Netochka Nezvanova"

There are minutes, you get to minutes, and time suddenly stops and will be forever. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

There are moments when people love crime. - Fedor Dostoevsky"The Brothers Karamazov"

There are times when the fairest man cannot be impartial. – Fedor Dostoevsky

There are natures so beautiful by nature, so rewarded by God, that even the thought that they could someday change for the worse will seem impossible to you. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Notes from the House of the Dead"

There are misfortunes that carry punishment in themselves. - Fedor Dostoevsky

There are seconds, five or six of them come at a time, and suddenly you feel a presence eternal harmony, completely achieved. This is not earthly; I’m not talking about the fact that it is heavenly, but about the fact that a person in earthly form cannot bear. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Demons"

There is such a secret of nature, its law, according to which you can speak perfectly only the language with which you were born, that is, which the people to whom you belong speak. - Fedor Dostoevsky

There are some natures for whom quite strange things happen when they are especially happy and happy. The grimaces of a drunken man, a man who has tripped and fallen on the street, an argument between two women, and so on and so forth on this topic sometimes produce in some people the most good-natured delight, no one knows why. - Fedor Dostoevsky"The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants"

There are crimes that always and everywhere, according to all kinds of laws, have been considered indisputable crimes since the beginning of the world and will be considered such as long as a person remains a person. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Notes from the House of the Dead"

There are characters who really like to consider themselves offended and oppressed, complain about it out loud, or console themselves in secret, worshiping their unrecognized greatness. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Netochka Nezvanova"

There is such a limit of shame in the consciousness of one’s own insignificance and weakness, beyond which a person can no longer go and from which he begins to feel enormous pleasure in his very shame. - Fedor Dostoevsky"Idiot"

There are three kinds of scoundrels in the world: naive scoundrels, that is, convinced that their meanness is the highest nobility, scoundrels who are ashamed of their own meanness with the inevitable intention of finishing it, and, finally, simply scoundrels, purebred scoundrels. – Fedor Dostoevsky

There are women who are definitely sisters of mercy in life. You don’t have to hide anything in front of them, at least nothing that is sick and wounded in your soul. Whoever is suffering, go to them boldly and with hope and do not be afraid to be a burden, because few of us know how infinitely patient love, compassion and forgiveness can be in another woman’s heart. Whole treasures of sympathy, consolation, hope are stored in these pure hearts, so often also wounded, because a heart that loves a lot, saddens a lot, but where the wound is carefully closed from a curious look, because deep grief is most often silent and hidden. Neither the depth of the wound, nor its pus, nor its stench will frighten them: whoever approaches them is worthy of them; Yes, however, they seem to be born for heroism... F.M. Dostoevsky "Little Hero". “Stavropol maiden”, “heroine of duty”, “a woman without fear and doubt” - these were the words used by contemporaries to describe the young sister of mercy Rimma Ivanova, the only woman in the history of Russia - a holder of the Order of St. George who did not have an officer rank. Rimma Mikhailovna Ivanova was born on June 15 1894 in Stavropol in the family of the treasurer of the spiritual consistory. After graduating from the Olga girls' gymnasium, she became a teacher at the zemstvo school in the village of Petrovskoye. The young teacher dreamed of continuing her education, but these plans were not destined to come true - in 1914, the war with Germany began. Without hesitation, in the very first days of the war, Rimma enrolled in short-term training courses for nurses, after which she was sent to the diocesan infirmary. But the longer Rimma worked in the hospital and the more she listened to stories about the hardships of life at the front and the suffering of the wounded on the front line, the stronger her desire to be with the active army became. And in January 1915, despite the protests of her parents, Rimma voluntarily went to the front, to the 83rd Samur Infantry Regiment, which was stationed in Stavropol before the war. She flatly refused to stay at the regimental infirmary and, having cut her hair short, went to the front line under the name of orderly Ivan Ivanov. When the secret of the young volunteer was revealed, Rimma continued to serve under her real name. The brave sister of mercy rushed into the thick of the battle, where she was so needed by the wounded warriors. She soon became the regiment's favorite. The grateful soldiers and officers, surrounded by her care, could not praise her enough. The valor and courage of Rimma Ivanova in rescuing the wounded were awarded two awards St. George medals and the soldier's St. George's Cross. The regiment commander noted: “Tirelessly, tirelessly, she worked at the most advanced dressing stations, always being under destructive... enemy fire, and, without a doubt, she was driven by one ardent desire - to come to the aid of the wounded defenders of the Tsar and the Motherland. The prayers of many wounded are rushing for her health to her. The parents, who missed their daughter, persuaded Rimma to return home and take a break from the horrors of the war. Yielding to persistent requests, in the summer of 1915 she took a vacation and came to Stavropol. But the attempts of her relatives to keep her were unsuccessful - a month later, Rimma went to the front again, placing herself at the disposal of the 105th Orenburg Infantry Regiment under the command of her brother, the regimental doctor Vladimir Ivanov. Not wanting to “sit out” in the rear, ardent girl asked to be sent as a paramedic to the 10th company, which was fighting at that time on the front line near the village of Mokraya Dubrova, Grodno province. On September 9/22, fierce fighting began in the area where the 10th company’s positions were located. A barrage of artillery fire fell on the forward positions of the regiment. The girl barely had time to bandage the wounded. As the corps commander, General Mishchenko, noted, the sister, despite the persuasion of the regimental doctor, officers and soldiers, continued to fulfill her duty on the front line. The enemy pressed forward and came almost close to the Russian trenches. The company's strength was running out. Both officers were killed. Some soldiers, unable to withstand the enemy's onslaught, succumbed to panic. Then Rimma jumped out of the trench and shouted “Soldiers, follow me!” rushed forward. Everyone who was still able to hold a weapon in their hands rushed after the brave sister of mercy. Having thrown back the enemy, Russian soldiers burst into the enemy trenches. But the joy of a successful counterattack was overshadowed - a German bullet seriously wounded Rimma, who was in the first chains. The heroine died the glorious death of the brave on the front line of the 105th regiment, mourned by soldiers and officers. She was only 21 years old... On the initiative of the regiment personnel, a petition was sent to Emperor Nicholas II to award Rimma Ivanova the Order of St. George, 4th degree. The tsar found himself in a difficult position - it was a purely military order, which was awarded exclusively to officers. Only one woman in Russia had previously been awarded the Military Order - its founder, Catherine II. However, the Emperor decided to make an exception. Despite the fact that Rimma Ivanova not only was not an officer, was not a noblewoman, but had no military rank, The Tsar signed personal decree about the award. Thus, Rimma Ivanova became the first and only Russian subject to be awarded the Order of St. George for 150 years of its existence. Rimma Ivanova was buried in her native Stavropol, in the fence of St. Andrew's Church, giving her military honors. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich sent a silver wreath intertwined with the St. George ribbon to Rimma’s grave. And Archpriest Simeon Nikolsky, addressing the townspeople, said: “...The sister of mercy became the leader of the army, accomplished the feat of a hero... Our city, the city of Stavropol! What glory have you been awarded! France had the Maid of Orleans - Joan of Arc. Russia has the Maid of Stavropol - Rimma Ivanova. And her name will henceforth live forever in the kingdoms of the world...” Rimma herself last letter I left the following behest to my relatives: “My dear ones! If you love me, then try to make my wish come true: pray to God, pray for Russia and humanity.” Soon a song was composed about the heroine, a waltz dedicated to her was written, and local authorities established scholarships in her name. A monument was erected in Vyazma - a stele to the heroes of the war, on one of the sides of which the name of Rimma Ivanova was written in gold. The public began collecting funds for the installation of a monument to the heroine in Stavropol, but the revolution and Civil War prevented the implementation of this plan. Heroes Great War, nicknamed “imperialist”, were not needed by the new government. The name of sister of mercy Rimma Ivanova, who carried about six hundred wounded Russian soldiers from under fire, has been forgotten. Her burial place was razed to the ground, and only today a modest tombstone has been installed in the fence of St. Andrew's Cathedral at the supposed place of her burial. A memorial plaque appeared on the building of the former Olga gymnasium, and the Stavropol diocese and the local medical college established the Rimma Ivanova Prize “For Sacrifice and Mercy.” Prepared by Andrey Ivanov, Doctor of Historical Sciences

The joy of serving others - these are the emotions that sisters of mercy experience.

“Every day, day and night, one could find her in the operating room, assisting during operations, while bombs and missiles were falling all around. She showed a presence of mind that was barely compatible with female nature,” surgeon Nikolai Pirogov wrote about Bakunina. A forty-year-old socialite, despite to the protests of the family, with the sisters of the Holy Cross community, she went to the front to defend Sevastopol. This is how the nursing profession was born. But ten years before that, the first Holy Trinity community of sisters of mercy in Russia was founded by the Grand Duchesses Maria Nikolaevna, Alexandra Nikolaevna and Princess Theresa of Oldenburg. .

Anna Volkovich, head of the exhibition department of the Military Medical Museum: "How the community was organized sisters of mercy - it was a dormitory where unmarried women were accepted from 18 to 40 years, maidens or widows, why not married, because in customary law a girl was controlled by her father before marriage, by her husband after marriage, she did not have her own property, she could not get her own passport. This was the only way of life for women who wanted to benefit not only their family, but also others."

Since the 20s, the word “mercy” has been withdrawn from circulation, and communities have been disbanded. The revival of sisters of mercy in Russia began in the 90s, when the first (in the post-Soviet period) churches began to open. Now there are 5 sister communities in St. Petersburg. The best nurses are awarded the Ekaterina Bakunina medal. For those who want to care for the sick and provide them with spiritual support, there is a school of nurses opened at the hospice in Lakhta. Here the sisterhood was revived for the first time.

Ksenia Gromakova, head sister of the Sisterhood of Charity of St. Martyr Tatiana: " If a newcomer comes and expresses a desire to serve in the sisterhood, we ask if there is a blessing from the confessor. There are those who cannot be blessed, either their husband does not have the strength, or their pride comes to satisfy, if everything works out - at the workplace the sister receives the first skills in serving in this direction. If there is medical care, then to the Red Cross sector. At the workplace, she is taught how to talk and how to perform her duties. And in the social cross. And in blue there are children."

Diocesan Charitable Hospital of Xenia the Blessed is a nursing hospital. Here, elderly people who have suffered a stroke or after serious injuries undergo rehabilitation. 90 percent of them are bedridden patients. Sisters of mercy are especially needed here.

Galina Pivovarova, regional director public organization“Sisters of Charity “White Doves”: "Care is special and takes care of state of mind. Approach - how to approach Christ. Christ said what do you do to your neighbor, they did it to me. And so they approach everyone with love.”

There are sisters of mercy who come to serve in their free time. Lyudmila Ishchenko is a liberated sister. For the 6th year now he has been devoting all his time to caring for the patients of the Ksenia Blessed Hospital. The difficulties of caring for bedridden elderly people do not frighten her. “I worked with metal for 40 years at a factory in a forging press shop, and in retirement I want to serve people,” explains Lyudmila.

Lyudmila Ishchenko, sister of mercy: “They lack communication with relatives. Now there are more people We have time to feed and wash, but there is not much time for personal communication. And you want to stroke everyone, sometimes cross them at night, say good words especially before bedtime. If a person comes to them self-possessed and calm, then the patients are the same - they feel it like children. That's why we had one nurse - Valya Kolesova, she said, " our babies." Because (old people) must be treated like little children, otherwise it won’t work. Gives us spiritual strength you put them to bed and ask the Lord that everyone survive until the morning, and so that their illnesses may go away a little. It gives us spiritual strength."

Anna Sergeevna is the oldest patient in the hospital. She is 96 years old and has stopped walking after two hip fractures. Relatives work and cannot provide constant care; in the hospital, nurses make life easier not only with care, but also with human sympathy.

Anna Kvitko: “I’m already 100 years old, I’ve never seen such a hospital before, it’s my first time, the care is very good. I am very grateful, very grateful, no one offends me. Both legs can't walk anymore didn't start walking. My husband is disabled there was a war, without both hands, I looked after him."

Sooner or later, almost everyone has to feel like a sister of mercy, because loved ones get old, Yulia assures. A student at a medical-technical college dreams of working in an ambulance. I did my internship at the hospital. And now, as a sister of mercy, she comes here on weekends. If you feel joy from serving people, then shining a light on others is your destiny.

Anastasia Tamilo, Ekaterina Gorbacheva, Anton Golubev, Valentina Govorushkina and Vladimir Pivnev, Channel One-St. Petersburg.

One of the integral components military history Fatherland is the participation of Russian women in wars. The Russians left their noticeable mark on them. Unfortunately this important aspect our history has not yet received due attention. The service of women in the active Russian army has aroused the interest of researchers before. However, these were small works that covered a narrow topic: the service of nurses in military hospitals and on the battlefield; Works dedicated to individuals were published. It should be noted that the study of new archival and literary sources gives grounds to assert that in various historical eras During wars, women took an active part in the active army. If we take a retrospective look into the depths of centuries, then we will see bright, strong, brave natures who fought on the battlefield for Holy Rus'. The epic lines brought to us the mighty prowess of the woodpiles, who not only guarded the borders of the Fatherland, but also entered into fights with male heroes, deftly rode horses, shot accurately from a bow, and wielded a sword superbly. Historically existing extraordinary personality– Russian princess Olga, perhaps, still has no rivals among the extraordinary women with whom Russia is rich. She led her well-armed squad against rebellious neighbors and conquered their lands; Possessing a shrewd state mind, she wisely ruled the principality. The mighty and influential Byzantium sought her favor, and the princes respected and feared her.

IN greatest battle on the Kulikovo field in 1380, in men's clothes, the Russian princesses Daria Andreevna Rostovskaya, Feodora Ivanovna Pubzholskaya, the daughter of the governor Fili Thekla, fought with the Horde. Undoubtedly, there were other women, both from privileged classes and commoners, but information about this, unfortunately, has not reached us.

It was not allowed by the way of life, traditions, views on the position of a woman in society to hold a weapon in her hands, although the rank of colonel of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment was held “according to the state” by all independently ruling Russian empresses - Catherine I, Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, Catherine II. And whoever was not entitled to “according to the state”, during periods of military danger, under male name, in a man's suit, with their exploits they increased the honor of the uniform and the glory of Russian weapons. In 1807, Alexandra Tikhomirova (known under the name Alexander Tikhomirov), who served in the army for about 15 years, died. Only after her death did her colleagues learn from her confessor that the brave guards captain was a woman. Tatyana Markina, under the surname Kurtochkin, a Cossack from the village of Nagaevskaya, rose from private to the rank of captain, who amazed Catherine II when it became known that the captain “ female" The name of staff captain Nadezhda Andreevna Durova is well known. She received her baptism of fire in 1807 at the battle of Gutstadt, and took part in the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland. For her bravery and courage, Emperor Alexander I awarded her the insignia of a military order, allowing her, as a special favor for military merit and courage, to remain in the army under the name Alexandrov. Durova participated in Patriotic War 1812 Served as an orderly for Kutuzov. She took part in the battles near Smolensk and in the Battle of Borodino. Here she was shell-shocked, after recovery she returned to the active army and again distinguished herself in many battles. In 1816 she retired, she, like all officers, was awarded a pension. In the Patriotic War of 1812, many women took part in the popular partisan movement. Some detachments were led by women: elder Vasilisa Kozhina, peasant Anfisa, Praskovya the lacemaker, who led a detachment of 60 people (mostly women), the French placed a large reward on her head. The “women’s teams” caused a lot of harm to the enemy; once they repulsed a detachment of Russian prisoners, among whom was a wounded colonel. The fearlessness of these women, their valor in defending the Fatherland from invaders, was rewarded with an award - a silver medal in memory of the Patriotic War.

Panorama “Defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855” Dasha Sevastopolskaya

A study of the tradition of women's participation in the military history of Russia shows that it was especially active in the field of medicine. The documented use of female labor in Russian military hospitals begins with the reforms of Peter I. In the military regulations of 1716, Chapter 34 “On the field hospital” or hospital states that “... it is always necessary to be with ten sick people to serve one healthy soldier and several women who have to serve these sick people and wash their clothes...” After Peter I, there was some lull in the recruitment of women for military needs. And only starting from Crimean War 1853-1856 a woman, like a sister of mercy, does not leave the battlefield, including the last world war. For the first time in world history, 120 sisters of mercy of the Holy Cross community arrived in the Crimean Company at the theater of military operations in Crimea in November 1854 (17 sisters died in the line of duty, 4 were injured). The initiator of the use of female care for the sick and wounded in war was the outstanding military surgeon N. I. Pirogov. The sisters were well prepared in professionally and distinguished themselves by exceptional conscientiousness in their work. They mostly came from high circles and the intelligentsia. Among them: E. Khitrova, E. Bakunina, M. Kutuzova, V. Shchedrin and many others. The sisters of mercy worked steadfastly under bullets and cannonballs with a huge number of wounded and sick. It is impossible not to mention the name of the Russian woman who is considered the first sister of mercy - Dasha Sevastopolskaya (Daria Lavrentievna Mikhailova). She proved herself in the Battle of Alma, setting up a dressing station in the ravine. Throughout the 11 months of the siege, this 16-year-old girl worked without straightening her back in hospitals, at dressing stations, enduring all the horrors of war along with the city’s defenders. She was awarded by the Emperor with a monetary allowance and a silver medal, and the Empress sent her a gold cross with the inscription “Sevastopol”.

At the official level, the right of women to participate in war to care for the wounded was recognized during Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 For the first time in the history of Russia, women doctors who received medical education abroad worked in various medical institutions in both theaters of military operations - the Balkan and the Caucasus; 40 graduates and 12 final year students of the St. Petersburg Women's Medical Courses were seconded, who worked as doctors and paramedics; as well as nurses trained both in communities and through the Red Cross. The female students were sent to military temporary hospitals and infirmaries, they worked under the guidance of Professor N.V. Sklifosovsky. Women operated on the same basis as male doctors. All participants in the war were awarded medals established in memory of this war. 6 nurses who provided assistance to the wounded on the battlefield were awarded a special silver medal “For Bravery”: Boye, Dukhonina, Olkhina, Polozova, Engelhardt, Yukhantseva. Women doctors who participated in this war were awarded the medal “For Diligence.”

From the field of medicine, let us return again to the service of women in the active army. The first regular female military formation in Russia was the Volunteer Shock Battalion of Death under the command of Maria Leontyevna Bochkareva. This happened during the First World War. A peasant by birth, she voluntarily went to the front in 1914. Despite the harsh discipline, Bochkareva enjoyed unquestioned authority among her “soldiers,” as she lovingly called the battalion fighters. She was distinguished by her courage, more than once raising soldiers into a bayonet attack, for which she was awarded two St. George's crosses and two medals.

As for World War II, the undisputed leader in terms of the scale of female participation was the Soviet Union. Women

Anelya Tadeushevna Kzhivon (1925 - 1943).

replaced the men who went to the front in production and made up the overwhelming majority of the medical staff of military hospitals. They performed auxiliary work in the active army, were part of partisan detachments and, finally, fought on an equal basis with men on the front line. The Red Army was the first European army twentieth century, which included separate female combat units on a regular basis. Official Russian historiography suggests that the total number of women involved in fighting on the USSR side is 800,000 people.

Colossal losses of Soviet troops in initial stage The wars led to the fact that in 1942 the USSR carried out a mass mobilization of women to serve in the active army and in rear units. Only on the basis of three orders of the People's Commissar of Defense Joseph Stalin dated April and October 1942, relatively recently declassified and published in Russia, 120,000 women were subject to mobilization and deployment to the signal forces, air force and air defense. On the mobilization of the Komsomol Central Committee for military service About 500,000 girls were drafted, 70% of whom served in the active army. Women were supposed to replace Red Army soldiers sent to the front in auxiliary services and perform the work of signalmen, armed forces, car and tractor drivers, telephone operators, intelligence officers, machine gunners, gun crew numbers, storekeepers, librarians, and cooks.

Assessing the military feat of Soviet women, who went through the entire battle path together with male soldiers, Marshal Soviet Union A. I. Eremenko wrote: “There is hardly a single military specialty that our brave women did not cope with as well as their brothers, husbands and fathers.”

The first of the women Heroes of the Soviet Union during the war years was 18-year-old partisan Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Highest degree she was awarded the distinction by decree of February 16, 1942 (posthumously). And in total, for their exploits during the Great Patriotic War, 90 women became Heroes of the Soviet Union, more than half of them were awarded the title posthumously.
Sad statistics: out of 27 partisans and underground women, 22 were awarded posthumously, out of 16 representatives ground forces– 13 posthumously.

It should be noted that 30 people found awards after the war. Thus, by decree of May 15, 1946, six pilots of the 46th Guards Taman Aviation Regiment received the “Golden Stars” of Heroes, and on the 20th anniversary of the Victory, 14 women were awarded at once, although 12 of them were posthumous.
The only foreigner among the Heroes is a rifleman of a company of machine gunners of the 1st Polish Infantry Division

them. T. Kosciuszko Anela Krzywoń - died on October 12, 1943, saving wounded soldiers. On November 11, 1943, she was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Last time in the history of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to women on May 5, 1990. The “Gold Star” was awarded to Ekaterina Demina (Mikhailova), a medical instructor of the 369th separate battalion of the Marine Corps. Two pilots, Ekaterina Zelenko and Lydia Litvyak, became heroes (posthumously). On September 12, 1941, Senior Lieutenant Zelenko rammed a German Me-109 fighter in her Su-2 bomber. Zelenko died after destroying an enemy plane. It was the only ram in aviation history performed by a woman. Junior Lieutenant Litvyak is the most successful female fighter who personally shot down 11 enemy aircraft and died in air combat on August 1, 1943.

In the military history of the Fatherland, Women of Russia were active participants in the struggle for its freedom and independence. They mastered any “male” military specialty. As he wrote in “ Sevastopol stories» L.N. Tolstoy, “Because of the reward, because of the name, because of the threat, people cannot accept all the horrors of war. There must be another, high motivating reason. And there is this reason – love for the Motherland.”

In our time of peace, women continue the military work begun by their compatriots in past times, many girls devote their lives to serving the Fatherland. In some military universities, they are trained as cadets along with boys. In particular, at the Military University of the Ministry of Defense at the faculty foreign languages and foreign military information, girls study in the specialty “translation and translation studies” - future military translators, while they are a model, both in study and service, not inferior to boys. These are: Sergeant Major D.V. Tumartsova, Senior Sergeant N.A. Moroz, Sergeant E.V. Lupanova, Sergeant A.V. Gerasimova, cadets E.M. Konyakhina, E.A. Tarasova, E.V. Gusev and many others. Today in the ranks of the Armed Forces Russian Federation among female officers there are generals, colonels, lieutenant colonels, majors, captains, senior lieutenants and lieutenants. The tradition of Russian women serving their Fatherland continues.

Congratulations to all women of Russia on the coming of spring and the upcoming wonderful holiday - International Women's Day!

Community Morpolita and Gabriel Tsobehia

Literature:

1. Mordovtsev D.L. Russian historical women. St. Petersburg, 1872.
2. Shashkov S.S. The story of a Russian woman. St. Petersburg, 1879.
3. Zorin A.E. Women are heroin addicts in 1812. M., 1912.
4. Shchebkina E. From the history of female personality in Russia. St. Petersburg, 1914.
5. Durova N.A. Cavalry maiden St. Petersburg, 1887.
6. Pirogov N.I. Historical overview of the actions of the Holy Cross community of sisters in hospitals in Crimea and Kherson province. St. Petersburg, 1876.
7. Military medical report for the war with Turkey 1877-1878. St. Petersburg, 1884.
8. Ivanova Yu.N. The bravest of the beautiful: Women of Russia in wars. M., 2002.
9. Murmantseva V.S. Soviet women in the Great Patriotic War. M., 1974.

IN Lately I often hear different opinions about a woman’s vocation, and, to be honest, I sometimes ask myself this question: what is my purpose in this life? Yes, I, like many others, have a wonderful family, interesting job, beloved friends. On weekends we go to temple. However, despite the apparent fullness of life, I invariably felt a lack of something important. I came to the understanding that I not only want to invest in myself, family and profession - this is my direct responsibility, but to do something at the call of my soul, without any external motivators.

Six months ago, a very unexpected ministry appeared in my life (if someone had told me about this several years ago, I would never have believed it) - once a week I come to the palliative department, where there are people with serious, incurable diseases. Just one hour next to seriously ill patients - and I leave the walls of this institution as a completely different person. I suddenly stop feeling tired, forget about momentary difficulties and understand how beautiful this life is, how multifaceted and fulfilling it is. I find myself waiting for each new meeting with those who are already on the verge of death, and who have such a thirst for life.

There is such wisdom that if you feel bad, find someone who is even worse and help him. But if everything is relatively good for you, is it worth waiting for some troubles before you start giving part of your life to those who need support and attention? This is probably what guides the sisters of mercy next to whom I work for a long time, but whose motivation is sometimes hidden from prying eyes. Agree, this is not a typical situation when modern woman not only tries to become an ideal mother or housewife, but also gives part of her time, strength and energy to complete strangers.

Now there are more than 50 sisters in the Ekaterinburg Orthodox Mercy Service who serve in all social projects- from helping children to supporting the homeless. All of them are the most ordinary girls and women: students and pensioners, newly minted and mothers of many children, workaholics and housewives. They all have one thing in common - a sincere desire to help those who need care, attention and support - domestic, material, mental or spiritual.

Looking at them, you understand that a woman’s role and calling can be not only in family and work; there is another undeservedly forgotten area where a woman can realize herself - this is the path of serving her neighbors. It was service, selfless and even sacrificial, as was done at the beginning of the 20th century by Princess Elizaveta Feodorovna, the royal princesses of the Romanovs during the First World War, and the nurses during the Great Patriotic War. The ministry of a modern sister of mercy is even more diverse; each of them can find a job to her liking.

Traditionally, nursing care is indispensable in the children's sphere - walks, accompaniment during treatment in the hospital, creative and play activities. Sometimes a sister of mercy turns out to be for a lonely sick child, perhaps not a natural mother, but for some time the only close person who can share the pain and fears of her little ward. Not only children, but also parents need nursing support, for example, in the children's oncology center, where sisters help their loved ones cope with the loss of a child. Some sisters care for lonely and elderly people at home, in hospitals and boarding homes, and also serve the homeless. They serve because people who end up on the street are a special category of wards who need a special approach and a huge heart, full of love and worries.

Sometimes I feel very sad from the lack of time and the awareness of my own helplessness in the face of many important and urgent matters, and I look at the nurses - how do they manage to do everything? But, as the classic said, a person always finds time for what is truly valuable to him, what resonates in his heart. And if, in addition to satisfying her own needs and interests, fulfilling her direct work or household responsibilities, a woman finds the opportunity to take care of someone who is now in pain, difficulty and fear, I think this is worthy of respect.

It is clear that not everyone can become Mother Teresa. And it is not at all necessary to go against the system or take sick children out of the combat zone. But I am sure that many of us can do at least one good deed, in a word, with a glance, to console and support your neighbor. And this is also the true feminine purpose.