Lessons on "A Hero of Our Time". First lesson

M.Yu.Lermontov

“Hero of Our Time” - the first psychological novel in Russian literature. Complexity of the composition. The century of M.Yu. Lermontov in the novel. Pechorin as a representative of the “portrait of a generation.”

Homework to the lesson.

Reading the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Analysis of the composition of the work.

a) Who tells the story of Pechorin?

The degree to which the narrator knows the character.
His social status.
Intellectual and cultural level.
Moral qualities.

b) Analyze the plot of the novel.

c) Restore the chronological sequence of events in the novel (plot).

3. Individual task linguists.

a) Reflection – lexical meaning words.

b) A.I. Herzen, V.G. Belinsky - historical and biographical commentary.

Individual task: a story about the plot of the novel according to V. Nabokov.

A Hero of Our Time...is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation.

M.Yu. Lermontov.

Russian society became acquainted with the “long chain of stories” by M.Yu. Lermontov under the general title “Hero of Our Time” in 1839-1840. From March to February, the essay was published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. In 1840, “A Hero of Our Time” was published as a separate book.

The time has come for us to get acquainted with this work, form our own idea about it, formulate (define) our own (personal) attitude towards its heroes.

Student answers.

You are not alone in appreciating the work and its hero. The appearance of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov immediately caused heated controversy in society.

Nicholas I found the novel “disgusting”, showing “the great depravity of the author.”
Protective criticism attacked Lermontov's novel, seeing in it slander of Russian reality. Professor S.P. Shevyrev sought to prove that Pechorin was nothing more than an imitation of Western models, that he had no roots in Russian life.
Before others, V.G. appreciated “A Hero of Our Time” with extraordinary fidelity. Belinsky, who noted in it “the wealth of content”, “deep knowledge of the human heart and modern society”.
What about the author? To the second edition of “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov writes a “Preface,” in which he insisted that “A Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is like a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development.” That is why these words are presented as the epigraph of our lesson.

– What kind of generation is this to which both M. Yu. Lermontov himself and his hero belong?

Doctor of Philology, Professor Panchenko speaks (Appendix 2).

Let's look at this topic in more detail. To talk about the century of M.Yu. Lermontov, you need to master a certain vocabulary. Follow my thoughts based on the words written on the board to the right.

The worldview of M. Yu. Lermontov took shape in the late 20s and early 30s of the 19th century, during the era of the ideological crisis of the advanced noble intelligentsia associated with the defeat of the December uprising and the Nicholas reaction in all spheres of public life.

Nicholas I is the tamer of revolutions, the gendarme of Europe, the jailer of the Decembrists, etc., from the point of view of “communist” historiography. A.S. Pushkin, whose relationship with the emperor was complex and ambiguous, noted the undoubted merits and Petrine scale of his personality. F.M. spoke of Nicholas I “with the greatest respect.” Dostoevsky, who, as is known, ended up in hard labor by his will. Conflicting assessments of personality. The fact is that Nicholas I rejected any revolution as an idea, as a principle, as a method of transforming reality. The Decembrist uprising is not only a noble motive to destroy “various injustices and humiliations,” but a violation of the officer’s oath, an attempt to forcibly change the political system, and criminal bloodshed. And as a reaction - a tough political regime established by the emperor.

An ideological crisis is a crisis of ideas. The ideas, ideals, goals and meaning of life of the Pushkin generation - everything was destroyed. These are difficult times, later they will be called the era of timelessness. In such years they talk about lack of spirituality, about the decline of morality. Maybe you and I have also experienced or are experiencing such times associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union... But let’s go back to the 30s of the 19th century.

The need to master the “mistakes of our fathers”, to rethink what seemed immutable to the previous generation, to develop our own moral and philosophical position is a characteristic feature of the era of the 20-30s.

Practical action turned out to be impossible due to both objective (the harsh policies of the autocracy) and subjective reasons: before action, it was necessary to overcome the ideological crisis, the era of doubt and skepticism; clearly define in the name of what and how act. That is why in the 1930s the philosophical search for its best representatives acquired exceptional importance for society. This was extremely difficult to do. Something completely different was triumphant. Everywhere, as far as the eye could see, flowed slowly, as Herzen put it, “the deep and dirty river of civilized Russia, with its aristocrats, bureaucrats, officers, gendarmes, grand dukes and the emperor - a shapeless and voiceless mass of baseness, servility, cruelty and envy, captivating and absorbing everything."

Man and destiny, man and his purpose, purpose and meaning human life, its possibilities and reality, free will and necessity - all these questions received figurative embodiment in the novel.

The problem of personality is central to the novel: “The history of the human soul...is almost more curious and not more useful than history a whole people." And this statement by M.Yu. Lermontov could become an epigraph to our lesson.

It is no coincidence that Pechorin established himself in the eyes of the generation of the 30s as a typical character of the post-Decembrist era. And with his fate, his sufferings and doubts, and the whole structure of his inner world, he truly belongs to that time. Not understanding this means not understanding anything. Neither in the hero, nor in the novel itself.

To understand is, in fact, the goal of our lesson.

Let's turn to the composition of the essay.

I. – Who tells the story of Pechorin?

Student answers.

Maxim Maksimych is a staff captain, a man of the people, he has served in the Caucasus for a long time, he has seen a lot in his lifetime. a kind person, but limited. He spent a lot of time with Pechorin, but never understood the “oddities” of his aristocratic colleague, a man of a social circle too far from him.
Traveling officer (officer-narrator). He is able to understand Pechorin more deeply, and is closer to him in his intellectual and cultural level than Maxim Maksimych. However, he can only be judged on the basis of what he heard from the kind but limited Maxim Maksimych. Pechorin “...saw...only once...in my life on the highway.” Subsequently, having familiarized himself with Pechorin’s diary, which fell into his hands, the narrator will express his opinion about the hero, but it is neither exhaustive nor unambiguous.
And finally, the narrative passes entirely into the hands of the human hero sincere, “who so mercilessly exposed his own weaknesses and vices”; a man of mature mind and unconceited.

II. – How does Lermontov build the plot of the work?

Student answers(the plot and plot of the work are written on the board before the lesson by two students).

Can this collection of stories be called a novel? Why does Pushkin have “ Stories Belkin”? Why Gogol collection of stories"Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka"?

- Why Lermontov is in no hurry to call his brainchild a novel, denoting it very differently: as “notes”, “essays”, “a long chain of stories”? Let's remember this question.

III. – Restore the chronological order of events.

Student answers. Correction of the recording of the plot of the novel made before the lesson.

Chronology of the events underlying the work, according to V. Nabokov.

“Taman”: around 1830 - Pechorin goes from St. Petersburg to the active detachment and stops in Taman;

“Princess Mary”: May 10 – June 17, 1832; Pechorin comes from the active detachment to water in Pyatigorsk and then to Kislovodsk; after a duel with Grushnitsky, he was transferred to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych;

“Fatalist”: December 1832 - Pechorin comes from Maxim Maksimych’s fortress to Cossack village;

“Bela”: spring 1833 - Pechorin kidnaps the daughter of “Prince Mirnov”, and four months later she dies at the hands of Kazbich;

“Maxim Maksimych”: autumn 1837 - Pechorin, going to Persia, again finds himself in the Caucasus and meets Maxim Maksimych.”

Let us restore the picture made by M. Yu. Lermontov of “chronological shifts”. It looks like this: the novel begins from the middle of events and is carried through sequentially until the end of the hero’s life. Then the events in the novel unfold from the beginning of the depicted chain of events to its middle.

- Why does Lermontov violate the chronology of events?

Here are three issues that require immediate resolution.

Student answers.

Teacher's conclusions (depending on the completeness of students' answers).

All this is true, but not the whole truth. Lermontov created absolutely new novel– new in form and content: a psychological novel.

Psychologism is a fairly complete, detailed and deep depiction of feelings, thoughts and experiences literary character using specific means of fiction.

The plot of the essay becomes “the history of the human soul.”

Lermontov first lets us hear about the hero, then looks at him, and finally opens his diary to us.

The change of narrators is aimed at making the analysis of the inner world deeper and more comprehensive.

Kind, but limited Maxim Maksimych.
Officer-narrator.
“Observations of a mature mind on itself.”

V.G. Belinsky argued that the novel “despite its episodic fragmentation, “cannot be read in the order in which the author himself arranged it: otherwise you will read two excellent stories and several excellent short stories, but you will not know the novel.”

M. Yu. Lermontov felt the novelty of his work, which united such genres as travel essay, short story, secular story, Caucasian short story, and had every reason for this. This was the first psychological novel in Russian literature.

Author information

Smirnova Irina Olegovna

Place of work, position:

GOU secondary school No. 316

City of Saint Petersburg

Resource characteristics

Education levels:

Basics general education

Education levels:

Secondary (complete) general education

Class(es):

Item(s):

Literature

The target audience:

Pupil (student)

The target audience:

Teacher (teacher)

Resource type:

Methodological development

Brief description of the resource:

The purpose of the lesson:

analyze the features of the novel
reveal the image of Pechorin through relationships with other characters
trace how against the background of life ordinary people Pechorin's inconsistency stands out

Summary of a literature lesson in 9th grade based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”

“I look sadly at our generation!”

Analysis of the chapter "Bela"

Teacher of Russian language and literature Smirnova I.O.

The purpose of the lesson:

Equipment: presentation for the lesson

When was the novel written?

(since 1838, and 2 years later published as a separate publication)

What is the problem of the work?

(Lermontov is interested in the problems of the individual and society, man and the environment that raised him, man and fate, his idea of faith and predestination, the problem of finding the meaning of life, free will and necessity).

What is compositional feature novel?

(The novel consists of separate chapters, not arranged in chronological order)

What are PLOT and FABULA? Name the chapters in chronological and plot order.

Why don't the plot and plot coincide in a novel?

Thanks to the unusual sequence, we GRADUALLY learn the psychology of the hero and an objective way of presenting the image of Pechorin arises: first he is seen from the outside, in his external manifestations (from the 3rd person - Maxim Maksimych; from the 2nd person - the officer-narrator), and then A SUBJECTIVE method appears, in diary entries (from the 1st person - Pechorin himself).

2. -How was the novel and its reception received? main character the reading public?

Most readers and critics perceived Pechorin as a negative hero.

Criticism attacked Lermontov's novel, seeing in it slander of Russian reality. Critics sought to prove that Pechorin was nothing more than an imitation of Western models, that he had no roots in Russian life.

Nikolai 1 gave a damning review of the novel: “During this time, I read to the end of “Hero” and find the second part disgusting, quite worthy of being in fashion. This is the same depiction of despicable and incredible characters that are found in modern foreign novels. Such novels spoil morals and harden character. And although you read these cat-like sighs with disgust, they still produce a painful effect, because in the end you get used to believing that the whole world consists only of such individuals, in whom even seemingly good deeds are committed only for vile and dirty motives . What result can this give? Contempt or hatred for humanity! But is this the purpose of our existence on earth? People are already too prone to become hypochondriacs or misanthropes, so why arouse or develop such inclinations with such writings! So, I repeat, in my opinion, this is a pitiful talent, it indicates the perverted mind of the author. The captain's character is sketched well. Starting the story, I hoped and rejoiced that he would be the hero of our days, because in this category of people there are much more real people than those who are so indiscriminately awarded with this epithet.”

But there were other reviews. For example, V.G. Belinsky noted in the novel “the wealth of content”, “deep knowledge of the human heart and modern society.”

We need to figure out why the reviews are so contradictory. The “Preface” to the novel will help us with this.

3. Let's read the "Preface" to the novel.

Why did Lermontov write it? What is his task? Which quote do you think is most important for readers?

(“The Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is certainly a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development”).

Of course, the readers were offended that an immoral person was being set as an example for them!

But the fact is that the meaning of the word “hero” can be understood in different ways. IN explanatory dictionary 6 of its meanings are given, two of which are the most common.

I offer you the following definitions.

1 - A person exceptional in courage or in his valor.

2 - Main character literary work.

3 - A person who, by his character and actions, is an exponent of some environment or era.

What significance did not the critics notice when they reproached Lermontov’s novel for the immorality of its hero?

(Third!)

The shortcomings of each individual person can be inherent only to him - then you can try to correct them. But when vices are characteristic of an entire generation, the blame falls not on individuals, but on the society that gave birth to these vices! It was necessary to correct Russian reality, an entire generation!

- What kind of generation is this to which both M. Yu. Lermontov himself and his hero belong?

An ideological crisis is a crisis of ideas. The ideas, ideals, goals and meaning of life of the Pushkin generation - everything was destroyed. These are difficult times, later they will be called the era of timelessness. In such years they talk about lack of spirituality, about the decline of morality. The need to understand the “mistakes of the fathers,” to rethink what seemed immutable to the previous generation, to develop one’s own moral and philosophical position is a characteristic feature of the era of the 20s and 30s.

In the 1930s, the philosophical search for its best representatives acquired exceptional importance for society. It was very difficult to maintain faith in the expediency of serving good. The vast majority of educated thinking people The 1930s failed or did not yet have time to gain clarity of purpose.

Lermontov, as a representative of the generation of the 30s of the 19th century, is interested in man and fate, man and his purpose, the purpose and meaning of human life, its possibilities and reality, free will and necessity - all these questions are figuratively embodied in the novel.

The problem of personality is central to the novel: “The history of the human soul...is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people.” And this statement by M.Yu. Lermontov could become an epigraph to our lessons on studying the novel.

It is no coincidence that Pechorin established himself in the eyes of the generation of the 30s as a typical character of the post-Decembrist era. And with his fate, his sufferings and doubts, and the whole structure of his inner world, he truly belongs to that time. Not understanding this means not understanding anything. Neither in the hero, nor in the novel itself.

To understand is, in fact, the goal of our lesson.

4. The first chapter we are introduced to is “Bela”.

In it, Pechorin is shown among the mountaineers.

From whose perspective is the story told?

(First - on behalf of a Russian officer who came to the Caucasus. This is the first narrator. Then - on behalf of Maxim Maksimych, the hero-storyteller).

But we won’t find out about Pechorin right away.

Lermontov will open each chapter, except the very last, with a LANDSCAPE.

Let's read it.

Many writers of the first half of the 19th century representatives of romanticism, argued that the European disillusioned hero could be cured of boredom and skepticism through communication with “natural people,” through love for a beautiful mountain woman, through admiring untouched nature.

1) - IN FRONT OF US IS A DESCRIPTION OF NATURE, LANDSCAPE.

Do we see a romantic or realistic landscape? Prove your point.

(Realistic This landscape is bright, others are sad, but most importantly - ACCURATE).

The travelers stopped for the night in a smoky sakla.

For a Russian person who finds himself in the Caucasus, not only nature, but also the life of the mountaineers will look exotic.

Tell us about the life and everyday life of the mountaineers.

How do our heroes feel about what they saw?

(The officer-narrator is sorry, M.M. condemns: “Stupid people!”)

We have already read pages 5 of chapter, and we still don’t see either Bela or Pechorin. The flow of the story is leisurely. It was an EXPOSITION. But soon everything changes. The PLOT begins: we learn about Pechorin.

Let's read the first portrait of the hero

What do we learn from this passage?

(Age - 25, someone told him to stay in the fortress, EPITHETS with evaluation suffixes, STRANGEness, CONTRADICTION)

How M.M. refers to Pechorin? How do we understand this?

(Evaluation suffixes, offers his friendship)

2)- Next, we learn about the events of the story and get acquainted with such heroes as Kazbich and Azamat. The main features of Pechorin’s image are helped to reveal the system of images in the novel, each of which in its own way highlights different facets of the hero’s character.

Tell us about these heroes (portrait, character).

(student’s story about Kazbich, Azamat)

What role did Pechorin play in the lives of these heroes?

(ruined their lives)

What conclusion can we draw about the main character's character?

(Pechorin is a man who obeys his fleeting desires and passions. He is completely indifferent to people, does not take into account generally accepted morality. People for him are the object of selfish “experiments”).

3) - Pechorin wants to kidnap Bela. Why does he want to do this? Is he in love?

“And sure enough, she was beautiful: tall, thin, with black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, that looked into your soul.”

Pechorin liked Bela; he was used to getting what he liked. Pechorin tore Bela out of her native environment, deprived her of her home, father, brother, and managed to do so, Bela fell in love with him. But the girl quickly got bored with him, he torments her with his coldness and is about to leave her.

Did Pechorin love Bela? Did Pechorin count on such a tragic end? How does he react to what happened?

(Pechorin DOES NOT KNOW how to love. Real love dictates to a person concern for the one he loves, excitement for him, the desire to bring joy. And Pechorin is BUSY WITH HIMSELF! He wants a more fulfilling life.

“When I saw Bela in my house, when for the first time, holding her on my knees, I kissed her black curls, I, a fool, thought that she was an angel sent to me by compassionate fate... I was wrong again: the love of a savage is for few better than love noble lady; the ignorance and simple-heartedness of one are just as annoying as the coquetry of the other. If you want, I still love her, I am grateful to her for a few rather sweet minutes, I will give my life for her, - I'm just bored with her... »)

Did Pechorin consider himself to blame for the story with Bela? (No)

When Bela dies, Lermontov writes: “I took Pechorin out of the room, and we went to the ramparts; For a long time we walked back and forth side by side, without saying a word, with our hands bent on our backs; his face did not express anything special, and I felt annoyed: if I were in his place, I would have died of grief. Finally he sat down on the ground, in the shadows, and began to draw something in the sand with a stick. I, you know, more for the sake of decency, wanted to console him, I began to speak; he raised his head and

laughed... A chill ran through my skin from this laughter..."

After 3 months, Pechorin was transferred to another regiment, and with M.M. they broke up.

4) - With what feeling did M.M. tell? about Pechorin? Who did Pechorin become for him?

In the first part of the novel, we see Pechorin through the eyes of Maxim Maksimych, a simple infantry officer, not very literate and clearly not versed in the psychology of a person, who called the young officer who arrived at his fortress “strange.”

Maxim Maksimych is sincerely attached to Pechorin, but spiritually deeply alien to him. It's not just the difference that separates them social status and age. They are people of principle various types consciousness and children different eras. For the staff captain, an old Caucasian, his young friend is an alien, strange and inexplicable phenomenon.

Why do Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin, with their mutual sincere sympathy, not understand and will never understand each other?

Maxim Maksimych is all turned towards another person, all open to meet him.

1. Pechorin is not capable of friendship, he is characterized by selfishness, he has no real affection for anyone; attracting everyone life situation he seeks to bring about conflict.

2. Pechorin forcibly pulls Bela out of her natural environment and with his selfishness leads her to death.

3. His soul is not able to sympathize with another soul, to tune in unison with the mood of others. Free from friendship, which constrains with its moral traces and connections, Pechorin is repulsed by the simple-minded kindness of Maxim Maksimych.

Homework: how the image of Pechorin is revealed in the chapter “Maksim Maksimych.”

Individual task: Image of Maxim Maksimych

Topic: “Hero of Our Time” - the first psychological novel in Russian literature. A novel about an extraordinary personality.

Goals:

1) analysis of the work: identify the features of the novel “Hero of Our Time” as psychological work; to trace how Pechorin’s inconsistency stands out sharply against the background of the life of ordinary people; identify author's attitude to the hero as a whole and understand the reasons for Pechorin’s tragedy;

2) training monologue speech, development of expressive reading skills;

3) fostering interest in studying the creativity of M.Yu. Lermontov.

Equipment:

illustrations for the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

With the creation of the novel “Hero of Our Time,” Lermontov contributed huge contribution in the development of Russian literature, continuing Pushkin's realistic traditions. M.Yu. Lermontov summarized typical features in the image of Pechorin younger generation of its era, the 30s of the 19th century, the era that came after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising in Russia, when freedom-loving views were persecuted, when the best people At that time, they could not find application for their knowledge and abilities, they prematurely lost their youth of soul, and devastated their lives in the pursuit of new impressions. This is exactly the fate of Grigory Pechorin, the main character of Lermontov’s novel.

The topic of today's lesson is “Hero of Our Time” - the first psychological novel in Russian literature. A novel about an extraordinary personality"

How do you understand the expression “extraordinary personality”?

(Unusual, standing out among others)

We must find out what is unique about Pechorin’s personality.

And besides, we must identify what the psychologism of the novel consists of.

How do you understand the meaning of the word “psychologism”?

(Note in notebook:Psychologism is an in-depth depiction of mental and emotional experiences.

(Dictionary)

III. Checking homework.

What is special about the composition of the work?

(The novel consists of 5 independent stories. Central hero, Pechorin, connects all parts of the novel together. The stories are arranged in such a way that the chronology of the hero's life is clearly disrupted.

You needed to restore the plot of the work. Remember what Fabula is?

(Fabula is the arrangement of the main events (episodes) of a literary work in their chronological sequence.)

Plot order Plot order

1. "Bela" 4

2. “Maksim Maksimych” 5

3. "Taman" 1

4. “Preface to Pechorin’s magazine” 6

5. “Princess Mary” 2

6. "Fatalist" 3

(The author uses the principle from “external” to “internal” disclosure of the character of the main character. First, other people talk about Pechorin (Maksim Maksimych, officer “Traveling on Official Need”). Then Pechorin himself talks about himself in the stories “Taman”, “Fatalist” ", as well as in his diary - confession.)

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson (analysis of the work)

1) Work on questions:

In the first chapter we see Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin through the eyes of Maxim Maksimych. What can you say about this person?

(Stabs, a captain who spent most of his life in a Caucasian fortress, is able to accurately reproduce the external course of events, but cannot explain them. He is far from understanding the hero’s spiritual quest. The motives for his actions are inexplicable for Maxim Maksimych. He notices only the “oddities of the hero”)

What did you learn from the story “Bela” about Pechorin’s life in the fortress?

What character traits do his actions indicate?

(Pechorin has a brilliant analytical mind, he evaluates people, the motives of their actions, but, on the other hand, he is quickly overcome by boredom, he has no goal in life.)

What did you learn about Pechorin’s life before appearing in the fortress?

How is psychologism manifested in this episode?

(We see here not only a description of life, but also the hero’s emotional experiences)

Under what circumstances do we meet the hero when reading the chapter “Maksim Maksimych”?

Who describes the portrait of Pechorin

What seemed unusual about the hero’s appearance?

(The combination of blond hair and black eyes, “the eyes did not laugh when he laughed.” The author concludes that this is a sign of either an evil disposition or deep, constant sadness.)

Did Pechorin change after leaving the fortress?

(Pechorin’s indifference to life, to people, apathy, and selfishness have increased.)

For what purpose does the narrator publish Pechorin's Journal?

(Show the history of the human soul)

Who acts as the narrator in the story "Taman"?

Who is the main character?

How did Pechorin show himself in the clash with the smugglers, how was his character revealed?

(Pechorin finds himself in the role of an observer who accidentally witnesses the actions of smugglers. But gradually he emerges from the role of observer and becomes a participant in events. The desire to intervene in events speaks of the hero’s activity; he does not want to be content with the passive role of a contemplator of life.)

What aspects of character does the story “Taman” allow us to judge?

(Activity, desire for action, attraction to danger, perseverance, observation)

Why, having such opportunities in his character, does not Pechorin seem happy?

(All his actions do not have a deep purpose. He is active, but neither he nor others need activity. He is smart, resourceful, observant, but all this brings misfortune to people. There is no goal in his life, his actions are random).

In the story “Princess Mary” we see Pechorin in Pyatigorsk.

How was his relationship with the “water society”?

How is Pechorin’s relationship with Grushnitsky?

Analyze the history of Pechorin’s relationship with Princess Mary.

(The story of Mary’s seduction is based on knowledge of the human heart. This means that Pechorin is well versed in people)

How and why does the relationship between Pechorin and Vera develop?

What does the tragic scene of the pursuit of Vera indicate?

(His love for Vera awakens with renewed vigor precisely when there is a danger of forever losing the only woman who understood him.)

Why doesn't the hero find happiness in love? How does he himself talk about this?

(Read excerpts)

"Fatalist"

How does Pechorin tempt fate?

What does his action say?

V. Working with illustrations.

1) Illustration by L. M. Nepomniachtchi for the novel “Hero of Our Time”

"The Death of Bela"

Exercise:

1. Describe the illustration

2. Find lines from the text that convey the state of the characters in the illustration

(In the foreground of the picture, Maxim Maksimych, shocked by Bela’s death, is depicted. In the doorway near Bela’s bed, Pechorin, depicted in full height, is visible. His face expresses the same complex feelings as in Lermontov’s narrative (“... At all times I have not noticed a single tear on his eyelashes: whether he really could not cry or whether he controlled himself - I don’t know...", "...his face did not express anything special, and I felt annoyed: if I were in his place, I would have died of grief")

2) Illustration by L.E. Feinberg for the novel “A Hero of Our Time”

"Pechorin and the wandering officer"

3) Illustration by P. Ya. Pavlinov “Pechorin and the Smuggler”

VI. Lesson summary

What is unique about Pechorin’s personality?

What is the psychologism of the novel?

Pechorin's character cannot be assessed unambiguously. Good and bad, good and evil are intricately intertwined in it. The fact is that in his actions he proceeds from his own selfish motives. Your own “I” is the goal, and all the people around you are only a means to satisfy the desires of this “I”. Pechorin's individualism was formed during a transitional era, a sign of which was the absence of a high goal or social ideals.

VI. Homework:

Preparation for an essay on the works of M.Yu. Lermontov

Lesson summary on Russian literature on the topic:

"Hero of our time". History of creation

Subject: "Hero of our time". History of creation.

Goals:

1) Educational:introduce students to the history of the creation of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”; analyze the “Preface” to the novel;

2) Developmental: develop note-taking skills and text analysis skills;

3 ) Educational:to cultivate love and respect for the writer’s work.

Lesson format: lesson-lecture.

Equipment: portrait of a writer, exhibition of books.

During the classes

I. Organizing time. introduction teachers

Teacher: Today we are starting to study the prose of M.Yu. Lermontov, namely to the novel “Hero of Our Time”.

II. Teacher's lecture.

1. The history of the creation of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov
"Hero of our time".

M. Yu. Lermontov began work on the novel based on the impressions of his first exile to the Caucasus. The stories “Bela” and “Fatalist” appeared in the magazine “Otechestvennye zapiski” in 1839, and later the story “Taman” was published. In 1840, Y. Lermontov’s novel “Hero of Our Time” was published; it was under this title that five stories were combined. The general ideological and plot-forming center of the novel “A Hero of Our Time” was the image of the main character Pechorin. The first readers saw a caricature of modern man, so in 1841 M. Yu. Lermontov created a “Preface” to the novel, in which he explained the features of the author’s plan.

2. Features of the composition.

1. Violation of the chronological sequence

2. The independence of each of the stories (plot, semantic and genre completeness) and their simultaneous connection, cyclicality.

3. Change of subject of the narrative (Maksim Maksimych, narrator, hero himself).

The author saw his task as revealing “the history of the human soul.” To do this, it was necessary not so much to talk about the hero’s actions as to reveal the reasons that led to them. The violation of the chronological sequence of events is determined by the author’s ideological plan and is subject to the movement from external to internal, from the actions and actions of the hero to the motives that prompted him to these actions, from the riddle to the solution. The same role is played by a change in the subject of the narrative (we will express this idea a priori in the introductory lesson and will return to it during the study of each of the stories).

(The main points of the lecture are noted by students in their workbooks.)

3. Introducing students to the chronological sequence of the novel.

Around 1830, Pechorin was sent from St. Petersburg to the Caucasus to join the active detachment. On the way to his place of military service, he stopped in Taman, where his encounter with smugglers takes place (the story “Taman”). After a military expedition in May - June 1832, he was allowed to use the waters in Pyatigorsk. Then, for a duel with Grushnitsky (the story “Princess Mary”), he is sent to serve in a distant fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych. Having gone to the Cossack village for two weeks, in December 1832 Pechorin became a participant in the story with Vulich (the story “Fatalist”) and returned to the fortress. In the spring of 1833, Bela was kidnapped, who died 4 months later at the hands of Kazbich (according to the story “Bela”). Pechorin is transferred from the fortress to Georgia, then he returns to St. Petersburg. Some time later, finding himself again in the Caucasus on the way to Persia, presumably in the fall of 1837, Pechorin meets Maxim Maksimych and the narrator (the story “Maksim Maksimych”). Finally, on the way back from Persia, Pechorin dies (“Preface to Pechorin’s Journal”)

III. Commented reading of the “Preface” to the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov.

Conversation with students on the following questions:

Expressively read the “Preface” to M. Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time.”

2. How does M. Yu. Lermontov himself explain the role of his “Preface” to the novel? (This is a kind of response to modern criticism.)

3. What does the writer see as the features of the image of the main character? (“The Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is like a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development.”)

5. Is M. Yu. Lermontov going to change a morally vicious society? (“It will also be that the disease is indicated, but God knows how to cure it!”)

IV. Homework.

V. Summing up the lesson, grading.

Date of:

Russian literature. 9th grade.

Lesson No. 32.

Lesson topic: “A Hero of Our Time” is the first psychological novel in Russian literature.

Lesson objectives:

Introduce students to the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”, the features of its genre, composition, plot;

Develop analytical and creative thinking, memory, speech;

Cultivate intolerance towards selfishness and individualism;

To form a culture of perception of literary text.

During the classes:

I . Organizational stage.

II . Formation of new concepts and methods of action.

“A hero of our time is not a portrait of one person, but a portrait. Composed of the vices of modern society"

V.G. Belinsky

1. The meaning of the novel's title "Hero of our time".

Lermontov's only completed novel was not conceived as a complete work, and therefore its name did not appear immediately. The problematic aphoristic title “Hero of Our Time” was proposed by experienced journalist A.A. Kraevsky instead of the author’s - “One of the heroes of our century.”

Even earlier, Lermontov entitled his novel “One of the Heroes of the Beginning of the Century.” In the final version of the name, the word that causes the most doubts and interpretations is the wordhero . Is there really something heroic in Pechorin, or is there irony hidden behind this word?

Item artistic study Lermontova is not a typical “child of the century” infected with his disease, but a personality endowed with heroic traits and entering into a struggle with her century. Another thing is that this struggle is tragic. In this case, the word “hero” sounds without irony, and, perhaps, directly hints at the Decembrists.

The novel raises the problem of the fate of a strong-willed and gifted individual in an era of timelessness. A heroic attempt to change social order Russia turned into a tragedy for an entire generation of thinking people. The decades that followed the defeat of the Decembrist uprising were years of reaction and political oppression. In order to maintain faith in the future, to find the strength for active work in the name of the future, it was necessary to be able to see real ways of struggle and serving the truth. The overwhelming majority of thinking people of the thirties were precisely those who were unable or did not have time to achieve this clarity of purpose, from whom the established order of life took away faith in the expediency of serving good.

The difficult atmosphere, denunciations, exiles, surveillance made for advanced people impossible to express one's own political views. Gray mediocrity was valued, while any living thought was stifled. The main thing was order and good intentions. And for a thinking person striving to understand the world, this time was extremely difficult.

In literature, this led to the emergence of a new “hero”. By using this word, the author may not mean its direct, heroic meaning. On the contrary, he emphasizes that time heroic people passed. A person tends to withdraw into himself and plunges into introspection. This is what the main character of the novel Pechorin does.

The ambiguity of the character of Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin, the inconsistency of his image can be discovered when studying his spiritual appearance, analyzing his relationships with other characters. This spiritual psychologism is a consequence of the characteristics of “our time.” “Our time” in the title of the novel is an era in which people who mastered culture were doomed to a merciless life, because historical reality could not give them opportunities for self-realization and socially useful activities.

Thus, in the final formulation (“Hero of our time”) there is an ironic connotation that falls not on the word “hero”, but on the word “ours,” that is, not on a person, but on an era.

M.Yu. himself Lermontov defined the purpose of the novel as the depiction of the entire generation. “Hero of our time” is both a “bitter mockery” and an indication of the typicality of the image of Pechorin, “composed of the vices of the entire ... generation, in their full development,” and sympathy and understanding.

2. The teacher's word.

- The main period of Lermontov's creativity is associated with the era of the 30s of the 19th century, the time of reaction and social stagnation after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. Emotional characteristics Lermontov gives this era in the poem “Duma”. That is why the “hero of our time” for the author is the hero of the 30s.

The significance of this work is very great because “Hero of Our Time” is the first in Russian prosepsychological novel : its ideological and plot center is not external biography(life and adventures), and a person’s personality is his spiritual and mental life, viewed from the inside as a process. This artistic “psychologism”, characteristic of Russian and French literature 30s the century before last was the result of deep socio-historical upheavals.

In 1829, when Lermontov was 15 years old and Pushkin was 30, hopes for a constitution, a republic, and the liberation of the people collapsed. NikolayIremembered the lessons of 1825 and not only sent the Decembrists to the gallows, but also took measures to ensure that their cause was not revived. All activity for the people of this era came down to obedience. The atmosphere of thoughts, disputes, and hopes was replaced by an atmosphere of fear and hopelessness.

Gifted and active people in these conditions did not find use for their strengths and talents; they despised secular society, mired in self-interest, pettiness, intrigue and depravity, were disappointed in the ideals that were so significant just recently. This spirit of disappointment and skepticism is reflected in the image of the main character of the novel “A Hero of Our Time.”

Confrontation between Pechorin and social environment is revealed not so much in the plot of the novel, but in the form of a “projection” onto inner world hero, although the events of the novel are based on a real-historical context. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the genre of this work: “Hero of our time” issocio-psychological novel .

Controversy - main feature character of Pechorin, in whose image the extraordinary personality, placing himself above the surrounding society, the strength and talent of his thinking and energetic nature, realized in active introspection, the courage and honesty of his character are combined with unbelief, skepticism and individualism, leading to contempt and hostility towards people . The hero is dissatisfied modern morality, does not believe in friendship and love. But at the same time, he strives to decide his own destiny and be responsible for his behavior.

The main features of Pechorin’s image are helped to reveal the system of images in the novel, each of which in its own way highlights different facets of the hero’s character.

You, of course, noticed how specific and complex the composition of the novel is, which combines the features of romanticism and realism: this is the discrepancy between plot and plot, the introduction of various sources of information about Pechorin, the presence of several narrators, special role landscape and subject details.

Vocabulary work

plot name a set of events in their natural chronological order. Fabula confrontsplot , in which the same events are shown in the order in which the author reports them.

The novel in its canonical version consists of the following elements:

Preface to the novel;

Chapter "Bela";

Chapter "Maxim Maksimych";

Preface to Pechorin's magazine;

Pechorin's Journal:

"Taman";

"Princess Mary";

"Fatalist".

The chronological order is broken in the presentation of events. If we restore it, the situation will look like this.

Chronological order:

- “Taman” (Pechorin heads to the Caucasus);

- “Princess Mary” (events at the Caucasian Mineral Waters, a duel with Grushnitsky, sending Pechorin to the fortress for misconduct under the leadership of Maxim Maksimych);

- “Fatalist” (service in the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych, trip to the Cossack village);

- “Bela” (the story of Bela, which happened to Pechorin during his life in the fortress and presented in the form of memoirs of Maxim Maksimych; the second part of the story is the story of the journey through the Caucasus of Maxim Maksimych and his fellow traveler officer - this happens after Pechorin left the fortress and his separation from Maxim Maksimych);

- “Maksim Maksimych” (the traveling officer personally meets Pechorin, Pechorin leaves for Persia);

Preface to Pechorin's journal (Pechorin's death is reported on the road from Persia back to Russia).

This violation of the logic of the narrative is not accidental. Lermontov abandoned a straightforward chronological chain in order to successfully solve another problem - the task of gradually revealing the personality of the main character. Pechorin is the center of the story; the entire novel is built around him. The rest of the heroes are either his doubles (Werner, Grushnitsky, Vulich), or antipodes (Maksim Maksimych), or depend on him and force him to reveal hidden character traits (Bela, Vera, Mary). The narrative is structured in such a way that the reader gradually gets to know Pechorin, becomes interested in him and consistently discovers this personality. The effect of gradualness is achieved by changing the narrator and the form of the story. To visualize everything clearly, let's look at the table.

Name

The main character

Narrator

Narrative form

"Bela"

Pechorin

Maxim Maksimych, whose story, in turn, is relayed by an officer traveler who is not personally acquainted with Pechorin

oral history, recorded by a stranger in in writing

"Maksim Maksimych"

Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych

travel officer

notes of an officer-traveler, made in the wake of a meeting with Pechorin

"Taman"

Pechorin

Memories of the past recorded by Pechorin

"Princess Mary"

Pechorin

diary entries, which were conducted directly during the events + a record made from memory about the end of the incident

"Fatalist"

Pechorin

a record of past events that the hero after the fact tries to comprehend in a philosophical manner

As we see, the novel opens with a story where Pechorin is shown from the outside, through the eyes of Maxim Maksimych, who admires him, but does not understand him. Naturally, in the interpretation of Maxim Maksimych, Pechorin’s thoughts and actions should take on a unique coloring. The situation is aggravated by the fact that Maxim Maksimych’s story actually “passes through second hands,” that is, it is conveyed to the reader by a nameless officer-traveler who has never met Pechorin at all. This is the first stage of getting to know the hero.

In the short story "Maksim Maksimych" The staff captain moves from the narrator's position to the position actor, and the officer-traveler sets out his own vision of the situation, without “intermediaries”. It is important that in this part of the novel the officer already personally encounters Pechorin and can reflect his point of view on the character. This is the next level of approach.

Next integral part the author made the novelPechorin's Journal , i.e., the hero’s own handwritten notes. Three stories represent episodes where Pechorin combines the hero and the narrator. At the same time, the opening novella “Taman” is a romantic story the times of Pechorin's youth in a free presentation. Next comes “Princess Mary”, where, thanks to the diary form, the psychological analysis, and there is also a detailed recording of events literally day by day.Novella "Fatalist" takes last place, its shape is similar toshort story "Taman" however, for the first time, it presents Pechorin’s attempt not only to analyze the motives of himself and those around him, but to formulate his view on the philosophical problem of the existence of fate and predestination. Thus, the reader is consistently confronted first with other people’s views of Pechorin, then gets acquainted with his own assessment himself, and Pechorin’s notes reflect a wide range of views, from introspection to decision philosophical problems, which allows us to clarify the genre of the novel and howphilosophical .

Now let's turn tothe novel's problems . In the preface to Lermontov’s novel, the words are very important that the public “does not understand a fable if there is no moral teaching at the end” and that his novel experienced “the unfortunate gullibility of some readers and even magazines in the literal meaning of words.” This is a clear hint that there is some kind of second, not directly stated meaning in the novel.

It must be assumed that this second meaning, felt throughout the entire novel, starting with its title, lies in itssocio-historical topic - in the tragedy of the Russian noble intelligentsia of the post-Decembrist period. Lermontov could only hint at this; Few contemporaries could fully understand these hints, but no one could speak about them out loud. It is characteristic, however, that reactionary criticism attacked “A Hero of Our Time” precisely associo-political novel , allegedly containing slander against a Russian person.

So, before us is a novel, in the center of which are the followingProblems:

Man and the world

Meaning human existence,

Will and fate (fate),

Extraordinary talent and ordinary fate,

Human inaction

Honor, dignity,

Love.

IV . Application. Formation of skills and abilities.

1. Working with the textbook

Read the textbook article " Creative history novel." Answer the questions.

V . Homework information stage.