Block of arguments that are useful for Unified State Exam essays, which reflect:
Family relationship problem
The problem of misunderstanding in the family
The problem of neglecting family ties
The problem of conflict between relatives
The problem of the importance of family
Possible theses:
Family ties are the strongest, family is the highest value for a person, and he is ready to sacrifice everything for the sake of his relatives
Often people neglect their family for their own interests
V. I. Amlinsky’s novel “The Return of the Brother”
In the novel “The Return of Brother” Amlinsky demonstrates unconditional love boy to his older brother, whom he had never seen before. Ivan, who served twelve years in prison, found it difficult to get used to his new life. The guy did not live up to the expectations of little Seryozha, who was really looking forward to his brother’s return, hoping that they would become friends. But the boy did not turn away from Vanya and helped him take the right path in life.
N. V. Gogol's story “Taras Bulba”
Confirmation that the family can fade into the background for a person can be found on the pages of Gogol’s famous story “Taras Bulba”. Yes, Andriy, younger son Taras, fell in love with a Polish girl, a girl from the enemy side. The hero could not watch how the beauty who had won his heart suffered from hunger along with the Poles. But helping her meant betraying her own. Love turned out to be more important than family ties, Andriy renounced his father and older brother and went over to the side of the enemy.
For Taras Bulba, the hero of Gogol's story of the same name, camaraderie and devotion to the homeland were more important than family. The old Cossack looked down on all traitors equally, even if such a person turned out to be a close person. When Andriy, in love with a Polish girl, went over to the side of the enemy, Taras could not come to terms with it. When meeting his son, the angry father killed his own son for betrayal, and his hand did not waver at this difficult moment.
F. M. Dostoevsky novel “Crime and Punishment”
The problem of family relationships can also be seen in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. Dunyasha Raskolnikova loved her brother very much and was ready to sacrifice herself for his well-being. First, the girl got a job in the Svidrigailovs’ house to send money to Rodion, where she had to endure the landowner’s harassment. And then she decided to marry the unloved but rich Luzhin, in the hope that he would help pay for her brother’s education.
Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment describes self-sacrifice for the sake of the family. Sonya Marmeladova lived with her father, stepmother and half-brothers and sisters. The family was in dire need, the children were starving, and the father was an alcoholic. In order to somehow help her family, the believer Sonya broke the commandment “do not commit adultery” by deciding to sleep with men for money, which was a very difficult step for her. This girl's action is a shining example willingness to sacrifice oneself and abandon one's own principles for the sake of the family.
B. L. Vasiliev novel “Don’t shoot white swans”
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” one can see a disregard for family ties. When Buryanov was removed from the post of forester for exceeding his authority and his cousin Yegor Polushkin was appointed in his place, the envious man lured his relative into a trap and beat him along with his accomplices, after which main character died in hospital.
On this page we have listed the most common family related problems. All of them have a place in the content. Under each heading you will find two arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian. You can also download a table with all these examples at the end of the article.
- In the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Minor" This problem affected one of the main characters Mitrofanushka - the son of the landowners Prostakovs. To a young man already 16 years old, but he still doesn’t know what he wants from life. It cannot be said that the parents did not love the child; on the contrary, they literally smothered him with their care and guardianship. Mitrofanushka’s mother, Mrs. Prostakova, demonstrated especially similar zeal for “education.” Motherly love completely blinded the powerful woman. It seemed that she saw nothing around her except the exaggerated merits of the undergrown Mitrofan. She did everything to tie him to her forever. This is where the young man’s lack of independence, laziness and lack of education came from. The little boy had no need to bother himself, since all his problems were solved for him by his overly attentive mother. Thus, in the play by D.I. Fonvizin’s family played a huge role in Mitrofanushka’s life: blind parental love did not allow the hero to develop.
- In the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" The problem of the role of the family in the development of personality is one of the most important. The family of the old Cossack Taras Bulba had two sons - Andriy and Ostap. The image of his father became sacred for the latter. Since childhood, Ostap obediently followed everything his parent taught him. He inherited from him such character traits as perseverance and masculinity. Feelings of patriotism, duty to family and comrades were also instilled in the Cossack by his father. It's safe to say, thanks family education, respect for the traditions of his ancestors, Ostap stood up for his Motherland with dignity and endured all the pains of execution. However, excessive pressure and excess energy of Taras negatively affected the upbringing of Andriy, who fled from his home and violated all the unwritten rules of his family. He rebelled against the pressure of the head of the family and wanted to build his life differently. Thus, the same upbringing had different effects on the fate of Bulba’s sons.
The problem of fathers and children
- Main character novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov could not find mutual language with own parents. Being an adherent of new habits and morals, a man of science, not faith, Evgeny Bazarov considers the behavior of his parents inappropriate and outdated. He loves his old people, but does not want to live in the past. Also, the hero’s liberal views give rise to a conflict between him and his friend’s uncle, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Evgeniy is horrified by the fact that Kirsanov is ready to spend money on white collars and an imported suit in the village, where no one sees his efforts anyway. According to the young physician, the art dearly loved by Pavel Petrovich could not be compared with science and natural human labor. The elderly man also does not understand the guest, considering him an ill-mannered snob. Only in the finale do they come to terms with each other’s existence, recognizing the fact that the confrontation between generations is a normal phenomenon.
- The reason for the broken destinies of heroes plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" again there is a mutual misunderstanding that arose due to the difference in age, different views on the world of fathers and children. Thus, the main character of the work, Katerina, became an unloved daughter-in-law because she does not correspond to the merchant Kabanikha’s ideas about a decent person: she does not obey her mother-in-law, allows herself to speak out about anything, and is devoid of meekness and respect for elders. The confrontation between generations leads to complete chaos in the Kabanovs' house, and ultimately to Katerina's suicide. Another representative of the “elite” of the city of Kalinov and co-ruler of Kabanikha in “ dark kingdom", the merchant Dikoy hates his nephews and the whole family as a whole. It is difficult for him to accept that the younger generation has the same rights as himself, that Boris deserves respect. And boys and girls also rebel against outdated orders: Varvara deceives her mother, and in the finale she runs away from home, Tikhon blames Kabanova for the death of his wife, etc. Unfortunately, all the characters lacked kindness and understanding, otherwise they could have avoided all these negative consequences.
The problem of education
- Father of Peter Grinev - one of the main characters stories by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» - asked his son to learn a simple truth: “take care of your honor from a young age.” Thanks to his father’s instructions and exemplary upbringing, Pyotr Grinev was able to emerge victorious from challenging game called "Pugachevism". Honor and respect not only from friends, but also from opponents led Grinev, despite his misdeeds, to find happiness and success in business. Of course, the contribution of Savelich’s father and “nanny” is a very significant contribution to this victory. Peter did the right thing when he did not reject the advice of his elders, drawing conclusions from them; the hero tried to act according to his conscience in everything and with everyone.
- It’s one thing when parents’ advice benefits us, and quite another when a harmless lesson from a father suddenly turns into the cause of a son’s catastrophes. So, in poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" it talks about the fate of a once poor young man who became a prosperous and active person. As we know, Chichikov decided to organize an adventure and cash in on the mortgaged peasants, who in fact do not exist. For the sake of enrichment, he was ready for any deception, so he traveled to estates and tried with all his might to persuade the owners to sell him dead Souls. The reason for such a mad craving for money was his upbringing: even as a child, Pavel received an order from his father so that he would never forget the value of money, set material goods above all. Such words served as a catalyst for moral decline, and later, oddly enough, for the hero’s disastrous financial situation, because he left with nothing after Korobochka’s exposure.
Neglect of children towards parents
- Of course, all children love their fathers and mothers, no matter what the circumstances, but the awareness of this fact does not always come immediately, that is, at an early age, when we are still able to correct the situation while our parents are alive. In the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” the young heroine Nastya did not think at all how dear her own mother was to her. Nastya did not understand that bright colors Greater Leningrad will not be replaced by her mother's love and affection. Unfortunately, the girl realized this too late - only when her mother was dying. Death of himself loved one gave Nastya a feeling of endless guilt, because the old woman left this world alone, without saying goodbye to her daughter.
- As for the main thing hero of the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Evgeniy Bazarov, he also admitted his mistakes late, already on his deathbed. He appreciated the care of his father and mother, but considered its manifestation optional for himself. Due to his character, the educated hero commits rash actions - he pushes away his parents, who are not sacred enough to have learned conversations with him. Although, as it turned out, the young nihilist’s feelings are much closer than he himself thought. But he, rejected by the woman he loves, admits this much later, needing help and affection. He realizes how painful it is for his mother to see his indifference, how ashamed she is that she is not smart enough to please her son. Alas, this realization was late, and the hero dies with a feeling of guilt.
The focus is on the figure of Emelyan Pugachev - a rebel, a man who opposed the authorities. What prompted him to do this? Why did he not only encroach on the throne himself, but also lead the people with him? How did the people believe the impostor? Why? Under the burden of years, we can forget the historical context in which the idea of rebellion was born. People (note, not slaves, not cattle), being in serfdom from their not always humane masters (remember, for example, Skotinin from “The Minor”), were forced to obey their will, unquestioningly listening to every, even delusional, demand. The idea of a good king lived in the heart of every person. A brave, daring, desperate rebel took responsibility and decided to give people freedom, albeit short-lived, albeit ephemeral, but freedom. The degree of his courage can only be assessed by understanding the fairy tale told to Grinev. Pugachev initially knew the final outcome of the events into which he plunged his country. But he wasn’t scared, didn’t loot and disappeared. No, he went to the scaffold to prove how inhuman power can plunge a country into the horror of a merciless bloody massacre.
2. A.A. Akhmatova "Requiem"
The poem was written at a time when Stalin's repressions brought the entire country to its knees, when the author of the poem herself stood in line to be handed over to her son, who was condemned as an enemy of the people. The poem was formed from memories and living impressions:
It was when I smiled
Only dead, glad for the peace.
The lyrical heroine draws a parallel between the fate of her contemporary and her old compatriot, whose husband was executed as a Streltsy rebel
I will be like the Streltsy wives,
Howl under the Kremlin towers.
Death stars stood above us
And innocent Rus' writhed
Under bloody boots
And under the black tires there is marusa.
3. M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
The main character of the novel is the Master, a man living in the terrible time of Stalinist repressions. Having written a novel about Pontius Pilate, he touched upon the problem of human responsibility for decision. His main character in the novel The Master, the procurator of Judea, a man invested with almost unlimited power, doubts that he is right. This phenomenon is practically unacceptable for the authorities. For the era of Stalinism, a person in power has no right to doubt that his decision is fair. This means that such a work is a priori harmful. The masters are arrested. This act broke him, made him weak-willed. Thus, a person who opposed the authorities found himself outlawed and himself subjected to repression.
4. A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
The story is dedicated to the fate of a man who found himself in a camp on charges of treason, although his whole fault was that he was in captivity for several days, but came out of encirclement and was ready to defend his Motherland further. However, his action seemed like a betrayal to the authorities. While serving his sentence, Ivan Denisovich carefully preserves his human dignity, he works and complies with all the requirements of the law that prevails in the zone. This is a kind of denial of Shukhov’s guilt. This person is always and everywhere law-abiding. Why is he disliked by the authorities? It’s just that the authorities are looking for enemies, and who is among them today is of little importance.
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) The editor of the magazine received an interesting letter. (2) The author, a seventy-two-year-old Muscovite, writes: “When I look at my fourteen-year-old grandson, it sometimes seems to me that he is some kind of alien - he doesn’t look like his mother, me, or his grandmother. (3) No, he’s actually a good guy, it’s a shame to complain: he studies decently, helps his mother - my daughter - with the housework as much as he can, and even in his rude address to me “grandfather” I sometimes feel affection... (4) But his clothes , this sweater with hanging sleeves, jeans with holes in the knees, two earrings in one ear, his speech with all these “outfits” and “gags”, his views and the fact that all my thoughts and judgments cause him ridicule - everything this makes him a real alien in our family... (5) Looking at my grandson and his friends, passing by noisy groups of teenagers, I cannot help but wonder: where did they come from, these strange, self-confident and ignorant youths? (6) Who made them like this? (7) There is no need to argue with the author of the letter. (8) What he writes about is probably familiar to most readers who have grandchildren. (9) The only thing we cannot unconditionally agree with is the question “Who made them like this?” (10) We are so accustomed to looking for the guilty in everything that a calm look at things, an attempt to find an objective explanation, is unfortunately difficult for us. (11) Of course, it’s much easier to say that television, American films, school are to blame for everything, market economy, the government, rather than try to understand the reason for the so frighteningly widening gap between fathers and children, not to mention grandchildren. (12) And this abyss, by the way, has always been there. (13) About this one hundred and forty years ago I.S. Turgenev wrote his famous novel"Fathers and Sons". (14) Why Turgenev! (15) In one of the ancient Egyptian papyri, the author complains that children have ceased to respect their fathers, their religion and customs, and that the world is truly collapsing. (16) Another thing is that in previous times changes in human society occurred immeasurably slower than now. (17) While studying the influence of the accelerated pace of history in the second half of the 20th century, psychologists even coined the term “future shock.” (18) This is a feeling of confusion, helplessness, disorientation that covers people when their psyche ceases to keep up with too rapid changes in society, in technology, in morals and customs. (19) What can we say about us when in one decade - an elusive moment by the standards of history - we experienced a number of shocks: we were replaced economic formation political system, the familiar country has disappeared. (20) This is not just a future shock, it is a super shock. (21) You just have to be mentally surprised? the resilience that allowed people to withstand such a historic tsunami. (22) So is it worth looking for those to blame for the fact that our children and grandchildren are not like us? (23) They just live in a different time, in a different era. (24) Who is better, us or them, is a question to which there will never be a clear answer. (25) If for some of us they are aliens, then for them we are, at best, strange old men who understand nothing about modern life and they are afraid of everything. (26) What should we do to somehow narrow the ditch separating us? (27) First of all, we need to be patient and learn to respect each other’s views and morals, no matter how alien they may seem to us. (28) And this, of course, is difficult, but necessary.
(According to E. Korenevskaya)
Introduction
For many centuries, creative people have been concerned about the problem of relationships between generations. A lot has been devoted to this topic. literary works, films and theatrical productions. Yes and in real life It is difficult to find a person who has never encountered misunderstanding or disapproval from elders.
Problem
E. Kereneevskaya states the problem of “fathers” and “children”, reflecting on the letter of a seventy-year-old man, outraged by the dissimilarity of his teenage grandson.
A comment
In the letter from an elderly person, the question clearly sounds: why is the younger generation so different from the older? He expresses concern about appearance a fourteen-year-old grandson, his speech full of youth slang. The grandfather has no other complaints - the boy shows himself well in his studies and helps his mother with housework.
At the end of the letter there is a request to find an answer to the question: “Who made them like this?” Perhaps television, foreign films, modern education, government policy. But people have thought about this problem in old times, especially on the threshold of the greatest changes in society.
Author's position
E. Kereneevskaya is convinced that for reconciliation, “fathers” and “children” should be more tolerant of each other and show respect for the interests of loved ones. Then it will be possible to establish productive communication.
Your position
One cannot but agree with the author. If we were more tolerant of the conservatism of our elders, and if they were not so amazed by all the “oddities” of young people, life would become simpler for many. After all, we are not so different.
Argument No. 1
I.S. writes about this. Turgenev, the greatest Russian classic of the 19th century, in his novel Fathers and Sons. The author examines the clash of two generations, two worlds with opposite views - the world of noble aristocrats, liberal Kirsanovs and the world of commoner revolutionaries Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.
From the very beginning of the novel, the conflict between “fathers” and “children” gradually increases, reaching its climax in the scene of the duel between Pavel Petrovich and the nihilist Bazarov. But already in the second half of the work we see how the rules of the parents become close to Arkady, how Evgeny accepts much of what he had previously denied.
As a result, Arkady becomes an exemplary family man, lives amicably with both his father and his uncle. And Bazarov, alien to simple human happiness, dies alone. Perhaps less adherence to the ideas of nihilism would have allowed Evgeniy to better understand the old Kirsanovs and his own parents. Maybe his life would have been less tragic.
Argument No. 2
I remember another work where the problem of rejection of generations by each other led to death main character. This is the play “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky.
Kabanova, the mother of a large family, a very powerful and demanding woman, forced her children and their families to live by the rules that Domostroy told her. She did not allow the slightest deviation from the scenario that had developed in her head, humiliated and insulted all her household members in order to keep them in constant fear.
Unable to withstand such an oppressive atmosphere, Katerina, accustomed to the open manifestation of feelings and dreaming of freedom with all her heart, first cheats on her husband, and then completely throws herself into the Volga, committing suicide. Tikhon, having learned about her death, blames his mother for what happened.
The disunity of the heroes, which led to the tragedy, is caused by the inability of people to put up with the weaknesses of others, with the peculiarities of their worldview. If merchant Kabanova had been a little smarter, she would not have been left alone in her old age, but would have found a large and friendly family.
Conclusion
Misunderstanding between parents and children is a pattern dictated by the passage of time. To avoid unnecessary troubles, we need to be more sensitive to each other, try to understand and respect the interests and values of everyone, no matter how strange they may seem to us.
N.V. Gogol - story "Taras Bulba". In this story N.V. Gogol writes about the all-consuming power of feelings over a person. His hero Andriy betrays his homeland, the bonds of camaraderie, his father, his people, having fallen in love with a beautiful Polish woman. Thus, according to the writer, the hero destroyed himself. In the finale, he is killed by his own father, who has not forgiven him for his betrayal.
N.S. Leskov - the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”.
The writer explores the nature of love-passion, which has completely taken possession of the human soul. N. Leskov’s woman, the merchant’s wife Katerina Izmailova, becomes the bearer of this passion. And this passion leads her to crimes and death. For the sake of her lover, she secretly destroys her husband and child. In the finale, she ends up in hard labor, where her lover betrays her. Love-passion is, according to the writer, a destructive element not controlled by reason.
What is the role of childhood in a person’s life? What does the image of a home in our soul contain?
L.N. Tolstoy's story "Childhood". In this work, the writer explores the process of character development. The consciousness of the hero Nikolenka Irtenyev reflected the entire rich spectrum of life experiences: childhood, family, class. Gradually, the hero begins to discover the world around him, people and explore his own soul. Thus, Nikolenka feels her moral separation from her friends and acquaintances. The father's authority collapses: the hero begins to understand that his mother is deprived of his attention. “The tragedy of the ruined life of the master’s faithful slave Natalya Savishna is revealed. The first competition of minds and characters takes place: Nikolenka and his older brother Volodya, Nikolenka and Seryozha Ivnin. Unconscious cruelty is manifested... - pushing around Ilenka Ladder. The main result of childhood is that all things and relationships are in motion, you are not alone in the world.”
I.A. Goncharov - novel “Oblomov”. In this novel, the author deeply explores the nature of his hero, the origins of his character, in the pictures of Oblomov’s childhood. The author gives us these pictures in “Oblomov’s Dream”. We see here a description of nature. Her serenity, calmness is akin to fairy tale. In this place there are no “dense forests”, a sad sea, mountains and abysses. But the sky there is “like a parent’s reliable roof”, the sun “shines brightly and hotly around noon and then moves away... as if reluctantly...”. And all the nature there represents “a series of... cheerful, smiling landscapes...”. This Central Russian nature with the leisurely flow of rivers and the serene spirit of the fields influenced Ilya’s gentle character. Next we find a description of landowner and peasant life. And again here is a kind of idyll: “ Happy people lived, thinking that it shouldn’t and couldn’t be otherwise, confident that everyone else lives exactly the same way and that living differently is a sin...” Oblomovites are hardworking, religious, superstitious, they love listening to fairy tales and solving dreams. The hero's endless memories will forever remain in his memory. winter evenings, a nanny's tales about a wonderful country where rivers of honey and milk flow, where beauties walk and good fellows. It was here, in Oblomovka, in his distant childhood years, that an important trait of his character was formed - poetic daydreaming. Legends and fairy tales, epics and parables determined his consciousness and attitude to life.
Another defining character trait of Oblomov is independence from the world of external life, a sense of inner freedom. That is why service only as a career, secular friends, empty women who are unable to give happiness, turn out to be alien to the hero. “These are all dead people. Sleeping people, worse than me, these members of the world and society! - says Oblomov. He is looking for perfection in this world, “the norm, the ideal of life, which nature indicated as the goal for man.” In his actions and thoughts, Ilya Ilyich is noble, his soul is “pure and clear as glass.”
However, life on the family estate also shaped the negative aspects of Oblomov’s character. So, little Ilyusha grew up active and inquisitive, but his best impulses were suppressed. The constant care of parents and nannies did not give the child the opportunity to fully develop. All his attempts to do something on his own were refuted by arguments: “Why? Where? And what about Vaska, and Vanka, and Zakharka?” His studies at the Stolz boarding school proceeded intermittently, and he became indifferent to science. Gradually, laziness, inertia, apathy, and indifference to life developed in the child.
Ilya Ilyich dreams of love and family, but he is not given the opportunity to experience the ideal feeling. He breaks up with Olga Ilyinskaya because she cannot give him real happiness. Agafya Pshenitsyna with her character, way of life somewhat closer to the female type that existed in his childhood. And that is why he remains on the Vyborg side, in the house of Agafya Matveevna, she becomes the same Militrisa Kirbitievna about whom the nanny read to him. This is how the fairy tale is embodied in Oblomov’s life. Thus, childhood years, according to the writer, completely determine our character and life scenario.
F. Iskander - book “Reflections of a Writer” (collection of essays and journalism). The author identifies two types of creativity in Russian literature - “home” and “homelessness”. Poets, defenders and organizers of the “home” - Pushkin, Tolstoy, Akhmatova. The authors of “homelessness” are Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tsvetaeva. Thus, Lermontov’s Pechorin destroys Bela’s house, Grushnitsky’s house, being homeless, he himself dies in Persia. Pushkinsky Evgeniy in the poem “ Bronze Horseman", on the contrary, defends his right to the house, rebelling against Peter. We find poetry at home in Eugene Onegin and The Captain's Daughter.
