We like to communicate. Even just being next to them is somehow more pleasant. A special power emanates from them: understanding, awareness, goodwill. Is this what intelligence is? We will try to formulate what it is and how to recognize it in a person in our short conversation.
We will rely on statements and observations from psychology and social sciences. This concept has become interesting not only to us here and now, but also to researchers of human character. Modern realities have changed little in the essence of the concept, which means that knowing it is just as useful.
What is intelligence: definition and essence
Intelligence is usually called those that together help him meet social expectations in a variety of ways. It is considered an obligatory attribute of the stratum of the population, considered advanced, to some extent elite. The bearers of the cultural fund of humanity are also credited with intelligence.
The problem of intelligence is interesting from the perspective of its constituent elements. Through them it will be easier for us to highlight the essence of the concept.
Components of intelligence
The concept of intelligence includes psychological, intellectual, and ethical aspects.
Thus, independent thinking, conscious conclusions about certain facts of the surrounding world, control of behavior and emotionality are some of the brightest manifestations of intelligence.
The essence of the concept through its components
Intelligence is the ability to think independently, to make judgments about the affairs of people and the manifestations of the universe. This also includes such ethical concepts as nobility and cordiality. Intellectual productivity, mental alertness, firmness and reliability of what is said by a bearer of intelligence (we will call such a person that way), tolerance for other manifestations of human character are also identified as components. They help to better understand the essence of intelligence.
The attitude towards the cultural and scientific achievements of one’s people and humanity as a whole is important for intelligence. Thus, a person is supposed to be interested in and respect history, art and other directions in the development of human thought.
Why does a modern person need intelligence?
The importance of intelligence should not be underestimated even in the age of radically new ways of interaction between individuals (we mean electronic technologies). So, it gives us the strength to remain friendly and open to people. Understanding and accepting new things, demonstrating emotions, respecting the opinions of others and not interfering in their personal spheres of life is already intelligence. What else is special about it?
Being an intelligent person, a person steadfastly endures manifestations of rudeness and lack of culture, expresses his thoughts more freely and is ready to resist injustice. He has a developed sense of the common good, high moral values, which are usually called traditional.
How to become an intelligent person?
To develop your intelligence, you need to constantly work on your personal qualities.
It all starts in the family. It is upbringing that forms the first communication skills, respect for other people’s opinions, and the ability to listen and hear. The foundation of intelligence is laid by parents through upbringing in a favorable atmosphere.
Reading contributes to this in the best possible way. Classic literature will feed your brain and your sense of beauty.
Although education in educational institutions is not everything, it is an equally important factor. The information and social environment gives a lot to a person. Among intelligent people, the personality itself begins to rise to their level.
An interesting factor in the development of intelligence is charity in all possible forms. By learning to give and help in word and deed, a person always grows above himself. A sense of responsibility for one’s actions also develops, as does a great awareness of one’s help to others. This is a kind of self-education by which a person is able to transform himself.
How to recognize an intelligent person?
The signs of intelligence are quite specific. So, from the first words spoken by a person, you will hear logical, literate speech, decorated with aphorisms. His education is predominantly higher. Behavior is reserved, but sincere, a wonderful sense of humor.
Good manners are a mandatory sign of an intelligent person. At the same time, he refrains from condemning the behavior of others until he knows their motives.
conclusions
Thus, we have formed a certain image of the concept of “intelligence”. What it is, how this trait manifests itself and what it can give to its bearer - all this is now easier to imagine.
We like the manifestation of this trait in other people, because communication with such individuals is extremely pleasant. To improve yourself, it is worth developing and maintaining intelligence. What it is for you personally - you will determine when you realize what you need. Let us briefly summarize the generally accepted concept in such a way that intelligence is expressed in the emotional, intellectual, cultural, and ethical aspects of the human personality.
The value of intelligence is great. Develop these qualities in yourself, it will be easier for you to form a full-fledged personality. Thus, developing intelligence in oneself means growing above all oneself.
Many scientists, sociologists and publicists think that bribery and dishonesty reign in the modern world and that intelligence has lost its truth, so the Soviet writer F.A. Abramov touches on the problem of the essence of intelligence.
In his article, F. Abramov tells us that those who are usually called spiritual mentors and shepherds can only discuss bureaucratic arbitrariness, without protesting or being indignant at all.
Also, literary critic Fyodor Aleksandrovich wants to convey to us the idea that even an ordinary, simple postwoman has the most precious wealth - the honesty and incorruptibility of a hardworking person, in contrast to superior bribe-takers and corrupt officials.
The author believes that the essence of true intelligence is to be an educated, literate and honest person. You need to develop qualities such as conscientiousness, decency, and dignity. Do not forget that simplicity, responsiveness and kindness are also especially valued by the people around you.
I agree with the author, because in the modern world there are very few truly intelligent people left, people who are interested in the level of education and spiritual development in our country, who do not stop learning and love to constantly learn something new, who try to understand and accept every person, and treat each person humanely. to all people and animals. I believe that now it is very important for everyone to develop themselves from different sides and cultivate worthy positive qualities.
In his story “The Mask,” A.P. Chekhov shows us the whole essence and truth of the “intelligentsia,” when an unknown man in a mask appeared at a charity masquerade ball and began to behave demandingly and impudently with those around him.
The intellectuals who were there cursed, asked him to leave, and threatened him with security only until the man took off his mask and turned out to be a local millionaire, known for his scandals. And then everyone around got scared, became quiet, and began to apologize to the influential man. Thus, Anton Pavlovich shows us the wrong, dishonest intelligentsia.
In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” teacher Nonna Yuryevna admires Yegor Polushkin, a simple, uneducated, but very sympathetic man who devotes his entire life to his favorite work, creative development, and helping others. According to Nonna Yuryevna, Yegor is much more intelligent than someone with three diplomas.
In conclusion, I would like to say that intelligence is a quality that is inherent only in worthy people, and in order to join the ranks of the intelligentsia, you need to develop culturally, read and learn more, love nature and people, cultivate responsibility, justice and conscientiousness.
D. S. Likhachev wrote: “... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long, not only physically, but also mentally.”
I consider the great writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn to be a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.
The problem of nobility.
Bulat Okudzhava wrote:
Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - This is our holy army.
Extend your palm to him, You won’t be afraid for him even into the fire.
His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short life to him.
You may not become a winner, but you will die like a person.
The greatness of morality and nobility are components of the feat. In Boris Lvovich Vasiliev’s work “Not on the Lists,” Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with the woman he loves, under continuous German bombing. This is true heroism.
The problem of beauty.
Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem “The Ugly Girl”: “Is she a vessel in which there is emptiness or a fire flickering in the vessel?”
True beauty is spiritual beauty. L.N. Tolstoy convinces us of this, drawing images of Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya in the novel “War and Peace”.
The problem of happiness.
Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:
See the beauty in the ugly,
See the river floods in the streams!
Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,
He really is a happy man.
Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while.”
The problem of growing up.
When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.
The words belonging to K. D. Ushinsky are true: “The purpose in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness.”
And the poet Eduard Asadov said this:
If you grow up, then from your youth,
After all, you mature not in years, but in deeds.
And everything that I didn’t have time to reach thirty,
Then, most likely you won’t have time.
The problem of education.
A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire education system is the implementation of the slogan about attention to people. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty.”
S. Ya. Marshak has the lines: “Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart.”
A teacher who has made his “heart smart” towards his pupil will achieve the desired result.
What is the meaning of human life
The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:
The more we tear from our hearts,
The more it remains in our hearts.
The heroine of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, and love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is that very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.”
The problem of learning.
Happy is the person who has a teacher in his life
For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov’s story “The First Teacher,” Duishen was the teacher to whom “... in the most difficult moments of her life” she held an answer and “... did not dare to retreat” in the face of difficulties.
A person for whom the teaching profession is a vocation is Lidia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina “French Lessons”. It was she who became the main person for her student, whom he remembered all his life.
The problem of the importance of work in human life.
The moral value of each of us is measured in a person's attitude to work.
K. D. Ushinsky said: “Self-education, if it wishes a person happiness, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life.”
And the Russian proverb says: “Without labor, you cannot take a fish out of the pond.”
According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: “Work is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic.”
The problem of self-restraint.
Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.
In “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” by A.S. Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Goldfish helped her acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.
The Russian folk proverb is true: “Better is a bird in the hand than a crane in the sky.”
The problem of indifference.
Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: “My house is on the edge - I don’t know anything.”
And a few more arguments:
1) G. Troepolsky. "White Bim Black Ear"
Bim meets different people - good, evil, indifferent. People like Tolik, Matryona, Dasha help the dog. There are also people who betray, poison, and kill. Bim suffers because of human anger.
Ivan Ivanovich instilled in Bima kindness and faith in people. When the owner was taken to the hospital, the dog was faithfully waiting for him. The two felt responsible for each other because they were “tamed.” Remembering the owner’s attitude towards him, Bim trustingly goes to people when Ivan Ivanovich is taken to the hospital.
2) V. Zheleznikov. "Scarecrow."
Moral lessons of the story: do not be cruel to people, animals and plants - to all living things on earth; protect your human dignity, never allow anyone to trample on it; you need to learn to understand people, because disappointment hurts the soul.
Lena Bessoltseva, in the difficult trials that befell her adolescence, saw her grandfather next to her all the time, felt the strength of his character, leaned on his shoulder. Nikolai Nikolaevich helped her to stand and not break. Lena appreciated this. Yes, we need to take care of old people, listen to their advice, value their experience and willingness to share the misfortune of a loved one. This is a lesson for all of us.
The theme of teenagers' cruelty towards their peers, who are not like everyone else. Lena Bessoltseva became the object of ridicule in the class. Her classmates boycotted her, and then committed a terrible act: they burned an effigy of the girl at the stake. Iron Button, Red, Shaggy and other peers of Lena, who gave the girl difficult tests, I think, received a lesson for life.
The heroine of the story says to her classmates: “Honestly, I feel sorry for you. Poor you, poor people." What did Lena Bessoltseva mean and was she right? Yes, she’s right: her peers are poor not only in their lifestyle (lack of interests, empty pastime, primitive entertainment), but also in their spiritual qualities (rude, indifferent to the misfortune of others, envious, cruel).
3) A. Platonov. "Unknown flower"
This story is about a flower that grew among stones and clay. He worked hard, overcame a lot of obstacles to shine with living fire. The flower really wanted to live. It took great willpower and tireless stubbornness to survive.
A. Platonov, in his fairy tale, states that one must work hard in order to live and not die, in order to shine with a bright fire for others and call to oneself with a silent voice the joys of life.
“Really, adults are very strange people,” we can repeat after the Little Prince. Often adults do not understand their children at all. Were they not little themselves? Why don’t they always answer children’s questions and listen to their child?
The little prince lived alone on a very small planet with only volcanoes. Every morning the hero cleaned his volcanoes and weeded the ground so that baobabs would not grow. And people, instead of maintaining order on their planet, cultivating their garden, decorating their home, wage wars and insult the beauty of life with their greed. The little prince claims that it is necessary to restore order on your planet and work every day.
The little prince goes traveling. He finds himself on planets where a king and an ambitious man, a drunkard and a business man, a lamplighter and a geographer live. The hero does not dwell on any of them, because he sees the vices, but does not understand and does not accept them. Lust for power and ambition, drunkenness and greed, fatalism and ignorance - all this interferes with people’s lives. Only on Earth, having met a snake, a flower and a fox, does the Little Prince learn the wisdom: “Only the heart is vigilant.” The hero returns to his planet, to Rose, whom he has already managed to tame.
This fairy tale teaches us to be “responsible for those who have been tamed,” that love can only be felt with the heart, that a person is threatened with loneliness among the crowd, that those who have no roots are doomed to loneliness.
5) Sasha Cherny. The story "On a Moonlit Night".
This story is about home, loneliness and happiness. All heroes, except children, are homeless and rootless. They lack happiness. And everyone needs it so much, because life is given to a person for happiness. The gardener dreams of buying back the house in which he was born. Lydia Pavlovna, sitting by the sea, remembers the last time she was madly and simply happy. But happiness is always nearby, you just need to be able to find it. The author leads readers to this conclusion.
The idea of the story is the desire for happiness, the ability to be happy in the world under the sun and moon with other people and nature.
6) K. Paustovsky. "Telegram".
“Be human,” says Paustovsky. “Repay good for good!” We must not forget about the closest, dearest people who need your attention, care, warmth, kind words, otherwise it may be too late. This happened to the main character of the story, Nastya, who, due to the eternal bustle and lack of time to write and come, did not see her mother for three years. And Katerina Petrovna was waiting for her only daughter, but she never received it. Fellow villagers saw off the old woman on her last journey, but her daughter was late for the funeral, cried all night and left the village early (she was ashamed in front of people). Nastya did not have time to ask her mother for forgiveness.
7) A. Green. "Green lamp"
The story is that a person must build his own destiny, overcoming difficulties, and not passively wait for luck, and not turn into another person’s “toy.” John Eve becomes a doctor at the end of the story. He managed to maintain his dignity and fulfilled his dream. Yes, a person is not a plaything of fate, but its creator, if he has the desire and will to achieve something, if he works and believes in himself and his strength.
Part 4 (Book by V.N. Alexandrov, O.I. Alexandrova “Encyclopedia of Arguments”)
By creating this book, we wanted to help students successfully pass the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. In the process of preparing for the essay, a strange circumstance emerged at first glance: many high school students cannot substantiate this or that thesis with any examples. Television, books, newspapers, information from school textbooks, all this powerful flow of information should seem to provide the student with the necessary material. Why does the hand of the writer of an essay freeze helplessly at the place where it is necessary to argue for a personal position?
The problems that a student experiences when he tries to substantiate this or that statement are caused rather not by the fact that he does not know some information, but by the fact that he cannot properly apply the information he knows. There are no arguments “from birth”; a statement acquires the function of an argument when it proves or refutes the truth or falsity of the thesis. An argument in an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language acts as a certain semantic part that follows after a certain statement (everyone knows the logic of any proof: theorem - justification - conclusion),
In the narrow sense, in relation to an essay on the Unified State Exam, an argument should be considered an example that is designed in a certain way and occupies an appropriate place in the composition of the text.
An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to reinforce a generalization made.
(1) Once upon a time, a very long time ago, they sent me an important edition of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” (2) For a long time I could not understand: what was the matter? (3) At the institute they signed that they received the book, but there was no book. (4) Finally it turned out that one respectable lady took it. (5) I asked the lady: “Did you take the book?” (6) “Yes,” she answered. - (7) I took it. (8) But if you need it so much, I can return it.” (9) And at the same time the lady smiles flirtatiously. (10) “But the book was sent to me. (P) If you need it, you should have asked me for it. (12) You put me in an awkward position in front of the person who sent it. (13) I didn’t even thank him.”
(14) I repeat: this was a long time ago. (15) And we could forget about this incident. (16) But still, sometimes I remember him - life reminds me.
(17) It really seems like such a trifle! (18) “Read” the book, “forget” to return it to the owner... (19) Now it has become as if in the order of things. (20) Many people make excuses by saying that I need this book more than the owner: I can’t do without it, but he can do!
(2 ^A new phenomenon has spread - “intellectual” theft, which seems to be completely excusable, justified by passion, a craving for culture. (22) Sometimes they even say that “reading” a book is not theft at all, but a sign of intelligence. (23) Think only: a dishonest act - and intelligence! (24) Don’t you think that this is simply color blindness? (25) Moral color blindness: we have forgotten how to distinguish colors, or rather, distinguish black from white. (26) Theft is theft, theft is theft , a dishonest act remains a dishonest act, no matter how and how they are justified! (27) But a lie is a lie, and in the end I don’t believe that a lie can be a salvation. (28) After all, even riding as a “hare” on a tram - this is theft. (29) There is no small theft, there is no small theft - there is just theft and just theft. (ZO) There is no small deception and great deception - there is just deception, a lie. (31) No wonder they say: faithful in small things - and is true in the grand scheme of things. (32) Someday, by chance, fleetingly, you will remember an insignificant episode when you sacrificed your conscience in the most seemingly harmless and insignificant thing - and you will feel the reproach of your conscience. (33) And you will understand that if anyone suffered from your trifling, insignificant act, then you yourself suffered first of all - your conscience and your dignity.
(D.S. Likhachev)
Composition
Is it possible, considering oneself a cultured and intelligent person, to allow dishonest actions towards others and towards oneself? Where are the acceptable limits of lies and dishonesty? The famous literary critic and publicist D.S. discusses this. Likhachev.
It would seem like an ordinary case: someone took someone else’s book and “forgot” to return it. At the same time, there was not even a feeling of awkwardness from having let the other person down, putting him in an ambiguous position. The author called this modern phenomenon “moral color blindness” and tried to explore the problem from the point of view of ethical standards. Whatever explanations the supporters of such actions put forward, one thing remains unconditional: theft remains theft, a lie can never be justified. By forgiving yourself for small evils, it is easy to slide into great evil. By sacrificing your conscience, committing an immoral act, you yourself will suffer, wittingly or unwittingly destroying your dignity. And with this statement D.S. Likhachev, you will certainly agree if you consider yourself an intelligent person or strive to be so.
Writers of the nineteenth century often addressed problems of moral purity and decency. The heroes of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky made mistakes, suffered, doubted, but always retained their moral dignity. Pyotr Grinev, hero of "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, observes his father’s behest “take care of honor from a young age” and does not lose dignity either in front of the formidable Pugachev or in the face of death. He protects not only his good name, but also the honor of his beloved.
Favorite heroes of L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” go through serious moral tests and do it with honor, without stooping to cowardice and humiliation. Old Prince Bolkonsky, seeing off his son to the active army, says that he can survive his death, but he will not survive
dishonor. And for Prince Andrey, the concepts of duty and honor are unshakable. Of course, his son will also be faithful to these traditions.
Why have many moral concepts and values been so devalued today? Perhaps we should be more demanding and uncompromising of our own conscience and the actions of those around us.
(1) Many people think: an intelligent person is one who has read a lot, received a good education (and even mainly in the humanities), traveled a lot, and knows several languages.
(2) Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.
(3) Deprive a truly intelligent person of his memory completely. (4) Let him forget everything in the world, not know the classics of literature, not remember the greatest works of art, forget the most important historical events, but if at the same time he retains sensitivity to cultural values, an aesthetic sense, he can distinguish a real work of art from a crude one. gizmo”, made only to surprise, if he can admire the beauty of nature, understand the character and individuality of another person, enter into his position, and having understood the other person, help him, will not show rudeness, indifference, gloating, envy, but will appreciate the other by dignity - this is what an intelligent person will be... (b) Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand another.
(6) It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to take care of nature, not to litter around oneself - do not litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this also rubbish, and whatnot!).
(7) I knew peasants in the Russian North who were truly intelligent. (8) They maintained amazing cleanliness in their homes, knew how to appreciate good songs, knew how to tell “happenings” (that is, what happened to them or others), lived an orderly life, were hospitable and friendly, and treated the grief of others with understanding , and to someone else's joy.
(9) Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
(1 (^Intelligence must be developed, trained in oneself, - mental strength must be trained, just as physical strength is trained. (11) And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.
(12) That training physical strength contributes to longevity is understandable. (13) Much less understands that longevity also requires training of spiritual and mental strength.
(14) The point is that an angry and angry reaction to the environment, rudeness and lack of understanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live... (15) Pushing around in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, wrong responsive to everything. (16) Quarreling with neighbors is also a person who does not know how to live, who is mentally deaf. (17) An aesthetically unresponsive person is also an unhappy person. (18) Someone who cannot understand another person, who attributes only evil intentions to him, who is always offended by others - this is also a person who impoverishes his own life and interferes with the lives of others. (19) Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. (20) I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. (21) Many years of experience have convinced me of this.
(22) Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. (23) Yes, exactly beautiful.
(24) A person’s face, which is often distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of an evil person are deprived
We need grace - not deliberate grace, but natural grace, which is much more expensive.
(25) A person’s social duty is to be intelligent. (26) This is a duty to yourself. (27) This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and the “aura of goodwill” around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).
(D.S. Likhachev)
Composition
How often we use the expression “intelligent person” without really thinking about its true meaning. We often confuse the concepts of “intelligence” and “education”, but this is far from the same thing.
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, being a truly intelligent person, helps us understand the differences between true and false intelligence. The problem of imaginary and genuine culture, morality and intelligence is especially relevant today. After all, how often behind the mask of external integrity lies spiritual callousness and emptiness. According to Likhachev, “intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand others.” The author believes that intelligence can and should be developed and trained. It is also interesting to think that a person’s state of mind affects his physical health. Over the centuries, the Russian intelligentsia has created spiritual wealth and filled life with moral meaning, despite persecution and humiliation. We see this in the example of literary heroes, such as Bulgakov’s professor Preobrazhensky, who dedicated his life to serving science and understands that louts who do not need either science or culture have come to power. Malice and envy guide the actions of these little ballers. They are not able to build, they only destroy.
An interesting image is of the old provincial intellectual from the story “Scarecrow” by writer Vladimir Zheleznikov.
Kolay Nikolaevich Bessoltsev, a collector of paintings. His main qualities are kindness and selflessness, and he teaches this to his granddaughter Lena, although people are cruel and unfair to them. But they will not become different, since they have an inherent intelligence.
The final words of Likhachev’s article are addressed to each of us: “A person’s social duty is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself.” It's worth listening to them.
Quite often, modern citizens use the phrase “intelligent person,” but few people are puzzled by the question related to the true meaning of this concept. We tend to confuse “intelligence” with “education,” and these two concepts have completely different meanings.
A truly intelligent citizen, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, strives to help his readers recognize the differences between false and true intelligence. Today, the problem of the imaginary and authenticity of culture, true morality and intelligence is especially relevant.
Often the mask of external integrity hides spiritual emptiness. Likhachev claims that “intelligence... lies in the ability to understand...” of the people around you, and not just in the presence of knowledge. According to the author, intelligence can be developed and trained, so it is necessary to cultivate it in yourself. It also seems interesting that there is a connection between a person’s mental state and his physical health.
For centuries, it was common for the Russian intelligentsia to engage in the creation of spiritual wealth in order to fill life with moral meaning, and this despite all the humiliation and persecution. The example of literary heroes becomes proof of the correctness of such a judgment. Professor Preobrazhensky, whose image was created by Bulgakov, devoted his life to science. It was not difficult for him to understand that power had been seized by boors who had no need for science and culture. Such balls and the like are guided by malice, namely those who are not endowed with the ability to erect anything, since they are only inclined to destroy.
Likhachev’s final words, used in the article, are rather an appeal to everyone individually: “The social duty ... is to be intelligent ... the duty ... to oneself.” They deserve special attention.
Updated: 2017-02-25
Attention!
Thank you for your attention.
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and click Ctrl+Enter.
By doing so, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.
Useful material on the topic
