Introduction: what is philosophy

Worldview

Origins of philosophy

Philosophical worldview

The problem of the scientific nature of the philosophical worldview

The purpose of philosophy

Philosophy is one of the most ancient areas of knowledge and spiritual culture. Originating in the 7th-6th centuries BC. in India, China, Ancient Greece, it became a stable form of consciousness that interested people in all subsequent centuries. The vocation of philosophers has become the search for answers to questions, and the very formulation of questions related to worldview.

Representatives of different professions may be interested in philosophy from at least two points of view. It is needed for better orientation in one’s specialty, but most importantly, it is necessary for understanding life in all its fullness and complexity. In the first case, the field of attention includes philosophical questions of physics, mathematics, biology, history, medical, engineering, pedagogical and other activities, artistic creativity and many others. But there are philosophical issues that concern us not only as specialists, but as citizens and people in general. And this is no less important than the first. In addition to erudition, which helps solve professional problems, each of us needs something more - a broad outlook, the ability to understand the essence of what is happening in the world, to see trends in its development. It is also important to realize the meaning and goals of our own life: why we are doing this or that, what we are striving for, what it will give to people, whether it will lead us to collapse and bitter disappointment. General ideas about the world and man, on the basis of which people live and act, are called worldview.

To answer the question of what philosophy is, it is necessary, at least in general terms, to clarify what a worldview is.

Concept of worldview

Worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person’s place in it, as well as life positions, programs of behavior, and actions of people. Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous “blocks” of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, form a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people. The worldview summarizes the cognitive, value, and behavioral spheres in their interrelation.

The life of people in society is historical in nature. Either slowly, or accelerated, intensively, all its components change over time: technical means and the nature of work, relationships between people and the people themselves, their feelings, thoughts, interests. People's views on the world also change, capturing and refracting the changes in their social existence. The worldview of a given time expresses its general intellectual, psychological mood, the “spirit” of the era, country, and certain social forces. This allows (on the scale of history) to sometimes conditionally speak about a worldview in a summary, impersonal form. However, in reality, beliefs, standards of life, and ideals are formed in the experience and consciousness of specific people. This means that in addition to the typical views that determine the life of the entire society, the worldview of each era lives and operates in many group and individual variants. And yet, in the diversity of worldviews, a fairly stable set of their main “components” can be traced. It is clear that we are not talking about their mechanical connection. The worldview is integral: the connection of the components, their “fusion” is fundamentally important in it. And, as in an alloy, different combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview. What are the components that make up a worldview?

Generalized knowledge—life-practical, professional, scientific—includes and plays an important role in the worldview. The degree of cognitive richness, validity, thoughtfulness, and internal consistency of worldviews varies. The more solid the stock of knowledge of a particular people or person in a particular era, the more serious support - in this regard - a worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient intellectual means to clearly substantiate its views, often turning to fantastic inventions, beliefs, and customs.

The need for world orientation makes its own demands on knowledge. What is important here is not just a collection of all kinds of information from different areas or “much learning,” which, as the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus explained, “does not teach intelligence.” The English philosopher F. Bacon expressed the conviction that painstakingly obtaining ever new facts (reminiscent of the work of an ant) ​​without summing them up and comprehending them does not promise success in science. Raw, scattered material is even less effective for forming or substantiating a worldview. This requires generalized ideas about the world, attempts to recreate its holistic picture, understand the interconnection of various areas, and identify general trends and patterns.

Knowledge - despite its importance - does not fill the entire field of worldview. In addition to a special kind of knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also clarifies the semantic basis of human life. In other words, value systems are formed here (ideas of good, evil, beauty, etc.), finally, “images” of the past and “projects” of the future are formed, certain ways of life and behavior are approved (condemned), and action programs are built. All three components of the worldview - knowledge, values, action programs - are interconnected.

At the same time, knowledge and values ​​are in many ways “polar”: opposite in essence. Cognition is driven by the desire for truth - objective comprehension of the real world. Values ​​characterize that special attitude of people to everything that happens, in which their goals, needs, interests, and ideas about the meaning of life are combined. Value consciousness is responsible for moral, aesthetic and other norms and ideals. The most important concepts with which value consciousness has long been associated are the concepts of good and evil, beautiful and ugly. Through correlation with norms and ideals, assessment of what is happening is carried out. The value system plays a very important role both in the individual and in the group and social worldview. With all their heterogeneity, the cognitive and value ways of mastering the world in human consciousness and action are somehow balanced and brought into agreement. Such opposites as intellect and emotions are also combined in their worldview.

What is a worldview and how is it formed?

In the previous lesson we focused on the concept of personality. The formation of personality is associated with the formation of a worldview. And worldview occurs as a result of cognitive activity. It is human nature to ask questions: “Who am I? What am I like? How does the world work? What is a sense of life?"– issues of self-knowledge and knowledge of the surrounding world. Searching and finding answers to them shapes the human worldview. The topic of the lesson relates to one of the complex philosophical topics, since it affects the inner spiritual world of man. Man is not only a biological and social being, but also a spiritual being. What is the spiritual world? What does it consist of? The spiritual world is the world of thoughts and feelings, knowledge and beliefs, ideas and principles, intelligence and creativity. It is also individual and unique like human appearance. The inner world is constantly developing and manifests itself in human behavior. So, worldview is one of the phenomena of the spiritual world of man. Let us formulate the basic definition of the topic:

Worldview– this is a holistic idea of ​​nature, society, man, which finds expression in the system of values ​​and ideals of an individual, social group, society.

Worldview is formed throughout one’s life and is the result of one’s upbringing and one’s own life experiences. With age, the worldview becomes more and more conscious. An adult knows why and for what he acts, feels personal responsibility for what is happening in his life and does not blame others for what happened. He is self-sufficient and independent of the opinions of people around him. Has adequate self-esteem - an assessment of one’s own strengths and weaknesses (I-image). Which can be overestimated, realistic (adequate) and underestimated. The level of self-esteem is influenced by the imaginary or real ideal that a person wants to be like. The assessments of other people have a great influence on how a person evaluates himself. The level of self-esteem is also influenced by a person’s attitude towards his own successes and failures.

The formation of a worldview is influenced by:

Firstly, human environment. A person, observing the actions and assessments of others, accepts something and rejects something, agrees with something and disagrees with something.

Secondly, social conditions and government structure. The older generation, comparing Soviet youth with modern ones, emphasizes that then they worked for the benefit of the people and even to the detriment of their own interests. This corresponded to the requirements of Soviet times. The modern sociocultural situation in our country requires the formation of a competitive personality aimed at achieving one’s own success.

Types and forms of worldview

In the context of the tasks of the control and measuring materials of the OGE and the Unified State Exam, knowledge of three forms of worldview is mainly tested: ordinary, religious and scientific. But there are more forms of worldview. In addition to those mentioned, there are mythological, philosophical, artistic and others. Historically, the first form of worldview is mythological. Primitive people understood and explained the structure of the world intuitively. No one sought to verify or prove the truth of myths about gods, titans, and fantastic creatures. Primitive mythology is needed for the study of philosophy, history, art and literature. This form of worldview still exists today. For example, doctrines about the existence of life on Mars, comic book heroes (Spider-Man, Batman). Let's look at the features of the main forms:

1) Everyday worldview. This form is formed in everyday life, therefore it is based on a person’s personal life experience and is based on common sense. A person works and rests, raises children, votes in elections, observes specific life events, and learns lessons. He formulates rules of conduct, knows what is good and what is bad. This is how everyday knowledge and ideas accumulate and a worldview is formed. At the level of everyday worldview, there is traditional medicine, rituals and customs, and folklore.

2) Religious worldview. The source of this worldview is religion - belief in the supernatural, in God. In the earliest stages of human development, religion was intertwined with mythology, but over time it became separated from it. If the main feature of the mythological worldview was polytheism, then for the religious worldview it was monotheism (belief in one God). Religion divides the world into the natural and the supernatural, which are created and governed by an almighty God. A religious person strives to act and act as required by religion. He performs cult actions (prayer, sacrifice) and aims at spiritual and moral perfection.

3) Scientific worldview. This form is characteristic of people producing knowledge (scientists, researchers). In their worldview, the main place is occupied by the scientific picture of the world, the laws and regularities of nature, society and consciousness. Everything unrecognized by science (UFOs, aliens) is denied. A scientific person is divorced from real life; he constantly strives to know, research, logically justify and prove something. And if he doesn’t succeed, he despairs. But after a while he again takes up facts, questions, problems, research. Because he is in an eternal search for truth.

There is no pure form of worldview. All of the above forms are combined in a person, but one of them occupies a leading position.

Worldview structure

There are three structural components of a worldview: attitude, worldview and worldview. In worldviews that differ in form, they are reflected differently.

Attitude- these are a person’s sensations in the events of his own life, his feelings, thoughts, moods and actions.

The formation of a worldview begins with a worldview. As a result of sensory awareness of the world, images are formed in the human consciousness. According to their worldview, people are divided into optimists and pessimists. The first think positively and believe that the world is favorable to them. They show respect for others and enjoy their successes. Optimists set goals for themselves, and when life difficulties arise, they solve them with enthusiasm. The latter, on the contrary, think negatively and are convinced that the world is harsh towards them. They harbor grievances and blame others for their troubles. When difficulties arise, they sadly lament “why do I need all this...”, worry and do nothing. Worldview follows worldview.

Worldview is a vision of the world as friendly or hostile.

Each person, perceiving the events occurring in life, draws his own internal picture of the world, colored positively or negatively. A person thinks about who he is in this world, a winner or a loser. People around him are divided into good and bad, friends and enemies. The highest level of ideological awareness of the world is world understanding.

Worldview– these are images of the surrounding life formed in the human mind.

These images depend on information that is laid down in human memory from early childhood. The very first understanding of the world begins with the image of a mother who strokes, kisses, caresses at home. With age, it expands more and more to the yard, street, city, country, planet, Universe.

There are two levels of worldview: ordinary - practical (or everyday) and rational (or theoretical). The first level develops in everyday life, is associated with the emotional and psychological side of the worldview and corresponds to the sensory comprehension of the world. And the second level arises as a result of a rational understanding of the world and is associated with the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview and the presence of a person’s conceptual apparatus. The source of the everyday - practical level is feelings and emotions, and the source of the rational level is reason and reason.

Exercise: Using the knowledge gained in this lesson, give one sentence about the ways of forming a worldview and one sentence about the role of a worldview in a person’s life. Write your answers in the comments to the lesson. Be active)))

Sources of knowledge.

Who has ever wondered where people’s knowledge comes from and how people’s worldview and consciousness are formed and how all this affects the development of our society? Meanwhile, this is the main reason for our life today, good or not so good. Whoever has a decisive influence on the minds of people rules the World. More precisely: the one who controls the flows of information that shape people’s worldviews rules the World. Consequently, the consciousness and worldview of people depends on the purity of information sources, that is, the state of our society - our life, with you... So let's look into this issue.

The concept of worldview is one of the key concepts in philosophy and in the educational system. It is impossible to do without this concept when studying history, philosophy and such subjects as “Man and Society”, “The Spiritual World of Man”, “Modern Society”, “Science and Religion”, etc.

Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness and cognition. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Heterogeneous blocks of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.

The life of people in society is historical in nature. Now slowly, now quickly, intensively, all the components of the socio-historical process change over time: technical means and the nature of labor, relationships between people and the people themselves, their thoughts, feelings, interests. The worldview of human communities, social groups, and individuals is subject to historical changes. It actively captures and refracts large and small, obvious and hidden processes of social change. When talking about a worldview on a large socio-historical scale, we mean the extremely general beliefs, principles of knowledge, ideals and norms of life that prevail at a particular stage of history, that is, they highlight the common features of the intellectual, emotional, spiritual mood of a particular era.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people and is used by individuals and social groups as general views that determine life. This means that, in addition to typical, summary features, the worldview of each era lives and operates in many group and individual variants.

The worldview of education is integral. What is fundamentally important in it is the connection of its components, their alloy, and just as in an alloy, different combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview.

The worldview includes and plays an important role in generalized everyday, or life-practical, professional, and scientific knowledge. The more solid the stock of knowledge in a particular era, among a particular people or individual, the more serious support the corresponding worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient means for a clear, consistent, rational substantiation of its views, often turning to fantastic fictions, beliefs, and customs.

The degree of cognitive richness, validity, thoughtfulness, and internal consistency of a particular worldview varies. But knowledge never fills the entire field of a worldview. In addition to knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also comprehends the entire way of human life, expresses certain value systems (ideas about good and evil, and others), builds images of the past and projects for the future, and receives approval (condemnation) of certain ways of life , behavior.

Worldview is a complex form of consciousness that embraces the most diverse layers of human experience, capable of expanding the narrow boundaries of everyday life, a specific place and time, and relating a given person to other people, including those who lived before and will live later. In the worldview, experience is accumulating in understanding the semantic basis of human life, all new generations of people are joining the spiritual world of their great-grandfathers, grandfathers, fathers, contemporaries, carefully preserving something, resolutely abandoning something. So, a worldview is a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision and understanding of the world.

The essential role of beliefs in the composition of a worldview does not exclude positions that are accepted with less confidence or even distrust. Doubt is an obligatory moment of an independent, meaningful position in the field of worldview. Fanatical, unconditional acceptance of one or another system of orientations, merging with it without internal criticism or one’s own analysis is called dogmatism.

Life shows that such a position is blind and flawed, does not correspond to the complex, developing reality; moreover, religious, political and other dogmas have often turned out to be the cause of grave troubles in history, including the history of Soviet society. That is why, in establishing new thinking today, it is so important to form a clear, unbiased, courageous, creative, flexible understanding of real life in all its complexity. Healthy doubt, thoughtfulness, and criticality play an important role in shaking dogmas. But if the measure is violated, they can give rise to the other extreme - skepticism, disbelief in anything, loss of ideals, refusal to serve high goals.

Thus, from all of the above, as well as from the history course, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The worldview of humanity is not permanent; it develops along with the development of humanity and human society.

2. A person’s worldview is greatly influenced by the achievements of science, religion, as well as the existing structure of society. The state (state machine) influences a person’s worldview in all ways, restrains his development, trying to subordinate him to the interests of the ruling class.

3. In turn, the worldview, as it develops, influences the development of society. Having accumulated qualitatively (i.e., having changed radically) and quantitatively (when a new worldview takes hold of a sufficiently large mass of people), the worldview leads to a change in the social structure (to revolutions, for example). By developing the worldview of people, society ensures its development; by inhibiting the development of the worldview, society dooms itself to decay and death.

Thus, by influencing the development of people’s worldview, one can influence the development of human society. People have always been dissatisfied with the existing system. But can people with an old worldview build a new society? Obviously not.In order to build a new society, it is necessary to form a new worldview in people, and the role of educators, teachers and lecturers in this matter cannot be overestimated. But in order for a teacher to be able to form a new worldview, he himself must possess it. Therefore, the most important condition for building a new society is the formation of a new worldview among educators and teachers.

But maybe we don’t need to change the current state of society, maybe it suits everyone? It seems to me that this issue does not require discussion.

We all live in a very complex and contradictory world, in which it is easy to lose our bearings. Now everyone agrees that society is going through a crisis. However, you can often hear the opinion that this crisis affected only our country, while in Western countries everything is in order. Is it really? This opinion is true only if we consider the purely material side of life. If we take its spiritual side, then it is not difficult to see that the crisis in the spiritual sphere of human existence has gripped the whole world, all of humanity.

In all countries of the world, regardless of the social system, such phenomena as alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, and moral degradation are on the rise; The number of suicides associated with disappointment with life is growing, especially among young people. All these phenomena became widespread earlier in Western countries and in America, that is, in those countries where the material standard of living was and remains many times higher than ours.

In the last two or three decades, these phenomena have become widespread in our country. Material wealth does not provide a solution to the problem and does not eliminate the crisis, because... its reason lies in people’s loss of understanding of the meaning of their existence. Figuratively speaking, lately humanity has been reminiscent of train passengers, whose only concern is to get comfortable, to get comfortable inside the carriage, but who have completely forgotten where and why they are going. That is, humanity has lost more distant – spiritual guidelines for its life.What is the reason? The reason is only in the imperfection of a person’s inner world. Man destroys not only himself, but the entire planet. Our planet is seriously ill, and we ourselves are to blame for this. Man is destroying his planet not only with his technocratic activities, but also with his perverted thinking.

“Our modern world is a sinking ship. The only difference between a sinking ship and the modern world is that on a sinking ship everyone is already aware of the inevitability of death, while in the modern world many still do not want to admit this...

The very people who caused its illness are trying to heal the sick world. The same ones, not personally, but according to their worldview, and the means offered for cure are the same ones that marked the beginning of the disease." (A. Klizovsky "Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era")

The reasons that brought down such a colossus as the Roman Empire still exist today. The main reason must be recognized as the decline of morals, the demoralization of society and the demoralization of the main pillar of statehood - the family, for with the decline of morals and the demoralization of the family, the destruction of any moribund world begins.

When any moribund world is replaced by a new one, the most important thing is not the political or social changes that occur at the same time, but in the need for a change in worldview and all outdated views and views on new ones, in the need to change one’s beliefs and, in general, the entire way of life to new ones, for what is truly new, what replaces the old world, is new in all respects and is never like the old.

The difficulty is further aggravated by the fact that a person is forced to accept a political or social change by the very course of events, often after an accomplished fact, while the acceptance or non-acceptance of a new worldview, or a new belief and a new way of life seems to depend on each individual. In reality, a person has only two options: either wisely go with the flow of evolution, or wait until developing life throws him overboard as unnecessary ballast.

“When the Higher Mind and Higher Powers give a push and impulse for a new phase of life, for a new stage of evolution, then no human forces can stop this movement. The struggle against the flow of a new life is obvious nonsense, promising nothing but inglorious death, for when it begins The law of replacing obsolete energies with new ones comes into force and begins to operate, then everything that is not progressing is subject to destruction." (A. Klizovsky “Fundamentals of the worldview of a new era”).

Any new construction begins with the destruction of the old, it cannot be otherwise. It is this moment that is most difficult for people, from a psychological point of view. They do not know that the time has come for humanity to rise to the highest level of knowledge; they do not know either about the Builder, or how the Builder of a new life plans to carry out his reforms. They see destruction, and the first solution that comes to mind for most is protest and opposition. In reality, they oppose evolution, dooming themselves to all the blows and vicissitudes of fate that come with opposing cosmic laws.

Ignorance is man’s main enemy and the source of much of his suffering. Unfortunately, people are lazy and don't like to study. Many people live their whole lives with the knowledge they acquired in childhood, in primary school.

In the coming era, such knowledge is needed that should illuminate that area of ​​​​our existence, about which most people have very vague or very misleading ideas, in which many are interested in entertainment or amusement, and others for deception and profit.

The coming era requires knowledge of the cosmic laws of both the visible and invisible world. It requires recognition of the invisible world. But the recognition of the invisible world, which, thanks to its invisibility, has hitherto been recognized as non-existent, must radically change all the foundations of the existing materialistic worldview, all existing concepts and beliefs.

The situation cannot continue foreverthe crown of creation, man, lives without knowing the purpose and meaning of his existence. He must finally cognize the foundations of Existence, must cognize the laws of the higher spiritual world, cosmic laws.

Knowledge of laws is a necessary condition for life in all human organizations and groups. Most legislative codes of various states begin with the formula: “No one can excuse themselves by ignorance of the law. Violating the law out of ignorance does not exempt a person from punishment.”

Meanwhile, most people live in Space in complete ignorance of cosmic laws, violating them at every step of their lives, with every action, word and thought, and are surprised that their life is full of vicissitudes and shocks.

Throughout the observable history of mankind, one can trace the desire of people to build in their consciousness a fairly harmonious system of the universe, to determine their place in it and to further live, focusing on these ideas. For this purpose, many different religions and teachings have been created. All these religions and teachings have a lot in common. For example, they all claim that a person has a soul that does not die, but is preserved after the death of the physical body and after some time is reincarnated on Earth. Meanwhile, historians have long noticed that all these religions and teachings arose on Earth almost simultaneously (by historical standards) in different parts of the Earth: in Europe, India, China, when there was no communication between these parts of the world. The conclusion suggests itself that all these religions and teachings were given to people by someone.

There are several facts that cannot be refuted. For example, the well-known science of Astrology has existed for many hundreds of years. Astrologers have long been calculating the movements of planets such as Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, but modern science discovered Uranus and Neptune only in the 19th century, and even then on the basis of calculated data from Astrology, and Pluto was discovered in 1930! Where do astrologers get this cosmic knowledge? But modern science cannot explain astrology! But the predictions of astrologers about the destinies of people come true! Unless, of course, these are real astrologers.

Scientists have discovered the Dogon tribe in Africa, which is at a very low level of development (according to our concepts), but they have long known that Sirius is a double star and the orbital period of this double star is known. While modern science established this only a few years ago.

Well, how to evaluate the legacy left by the Miami civilization, which disappeared without a trace 600 years before the coming of Christ? Scientists are still puzzling over the mysteries of their cultures and are amazed at their high knowledge of space. Miamians knew something we still don't know. What about the Egyptian pyramids?

Anyone who is interested in these things begins to understand well that all this rich knowledge was given to people by aliens from outer space. What, they were given before, but now they are not? They are given, and practically without hiding from people! But do people want to receive this knowledge, or are they more interested in the prices of vodka? Or maybe people think that the processes occurring in Space will not affect them? Maybe it’s not necessary to know the Laws of Space? What is a person, where did he come from and why does he live on Earth? This is the worldview of modern man.

We already live in the 21st century and see how the dynamics of social life have increased, surprising us with global changes in all structures of politics, culture, and economics. People have lost faith in a better life: the elimination of poverty, hunger, crime. Every year crime increases, there are more and more beggars. The goal of turning our Earth into a universal home, where everyone will be given a worthy place, has become unrealistic, into the category of utopias and fantasies. Uncertainty forced a person to make a choice, forcing him to look around and think about what was happening in the world to people. In this situation, the problems of worldview are revealed.

At any stage, a person (society) has a very specific worldview, i.e. a system of knowledge, ideas about the world and man’s place in it, about man’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself. In addition, the worldview includes the basic life positions of people, their beliefs and ideals. By worldview we should understand not all of a person’s knowledge about the world, but only fundamental knowledge—extremely general knowledge.

How does the world work?

What is man's place in the world?

What is consciousness?

What is truth?

What is philosophy?

What is a person's happiness?

These are ideological issues and basic problems.

Worldview - this is part of a person’s consciousness, an idea of ​​the world and a person’s place in it. Worldview is a more or less holistic system of people’s assessments and views on: the world around them; purpose and meaning of life; means of achieving life goals; the essence of human relationships.

There are three forms of Worldview:

1. Attitude: - emotional and psychological side, at the level of moods and feelings.

2. Worldview: - formation of cognitive images of the world using visual representations.

3. Worldview: - the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview.

There are two levels of worldview: everyday and theoretical. The first develops spontaneously, in the process of everyday life, while the second arises when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason and logic.

There are three historical types of worldview - mythological, religious, ordinary, philosophical, but we will talk about this in more detail in the next chapter.

Historical types of worldview

Everyday worldview

The worldview of people has always existed, and this is manifested in mythology, religion, philosophy, and science. The ordinary worldview is the simplest type of worldview. It is formed through observation of nature, work activity, participation in the life of groups and society, under the influence of living conditions, forms of leisure, existing material and spiritual culture. Everyone has their own everyday worldview, which differs in varying degrees of depth and completeness from the influence of other types of worldview. For this reason, the everyday worldviews of different people may even be opposite in content and therefore incompatible. On this basis, people can be divided into believers and non-believers, egoists and altruists, people of good will and people of evil will. The ordinary worldview has many shortcomings. The most important of them are the incompleteness, lack of system, and untestedness of much knowledge that is part of the everyday worldview. The everyday worldview is the basis for the formation of more complex types of worldview.

The integrity of the everyday worldview is achieved through the predominance of associativity in thinking and the establishment of an arbitrary connection of knowledge about different spheres of existence; through random (disordered) mixing of the results of the worldview and the results of the worldview into a single whole. The main feature of the everyday worldview is its fragmentation, eclecticism and unsystematic nature.

Based on the everyday worldview, myth is historically the first to be spontaneously born - i.e. creative reflection of the world by consciousness, the main distinctive feature of which is logical generalizations that violate the logical law of sufficient reason. There are logical premises for the mythologized perception of reality; they lie at the basis of human practical experience, but conclusions about the structure and laws of existence of reality in myth, which, as a rule, are quite consistent with the observed facts from the life of nature, society and man, correspond to these facts only in an arbitrary manner. selectable number of relationships.

Mythologicalworldview

Mythology is historically considered the first form of worldview.

Mythology - (from Greek - tradition, legend, word, teaching), is a way of understanding the world, characteristic of the early stages of social development, in the form of social consciousness.

Myths are ancient tales of different peoples about fantastic creatures, about the deeds of gods and heroes.

Mythological worldview - regardless of whether it relates to the distant past or today, we will call such a worldview that is not based on theoretical arguments and reasoning, or on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, or on social illusions born of inadequate perception by large groups of people ( classes, nations) social processes and their role in them. One of the features of myth, which unmistakably distinguishes it from science, is that myth explains “everything,” since for it there is no unknown and unknown. It is the earliest, and for modern consciousness - archaic, form of worldview.

It appeared at the earliest stage of social development. When humanity, in the form of myths, legends, legends, tried to answer such global questions as how the world as a whole came to be and is structured, to explain various natural and social phenomena in those distant times, when people were just beginning to look at the world around them, and were just beginning to study it .

Main themes of myths:

· cosmic - an attempt to answer the question about the beginning of the structure of the world, the emergence of natural phenomena;

· about the origin of people - birth, death, trials;

· about the cultural achievements of people - making fire, invention of crafts, customs, rituals.

Thus, myths contained the beginnings of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, and various types of arts.

The main functions of myth were considered to be that with their help the past was connected with the future and ensured the connection of generations; concepts of values ​​were reinforced and certain forms of behavior were encouraged; ways were sought to resolve contradictions, ways to unite nature and society. During the period of dominance of mythological thinking, the need for acquiring special knowledge had not yet arisen.

Thus, myth is not the original form of knowledge, but a special type of worldview, a specific figurative syncretic idea of ​​natural phenomena and collective life. Myth is considered to be the earliest form of human culture, which united the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, moral, aesthetic and emotional assessment of the situation.

For primitive man it was both impossible to record his knowledge and to be convinced of his ignorance. For him, knowledge did not exist as something objective, independent of his inner world. In primitive consciousness, what is thought must coincide with what is experienced, what acts - with what acts. In mythology, man dissolves in nature, merges with it as its inseparable particle. The main principle for solving ideological issues in mythology was genetic.

Mythological culture, supplanted in a later period by philosophy, concrete sciences and works of art, retains its significance throughout world history to the present day. No philosophy or science or life at all has the power to destroy myths: they are invulnerable and immortal. They cannot be disputed, because they cannot be substantiated and perceived by the dry power of rational thought. And yet you need to know them - they constitute a significant fact of culture.

Religiousworldview

Religion- This is a form of worldview, the basis of which is the belief in the existence of supernatural forces. This is a specific form of reflection of reality and to this day it remains a significant organized and organizing force in the world.

The religious worldview is represented by the forms of three world religions:

1. Buddhism - 6-5 centuries. BC. First appeared in Ancient India, founder - Buddha. In the center is the doctrine of noble truths (Nirvana). In Buddhism there is no soul, there is no God as a creator and supreme being, there is no spirit and history;

2. Christianity - 1st century AD, first appeared in Palestine, the common sign is faith in Jesus Christ as the God-man, the savior of the world. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). Three branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism;

3. Islam - 7th century AD, formed in Arabia, founder - Muhammad, the main principles of Islam are set out in the Koran. The main dogma: worship of one god Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The main branches of Islam are Sunnism and Shinnism.

Religion performs important historical functions: it forms the consciousness of the unity of the human race, develops universal human norms; acts as a bearer of cultural values, ordering and preserving morals, traditions and customs. Religious ideas are contained not only in philosophy, but also in poetry, painting, architectural art, politics, and everyday consciousness.

Worldview constructs, when included in a cult system, acquire the character of a creed. And this gives the worldview a special spiritual and practical character. Worldview constructs become the basis for formal regulation and regulation, streamlining and preservation of morals, customs, and traditions. With the help of ritual, religion cultivates human feelings of love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, mercy, duty, justice, etc., giving them special value, connecting their presence with the sacred, supernatural.

Mythological consciousness historically precedes religious consciousness. The religious worldview is more perfect than the mythological one in logical terms. Systematicity of religious consciousness presupposes its logical ordering, and continuity with mythological consciousness is ensured through the use of an image as the main lexical unit. The religious worldview “works” on two levels: on the theoretical-ideological level (in the form of theology, philosophy, ethics, social doctrine of the church), i.e. at the level of worldview, and socio-psychological, i.e. level of attitude. At both levels, religiosity is characterized by belief in the supernatural - belief in miracles. A miracle is against the law. The law is called immutability in change, the indispensable uniformity of the action of all homogeneous things. A miracle contradicts the very essence of the law: Christ walked on water, just like on dry land, and this is a miracle. Mythological ideas have no idea of ​​a miracle: for them the most unnatural is natural. The religious worldview already distinguishes between the natural and the unnatural, and already has limitations. The religious picture of the world is much more contrasting than the mythological one, richer in colors.

It is much more critical than the mythological one, and less arrogant. However, everything revealed by the worldview that is incomprehensible, contrary to reason, the religious worldview explains by a universal force capable of disrupting the natural course of things and harmonizing any chaos.

Belief in this external superpower is the basis of religiosity. Religious philosophy, thus, like theology, proceeds from the thesis that there is some ideal superpower in the world, capable of manipulating both nature and the destinies of people at will. At the same time, both religious philosophy and theology substantiate and prove by theoretical means both the necessity of Faith and the presence of an ideal superpower - God.

Religious worldview and religious philosophy are a type of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness in which the original substance, i.e. The basis of the world is the Spirit, the idea. Varieties of idealism are subjectivism, mysticism, etc. The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.

In our time, religion plays no small role, more religious educational institutions have begun to open, in pedagogical university and school practice the direction of culturological representation of religions is actively developing within the framework of a civilizational approach, at the same time atheistic educational stereotypes are preserved and religious-sectarian apologetics is found under the slogan of absolute equality of all religions. The Church and the State are currently on an equal footing, there is no hostility between them, they are loyal to each other and compromise. Religion gives meaning and knowledge, and therefore stability, to human existence and helps him overcome everyday difficulties.

The most important features of religion are sacrifice, belief in heaven, and cult of God.

German theologian G. Küng believes that religion has a future, because:

1) the modern world with its spontaneity is not in proper order, it arouses longing for the Other;

2) the difficulties of life raise ethical questions that develop into religious ones;

3) religion means the development of relationships to the absolute meaning of existence, and this applies to every person.

As a result of studying materials on this topic “Worldview and its historical types,” the following conclusions can be drawn:

Worldview- this is not only the content, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine the nature of activity. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, a person’s complete and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas. The worldview changes synchronously with the world around us, but the basic principles remain unchanged.

What is the relationship between philosophy and worldview?

Worldview is a broader concept than philosophy. Philosophy is an understanding of the world and man from the position of reason and knowledge.

Plato wrote - “Philosophy is the science of existence as such.” According to Plato, the desire to understand existence as a whole gave us philosophy, and “there has never been and never will be a greater gift to people like this gift of God” (G. Hegel).

The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). According to legend, this word was first introduced into use by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who lived in the 6th century BC.

This understanding of philosophy as the love of wisdom has a deep meaning. The ideal of a sage (as opposed to a scientist or intellectual) is the image of a morally perfect person who not only responsibly builds his own life, but also helps people around him solve their problems and overcome everyday adversity. But what helps a wise man to live with dignity and reason, sometimes despite the cruelty and madness of his historical time? What does he know, unlike other people?

This is where the philosophical sphere itself begins: the sage-philosopher knows about the eternal problems of human existence (significant for every person in all historical eras) and strives to find reasonable answers to them.

There are two areas of activity in philosophy:

· the sphere of materiality, objective reality, that is, objects and phenomena exist in reality, outside of human consciousness (matter);

· the sphere of the ideal, spiritual, subjective reality is a reflection of objective reality in the human mind (thinking, consciousness).

The main philosophical questions are

1. what comes first: matter or consciousness; matter determines consciousness or vice versa;

2. the question of the relationship of consciousness to matter, subjective to objective;

3. Is the world cognizable and, if so, to what extent?

Depending on the solution of the first two questions, two opposing directions have long been formed in philosophical teachings:

· Materialism - primary and determining is matter, secondary and determining is consciousness;

· Idealism - spirit is primary, matter is secondary, in turn subdivided:

1. Subjective idealism - the world is created by the subjective consciousness of each individual person (the world is only a complex of human sensations);

2. Objective idealism - The world “creates” a certain objective consciousness, a certain eternal “World Spirit”, absolute idea.

Consistent subjective idealism inevitably leads to its extreme manifestation - solipsism.

Solipsism is the denial of the objective existence of not only the surrounding inanimate objects, but also other people except oneself (only I exist, the rest of my sensation).

Thales was the first in Ancient Greece to rise to the understanding of the material unity of the world and expressed a progressive idea about the transformation of matter, united in its essence, from one state to another. Thales had associates, students and continuers of his views. Unlike Thales, who considered water to be the material basis of all things, they found other material foundations: Anaximenes - air, Heraclitus - fire.

When answering the question whether the World is knowable or not, the following areas of philosophy can be distinguished:

1. knowable optimism, which in turn can be divided into:

· Materialism - the objective world is knowable and this knowledge is limitless;

· Idealism - the world is knowable, but a person does not know objective reality, but his own thoughts and experiences or “the absolute idea, the world spirit.”

2. cognizable pessimism, from which follow:

· agnosticism - the world is completely or partially unknowable;

· skepticism - the possibility of knowing objective reality is doubtful.

Philosophical thought is the thought of the eternal. Like any theoretical knowledge, philosophical knowledge develops and is enriched with more and more new content, new discoveries. At the same time, the continuity of what is known is preserved. However, the philosophical spirit, philosophical consciousness is not only a theory, especially an abstract, dispassionately speculative theory. Scientific theoretical knowledge constitutes only one aspect of the ideological content of philosophy. The other, undoubtedly dominant, leading side of it is formed by a completely different component of consciousness - the spiritual-practical one. It is he who expresses the life-meaning, value-oriented, that is, worldview, type of philosophical consciousness as a whole. There was a time when no science had ever existed, but philosophy was at the highest level of its creative development. Philosophy is the general methodology for all special sciences, natural and general, in other words, it is the queen (mother) of all sciences. Philosophy has a particularly great influence on the formation of worldviews.

Quote from Epicurus, from a letter to Menoeceus: “...Let no one in his youth put off pursuing philosophy...”

Man's relationship to the world is an eternal subject of philosophy. At the same time, the subject of philosophy is historically mobile, concrete, the “Human” dimension of the world changes with the change in the essential forces of man himself.

The secret goal of philosophy is to take a person out of the sphere of everyday life, captivate him with the highest ideals, give his life true meaning, and open the way to the most perfect values.

The main functions of philosophy are the development of general ideas of people about existence, the natural and social reality of man and his activities, about proving the possibility of knowing the world.

Despite its maximum criticality and scientific nature, philosophy is extremely close to the everyday, religious and even mythological worldview, for, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity very arbitrarily.

All types of worldview reveal some unity, covering a certain range of issues, for example, how spirit relates to matter, what a person is, and what is his place in the universal interconnection of world phenomena, how a person knows reality, what good and evil are, according to what laws human development society. Worldview has enormous practical life meaning. It influences norms of behavior, a person’s attitude towards work, towards other people, the nature of life’s aspirations, his way of life, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around us is perceived and experienced.

Test (choose the correct answer)

Philosophy as a theoretical form of worldview first appeared in...

B. Greece.

What is not characteristic of the mythological worldview?

B. Scientism

The French philosopher O. Comte identified three consistent forms of worldview:

B. Theological, metaphysical, positive (or scientific)

The “heart” phenomenon refers to...

B. Scientific worldview

What is not a characteristic of a philosophical worldview?

WHAT DOES THIS OR THAT WORLDVIEW OF A PERSON DEPEND ON?

One worldview, one view of the world for the primitive hunter, who saw the world in his own way, and a completely different one for the modern scientist.

It’s easier to say: how many people, so many worldviews. But this is not entirely true. People are not only separated by SOMETHING, but also united by the COMMUNITY of their homeland and language. spirituality, knowledge, history of one’s people, property, living and social status. People are united by education, a common level of knowledge, and common values. Therefore, it is not surprising that people can have similar, COMMON positions in CONSIDERATION OF THE WORLD in its AWARENESS and EVALUATION.

The classification of worldviews is different. The former give priority GOD or NATURE. Other TO THE PERSON. or SOCIETY, others KNOWLEDGE or SCIENCE. Sometimes worldviews are divided into PROGRESSIVE and REACTIONAL.

ORDINARY WORLDVIEW arises in a person’s life in the process of his personal practical activity, therefore it is sometimes called the EVERYDAY worldview. The person's views in this case are not justified by religious or scientific arguments. It is formed spontaneously, especially when a person is not deeply familiar with either religion or science. There are many people here on this site with this worldview.

It is impossible to completely exclude ignorance of both, since a person lives in a world of people where everything is available, all information. But in a person, the everyday, everyday, everyday basis prevails. It is based on the direct life experience of a person and this is its strength, but it is little used t EXPERIENCE OF OTHER PEOPLE, EXPERIENCE OF SCIENCE and RELIGION and this is his WEAKNESS. The ordinary worldview is very widespread, since science and religion do not greatly touch or affect these people. There are many such people here on the site.

RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEW- the basis of which are the religious teachings of the Bible, Koran, Torah, Talmud, Vedas and the sacred books of Buddhists and many others. Let me remind you that religion also contains a certain picture of the world, a doctrine about the destiny of man, covenants and commandments aimed at forming a certain way of life, at saving both body and spirit or soul. The religious worldview also has STRONG and WEAK sides. There are also many people with this worldview here on the site.

Its strength is its CLOSE CONNECTION with the world cultural, SPIRITUAL and moral heritage, its focus on solving problems related to needs BODY AND SPIRIT OF HUMAN, the desire to give a person FAITH, GOAL AND PATH achieving your perfection set as a goal by God.

The weaknesses of this worldview are INDEPENDENCE towards other positions in life and insufficient attention to the achievements of SCIENCE, and often complete ignorance of science. True, recently a slightly different way of thinking has appeared among religion and its supporters towards peace with science, and not war, since both science and religion enjoy mutual fruits.

SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW is the legitimate heir of that direction of world philosophical thought, which in its development was constantly based on SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS. It includes the scientific picture of the world, generalized results, the results of the achievements of human knowledge, the principles of the relationship of man with the natural and artificial environment. The scientific worldview also has its own Advantages and disadvantages. There are also enough people with such a worldview here on the site.

Among the advantages we include its strong validity in the achievements of science: the REALITY of the goals and ideals contained in them, the organic connection with the production and social practical activities of people. But we cannot close our eyes to the fact that man has not yet taken a predominant place in it. HUMANITY, HUMANITY, HUMANITY- this is a truly global problem of the present and future.

The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but the inexhaustibility of the task does not require STANDING AWAY from it, but persistence in solving it. This is the dominant feature of modern science, designed to enrich the worldview and also teach man and the world of people, just like religion.

Turn to TO HUMANITY, HUMANITY and HUMANITY if it takes on an all-encompassing character for the entire world of people and can become a decisive ennobling factor for all types of worldviews, then their main common feature will be a SPIRITUAL orientation.

Such a worldview is the most promising for the lives of people who strive to realize the development of humanity along the path to God and progress; it is still at the very BEGINNING OF THE PATH to a broad mastery of its fundamentals.

The strongest worldview has the person who includes all three worldviews, especially not only THEORIES but also, most importantly, the PRACTICE of achieving what is inherent in the theory.