Types of subcultures. Youth subcultures of modern Russia A message about any subculture

Top 10 youth subcultures, according to the American agency toptenz.net

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a youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.

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stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of “new wave grunge metal”) and youth subculture, which became one of the most noticeable phenomena of alternative rock in the late 1980s - mid-1990s. The birthplace of grunge was the city of Seattle (USA, Washington state), the most prominent representatives of which are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock.

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the emo subculture can be classified as the latter a new style, although it looks very similar to goth and glam rock. Inspired by stripes with long names like The Day My Dog Went to Town, sickly young men everywhere decided to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and leg-hugging jeans.

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youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characteristic features which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground group he produced is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock.

Chik,
This style is revived every few years, with the most recent being back in in full swing, Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake- bright representatives, plaid trousers, sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into trousers.

Rockers,
Rockers emerged in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the continent. Rockers come primarily from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and “problematic” families.
Rocker clothes - leather jacket, worn jeans, chunky big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket is usually decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is the motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. The motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of intense sensations. At the same time, rockers highly value technical knowledge and driving skills.

Gansta,
Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This trend originates in hardcore rap. The gangsta rap style featured a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as sharp as the rappers' crude tales of urban unrest. Sometimes the texts were different accurate display reality, and sometimes they were just comic books filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop from the late 80s to the early 90s. During its development, gangsta rap became the source of considerable controversy, as some conservative organizations tried to ban the distribution of albums by these musicians.

New Romantic (Glam Rock),
a musical movement that emerged in Britain in the early 1980s and (as part of the new wave) had an impact noticeable influence on the development of the English pop and rock scene. “New Romanticism” arose as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry social protest, but also (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80’s Music) “celebrated glamor

Oiler,
an outgrowth of British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. Jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.

Dandy Flapper,
Dandy Flapper girls prevailed. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with hairspray and sequined dresses were the order of the day for girls, and for men only a tweed suit with a bowler hat.

In every country there are people who stand out from the crowd - in appearance, interests, worldview. Japanese lolitas, Congolese dandies, Venezuelan barbimans with mustaches, American clowns - we will tell you about the most interesting national subcultures.

Japan: gyaru

Style: fake tan, long bleached or dyed hair, miniskirt with boots, bright clothes, heavy makeup, false eyelashes - for girls; tight-fitting clothes with a V-neck and voluminous shoulder-length brown hair are for young men (gyaruo).

Lifestyle: clubs, shopping, a beautiful life at someone else's expense, relaxed behavior, hanging out in the Shibuya area.

The gyaru subculture challenges traditional Japanese values ​​and the image of women. It is believed to have appeared in the 1970s, developed through magazines promoting Western values ​​and the sexuality of women, and the name itself comes from the brand of jeans Gals, which means “I can’t live without men.”


This slogan reflects the behavior of many gyaru: girls use their sexuality to obtain certain benefits from men - including money for fashionable things.

Teenage girls who imitate the gyaru style are called kogyaru. Society has a negative attitude towards the subculture: gyaru girls are considered a generation of bad mothers, calling them “degenerate schoolgirls” and “making their parents cry.” The need to contain the attacks of society over time turned the gyaru into even greater extremists. Representatives of the subculture began to behave rudely and separately.

New trends have appeared: for example, ganguro, which is characterized by a strong tan up to blackness, bleached hair from white to silver, an abundance of jewelry, and bright colors. The most radical movement is the mamba: compared to them, the ganguro is a light version. Gyaru have a special slang; they deliberately distort the language by adding suffixes contrary to the rules of Japanese syntax.

USA: Juggalos
Style: clown makeup, cast-offs, nudity, pigtails for women.

Lifestyle: playful behavior, clownery, looseness.

In the 1990s, the Insane Clown Poss group emerged in Detroit. Its leaders came from poor families, had poor school education and problems with the law. The gloomy, depressive lyrics of their songs resonated with residents of a city going through hard times. The group gained fans who began to call themselves juggalos (from the word juggler - “juggler”) after an accidental pun during the performance of the song The Juggla. Dressed up to imitate the Insane Clown Bunch, they attend the band's concerts and hang out at the annual festival, The Gathering of the Juggalos. The style of behavior is more than free: at the festival you can strip naked, get drunk and overeat, pour beer on each other and copulate. The group's leaders talk about Juggalos as evangelical Christians, but not all American society is loyal to them, and the FBI suspects them of drug addiction and crime.

Venezuela: Barbimans
Style: absent.
Lifestyle: beauty contests, fashion, design.

In Venezuela, the homeland of many beauty queens, the cult of the Barbie doll flourishes. Moreover, even men are involved in games with her. They compete to design outfits, hairstyles and jewelry for Barbie, and then accompany their model to the Miss Barbie Venezuela doll beauty pageant, which is held annually in the country. Everything at the competition is grown-up: participants are required to wear makeup, hair, shoes, accessories, and a fashion show. The owner comes up with a name and profession for his doll, and answers the judges’ questions for it. Oddly enough, the subculture attracts specifically adults; men take this especially seriously, and in competitions they are determined only to win.

Congo: dandy
Style: deliberately pretentious.
Lifestyle: seem, not be.

Remember Pushkin’s “dressed like a London dandy”? The style of Eugene Onegin and the European dandies of the 19th century is still alive and well in the Congo. Since independence from France in this African country the SAPE subculture was born - “society of elegant people” (Societe des ambianceurs et des personnes elegantes). Its founder was the illiterate handyman Christian Lubaki, who served the French aristocrats in Paris: the owners gave him old clothes, and he flaunted them to the envy of other blacks. In 1978, Lubaki returned to the Congo and opened a fashion store in Brazzaville, capturing the imagination of his compatriots with tails and colored jackets. Soon, Lubaki's smartly dressed clients filled the Bakongo district in the capital, and then other areas of the Congo. Today, in a country where most people live below the poverty line, dandies create with their appearance the illusion of wealth, building for themselves and the audience a parallel reality with a retro touch.

Japan: lolitas
Style: Baroque and Rococo - knee-length skirt or dress, blouse, headdress, high-heeled shoes or platform boots, accessories (lace and ribbons). Primary colors - black, white, red, purple, pink, blue.
Lifestyle: Japanese Lolita listens to music of the visual kei genre, strives to express herself, in life and behavior she is characterized by romance, rebellion and original behavior.

The subculture comes from the 90s. Its adherents are, as a rule, young girls from 20 to 30 years old. The subculture has no name direct relationship to the novel of the same name by Vladimir Nabokov, but some parallels with the image main character present: girls often emphasize their childishness and infantility.

Within the subculture there are separate directions with their own characteristics. For example, sweet lolita plays on the theme of childhood with cheerful clothes, bright colors and girly accessories. Gothic prefers black colors and dark witch style makeup. Classic adheres to an elegant style and natural makeup, and punk Lolita combines retro style with aggressive punk style, and here the influence of British designer Vivienne Westwood could not be avoided. Lolitas have less common varieties: an innocent victim or a broken doll (bandages, wounds, blood, etc.), a hime princess (bows, frills, riot Pink colour) etc. Oddly enough, the subculture is also open to Japanese men: they wear outfits victorian era and are called oji, which means “prince”.

Mexico: guaracheros
Style: male. Boots with long sharp nose, tight jeans, shirt.
Lifestyle: clubs, dances, rehearsals, performances, competitions.

More recently, men's shoes with absurdly long toes have appeared in Mexico, sometimes called guaracheros. The first to try on such boots were visitors to nightclubs in the city of Matehuala in the state of San Luis Potosí in 2009. At first, the toes of the shoes were only slightly longer than usual, then they became longer and more elaborate, gaining fans in other parts of Mexico and even overseas in immigrant families in the United States. Guaracheros are worn for a reason, but to perform a group male dance to electronic music in the trival style (a mix of Mexican folklore, African motifs and American Indian rhythms). Guarachero is translated as “joker”, “merry fellow”. Pointed shoes are worn for comic effect and to express irony. There are even competitions held among fans of guarachero boots. Prizes vary: from a bottle of whiskey to $100–500.

South Africa: Izhikotan (African dudes)

Style: expensive branded clothing in bright colors, sometimes gold teeth, banknotes as accessories.
Lifestyle: shopping, dancing, demonstrating wealth and your extravagant style.

Izhikotan is a subculture of black youth in poor towns in South Africa. These are boys and men aged 12 to 25 who live ostentatiously and clearly beyond their means: they buy expensive designer clothes, luxury alcohol and gadgets, and then organize dance fights, competing with competitors in wealth and coolness. In battles, it is not forbidden to break phones, burn banknotes and spoil food, thereby showing that you can afford more. Izhikotan dances take place in public places, and spectators decide which team has better demonstrated its wealth and chic. At the same time, Izhikotan, as a rule, do not work and earn money illegally or live on the funds of their parents, who often do not understand and condemn them.

The subculture began quite recently - in the 2000s in the Johannesburg area - and has only become popular in the last five years, spreading to other areas South Africa. The African Dandy community has its own Facebook group where they show off their shopping and lifestyle choices. It is considered especially chic among the Izhikotan to buy two pairs of the same shoes of different colors and wear one shoe from each so that everyone can see how much he spent.

The hippie subculture is one of the oldest youth subcultures. The movement formed in San Francisco in the mid-60s. XX century as a protest against philistinism. The hippie ideology was based on philosophical teachings associated with the “Jesus movement.” They adhere to pacifist views, profess the idea of ​​“non-resistance to evil through violence,” and are prone to creativity.

The main form of leisure time is parties with never-ending discussions, constant polemics and mandatory music playing. Parties are usually accompanied by the use of alcohol and drugs. Hippies often break away from home, traveling with virtually no means of support. Hippies are known to love flowers and walking barefoot. Part of the hippie ideology is “free love” with all the ensuing consequences. Hippie ideas are still alive.

Hippie. The literary, artistic and journalistic magazine "Hippieland" is a publication about hippies and for hippies, as well as for all those who are spiritually close to their culture and aesthetics. “Hippieland” is prose and poetry, graphics and photographs, philosophy and carts, hairy chronicles and fennecry, music - from rock to folk and the Middle Ages, Rainbow and Tolkien, hippie festivals and the “university”, “hippy legends” and “hitchhiking” blues" and much more.

Rastafarians are close in many respects to hippies. Rastafari (Rasta) is the religion of the universal Lord Jah (distorted “Jehovah”). Rastafarians are staunch pacifists, especially protesting against racism. Two features confirmed the worldwide nature of the Rasta movement - marijuana and reggae. Rastafarian life also includes healthy image life, ban on tobacco and alcohol, vegetarianism, art. Their symbols are a red, yellow and green “Pacific” cap, pulled over dreadlocks (“dreadlocks”). Rastafarians can often be found in the company of hippies. Speaking about Russia, it should be noted that most young Rastafarians are simply fans of reggae music (this type of music originated in the 60s of the 20th century in Jamaica).

Punks. The punk movement began in the mid-1970s. XX centuries in England during a period of severe economic crisis. The main slogan of punks is “No future!” The philosophy of punks is the philosophy of the “lost generation”, simple to the limit: in a pigsty it is better to be pigs yourself. They finally decided that it was impossible to change the world for the better, and therefore life and career in the old sense of the word were put to rest. According to their political leanings, punks are considered anarchists. Hence their main symbol is the stylized letter "A".

The standard punk hairstyle is considered to be a “mohawk” - a strip of long, vertical hair on a cropped head. Punks prefer torn, dirty clothes. Punks are the most avid party-goers, great “experts” in drinking, drugs, fighting - apparently from idleness.

The punk subculture entered the USSR in 1979. One of the first punks were famous St. Petersburg rock musicians Andrei Panov (“Pig”) and Viktor Tsoi.

Gothic style originated in the late 70s. XX century on the wave of post-punk. The early goths took a lot from the punks, they looked the same as punks, with the only difference being that the dominant color of clothing and hair was black (with accents of white, red or purple) and silver jewelry. At first, only fans of gothic musical groups were called goths. Gradually, the Goths acquired their own lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality.

The modern Gothic image is quite complex and varied, it includes clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, make-up, and hairstyle. Gothic aesthetics are extremely eclectic in their range of symbols, using Egyptian as well as Christian and Celtic symbols. Occult symbolism is quite widely represented - pentagrams, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos), symbols of death.

The Goths developed their own original style of makeup and manicure. Using makeup or powder, the face is given a deathly pale shade, black eyeliner is applied, and lips and nails can also be tinted black. Black is the dominant color, but other colors are acceptable.

Emo - short for "emotional" - is a term for a specific type of hardcore music based on the crushing strong emotions in the vocalist's voice and the melodic but sometimes chaotic musical component. Squealing, crying, moaning, whispering, breaking into a scream are the distinctive features of this style.

Today this style of music is divided into: emocore, emo-rock, cyber-emo, punk-emo, emo-violence, screamo, French-emocore hardcore San Diego, etc. Fans of emo music, identified as a special subculture, are called emo kids . The concept of emo is very common among modern youth. In addition to bright outfits, hair and makeup, these guys have other ways to express themselves. Through music and heightened emotions about everything that happens in their lives.

Majors are the Soviet golden youth of the period of “developed socialism”. Socially they are close to yuppies and kogyars. Appeared in the late 1970s. The major is not interested in ordinary everyday problems, since all such problems have been solved for him by his parents. He is not short of pocket money. He wears scarce clothes and shoes, can drive his own car (usually owned by one of his parents), and owns foreign-made audio and video equipment. He can spend time at his parents' official dacha, if they are entitled to one according to their rank. Some have the opportunity to travel abroad, including to capitalist states, and live there with their parents. Among the majors, the position of parents in society and the prospects associated with it are assessed own life and careers. However, a high level of academic performance at school and university is also valued. The attitude towards peers from “simple” families is patronizing, condescending or contemptuous, although more often it is indifferent. The future of the major is cloudless and does not cause any worries.

Yuppies are a youth subculture whose representatives lead an active business lifestyle as an urban professional. Yuppies have well-paid jobs, prefer business casual clothing, follow fashion, and visit fitness centers. The main criterion for belonging to a “yuppie” is success. A self-respecting yuppie wears a formal suit (preferably a three-piece), woolen and very expensive, does not wear rings on his fingers and does not fasten his tie with a pin with a ruby ​​- this is bad taste. The most he can afford is cufflinks with diamond dust or an antique chronometer “with rehearsal”. But even this is not recommended.

Hackers are computer users and programmers who adhere to an active, offensive line of behavior in the network space. The targets of hackers' attacks are other people's websites and servers, which they hack and disable. In 1988, the world first experienced the power of one of the most effective hacking tools - a computer virus.

Some experts predict the emergence of a web mafia that will engage in cyber espionage and cyber terrorism. At the same time, hackers as such are opposed to corporatism; they value freedom and self-will above all else.

Hackers are mainly university students and high school students with a focus on physics and mathematics. It is difficult to determine the exact number of hackers, because they communicate primarily through computer networks. In addition, not all hackers recognize themselves as a kind of community with their own values, norms, and specific style.

Extreme people are those who love life like no other, but are ready to take risks again and again for the sake of an unforgettable feeling of freedom.

Some modern sports that have been promoted in the world since the 50s. XX century, gradually became accepted to be called extreme. These sports include skateboarding, snowboarding, parachuting, rock climbing, etc. Extreme sports are emerging every day. They are characterized by high degree dangers to the life and health of the athlete, a large number of acrobatic stunts, a high level of adrenaline, which is released by the athlete during sports.

Parkour is an extreme sport based on performing dangerous stunts without any insurance. This includes climbing buildings and jumping from great heights. But the tracers themselves consider their activity not so much a sport as a lifestyle and philosophy. The name parkour comes from equestrian sports and is translated from French as “obstacle course.” And the word “tracing” comes from the French traceur - a person who breaks new paths. Parkour slogan: “There are no boundaries, only obstacles.” The founder of parkour is David Belle.

Roller skaters are called roller skaters. They prefer sportswear in bright colors; They can also be identified by multi-colored patches on their knees. They not only roller skate, but tumble and perform incredible pirouettes and somersaults. Roller skaters love to compete. Single roller skaters appeared in Russia in the early 90s.

Bikers. The first bikers were called "Harleyers" - after famous brand motorcycle "Harley-Davidson". These motorcycles received true recognition in the 30s. XX century in USA. In the 40s The ranks of bikers were replenished by veterans of the Second World War.

The domestic subculture of bikers, like hippies, has experienced at least two upsurges: one in the late 70s - early 80s, the other in the 90s. Russian bikers, as far as one can judge, are law-abiding and conformist to a greater extent than the American Hells Angels. The biker's favorite drink is beer. They dress, as befits rock lovers, in jeans, black T-shirts, a leather vest or jacket. Bikers are often completely covered in tattoos. Bikers can be found in large numbers at the annual bike show, and on the streets only at night, when there is “freedom of movement.” Hence the name of the parties - “Angels of the Night”, “Night Wolves”.

Roleplayers. Role-playing games are a noticeable phenomenon in modern youth subculture. Without much opportunity to influence the rapidly changing real world, many young people want to construct a fictional world - and believe in it.

Roleplayers are an informal community of people who play various role-playing games, primarily live-action role-playing games. Related to role-playing are the movements of historical reenactors, Tolkienists, as well as hardball and airsoft players. The role-playing movement is distinguished as a subculture, which is characterized by its own jargon, its own music, its own literature and other characteristic elements of a single culture.

The role-playing movement in Russia and the USSR arose in the 80s. on the basis of Science Fiction Lovers Clubs. In addition to role-playing games, roleplayers gather for Role-playing Conventions - short-term meetings dedicated to informing players about the games of the next season, discussing past games, and informal communication. The conventions feature historical fencing tournaments, photo and art exhibitions, concerts by game song singers, theatrical performances, and video screenings. Role-playing games are especially closely associated with Tolkienists. In youth culture of the 90s. The Tolkien movement and the Tolkien subculture associated with it and generated by it appeared. The famous English philologist and writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (in the slang of Tolkienists - Professor) is the author of “The Lord of the Rings”, “The Silmarillion” and other works belonging to the genre of “fantasy” - fairy-tale fiction.

Role play is close to improvised theatrical production. Props are being prepared (safe weapons, clothing corresponding to Tolkien’s conventional medieval times). The masters - the directors of the game - assign roles, the players pass something like an exam on their knowledge of Tolkien's fantasy world and the background of their character, and a storyline is outlined.

In the early 80s. Tolkienists appeared in the USSR, primarily in Moscow and Leningrad. They hold “voles”, conventions, and role-playing games dedicated to Tolkien’s universe. Since the 1990s All-Russian games and several regional ones are held - the annual “Hobbit Games” are very popular.

The most famous convention of roleplayers in Russia is Zilantkon (from the Tatar Zilant - the mythical dragon depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Kazan), held annually in November in Kazan.

Russian Tolkienists have a rich and varied folklore, which is regularly updated through the efforts of members of the subculture. This includes theme songs, jokes, and fan fiction that have become popular enough to be retold orally. In addition to coming up with jokes and writing songs and fan fiction, many Tolkienists devote time and attention to drawing fan art or creating objects of “everyday culture of Middle-earth.” In some groups, over time, canons of the “culture of Middle-earth” are established, complementing those described by Tolkien.

Tolkienists usually stand out from the crowd with their exotic outfits. Many wear cloaks, some wear medieval outfits. Hairatniki (ribbons around the head that catch the hair) are very popular. The range is from simple to woven from threads with beads. Almost required attribute- a sword - wooden or textolite - is not an empty decoration.

Tolkienists often meet at concerts. Concerts are organized by Tolkien singers - minstrels. As a rule, they perform their own songs, accompanying themselves on guitars. Sometimes you come across studio recordings. The themes of the songs, as well as the interests of the performers, are varied. Some of them are related to literary works, others - with historical events, still others touch upon pressing topics.

Historical reconstruction is a fairly young form of youth leisure. It appeared in Russia in the early 90s. and immediately became widespread among people interested in history, the romantic spirit of the Middle Ages and art. There are many areas in historical reconstruction, including sports. There are several historical fencing federations in our country.

Sports tournaments are held regularly. Festivals and mass productions of battles are held mainly by historical fencing and reconstruction clubs with the support of the administration of the regions and cities where the event is held. There are also events of national importance (for example, the reconstruction of the Battle of Kulikovo or the Battle of Borodino in Russia or the reconstruction of the Battle of Grunwald abroad).

Historical reconstruction is a movement that has scientific goals and uses the method of role-playing and scientific experimentation to solve problems and gain a deeper understanding of the issue under study.

Restoration of the appearance and design of an object, theoretical or practical, based on its surviving fragments, remains, and available historical information about it, using modern methods of historical science.

Graffiti. The word graffiti is Italian, and is translated into Russian as “scratched.” Almost anything fits this definition, starting with rock paintings, but this term is usually used to designate drawings on the walls of houses, in the subway - using cans of paint, and occasionally - markers, mostly in the same style. The so-called street artists are called writers, graffitters or graffers.

Graffiti first appeared in America in the late sixties as part of street culture. It all started with ordinary tags. Tag - literally translated as “mark”. In the New York subway, they left these tags to indicate their presence here. Today the same thing is happening in the Moscow metro, but real graffitters strongly condemn this.

From America, this art form began to spread everywhere. Thus, culture came out of the ground and onto the streets. Now tags, song lines, political slogans, slogans and other inscriptions began to appear in huge numbers on the streets of big cities...

Writers tried to develop their skills and united in various groups. Different styles also appeared and began to develop, a whole layer of society appeared with its own unwritten rules, laws, and combat units. We can say that this is how a subculture was formed.

Just like any art, grafflers have their own personal writing styles. Writers also draw different characters - both their own and those from cartoons and comics.

Societies are characterized by their own special rules and have their own development trends. Teenagers are very different in their worldview, behavior and habits. In the process of self-discovery, they try to find their place in life, decide on goals and understand themselves. Quite often, such searches lead to such rather serious problems as teenage alcoholism and early drug addiction. Therefore, the influence of subcultures on adolescents is one of the most current problems, which worry all parents without exception.

Positive and negative aspects of the influence of subcultures

Conducted in Lately Sociological studies have shown that many teenagers identify themselves as representatives of one or another subculture. At the same time, some young people are subject to the strong influence of subcultures, which can be both positive and negative. In the first case, teenagers receive what they need to live in social society skills, and in the second - they acquire qualities with which society is all accessible ways tries to fight.

Teenage subcultures help young people realize their desires and adapt to adulthood and independent life. But there are also negative aspects, such as cruelty towards certain groups of people. For example, skinheads are racist and, according to their ideology, can commit criminal acts against persons of other nationalities. For them, there is nothing illegal in such behavior, and therefore they do not understand that they are responsible for the actions they have committed. In this case, adolescent subcultures negatively affect their worldview, pitting the younger generation against others

Varieties of subcultures

All teenage communities have not only their own laws of behavior, but also rules that require a certain appearance. Certain youth movements can shock adult society with numerous piercings, unusual hair color, and strange style of clothing and accessories. Quite often, disagreements between parents and teenagers arise precisely on this basis. Young people don't like it when people interfere with their personal life, and parents want their child not to stand out from the crowd.

Subculture of working youth - teddy boys

The social youth group Teddy Boys formed back in the early 50s due to the relative improvement of the working class. This youth subculture, which became widespread in the post-war period, consisted of working-class people with incomplete higher education and no highly paid profession. Their style was copied from the clothing and behavior of members of the upper classes. IN classic version"Tedd" looked like this: pipe trousers, a loose jacket with a velvet collar, a lace tie and boots with rubber platforms. The image was typically masculine, despite its elegance.

Representatives of the Teddy Boys tried their best to maintain the “high” status they had created, which became the cause of conflicts that arose with representatives of other sectors of society. For example, there were clashes with wealthier teenagers and attacks on elite youth clubs. There were also attacks on immigrants.

Subculture of the skilled working class - fashion

The group of mods included teenagers who, after graduating from school, mastered working specialties that required high level preparedness. In fact, a fashionist, in the ideal sense, was supposed to live luxuriously, visit prestigious and expensive clubs, restaurants and shops, and dress in extremely expensive things. But for many such pleasures were unavailable, so all that was left was to try to recreate the ideal image. There are four types of mods:

1. Aggressive type in jeans and rough shoes.
2. Owners of scooters, also in jeans and jackets with a hood.
3. Mods in suits and polished shoes made up the majority of this subculture. The list is completed by fashion girls, exemplary in appearance and with short hair.
4. Students art schools, students and so on.

Subculture - rockers

Rockers appeared in the mid-60s. This group consisted mainly of teenagers without education or from single-parent families. The main attributes of the people of this subculture were a leather jacket, worn jeans, large rough shoes, long hair combed back and tattoos. Of course, what is a rocker without such an important element as a motorcycle. Rock music occupies a special place in the rocker subculture.

Skinheads or skinheads

The members of this group, like the rockers, predominantly came from low-skilled workers. Among them, many were unemployed, poorly educated and with low cultural level. Skinheads wore jeans rolled up at the bottom, large, rough shoes, and shaved their heads. Football hooligans are closely associated with the skinheads. These types of subcultures are largely similar in social composition. They are also united by aggressive behavior, for example, associated with football matches.

Punk subculture

This group predominantly included young people from unskilled and low-paid segments of the population. The critical situation of young people led to the emergence of this subculture. The list of associations consisting of poorly educated members of society was supplemented by punks. The stereotypes of this group were closely intertwined with aggressive self-affirmation, but, in addition, it was largely based on views that were in opposition to traditional moral principles and values. Initially, the punk subculture was used to provoke society appearance: unusual hair coloring, strange hairstyles, shocking behavior and different style in clothing, but over time, stronger techniques of influence through themes of violence and death began to be used.

Hippie movement

This subculture appeared in the USA in the 60s and very quickly spread throughout the world. At one time, hippies evolved from the beatniks, representatives of the middle class, who for a long time influenced the people of their group. These American subcultures have one common distinctive feature - an ideology clearly expressed in words. The main elements of the hippie style or worldview were the following:

1. Peacefulness and non-violence. Pacifism was the main hippie ideology. That is why representatives of this group were distinguished by their disregard for power and apoliticality, since it is the rulers who incite wars and force people to fight.
2. Self-development and individualism. These elements were a reaction to the dullness of mass society.
3. Conscious simplification, that is, the transition from a prosperous life to poverty, the rejection of material wealth.
4. Drugs, sexual experiments, travel, festivals, communes - all these are the most striking features subculture of the hippie society.
5. Living together is a distinctive feature of hippies, as other subcultures did not adhere to this form of behavior.

Hipsters

This youth subculture arose in the USSR in the late 40s of the 20th century. In this way, Soviet youth protested against the stereotypes of society. The main direction of the dudes was blind copying of the style of the West and the USA. At that time, the dudes looked more like a caricature: wide pants bright colors, baggy double-breasted jackets, boots with thick soles and, of course, bright-colored socks peeking out from under the trousers. The image was very original and bright, no one worried about the combination of colors.

But over time, closer to the 50s, the dudes changed their image a little. They began to wear tight trousers and elegantly cut jackets with wide shoulders, a thin tie around the neck and, of course, a greased “cock”. It is worth noting that only guys had a certain look; stylish girls wore fluffy bright dresses or tapered skirts, pointed shoes and wore bright makeup. Society did not allow the development of this subculture in the USSR and in every possible way condemned and persecuted representatives of this vibrant group.

Social subcultures

The process of socialization of adolescents in the subcultures of society occurs much faster. Examples of subcultures such as “green” or “animal defenders” teach the younger generation to help nature and take care of the environment. But theoretical information alone is not always enough to teach teenagers responsibility. It is necessary to demonstrate in practice the work of “positive subcultures”. it needs not only theorems and axioms, but their consolidation by actions and results, otherwise it does not realize the need for good deeds.

Subcultures popular in modern society

The criminal subculture (rockers, punks, emo, skinheads, etc.) in Russia is already losing its position. Negativity and aggression are gradually going out of fashion. In search of new directions, he comes up with his own modern image. For example, the footing subculture does not carry any negative manifestations, therefore it is very well perceived by society. Members of this youth group do not wear shoes in any weather.

Due to the widespread use of the Internet, the subculture of gamers is gaining increasing momentum. Modern youth are increasingly hiding from reality in the virtual world. Many young children already confidently operate tablets, e-readers and mobile phones. But this is basically a false substitute for real hobbies, which is imposed on them by their parents to save their own energy and time. After all, when the child is busy computer games, it does not require so much attention and care. In fact, the problem of this subculture is very deep, and parents must take certain measures if their child has a gaming or computer addiction.

Distinctive features of modern youth trends

The youth subcultures of the modern world are characterized by an increase in the number of active associations. In addition, today's youth are increasingly immersed in the Internet. They look for like-minded people online, organize meetings, and hold promotions. Three social and value orientations of modern subcultures can be distinguished:

1. Prosocial trends: the rapper subculture and the role-playing game movement.
2. Asocial movements: punks, metalheads, emo and hippies.
3. Antisocial groups similar to the adult criminal subculture: skinheads in their radical form.

Youth subcultures can also be classified as the group’s activities are included in the young person’s lifestyle. There are behavioral groups and active ones. In the first case, adolescents adhere to the style of clothing, behavior and communication characteristic of the selected group. Such areas are not characterized by engaging in any activity. This includes emo, hipsters and goths. In other words, the younger generation will only change external image and behavior style.

Active types of subcultures are those communities that are based on a passion for specific activities that require one or another activity. This group can include parkourists, graffists, and role-players.

What attracts young people to subcultures

Youth subcultures on a personal level are a way to achieve self-esteem and compensate for the negative attitude of others towards oneself. Dissatisfaction with one’s own style of behavior, body, inconsistency with the standards of femininity or masculinity. Subcultures, the list of which is huge and diverse, allow teenagers to give themselves an aura of specialness and bright individuality.

Social and psychological reasons are considered to be the attractiveness of an informal lifestyle, which does not require responsibility, focus and dedication, in contrast to generally accepted requirements in society. There are three possible consequences of the influence of the subculture on the socialization of youth:

1. A positive orientation, which manifests itself in social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization and experimentation with images, behavioral style, and so on.
2. Socially negative orientation, which is found in joining subcultures of a criminal, extremist nature, drugs and alcohol.
3. An individually negative tendency manifests itself in escaping reality, justifying one’s infantile behavior, and avoiding cultural and social self-determination.

It is quite difficult to determine which trends predominate in a particular subculture. It is even more difficult to notice how it affects a person’s lifestyle. Modern movements attract young people with their diversity and provocative appearance and behavior. But it is worth noting that belonging to a certain social group- the phenomenon is usually short-term. Basically, the passion for subcultures begins at the age of 13 and goes away by the age of 19. By this age, a person changes his hobbies or rethinks. But there are exceptions within the age range, for example, the rocker subculture has no time limits. Among the representatives of this community you can also find mature people, and sometimes even elderly people. They have remained true to their teenage hobbies and still listen to rock or play music groups. As a rule, the rocker subculture includes those people who mature life not ready for a responsible and independent life.

The characteristics of adolescent subcultures include their inconstancy in behavior. Many teenagers have an unstable psyche, which largely depends on how their relationship with their parents develops. If there is distance in relationships with close people, then the chances that the child will come under outside influence increase. After all, a teenager needs communication, advice and understanding. If he does not receive all this in his family, then he will seek support among people who are close in spirit and moral state. Very often, a child’s deviant behavior in adolescence associated with a bad example from the outside. This could be television, bad actions of comrades in the company, etc. To prevent negative influence on the child, parents need to establish contact with him or attract older youth for this purpose.

Sources of emergence of subcultures in Russia

In the Russian youth environment, the emergence of subcultures is due to a number of reasons. In the last 15-20 years everyday life adult society and children have undergone strong changes. The openness of Western and Eastern cultures greatly influenced people’s worldviews and dissolved many traditions, stable relationships, and values ​​of Russian citizens. The new scientific and technological revolution, which is primarily associated with the emergence of phenomena such as computers, mobile phones, and the Internet, has had an equally strong impact on people’s lives.

Basically, youth subcultures spread spontaneously. Although quite often parties, trendsetters, and so on contribute to this spread. There is another way - commercial and youth organizations take as a basis forms of youth leisure that exist spontaneously and create organized directions. An example is street dancing. But this process also requires a special approach. Experts believe that interaction with potentially positive informals should be carried out according to three rules: it is necessary to coordinate your actions with the leaders, provide them with everything they need to carry out events, and agree on restrictions on behavior and activity during the actions.

Strategies for youth activities

If we consider youth activities from the perspective of social education, then we can distinguish three main pedagogical strategies. Ignore, do not exclude spontaneous penetration into social life and only after that work or analyze the potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of additional educational methods and use them in the interests of the personal development of adolescents and children.

The potential of youth subcultures from the point of view of education is that the types and forms of activity of adolescents and young people, which arose independently of the pedagogical sphere, in an environment of free communication among young people, are socially positive in nature. But at the same time it is necessary to apply appropriate pedagogical tools.

In fact, modern educational methods have virtually no contact with such youth and adolescent communities. Moreover, this contact is mainly observed in summer camps, in children's public associations and extremely rarely in secondary schools.

As a rule, the lifestyle, behavior and external signs of subcultures of adolescents and young people are covered in a negative way, which contributed to the active imitation of representatives of these communities by a certain unreached part of youth. This, in turn, served as an impetus for the spread of these subcultures beyond the borders of one country. Nevertheless, the variability and other characteristics of subcultures were greatly influenced by ethnic and social conditions. For example, Soviet hippies were not much like representatives of this subculture in Western countries. And the skinheads of modern Russia are very different from the first skinheads of Great Britain.

Violent youth protests in Western countries in the 60-70s and in the Soviet and post-Soviet space in the second half of the 90s caused not only a decrease in social activity among young people, but also contributed to the development of certain tendencies towards escapism. A distinctive characteristic of the modern world is the increase in the number of protest youth subcultures, as well as the diversity of forms. Thus, we can say that new subcultures are emerging, the list of which is growing.

Youth subcultures are not a new phenomenon, but, oddly enough, they are uncharacteristic for Russia. It came to us from the West, after some changes took place in the country, including the collapse of the “Iron Curtain” (read more about this and what subcultures are). Today there are many subcultures, and their list is regularly updated.

The study of types of youth subcultures began in the 70s of the 20th century. I suggest you familiarize yourself with some modern typologies.

Based on the principle of unification

The most popular classification proposed by L. V. Kozilova:

1. Political informal associations.
2. Religious associations.
3. Professional and quasi-professional associations (common cause and interests).
4. Sports and gaming associations.
5. Cultural associations (creativity, cognition, analysis).
6. Gender associations (gender, other demographic characteristics).
7. Ethnic associations and communities (common origin or imitation thereof).
8. Criminal (community of criminal interests).
9. Youth.
10. Subcultural (belonging to a subcultural environment).

By types of communities of their carriers

V. Sokolov and Yu. Osokin identify the following subcultures:

• gender and age,
• social-professional,
• professional-corporate,
• leisure,
• religious,
• ethnic,
• territorial,
• local.

By time of occurrence

T.V. Latysheva identified the following subcultures:

• past (dudes, teddy boys);
• reanimated (hippies, goths);
• modern (role-players, otaku).

According to the principle of formality

Formal and informal youth groups can be distinguished.

Formal ones include youth associations officially registered with justice institutions:

• political youth associations (the youth parliament under the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the People's Democratic Youth Union (NDYM), the “OUR” movement, “STEEL”, etc.); All-Russian public non-political youth associations (“Russian Youth Union”, “Student Self-Government”, “Russian Student Teams”, “It’s a Small World”, etc.);
• associations of people with disabilities (“Perspective”, “New Opportunities”, “First Russian Internet portal for people with disabilities”, etc.);
• youth human rights associations (“Balance”, “New Perspectives” Foundation, etc.);
• environmental youth associations (“Green Sail”, “Forest and We”, “Friends of the Baltic”, etc.);
• religious youth associations (“Common Cause”).

Informal youth groups include those that are not legally registered or prohibited by law:

• extremist (nationalists, vandals, religious extremists, etc.);
• aggressive movements (gopniks, punks, etc.);
• socially dangerous and criminal formations (illegal para-religious groups (sects), “black trackers”, destructive mimics).

DIY principle

D. V. Wolf classifies subcultures according to the principle of participants’ involvement in the development of their subculture.

Passive

For example, otaku, furries, metalheads, goths. Representatives of passive groups do not create something new, but imitate what exists, sometimes elevating it to a cult. More often we're talking about about some work of art, something creative, or a specific genre or style of art. Members of a passive subcultural group blindly imitate their “idol” in behavior, speech, clothing, etc.

These groups do not have a social or political character. They don't have their own philosophy. There is only a desire to repeat something or someone. These are the ones who express themselves. Representatives of such groups are:

• listeners,
• consumers,
• spectators,
• fans,
• fans.

Active

Active subcultures include those whose representatives themselves create and develop their own culture, participate in it and actively influence society. Moreover, in turn, active groups can be divided:

• for physically active (skaters, snowboarders, surfers, roller skaters, trialists, parkour athletes, bikers, as well as all extreme youth groups);
• active mentally (beatniks and members of literary associations).

Active groups can be divided:

• for reproductive purposes (role-players and re-enactors, music lovers);
• productive (hippies, punks, metalheads, rockers, indie, graffiti, lito).

In relation to society

G. A. Nigmatulina identified tolerant subcultures (bikers, breakers, rappers), nihilistic (majors, beatniks), negative groups (hippies, punks), aggressive (skinheads).

• Representatives of tolerant groups try to distance themselves as much as possible from the outside world and not express their attitude towards it.
• Nihilists show their lifestyle and values, but do not oppose it to generally accepted norms, but present it as an alternative.
• Negative youth express dissatisfaction and disgust with the generally accepted culture, but do not try to destroy it.
• Representatives of aggressive groups directly promote non-acceptance main culture society and express their attitude through open protests.

As a way of self-expression

I. Yu. Sundieva considers any subculture as an amateur activity (cultural, political, social) and a way of self-expression. And it highlights an aggressive subculture, shocking, alternative, social and political.

• Aggressive subculture has a cult physical strength(tough confrontation between us and them) and internal hierarchy.
• A shocking subculture involves self-expression through appearance, challenging established norms and rules.
• Alternative culture represents the development of behavior, leisure activities, and lifestyles that differ from the generally accepted ones.
• Social culture has a goal in the form of solving specific social problems (ecological, ethnocultural and charity movements).
• The political subculture has its own ideas and is aimed at changing social situations in the country in accordance with these ideas.

By type of interests (Yu. V. Monko and K. M. Oganyan)

• Musical (ravers, rockers, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, metalheads, rappers).
• Intellectual (Tolkienists, archaeologists, Russians).
• Religious and philosophical (neo-Christians, Pushkinists, Buddhists).
• Sports (fans, roller skaters, bikers).
• Computer (hackers, administrators).
• Countercultural (hippies, punks, dudes).
• Destructive (lubers, gopniks, skinheads, fascists).

Based on the principle of individual inclusion

I propose my classification of youth subcultures based on the principle of a young person’s inclusion in a subculture and the scope of its influence on an individual’s life.

Superficial subcultures

Characteristic is external shockingness, exclusively external self-expression. Representatives do not have a specific philosophy, rules, attitudes or values. As a rule, such subcultures are not dangerous. These include:

• freaks,
• hipsters,
• cosplayers.

Subcultures of belief

Subcultures of conviction do not affect a person’s appearance, but have a great influence on his worldview and behavior. They may have their own rules, principles, and guidelines. Such subcultures can create threats and problems to society. These include:

• hackers and crackers;
• gamers;
• pagans and neo-pagans.

Subcultures of deep inclusion

Subcultures of deep inclusion of an individual have a specific philosophy, worldview, ideas, and try to achieve them (by legal and/or illegal means). At the same time, they have external signs of belonging to one movement or another. May evolve into subcultures of worship. These include:

• hippie,
• punks,
• goths,
• Rastafarians.

Subcultures of worship

Subcultures of worship (fanaticism) tend to completely cover all spheres of an individual’s life, shaping his views, needs, and behavior. Most often they manifest themselves externally. They are dangerous to society. These include:

• football fans,
• Nazis,
• skinheads,
• Satanists.

In practice, classifying subcultures and determining an individual’s membership in a particular youth group is more difficult for two reasons:

• Firstly, the same subculture can be characterized from different sides and belong to different types.
• Secondly, subcultures often interact with each other, borrow something from other cultures, change, “die” and are revived, and develop. This specificity can complicate the selection of means and methods of interaction with groups.

Subculture values

The values ​​of youth subcultures have not yet been fully explored. This may be due to their dynamism, transformation and tendency to borrow.

The values ​​of subcultures are the priorities and needs dictated by the subculture in all spheres of an individual’s life (social, spiritual, material).

• As a rule, the values ​​of youth subcultures do not completely contradict generally accepted patterns. More often they can coexist peacefully, or certain aspects of society can be criticized. Groups whose values ​​are completely opposite to generally accepted ones are called countercultures.
• The culture of Russian youth contains elements of both countercultures and subcultures. In the youth subculture, the most important area is leisure. This is where many of the peculiarities of young people’s pastime and worldview follow.

For some subcultures, for example Diggers and Tolkienists, the main value is risk, the search for adventure, testing oneself, the search for new and unusual sensations, the meaning of life. The same desire for risk drives members of subcultures associated with dangerous sports.

Several groups of subcultures can be distinguished, classifying them according to values.

According to the orientation of values

• Musical direction (rockers, rappers, metalheads, etc.).
• Extreme sports (parkour, skaters, bikers, motorcyclists, cyclists, workout).
• Subcultures of virtual space (gamers, hackers, other Internet subcultures).
• Fashion and consumer groups (hipsters, dudes, etc.).
• Shocking and escapist (emo, goths, hippies).
• Sports fans (football fans, ultras).
• Dance groups (breakdance, hip-hop and more).
• Creatively directed (graffiti).
• Creatively enthusiastic (anime enthusiasts) and creatively imitative (reenactors, Tolkienists).

By type of combination of values

1. By type of pastime (music and sports fans, metalheads, lubers, Nazis). For them, the value is the formation of spiritual, moral and civic responsibility, participation in solving political problems, preservation and restoration of cultural and historical monuments, improvement of the environment, and any social and political activity.
2. By way of life (people, high-rises, religious organizations, “systemists” and any of their branches). Promote and follow the idea of ​​the value of human communication, peace and love. Representatives of such groups are united by the search for existence without economic and social problems, contradictions, wars, everyday hassles and other shocks. Very often, even after growing up, people do not leave these subcultures, since for them this is not a way of spending leisure time, but life itself.
3. For alternative creativity (not officially recognized artists, sculptors, musicians, graffiti artists). Creative self-realization takes first place. They draw, write poetry, music, but their creativity goes beyond the generally accepted, and therefore is not officially recognized.

According to the level of continuity and value of surfactants

• Groups with a negative attitude (neo-Nazis, chauvinists, straight-edge movement).
• “Risk groups” (rastafarians, hippies, punks, ravers, rappers, emo, goths, bikers).
• Groups with a neutral attitude (anime, naturists, nudists, role-players, Tolkienists).

In relation to values ​​and generally accepted ways of achieving them

• Conformists. The group's values ​​coincide with those of society and are achieved through legal means.
• Retreatists. The group’s values ​​coincide with public ones, but are achieved by any means, including illegal ones.
• Ritualists. Social values ​​are denied, but the values ​​of the subculture are achieved only through legal means.
• Innovators. Neither values ​​nor methods of obtaining them are recognized. Participants offer alternative methods to achieve goals.
• Rebels. Values ​​and methods are not recognized, alternatives are put forward. To achieve them, any methods are chosen.

By gender values

• Androgyny (lack of gender distinction and separation social roles). The trend is noticeable, for example, among emo, glam rockers, freaks, goths, anime fans, hippies.
• Masculinity (cult of physical strength, brutality and masculinity). Typical for football fans, bikers, metalheads, skinheads, gopniks.
• In some subcultures, gender identification and division of roles have been preserved (glamour, role-playing, hip-hop).
• Gender indifferent, that is, neutral groups (punk, rasta, rave, alternative, roller skaters, skaters, snowboarders, hackers, rastafarians).

The issue of cause-and-effect relationships between value orientations subcultures and characteristics of modern youth:

• on the one hand, young people themselves create and develop subcultures, which means they invest certain values;
• on the other hand, subcultures interact with each other, with the general culture, with the culture of other countries, which means that new (perhaps beneficial to someone) attitudes penetrate into them.

As a rule, the values ​​of subcultures greatly influence the formation of personality and leave their mark forever. Even after a person’s self-determination in society and leaving the subculture, some subcultural values ​​remain with him forever. The values ​​and trends of the youth environment observed today can take root and become a determining factor in shaping the future of the country, society, and world culture.

Finally, I suggest getting acquainted with the new and dangerous youth movement “Youth Patrol”. This shining example destructive and antisocial youth subculture. Is this really the world we want to live in?