Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)
More than one generation of people has grown up with the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright.
From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer; he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early.
His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen.
Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day.
The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Princess and the Pea” and many others.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703)
The French writer-storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, and wrote many scientific works.
In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Famous ballets and operas have been created based on the plot of his fairy tales.
As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.
Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (a privileged educational institution), and was friends with other famous poets, including the “Decembrists.”
The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38.
But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda”.
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth until their graves: they were bound by common interests and common adventures.
Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother.
The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist.
It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)
The Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out literary adaptations of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language.
In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism
It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech and folklore images make each work special. The most famous fairy tales: “The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Silver Hoof”, “The Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “The Golden Hair”, “The Stone Flower”.
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent.
The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America.
When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which was the boy Mowgli; it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: -
- “The cat that walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got its spots”, they all tell about distant countries and are very interesting.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)
Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented man: composer, artist, writer, storyteller.
He was born in Koeningsberg, when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: his older brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother; Hoffmann never saw his brother again. Ernst was always a mischief-maker and a dreamer; he was often called a “troublemaker.”
It’s interesting that there was a women’s boarding house next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even started digging a tunnel to get to know her. When the hole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered the passage to be filled up. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death a memory of him would remain - and so it happened; his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.
Alan Milne (1882-1856)
Who among us does not know a funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? – the author of these funny tales is Alan Milne.
The writer spent his childhood in London, he was a well-educated man, and then served in the Royal Army. The first tales about the bear were written in 1926.
Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to raise him on more serious literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult.
The books have been translated into 25 languages and are very popular in many countries around the world. In addition to the stories about Winnie the Pooh, the fairy tales “Princess Nesmeyana”, “An Ordinary Fairy Tale”, “Prince Rabbit” and others are known.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)
Alexei Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war.
As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite the fairy tale “Pinocchio” in a new way.
In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”.
The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871)
He is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who has been interested in folk art and researched it since his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research.
Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic fairy tales that can well be called a “folk book”, because more than one generation has grown up with them.
The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
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Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse. Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (a privileged educational institution), and was friends with other famous poets, including the “Decembrists.” The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda.”
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Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950) Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out a literary treatment of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the author’s 60th birthday was the collection of short stories “The Malachite Box” published, which brought Bazhov people’s love. It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech and folklore images make each work special. The most famous fairy tales: “The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Silver Hoof”, “The Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “The Golden Hair”, “The Stone Flower”.
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Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945) Alexey Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war. As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite the fairy tale “Pinocchio” in a new way. In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”. The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
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Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871) This is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who was fond of folk art and studied it from his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic fairy tales that can well be called a “folk book”, because more than one generation has grown up with them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
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Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) More than one generation of people grew up on the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer; he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Princess and the Pea” and others.
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Charles Perrault (1628-1703) The French writer, storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, and wrote many scientific works. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault feared that his reputation as a storyteller could harm his career. In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Famous ballets and operas have been created based on the plot of his fairy tales. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
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Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth until their graves: they were bound by common interests and common adventures. Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother. The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
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Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling’s most famous children’s book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which is the boy Mowgli. It is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: “The Cat That Walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got his spots,” they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Fairy tales accompany our lives from the cradle. Children do not yet know how to talk, but mothers and fathers, grandparents are already beginning to communicate with them through fairy tales. The child does not yet understand a word, but listens to the intonation of his native voice and smiles. There is so much kindness, love, and sincerity in fairy tales that it is understandable without any words.
Storytellers have been revered in Rus' since ancient times. After all, thanks to them, life, often gray and miserable, was painted in bright colors. The fairy tale gave hope and faith in miracles and made children happy.
I would like to know who these wizards are who can cure melancholy and boredom with words, and ward off grief and misfortune. Let's meet some of them?
Creator of Flower City
Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov first wrote works by hand, then typed them. He had no assistants or secretaries; he did everything himself.Who has not at least once in their life heard of such a bright and controversial character as Dunno? Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov is the creator of this interesting and cute little guy.
The author of the wonderful Flower City, where every street was named after a flower, was born in 1908 in Kyiv. The father of the future writer was a pop singer, and the little boy enthusiastically went to his beloved father’s concerts. Everyone around predicted a singing future for little Kolya.
But all the boy’s interest faded away after they bought him the long-awaited violin that he had been asking for for so long. Soon the violin was abandoned. But Kolya was always interested in something and was interested in something. He was equally passionate about music, chess, photography, chemistry, and electrical engineering. Everything in this world was interesting to him, which was later reflected in his work.
The first fairy tales he composed were exclusively for his little son. He composed for his son Petya and his friends, and saw a response in their children's hearts. He realized that this was his destiny.
The creation of our favorite character Dunno Nosov was inspired by the writer Anna Khvolson. It is among her little forest people that the name Dunno is found. But only the name was borrowed from Khvolson. Otherwise, Dunno Nosova is unique. There is something of Nosov himself in him, namely, a love of wide-brimmed hats and brightness of thinking.
“Chebureks... Cheboksary... But there is no Cheburashka!...
Eduard Uspensky, photo: daily.afisha.ru The author of the unknown animal Cheburashka, so beloved throughout the world, Uspensky Eduard Nikolaevich, was born on December 22, 1937 in the city of Yegoryevsk, Moscow region. His love for writing manifested itself already in his student years. His first book, Uncle Fyodor, Dog and Cat, was published in 1974. The idea for this fairy tale came to him while working as a librarian at a children's camp.
Initially, in the book, Uncle Fyodor was supposed to be an adult forester. He had to live with a dog and a cat in the forest. But the no less famous writer Boris Zakhoder suggested that Eduard Uspensky make his character a little boy. The book was rewritten, but many adult traits in the character of Uncle Fyodor remained.
An interesting moment is observed in chapter 8 of the book about Uncle Fyodor, where Pechkin signs: “Goodbye. Postman of the village of Prostokvashino, Mozhaisk district, Pechkin.” This refers, most likely, to the Mozhaisky district of the Moscow region. In fact, a settlement with the name “Prostokvashino” exists only in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The cartoon about the cat Matroskin, the dog Sharik, their owner Uncle Fyodor and the harmful postman Pechkin also became very popular. Another interesting thing about the cartoon is that the image of Matroskin was drawn after the animator Marina Voskanyants heard the voice of Oleg Tabakov.
Another cute and cute character of Eduard Uspensky, who became loved all over the world thanks to his charm, is Cheburashka.
Invented almost half a century ago by Uspensky, Cheburashka still does not lose its relevance - for example, recently the Federation Council proposed naming the Russian Internet, closed from the outside world, after the big-eared hero Such an awkward name appeared thanks to the author’s friends, who called their clumsy daughter, who was just starting to walk, that way. The story of the box of oranges in which Cheburashka was found is also taken from life. Once Eduard Nikolaevich in the Odessa port saw a huge chameleon in a box with bananas.
The writer is a national hero of Japan, thanks to Cheburashka, who is very loved in this country. It is interesting that in different countries they treat the author’s characters differently, but without a doubt they are loved by everyone. For example, the Finns are very sympathetic to Uncle Fyodor, in America they adore the old woman Shapoklyak, but the Japanese are completely in love with Cheburashka. There are no people in the world who are indifferent to the storyteller Uspensky.
Schwartz as an ordinary miracle
Generations grew up on Schwartz's fairy tales - "The Tale of Lost Time", "Cinderella", "An Ordinary Miracle". And Don Quixote, directed by Kozintsev from a script by Schwartz, is still considered an unsurpassed adaptation of the great Spanish novel.
Evgeny Schwartz Evgeny Schwartz was born into an intelligent and wealthy family of an Orthodox Jewish doctor and midwife. From early childhood, Zhenya constantly moved with his parents from one city to another. And finally, they settled in the city of Maykop. These moves were a kind of exile for the revolutionary activities of Father Evgeniy Schwartz.
In 1914, Evgeniy entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but after 2 years he realized that this was not his path. He was always attracted by literature and art.
In 1917, he was drafted into the army, where he received a shell shock, which is why his hands trembled all his life.
After demobilization from the army, Evgeny Schwartz devoted himself entirely to creativity. In 1925, he published his first book of fairy tales, which was called “Stories of the Old Balalaika.” Despite great censorship oversight, the book was a great success. This circumstance inspired the author.
Inspired, he wrote a fairy-tale play “Underwood”, which was staged at the Leningrad Youth Theater. His subsequent plays, “Islands 5K” and “Treasure,” were also staged there. And in 1934, Schwartz became a member of the USSR Writers' Union.
But in Stalin’s times, his plays were no longer performed; they were seen as having political overtones and satire. The writer was very worried about this.
Two years before the writer’s death, his work “An Ordinary Miracle” premiered. The author worked on this masterpiece for 10 long years. “An Ordinary Miracle” is a great love story, a fairy tale for adults, in which there is much more hidden than it seems at first glance.
Evgeny Schwartz died at the age of 61 from a heart attack and was buried at the Bogoslovskoye cemetery in Leningrad.
To be continued…
Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)
More than one generation of people has grown up with the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer; he adored puppet theaters and began writing poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15; it was a great success; in 1835, his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. The most famous of his works are “Flint”, “Thumbelina”, “The Little Mermaid”, “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Princess and the Pea” and many others.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703)
The French writer-storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, and wrote many scientific works. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault feared that his reputation as a storyteller could harm his career. In 1697, his collection “Tales of Mother Goose” was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Famous ballets and operas have been created based on the plot of his fairy tales. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb, Bluebeard.
Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Not only the poems and verses of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.
Alexander Pushkin began writing his poetry in early childhood, he received a good education at home, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (a privileged educational institution), and was friends with other famous poets, including the “Decembrists.” The poet’s life had both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda”.
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth until their graves: they were bound by common interests and common adventures. Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy; only in adulthood did his health more or less return to normal. Jacob always supported his brother. The Brothers Grimm were not only experts in German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, and scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. It was the fairy tales that brought the brothers world fame, although some works are considered “not for children.” The most famous are “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “Straw, Ember and Bean”, “Bremen Street Musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)
The Russian writer and folklorist, who was the first to carry out literary adaptations of Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from finishing seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, and when he returned, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the author’s 60th birthday was the collection of short stories “The Malachite Box” published, which brought Bazhov people’s love. It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: folk speech and folklore images make each work special. The most famous fairy tales: “The Mistress of the Copper Mountain”, “The Silver Hoof”, “The Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “The Golden Hair”, “The Stone Flower”.
Video: Video lesson "Bazhov Pavel Petrovich"
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. The future writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a trip, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category. Kipling’s most famous children’s book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which is the boy Mowgli. It is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: “The Cat That Walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got his spots,” they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)
Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented man: composer, artist, writer, storyteller. He was born in Koeningsberg, when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: his older brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother; Hoffmann never saw his brother again. Ernst was always a mischief-maker and a dreamer; he was often called a “troublemaker.” It’s interesting that there was a women’s boarding house next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even started digging a tunnel to get to know her. When the hole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered the passage to be filled up. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death a memory of him would remain - and so it happened; his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.
Alan Milne (1882-1856)
Who among us does not know a funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? – the author of these funny tales is Alan Milne. The writer spent his childhood in London, he was a well-educated man, and then served in the Royal Army. The first tales about the bear were written in 1926. Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to raise him on more serious literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult. The books have been translated into 25 languages and are very popular in many countries around the world. In addition to the stories about Winnie the Pooh, the fairy tales “Princess Nesmeyana”, “An Ordinary Fairy Tale”, “Prince Rabbit” and others are known.
Video: Alan Milne "An Ordinary Tale"
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)
Alexei Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and was a war correspondent during the war. As a child, Alexey lived on the Sosnovka farm in his stepfather's house (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying the literature and folklore of different countries: this is how the idea arose to rewrite the fairy tale “Pinocchio” in a new way. In 1935, his book “The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio” was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections of his own fairy tales, called “Mermaid Tales” and “Magpie Tales”. The most famous “adult” works are “Walking in Torment”, “Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”.
Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev (1826-1871)
He is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who has been interested in folk art and researched it since his youth. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasyev is considered one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic fairy tales that can well be called a “folk book”, because more than one generation has grown up with them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted several times.
“Here a fairy tale began, a pampering began from the siwka and from the burka, and from the wine-wort hen, from the rough-legged rough-legged piglet.”
It began with a beginning, was accompanied by sayings and jokes, fantastic and magical, followed the formulas of “fairytale rituals” or, on the contrary, neglected the canon, without a beginning or ending, became close to reality, the everyday environment, depending on whose lips it sounded from, how told by the storyteller...
Abram Kuzmich Novopoltsev
The storyteller-joker, storyteller-entertainer Abram Novopoltsev is a typical representative of the heritage of buffoons. His repertoire is surprising in its diversity: there are fantastic fairy tales, everyday novels, and tales about animals, as well as anecdotes, edifying tales, and historical legends. However, even the classic traditional fairy tale in Novopoltsev’s program, with all its formal fidelity to the canon, is rethought and reworked due to the unique style of the storyteller. The main feature of this style is rhyming, which subjugates any fairy tale told by Novopoltsev, makes it funny, light, carefree and cannot but amuse and entertain the listener. “This is the end of the fairy tale,” the fellow said to us, fellows, for a glass of beer, for the end of the fairy tale, a glass of wine.
Egor Ivanovich Sorokovikov-Magai
A fairy tale made the hard work of a peasant easier, lifted his spirit, gave him strength to live on; storytellers were always known and appreciated among the people. Often storytellers enjoyed privileges, for example, in fishing cooperatives on Lake Baikal, the storyteller was given an extra share and exempted from a number of difficult jobs. Or, for example, as Sorokovikov, an outstanding Russian storyteller, recalls, most of the tales had to be told at the mill, when it was time to grind bread. “When you come to the mill, they even accept bags to help me. "He will tell fairy tales!" And they let us through the line. “We dare you, just tell us fairy tales!” This is the way we had to tell a lot of fairy tales.” Sorokovikov is distinguished from many storytellers by his knowledge of literacy and passion for books, hence the peculiarity of the tales he tells: they bear the imprint of book influences and urban culture. The cultural elements introduced by Yegor Ivanovich into the fairy tale, such as the special book style of speech of the heroes or household accessories (the telephone in the princess’s mansion, clubs and theaters, the notebook taken out by the peasant peasant, and many others), transform the fairy tale and permeate it with a new worldview.
Anna Kupriyanova Baryshnikova
Poor, illiterate peasant woman Anna Baryshnikova, better known by her nickname “Kupriyanikha” or “Aunt Anyuta,” inherited most of her fairy tales from her father, who loved to insert a catchy word and make the audience laugh. In the same way, Kuprianikha’s fairy tales - perky, often poetic - like Novopoltsev’s fairy tales, inherited the tradition of buffoons and specialist amusing bahari. Baryshnikova's fairy tales are replete with colorful beginnings, endings, sayings, jokes and rhymes. Rhyming determines the entire tale or its individual episodes, introduces new words, names, and creates new provisions. And some of the storyteller’s beginnings are independent sayings that migrate from one fairy tale to another: “The bread was not good, it was lying around the counter, on the stove? They put me in the corner, they put me in boxes, not in the town. No one can buy bread, no one can take it for free. The pig Ustinya came up and stained her entire snout. She was ill for three weeks, in the fourth week the pig writhed, and in the fifth week she was completely dead.”
Fedor Ivanovich Aksamentov
A fairy tale, like a piece of plasticine in your hands, is remade and changed under the influence of various factors (individual characteristics of the storyteller, the place where the fairy tale exists, the social environment to which the performer belongs). Thus, told among soldiers, the fairy tale absorbs the realities of camp and military life, the barracks, and appears before us as a completely different, new fairy tale. A soldier's tale is characterized by its own special repertoire, a special range of themes and selection of episodes. Aksamentov, the Lena storyteller, one of the best representatives of the soldier’s fairy tale, carefully treats the fairy tale tradition, but at the same time his fairy tale is modernized, subordinated to the realities of soldier’s life (sentries, guards, dismissal notes, guardhouses, etc.). In a soldier’s tale you won’t find the fantastic “in a certain kingdom” or “far away lands”; the action is confined to a specific place and even time, it takes place in Moscow or St. Petersburg, and the characters are often given the names of historical figures; the hero’s exploits are now also confined to the geographical areas. For Aksamentov, this is most often France and Paris. The main character of his fairy tales is a Russian soldier. The narrator also introduces drunkards, card games, hotels, parties into the story; sometimes these pictures of drunkenness even turn into some kind of apotheosis of the drunkard, which gives a specific shade to fairy-tale fiction.
Natalya Osipovna Vinokurova
For the storyteller Vinokurova, a poor peasant woman who has struggled with poverty all her life, the main interest in a fairy tale is the everyday details and psychological situation; in her fairy tales you will not find beginnings, endings, sayings and other attributes of a classic fairy tale. Often her story is a purely enumeration of facts, and rather crumpled and confused, so, jumping from one episode to another, Vinokurova uses the formula “in short.” But at the same time, the storyteller can suddenly stop unexpectedly at a detailed description of the simplest everyday scene, which, in principle, is not typical of a fairy tale. Vinokurova strives to bring the fairy-tale environment closer to reality, hence her attempts to analyze the psychological state of the characters, describe their gestures, facial expressions, sometimes the storyteller even gives descriptions of the appearance of the characters in her fairy tales (“out of nowhere a boy comes running to him, in a short frock coat and a black cap”).
Dmitry Savelievich Aslamov
An important role in the perception of a fairy tale is played by the way the storyteller narrates it: emotionally and accompanying the story with gestures, comments, addresses to the listeners, or, conversely, quietly, smoothly, without flashes. For example, Vinokurova is one of the calm storytellers, like Sorokovikov, whose speech is sedate, somewhat solemn and in an upbeat tone. Their complete opposite is the master storyteller Aslamov. He is all in motion, constantly gesticulating, raising and lowering his voice, pausing, playing, laughing, using his hands to indicate dimensions if, for example, he has to talk about the size, height, or general size of something or someone. And the more listeners, the more he appears in all his glory. Aslamov notes individual exploits and adventures of fairy-tale heroes with exclamations and questions: “Aha!”, “Good!”, “Clever!”, “That’s how!”, “Cleverly done!” etc. or, on the contrary, with remarks: “What a fool!”, “Well, what, I don’t have enough ingenuity!”, or interrupts his story with remarks: “Are my fairy tales interesting?!”, “My fairy tales are very interesting.”
Matvey Mikhailovich Korguev
“In which kingdom, in which state, namely in the one in which you and I live, there lived a peasant,” - this is how Korguev begins his fairy tale “About Chapai”, in which the White Sea storyteller manages to embody historical material and events Civil War, in the images of folk art. Playfully, Korguev combines traditional fairy-tale motifs with contemporary reality, brings into them life with all its everyday details, humanizes fairy-tale characters, and individualizes them. Thus, the heroes and heroines of the fairy tales they tell are called Tanechka, Lenochka, Elechka, Sanechka, Andreyushko. Elechka took out a “golden bristle pig” for Andrei, “stuck it in a drawer and went to bed. I slept a little, got up at six o’clock, warmed up the samovar and began to wake up Andrei.” Due to such details, the fairy tales become realistic and entertaining, which certainly sets Korguev’s tales apart from others.
