Lesson-dedication to the wives of the Decembrists "The feat of selfless love" N. Nekrasov "Russian women

Poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Grandfather": Nekrasov was worried about the images of the suffering Decembrists and their selfless wives. The poem "Grandfather" is about the Decembrists. Design 1869-1870 the events are referred to 1856 (amnesty for political prisoners, the Decembrists return home). N. needs a real historical fact to proclaim his ideals. The central figure is the grandfather, the old Decembrist, a generalized figure, but many contemporaries guessed Volkonsky. Grandfather is not a “fossil” old man, not a museum mummy, but a living and wise person who knows the sacred word, which, as a great inheritance, will be passed on to the younger generation (“Grow up, Sasha, you will know”). At times, grandfather resembles another colossal Nekrasov grandfather - the hero Savely. In the past, both of them had a prison and Siberian penal servitude. The grandfather in the poem is surrounded by a halo of holiness, in his description the poet uses a high biblical style. THEN. the image of a martyr is created, in connection with which there are significant parallels with the crucified Christ. The grandfather's story about the Siberian village of Tarbagatai plays a key role (this settlement was real, it existed on the basis of arbitrariness, cross labor). N. takes the real fact as a basis, but supplements it with peasant legends about free lands. In the description of the village, we see a utopian country of abundance, where peace, harmony, prosperity on the basis of free labor reigns - again the utopianism of Nekrasov's consciousness. The historicism of the poem is rather conditional. N. does not set the goal of reliably reproducing history, his task is enlightening, educational - to morally influence the younger generation. Another task is to show the continuity of traditions, generations and ideals.
Poem "Russian Women" on the Decembrist theme, written in 1873. Consists of 2 poems: 1 - "Princess Trubetskaya" - a two-part poem, 1 hour. Descriptive, it contains the heroine's memories of a past life, sketchily mentions the uprising on December 14, N. seeks to dilute excessive descriptiveness with lyricism. 2h. - N.'s achievement - dynamic. Conflict, it is based on the heroine's clash with the Irkutsk governor.2 - "Princess Volkonskaya" is written in the form of grandmother's notes, which allows us to trace the heroine's maturation. If at the beginning of the journey she is called to a feat by a sense of duty and love, then after getting acquainted with the life of the province, communicating with the peasants, the princess comes to insight, begins to realize the sanctity of the cause for which her husband suffered. The plots of both poems are travel. Both poems are united by the theme of the road. It is important to show the maturation of the characters, the growth of the consciousness of the heroine. Historicism is associated with the reproduction of the psychology of the wives of the Decembrists. N. with great tact and sensitivity recreated the experiences, feelings and thoughts of the Decembrists and surrounded the charming heroines of his poem with an atmosphere woven from all this. One feature of the poem is remarkable: the feat of the 2 heroines is essentially the same, their fate is similar in many respects, and yet the second part does not at all repeat the first, it sounds completely different. N. - a realist artist - managed to individualize the characters of Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya. Psychologically, they are very different, even somewhat opposite. Trubetskaya is proud and aristocratic, excessively smart and cold, inaccessible. Volkonskaya is simpler and more soulful, less like a secular lady, lives more with her heart than with her mind, she is a mother woman, a grandmother woman, telling her story to prankster grandchildren. In accordance with this, the two parts of the poem are organized differently in composition and stylistically. The rhythm is also not the same: a short verse, exclusively masculine rhymes that sound like strong blows in the first part, and a wide, melodious, expanse verse in the second.

29. “Who should live well in Russia” - figurative structure, composition, style features.

The poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” Nekrasov (the creation of the work took almost 20 creative years) was conceived as a folk book. He dreamed that it would be accessible to the people and understandable to them. For a long time, for many years, he saved up and collected material word by word, studied the life and way of life of the common people. And the poet got his way. His poem became popular. What is a folk art? A work can be called folk when it expresses the aspirations and hopes of the people themselves, when the author is the successor of artistic traditions and features of folk art. What is the nationality of the poem? The main role, that is, the role of the protagonist of a work of art, Nekrasov assigns to the people in all its diversity. Most of the chapters are devoted to the most numerous estate in Russia of the last century - the peasantry. The poet describes peasant joy and misfortune, doubts and hopes, beauty and ugliness. In the poem, we can assess the degree of people's desire for freedom. The author introduces into the poem the image of seven wandering peasants traveling around the country in search of the lucky ones. This is a group portrait, therefore, in the image of the seven "temporarily liable" only general features characteristic of the Russian peasant are given: poverty, curiosity, unpretentiousness. The peasants do not seek happiness among the working people: peasants, soldiers. Their idea of ​​happiness is associated with the images of the clergy, merchants, nobility, and the king. They are deeply convinced that the working people are better, higher, smarter than the landowner. The author shows the hatred of the peasants for those who live at their expense. Nekrasov also emphasizes the love of the people for work, their desire to help other people. Having learned that Matryona Timofeevna's harvest is dying, the peasants offer her help without hesitation; they also help the peasants of the Illiterate Governorate in mowing.

The images of Yakim Nagogoy, Yermila Girin, Saveliy, Matrena Timofeevna combine both common, typical features of the peasantry, such as hatred for all “shareholders” who drain their vitality, and individual features.

Yakim Nagoi, personifying the mass of the poorest peasantry, “works to death”, but lives as a poor man, like most of the peasants of the village of Bosovo. His portrait testifies to constant hard work:

And myself to mother earth

He looks like: a brown neck,

Like a layer cut off with a plow,

brick face...

Yakim understands that the peasantry is a great force; he is proud of his belonging to it. He knows the strength and weakness of the "peasant soul":

Soul that black cloud -

Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary

Thunders rumble from there ...

And everything ends with wine ...

Yakim refutes the opinion that the peasant is poor because he drinks. He reveals the true reason for this situation - the need to work for "shareholders". The fate of Yakim is typical for the peasants of post-reform Russia: he “once lived in St. Petersburg”, but, having lost a lawsuit with a merchant, he ended up in prison, from where he returned, “stripped like a velcro” and “took a plow”.

Another image of the Russian peasant is Ermila Girin. The author endows him with incorruptible honesty and natural intelligence. The peasants respect him for being

At seven years of a worldly penny

Didn't squeeze under the nail

At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,

Did not let the guilty

I didn't bend my heart...

The episode with the purchase of the mill is important. Nekrasov shows the solidarity of the peasantry. They trust Yermila, and he takes the side of the peasants during the riot.

The author's idea that Russian peasants are heroes is also important. For this purpose, an image is introduced Savelia, Holy Russian hero. He treats Matryona Timofeevna with sincere love, deeply worries about the death of Demushka. About himself, he says: “Branded, but not a slave!”. Savely acts as a folk philosopher. He reflects on whether the people should continue to endure their lack of rights, their oppressed state. Saveliy comes to the conclusion: it is better to “not tolerate” than to “endure”, and he calls for a protest.

Savelia's combination of sincerity, kindness, simplicity, sympathy for the oppressed and hatred for the oppressors makes this image vital and typical.

A special place in the poem, as in all of Nekrasov's work, is occupied by the display of the "women's share". In the poem, the author reveals it on the example of the image Matryona Timofeevna. This is a strong and persistent woman fighting for her freedom and her female happiness. But, despite all efforts, the heroine says: “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman between women.” The fate of Matryona Timofeevna is typical for a Russian woman: after marriage, she ended up with a “girlish holyday” in hell; misfortunes rained down on her one after another ... Finally, Matryona Timofeevna, like the peasants, is forced to overwork herself at work in order to feed her family. In the image of Matrena Timofeevna, there are also features of the heroic character of the Russian peasantry.

In his great poem, Nekrasov looks at the landowners through the eyes of peasants. As shown, for example, Obolt-Obolduev(what is worth one of his last name!):

Some kind of round gentleman,

mustachioed, pot-bellied,

With a cigar in my mouth...

Diminutive and endearing forms, traditional in folk poetry, here enhance the ironic sound of the story, emphasize the insignificance of the "round" person.

In picture the afterlife – duckling- Nekrasov achieves exceptional sharpness of satirical denunciation. This is a slave owner who has gone out of his mind, and there is nothing human even in his outward appearance:

The nose is beaked like a hawk.

Mustache gray, long

And - different eyes:

One healthy - glows,

And the left one is cloudy, cloudy,

Like a pewter!

But the Last One is not only funny - he is also scary. This is a cruel feudal torturer. Corporal violence has become a habit with him, the sounds of beatings coming from the stable give him pleasure.

With malicious sarcasm, images of other enemies of the people are also drawn: governors, officers - "unrighteous judges", merchants, contractors.

Among the enemies of the people are priests. Nekrasov also creates a different image of the priest - a ruthless extortionist who does not at all sympathize with the people. This is Pop Ivan. He is indifferent to the grief of a peasant woman: even when the corpse of her son Demushka is opened, he jokes.

Grisha Dobrosklonov- a key figure in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Russia." Grisha was born into the family of a poor clerk, a lazy and mediocre man. The mother, on the other hand, was a type of the very female image drawn by the author in the chapter “Peasant Woman”. The prototype was Dobrolyubov. Like him, Grisha, a fighter for all the humiliated and offended, stood for peasant interests. In the foreground, his concerns are not about personal well-being. Grisha reflects one of the main ideas of the poem. Here is the idea: it is good to live in Russia only for such fighters for the happiness of the oppressed people. Gregory is not alone in his dreams of a happy national life. Hundreds of people like him have already taken the honest path. To all of them

Fate prepared

The path is glorious, the name is loud

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

But our hero is not afraid of the upcoming trials, because he firmly believes in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. He sees that the people of many millions themselves are awakening to struggle. Grigory Dobrosklonov - the future leader of the peasantry, the spokesman for his class anger and reason. The path of Gregory is difficult, but also glorious, only strong souls enter it, on such a path, according to Nekrasov, true happiness awaits a person, because the greatest happiness lies in the struggle for the freedom of the oppressed, in bringing people the light and joy of life. To the main question of his poem - who in Russia has a good life? - the author answers: fighters for the happiness of the people. This is the meaning of the poem.

Composition the work is built according to the laws of the classical epic: it consists of separate parts and chapters. Outwardly, these parts are connected by the theme of the road: seven men-truth-seekers wander around Russia, trying to resolve the question that haunts them: who lives well in Russia? First chapter“Pop” opens with the image of a “wide path”. This is one of the important poetic symbols of Russian literature, which embodies the idea of ​​movement, striving forward. This is an image of not only the life, but also the spiritual path of a person.

In the next chapter, “Country Fair”, the main character is the crowd, wide and many-sided. Nekrasov creates pictures in which the people themselves spoke, spoke about themselves, revealing the best and most unattractive features of their lives. But in everything: both in beauty and in ugliness - the people are not pathetic and not petty, but large, significant, generous.

In the next chapter, "Drunken Night", the festive feast reaches its climax. From the depths of the people's world emerges a strong peasant character, Yakim Nagoi. It appears as a symbol of working peasant life.

In the chapter "Happy" the whole peasant kingdom is drawn into a dialogue, into a dispute about happiness. In their miserable life, even a tiny bit of luck already seems like happiness. But at the end of the chapter there is a story about a happy man.

In the fifth chapter of the first part, “The Landowner The wanderers treat the masters already with obvious irony. They already understand that noble “honor” is worth little.

In the chapter "Peasant Woman" Matrena Timofeevna appears before the wanderers, embodying the best qualities of the Russian female character. Harsh conditions honed a special female character - independent, accustomed to relying on her own strength everywhere and in everything.

The theme of spiritual slavery is central in the chapter "Last Child". A terrible "comedy" is played by the characters of this chapter. For the sake of the half-mad Prince Utyatin, they agreed to pretend that serfdom had not been abolished.

Chapter "Feast for the whole world" is a continuation of "Last Child". It depicts a fundamentally different state of the world. This is people's Russia, already awakened and at once speaking. New heroes are being drawn into the festive feast of spiritual awakening. All the people sing songs of liberation, judge the past, evaluate the present, begin to think about the future.

“To whom it is good to live in Russia” is a poem, the significance of which is difficult to overestimate. It unfolds such a picture of folk life, which is rare in Russian and world literature. And so the poem is considered the pinnacle of creativity, the main work of Nekrasov's entire life.

The poem "Russian Women" by N. A. Nekrasov sings of the feat of the wives of the Decembrists. In the lesson materials you will find a brief historical background on the Decembrist uprising and its sad consequences. Attentive, thoughtful reading of the text will help you analyze the images of the main characters of the poem: Ekaterina Trubetskoy and Maria Volkonskaya.

They showed their contemporaries an example worthy of imitation. Before them, only peasant women left for exile with their husbands. They were the first of the noblewomen, and from the most eminent noble families, to follow their husbands into exile, leaving their families, children, friends, their mansions and servants behind. They understood that they were leaving for a place where they would have to become on a par with the same peasant women - to wash, cook, sew themselves. They were not embarrassed by the pleas of their relatives, the misunderstanding of society, the threats of the authorities. They abandoned their titles to fulfill their duty. Their act caused a huge resonance, became an example for many.

The feat of the Decembrists was sung by N. A. Nekrasov in the poem "Russian Women".

There were 11 of them, but Nekrasov in the poem spoke only about the first ones, who were almost the most difficult of all: they "They paved the way for others" - this is Ekaterina Trubetskaya and Maria Volkonskaya.

Rice. 2. Wives of the Decembrists ()

Compositionally, the poem is divided into two parts:

1. Princess M.N. Volkonskaya.

The idea of ​​the poem expressed by Nekrasov in the words:

High and holy is their unforgettable feat!

Like guardian angels they

Were the backbone of the unchanging

Exiles in the days of suffering.

According to contemporaries, Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskaya, nee Countess Lavl, was not a beauty - short, plump, but charming, cheerful, with a beautiful voice. In Paris in 1819, Catherine Laval met Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy and married him a year later.

Trubetskoy was ten years older than her and was considered an enviable groom: noble, rich, smart, educated, went through the war with Napoleon and rose to the rank of colonel. His career went uphill, and Catherine had a chance to become a general.

Five years after the wedding, it suddenly became clear that Sergei Trubetskoy, together with his friends, was preparing an uprising.

Trubetskaya was the first of the wives of the Decembrists to make a decision to leave for Siberia. The path was very long. The authorities were obstructing. For example, Trubetskaya spent 5 months in Irkutsk, because. Governor Zeidler received an order from Petersburg to persuade her to return back. However, Ekaterina Ivanovna was firm in her decision.

Rice. 3. Princess Trubetskaya ()

The image of Princess Trubetskoy in the poem.

In the poem, N. A. Nekrasov tells about the difficult journey of Princess Trubetskoy to Siberia and her heroic opposition to the Irkutsk governor.

The story is told in 3rd person. Thus, the main task of the author is not only to tell about the events, but also to assess the actions of the heroine, her female feat.

The poem begins with the scene of farewell to the father:

The count himself corrected the pillows,

I made a bear cavity at my feet,

Making a prayer, scapular

Hung in the right corner

And - sobbed ... Princess-daughter ...

Goes somewhere tonight...

Nekrasov emphasizes how father and daughter love each other. But, having married, having given a vow of fidelity before God to be with her husband both in sorrow and in joy, Trubetskaya makes a decision:

Oh, God knows! ... But the duty is different,

And higher and harder

Calling me... Forgive me, my dear!

Do not cry in vain!

Far is my way, hard is my way,

My fate is terrible

But I dressed my chest with steel ...

Be proud - I'm your daughter!

Thus, from the first lines of the poem, Nekrasov highlights in the character of the heroine such features as courage, determination, fortitude.

Catherine says goodbye to the past, to the cheerful and rich life of an aristocrat. Says goodbye to his native Petersburg, to his stepfather's house:

Happy my youth

Passed within your walls

I loved your balls

Catania from the steep mountains,

I loved the splash of your Neva

In the evening silence

And this square in front of her

With a hero on horseback...

We see that Catherine from childhood was very cheerful.

In the memories of the youth of the heroine, the following lines may be incomprehensible:

And you be damned, gloomy house,

Where is the first quadrille

I danced... That hand

So far it's burning my hand...

Rejoice. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

Whose hand are you talking about? Who is the heroine cursing?

Ekaterina Trubetskaya recalls her first ball, where she danced her very first dance with Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, the future Emperor Nicholas I, who began his reign with the massacre of the Decembrists. In the poem, he acts as an executioner.

Rice. 4. Russian Emperor Nicholas I (1796-1855) ()

childhood memories

Wealth, shine! high house

On the banks of the Neva

Staircase upholstered with carpet

Lions in front of the entrance

The magnificent hall is elegantly decorated,

The lights are all on fire.

O joy! now a children's ball,

Chu! the music is booming!

Memories of meeting my husband and a happy life with him

Another time, another ball

She dreams: in front of her

A handsome young man is standing

He whispers something to her...

Then again balls, balls ...

She is their mistress

They have dignitaries, ambassadors,

They have all the fashionable light ...

Memories of a trip with her husband to Italy

And so she left

With your chosen one.

Before her is a wonderful country,

Before her is eternal Rome...

But the princess feels happy only in a dream. Upon awakening reality strikes her with tragedy and bitterness:

Chu, heard ahead

Sad ringing - shackled ringing!

Hey coachman, wait!

Then the exiled party is coming,

Painful chest,

The princess gives them money,

Thanks, have a good trip!

She long, long their faces

Dreaming later,

And do not drive away her thoughts,

Don't forget sleep!

Here, to the qualities of the main character, we, of course, must add such features as mercy, kindness.

Thus, the story about the heroine is built on the antithesis: the opposition of a beautiful dream and a terrible reality.

A long way, a lot of time for memories. The princess recalls the tragic day of the uprising and its terrible consequences, recalls how she came to the casemate to meet her husband. It is known that Trubetskaya knew about the impending uprising. In the poem, she is shown by Nekrasov as not just a loving and faithful wife. This person is independent, thinking, analyzing. Returning from a trip to Italy, Trubetskaya compares this beautiful, free country with a miserable and unhappy Russia:

In front of her are a number of paintings.

Downtrodden, driven country:

Severe lord

And a miserable worker-man

With a bowed head...

As the first to rule,

How slaves the second!

Catherine turns to her husband with a question:

Tell me, is the whole region like this?

There is no shade contentment? ..

You are in the kingdom of beggars and slaves! -

The short answer was...

Here we must add the following features to the characterization of the heroine: independence; observation; inquisitive mind; love of freedom.

Nekrasov emphasizes that Trubetskaya shares her husband's views. Her decision to follow him is dictated not only by love, but also by a bold civic position. That's why the climax of the poem was the episode "Trubetskoy's meeting with the Irkutsk governor."

The princess overcame almost five thousand miles and suddenly runs into an obstacle: the Irkutsk governor does not allow her to go further. The forces are unequal. On the one hand - Princess Trubetskaya, a young, fragile, defenseless woman. On the other hand, the Irkutsk governor, a representative of state power (“ Princess, here I am the king”), wise by life and service experience, already a middle-aged man.

And Princess Trubetskaya wins this duel. This brave, young, defenseless, powerless woman. How much determination she has! What courage! What a character!

Not! I'm not a pitiful slave

I am a woman, wife!

Let my fate be bitter

I will be faithful to her!

Oh if he forgot me

For a different woman

I would have enough strength in my soul

Don't be his slave!

But I know: love for the motherland

my rival,

And if it were necessary, again

I would forgive him!

Carefully reading the poem, the reader understands what is the weakness of the Irkutsk governor. He tries to return Trubetskaya, following the order of the tsar, intimidates her with terrible trials, but in his heart he sympathizes with her and admires her courage:

How I tormented you... My God!...

(From under the arm of a gray-haired mustache

A tear rolled down.)

Sorry! yes, I tormented you,

But he himself suffered

But I had a strict order

Barriers to put up for you!

It is this moment that explains why the authorities were so opposed to the decision of the wives of the Decembrists. It meant the moral support of the prisoners, aroused sympathy among many. The authorities in the person of Tsar Nicholas I did not want anyone to sympathize with the Decembrists.

Nekrasov admires his heroine, her willpower, self-esteem and fearlessness.

In the poem, Trubetskaya was detained in Irkutsk for only 2 weeks. In fact, she stayed there for 5 months. It was here that the second Decembrist, M.N. Volkonskaya, to whom the second part of the poem "Russian Women" is dedicated.

1. Didactic materials on literature Grade 7. Author - Korovina V.Ya. - 2008
2. Homework in literature for grade 7 (Korovina). Author - Tishchenko O.A. - year 2012
3. Literature lessons in grade 7. Author - Kuteynikova N.E. - year 2009
4. Textbook on literature grade 7. Part 1. Author - Korovina V.Ya. - year 2012
5. Textbook on literature grade 7. Part 2. Author - Korovina V.Ya. - year 2009
6. Textbook-reader on literature Grade 7. Authors: Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. - year 2012
7. Textbook-reader on literature Grade 7. Part 1. Author - Kurdyumova T.F. - 2011
8. Phonochrestomathy in literature for the 7th grade to the textbook by Korovina.

1. FEB: Dictionary of literary terms ().
2. Dictionaries. Literary terms and concepts ().
3. N. A. Nekrasov. Russian women ().
4. Nekrasov N. A. Biography, life history, creativity ().
5. N. A. Nekrasov. Biography pages ().
6. History of the Russian Empire. Wives of the Decembrists ().
7. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language ().

1. Prepare an expressive reading of excerpts from N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Russian Women” “Trubetskoy’s Conversation with the Irkutsk Governor”
2. Think about why Nekrasov called the poem not "Decembrists", but "Russian Women".

Description of the presentation A word about the Decembrists. Poem by N. A. Nekrasov on slides

A word about the Decembrists. The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Grandfather” The electronic resource was prepared by the teacher Sudakova S. R. (grade 6) MOU secondary school No. 5 of Svetly, Kaliningrad region

"Who is it? - Sasha asked, - Who? . . "-" This is your grandfather ". From the poem "Grandfather".

Lesson plan: Checking homework in the form of a test. Individual task: "Definition of the word" poem ". Work with the text of the poem "Grandfather" on questions. Presentation questions. Who is S. G. Volkonsky? Group work. Compiling a table. Individual task: "Sergey Volkonsky in hard labor". Questions. Summarizing.

one). The poem is one of the types of lyrical-epic genre. Its main features are the presence of a detailed plot and, at the same time, the wide development of the image of a lyrical hero, who, in addition to the plot, is actively included in the characteristics of the characters, evaluating them, as if taking part in their fate.

2). Information about the main characters of the poem. Sasha - shown in a family with mom and dad in the process of growing up, from about 3 to 10 years old. (Everyone is interested in whose portrait it is on the wall). Grandfather - information from parts 1-3. a) his father's portrait hangs in his office; b) no one talks about him; c) everyone cries when they talk about him; d) in anticipation of the arrival of the grandfather, a big cleaning begins, everyone has happy faces; e) when grandfather arrives, he has a large cross on his chest (researchers believe that this cross was melted down from his shackles); C) his leg is worn out (maybe from shackles?); h) the hand is wounded (probably from a shot); j) the author calls him "mysterious grandfather".

3). Watching an excerpt from the film: "Yu. Lotman. Decembrists". Who is Yu. M. Lotman? Questions: 1) What are the approximate years of the life of the Decembrists? 2) What did you learn about prison? 3) Who were these people? 4) Why do we need to know about these people? 5) What struck Leo Tolstoy in this generation? 6) Who are the Decembrists? four). Viewing the presentation "The Decembrist Revolt".

Questions about the presentation "The Decembrist Revolt". 1. Who are the Decembrists? 2. Against whom and for what did they fight? 3. How did the events of the uprising take place? 4. How did it end? 5. What decision did the court make regarding the people who took part in the speech on the Senate Square? 6. What is the meaning of this rebellion?

In connection with what does the name of S. G. Volkonsky arise? What is interesting about this person? “There is reason to believe that Volkonsky partly served as a prototype for the hero of the poem “Grandfather,” K. I. Chukovsky believed. Who is K. I. Chukovsky? Reference: CHUKOVSKY Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilievich Korneichukov) (1882 -1969), Russian writer, literary critic, Doctor of Philology. Works for children in verse and prose (“Moydodyr”, “Cockroach”, “Aibolit”, etc.) are built in the form of a comic action-packed “game” with an edifying purpose. Books: “ Mastery of Nekrasov" (1952; Lenin Prize, 1962), about A.P. Chekhov, W. Whitman, the art of translation, Russian, about child psychology and speech ("From two to five", 1928, 21st edition, 1970). Criticism, translations, artistic memoirs. Diaries. Who is S. G. Volkonsky? K. I. Chukovsky

Volkonsky Sergey Grigorievich. Prince. Received home education (up to 14 years). He was enlisted as a sergeant in 1796 (8 years old). At one time he participated in all military campaigns, was wounded, had awards. He rose to the rank of brigade commander of the 1st brigade of the 19th infantry division. 1819 Member of the Welfare Union and the Southern Society. Arrested on January 5, 1826, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Convicted of the 1st category, 1. 07. 1826 sentenced to hard labor for 20 years. Sent chained to Siberia - 23. 07. 1826. Signs: height 2 arshin ¼ inches "clean face, gray eyes, oblong face and nose, dark blond hair on the head and eyebrows, light beard, has a mustache, on the right leg in the tibia has a wound from a bullet, wears false teeth, with one natural front upper tooth). The deadline has been shortened several times. Under an amnesty on August 26, 1856, he and his children were returned to the nobility and allowed to return to European Russia. Since the spring of 1856, he lived in the village. Funnels of the Kozeletsky district of the Chernigov province, where he died, was buried with his wife. Wife since 1825. In Kyiv - Maria Nikolaevna Raevskaya. She followed her husband to Siberia in 1826.

Analysis of the work "Grandfather". Questions: 1. Does the story about the Decembrists, about their uprising, sound in the poem? 2. How are events developing after the grandfather's arrival? 3. Drawing up a table by groups in order to understand who the Decembrists are using the example of the hero from the poem by N. A. Nekrasov. 4. Question: “Through what events, how is the character of grandfather revealed? » 5. Work in groups. Task: "Fill in the table." 1st group - 5-8 o'clock, 2nd group - 9-12 o'clock, 3rd group - 13-17 o'clock, 4th group - 18-22 o'clock

Part Event (Group 1) Characteristics of the hero 5 “Sasha became friends with his grandfather, They always walk together, Walk in meadows, forests, Tear cornflowers among the fields.” Grandfather loves nature, introduces the boy. Description of the grandfather: “Grandfather is ancient for years, But still cheerful and handsome, Grandfather’s teeth are intact, Step, posture is firm, Curls are fluffy and white, Head is like silver, Slender, tall,. . Looks like a rich man. Speech is "apostolicly simple" Speaks like a preacher - calmly, clearly and confidently. He knows a lot. 6 We visited the Volga - grandfather calls it "the great Russian river", they see barge haulers, he kisses the ground, cries. Pity this land, people.

7 “I am glad that I see a picture of my dear eyes since childhood. Look at this plain - And love it yourself! There is nothing more precious to him than his Motherland. He talks about peasant farming, that only then “There will be joy in the song, / Instead of despondency and torment”, when there will be a large economy. He teaches his grandson to think about the happiness of the peasants. 8 "Grandfather praises nature, Stroking peasant children" . “Grandfather’s first thing is to talk to a peasant: “Soon it won’t be difficult for you, You will be a free people!” Grandfather believes in quick changes (liberal reforms of the 60s) in relation to the people.

9 -11 Group 2 Description of the life of peasants in the village of Tarbagatai. a) Russian peasants were driven into a terrible wilderness on infertile lands, they were given freedom and land. b) the commissars arrived a year later - a village and a mill had already been built. c) they arrived a year later - the peasants from the barren land are harvesting, etc. So for 50 years "a huge settlement has grown". Aims Sasha that a free hardworking person will not disappear anywhere. He says that "The will and labor of man / Marvelous divas create." And if life is arranged in a family, children are healthy, then this is a happy family. And the peasants can be happy, they can live richly. The village of Tarbagatai in Transbaikalia

And in what case, in your opinion, the family will be happy? What conditions are necessary for a happy family? 12 Meeting with the plowman. What image does it resemble of their completed works by N. A. Nekrasov? (In the "Railway" the image of a Belarusian and the description of Yakim Nagogo in the poem "Who should live well in Russia"). What is the author's purpose for introducing this image? Grandfather takes the plow from the plowman and begins to plow himself. The image of this emaciated man is contrasted with a well-fed, free life in Tarbagatai. There is still a lot to be done to achieve such a life for the peasants. A person should not shy away from any work. Labor beautifies a person.

13 The spectacle of the disasters of the people is unbearable, my friend; Happiness of noble minds To see contentment around. Grandfather says that now life is easier for the people. He recalls a peasant wedding, where the young "forgot to ask permission" from the master. He separated the newlyweds and punished everyone. Grandfather says that the landowners have no soul. He takes pity on the peasants, accuses the powerful of this world of tyranny. 14 “And not only gentlemen squeezed the juice from the people” - also the clergy, officials who plundered the country. Responsible for human disasters, for the robbery of the country - the administrative apparatus of Russia. Much has changed since then? A handful of people have millions, billions in their hands, the rest live in poverty. 3 group

15 He speaks of "stupid obedience", downtroddenness of the people, of "dark and coarse" minds, he says that the people are in the role of slaves. That if trouble breaks out, war, then such a people will not stand up to defend the country. He says that "friendly strength is needed." It is necessary to unite "bottoms" and "tops". 16-17 Conversation with a soldier. “Today, service is not a burden for you - The bosses are meek now ... Well, as in our time! What is not the boss, then the beast! He talks about what kind of drill was in the army, assault, obscene language in addressing a junior rank. He teaches his grandson that honor should be cherished, calls for revenge for his grievances. What has changed in the army now? For the most part, there are no such bosses, there is hazing.

18 -19 What did grandfather do while living with his children? He dug garden beds, interlaced something, sewed and patched, sang songs about Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, about the Decembrists. He loved to work, did not sit idle. Remembered the past. 20 Riding a shuttle, the only time he allowed himself to talk to Sasha about life in hard labor: From the words "Deaf, deserted, deserted" to the words "Slowly, slowly melting" He recalls that terrible life. There is no heroism. Ordinary person. 21 The grandson once again asks to tell where he was. Grandfather says that it is necessary to learn, to know geography, history. Causes Sasha's desire to learn. 22 The boy is 10 years old. He is studying. “Better than the big one, a lot of things in Russian life will tell. He hates the stupid and evil, wishes good to the poor. Grandfather's lessons were not in vain. The grandfather raised his grandson in his spirit. Change grows. 4 group

Throughout the poem, Sasha asks questions to both dad and mom, and then grandfather. One way or another, they are connected with the Decembrists, with the uprising. He is also interested in how his grandfather lived in Siberia. Was life easy for people in Siberia? Who could be found there? What do we learn about this from the poem? What part of the story is about this? - find and read. (Part 20) 1. Individual task: "A son's memory of S. G. Volkonsky in hard labor". Questions: 1. What conclusions about the life of the Decembrists in hard labor can be drawn after the viewed slides? 2. What can be found in common in the image of grandfather Nekrasov and a real person S. G. Volkonsky? 3. How do they differ? 4. What era are we talking about? (All in all). 5. What are the revolutionary-minded people of Russia waiting for? 6. What artistic means of expression did the author use in revealing the character of the grandfather?

Conclusion in the form of a mini-essay: "What kind of person do I imagine grandfather is." What images of S. G. Volkonsky are most suitable for the described events of the poem? What order do you think the portraits should be in?

Conclusion. The next stage in the development of the Decembrist theme was Nekrasov's appeal to the feat of the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their husbands to hard labor in Siberia. In the poems "Princess Trubetskaya" (1871), "Princess Volkonskaya" (1872), Nekrasov reveals the same qualities of a national character that he found in peasant women in the poems "Pedlars" and "Frost, Red Nose". Nekrasov's works became facts not only of literary, but also of social life. They inspired the revolutionary youth to fight for people's freedom. Honorary academician and poet, well-known revolutionary populist N. A. Morozov argued that “the wholesale movement of student youth into the people did not arise under the influence of Western socialism, but that its main lever was the populist poetry of Nekrasov, which everyone read in a transitional youthful age, which gives the most strong impressions.

Homework: 1. Prepare a presentation on the life and work of N. S. Leskov. 2. Read the tale "Lefty". 3. Draw illustrations for the work (optional). 4. Prepare a presentation or report on prominent personalities among the serfs. 5. Question: “How did their fate usually end? » .

List of used literature: Literature textbook for grade 7 in 2 hours (1 hour) / Korovina V. Ya., Polukhina V. P. - M .: Education, 2007. - 317 p. Bibliographic dictionary. Russian writers in 2 hours (2 hours) / Nikolaeva P. A. - M .: Education, 1990. - 445 p. History of Russia, 19th century: Proc. for 8 cells. / Danilov A. A., Kosulina L. G. - 4th ed. -M. : Enlightenment, 2003. - 254 p. Brief dictionary of literary terms: Book. for students / Timofeev L. I., Turaev V. S. - M .: Education, 1985. - 208 p. Training tests and other tasks in the Russian language for grade 9. / Ugrovatova T. Yu. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2008. - 337 p. N. A. Nekrasov. Poems and poems. / Lazarenko G.P. - M. : AST, 1997. - 687 p.

Electronic resources: Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. DVD-ROM. - M .: LLC Cyril and Methodius. , 2007. CD Russian season. Popular classics on mp 3. Multimedia encyclopedia. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. CD-ROM. Yaroslavl: YARGU, 2004. http: // www. dekabristy. ru http: // www. transsib. ru http: // www. stepanov 01. people. ru http: // www. az. lib. ru http: // www. decemb/hobby. ru http: // filmiki. arglover. net/filmiki/ http: //sputnik. master-telecom. Common crawl en Conversations about Russian culture. Decembrists / Lotman Yu. - Doc. movie - AVI http: //www. svetly 5 school. people. en

The political self-consciousness of the wives of the Decembrists was not developed: the activities of their husbands took place in secret societies, and the news of the arrests for relatives and friends sounded like a bolt from the blue.

But, fulfilling their women's duty, the "Decembrists" involuntarily filled it with civic content. This is how everyone perceived their act - from the emperor to people from the common class.

Among these women were: E. Trubetskaya, V. Naryshkina, V. Rosen, M. Volkonskaya and others.

Nicholas I, who perpetrated the massacre of the Decembrists, understood that even the unheard-of impudence of the wives of the rebels could arouse sympathy in society, confuse the minds. Therefore, he did not stint on threats - just to keep women from reuniting with husbands who encroached on the sacred royal power.

From the diary of M. Volkonskaya:

“A wife, following her husband, will naturally become involved in his fate and lose her former title, that is, she will already be recognized only as the wife of an exiled convict, and at the same time she takes upon herself to endure everything that such a state can be painful, because even the authorities will not be able to protect her from the hourly possible insults from people of the most undeveloped, contemptuous class, who will find in it as if some right to consider the wife of a state criminal, bearing an equal fate with him, like themselves: these insults can even be violent . Hardened villains are not afraid of punishment. Children who take root in Siberia will go to state factory peasants!

“It is not allowed to take money or things of great value with you.”

ON THE. Nekrasov was delighted with the dedication of the wives of the Decembrists, their spiritual strength. He knew Mikhail Volkonsky, who allowed him to get acquainted with his mother's notes. No one touched on this topic, it was taboo.

In the characters of the wives of the Decembrists, the main qualities of the Russian female national character were manifested - self-sacrifice, dignity, patience.

Princess Trubetskaya in Nekrasov is a generalized image, like the images of other wives of the Decembrists. The poet endows them with the features of that heroic selflessness, that decisive fighting character, examples of which he saw in the best people of his time.

The poem is a hymn to noble spiritual impulses, courage, perseverance, fidelity, the all-conquering power of love.

Lesson Objectives:

• To acquaint students with the historical basis of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Russian women".
• Show the greatness of the spirit of a Russian woman when analyzing the episode “Meeting of Princess Trubetskoy with the Governor of Irkutsk.
• Teaching expressive reading.

Equipment:

1. On the board the epigraph of the lesson
   Captivating images! Hardly
   In the history of any country
   Have you seen anything more beautiful
   Their names must not be forgotten.

   Not! I'm not a pathetic fish!
   I am a woman, wife!
   Let my fate be bitter -
   I will be faithful to her! ON THE. Nekrasov "Russian women"

Portraits of the wives of the Decembrists: Alexandrina Muravyova, Maria Volkonskaya, Elizaveta Naryshkina, Polina Goble and Camille Le Dantu.

Musical accompaniment of the lesson, including Chuevsky's romance “Burn, burn, my star ...”

Teacher's word.

It was a cloudy morning on December 14, 1825. The sun on this short winter day rose late - at nine o'clock with minutes. Nicholas wandered gloomily through the halls of the Winter Palace. He knew that the palace, that age-old stronghold of Russian tsarism, was surrounded by a ring of serious, threatening uprising...

The leaders of the uprising rose early that day. Ryleev and his friends - members of a secret political society - went out on Senate Square that day with weapons in their hands. These were the best people of the Russian land, her faithful sons.

But the uprising was put down. Tsar Nicholas I brutally cracked down on the revolutionaries. Five were hanged, 12 were exiled to Siberia, and how many more were flogged to death and thrown under the ice by the soldiers who came to Senate Square.

It was a feat, a great feat in the name of the Motherland; selfless desire to help the Russian people. But today we will talk not about those who went out to Senate Square and who walked along the big Vladimir road, a soldier chained under escort, but about those beautiful women who abandoned everything: the brilliance of the capital, luxury, their successes in the world and full of self-denial and great spiritual strength followed their husbands to hard labor. Nekrasov called them Decembrists.

...Under the whistle and howl of a blizzard, a cart rushes, carrying the first of the great women, 20-year-old Muravyova, to Siberia. She is carrying Pushkin's messages with her to Siberia. Shivering from the cold, he remembers ...

The students act out the scene.

The old clock cuckoo cuckooed 10 times. Sister Natasha quickly entered the living room.

Pushkin has come to you!

- What, Pushkin? Perplexed, Alexandrina asked again.

- Poet! Alexander Sergeevich! He says he wants to see you on urgent business.

- Good. Escort him here.

Pushkin handed Alexandrina a neatly folded sheet of poetry, she asked:

- Read it yourself.

He made a silent half-bow in agreement and began in a dull, agitated voice:

- “In the depths of the ores ...” / the poem is read against the background of music /

Alexandrina listened with bated breath. Each line penetrated the soul. She clearly imagined what joy they would bring there, how they would encourage Nikita and his comrades, and when Pushkin finished, with tears in her eyes, she quietly and gratefully said:

“I have no words to express my gratitude to you. Your poems will be a wonderful balm for them...

It seems that these women did something special when they left for their husbands? And you try to go back to that era when cruel, black reaction reigned, when it was forbidden even to write letters to the Decembrists, to pronounce their names. And how terribly difficult it was to get permission from the government to follow her husband to Siberia. But if it was received, then the Decembrist wife had to remember the bitter words: "An innocent wife, following her husband - a criminal to Siberia, must remain there until death." This was the order of the government of Nicholas I.

Children born in Siberia became serfs; It was not allowed to take money or things of great value with you. In fact, they went to this harsh region without a livelihood. And it was brutal, monstrous.

But the fiery love of women, the selfless desire to help the Decembrists still won. Nothing stopped the princesses, who until recently shone in the world. Maria Volkonskaya, Alexandrina Davydova, Elizaveta Naryshkina, French women Pauline Gobl and Camille Le-Dantyu, who obtained permission to go to Siberia to marry "state criminals". Camilla had one explanation why she followed Vasily Ivanovich to Siberia: “I love him almost from childhood.” There were 11 of them, these brave women who defied fate.

/Music plays.../ Exhibition of portraits of women - Decembrists.

Look at these beautiful soulful faces.

Alexandrina Muravieva

The portrait was commissioned by Muravyova during the first days of her husband's imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress. On the back of the watercolor there is an inscription by Alexandrina Grigorievna in French: “To my dear Nikita”. Since then, Nikita Muravyov has not parted with the portrait, which very accurately conveyed the sad tenderness, nobility and kindness of Alexandrina.

Student's story.

She silently, with half-closed eyes, sat by the cooled fireplace and could no longer cry: the grief was too great.

Less than four years later, she, nineteen-year-old, modest and shy Alexandrina Chernyshova, became the wife of Nikita Muravyov, whom she passionately and tenderly fell in love with for life.

On December 25, 1825, 11 days after the defeat of the uprising in St. Petersburg, Muravyov was arrested. She looked at her husband with a dead face, not believing her ears. He fell on his knees before her.

“I'm sorry I didn't tell you everything. I am infinitely guilty before you!

Alexandrina, holding back her sobs, lifted her husband, clung to him and whispered:

- Be silent, be silent ... you are not to blame for anything, and no matter what awaits you, I will always be with you, my only, priceless one, I will share your fate in everything ...

The next day, Alexandrina rushed to Petersburg, in order, having handed over her two babies to the care of her mother-in-law, to devote herself to efforts to mitigate the fate of her husband, to seek permission to stay with Nikita where he would be sent.

In vain the chief of the gendarmes, Benckendorff, tried to dissuade this weak-looking woman from the trip, intimidating her with impending disasters. But Alexandrina was ready to sacrifice everything just to be with her husband. Following her beloved, she went to Siberia, at 16 days she rode from Moscow to Irkutsk. A strong, loving soul supported her weak forces. She was the common favorite of all the exiled Decembrists. Her mother-in-law sent her money and parcels with things, most of which Alexandrina distributed to those in need. And the life of Alexandrina herself was unbearably hard. She writes to her father: “One small room, damp and dark, and so cold that we all freeze in warm boots, and in cotton bonnets, and caps ...”. In Chita, a girl was born to the Muravyovs, and she was their only joy. In the autumn of 1832, Alexandrina Grigorievna caught a cold and died soon after, she was 28 years old. She wanted to be buried in the family crypt, but Benkendorf rejected the request of her relatives: “The arrival of Muravyova’s ashes from Siberia can excite the people, increase the spirit of indignation ... The dead are more terrible than the living! ..”

And here is the portrait Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya with a child in her arms. Look at these beautiful features.

1 student: Maria Raevskaya was 19 years old when she met the 36-year-old brilliant General Volkonsky. The young wife did not know about the events that took place on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square. While expecting a child, she lived in the village. The son was born on January 2, 1826, and a week later her husband was arrested. Secretly from her relatives, Maria Nikolaevna turned to the tsar with a petition for permission to follow her husband. The king allowed.

Volkonskaya was the first to see the convicted Decembrists in the mine. She went down there, the sentry missed her:

The sentry yielded to my sobs,
How God I asked him! ..

It is impossible to talk without emotion about her meeting with her husband Sergei Volkonsky in the dark, stuffy mine:

…where the mold is patterned
lay; where the water flowed quietly
And flowed down in puddles.

2 student:

And then he saw, he saw me!
And he stretched out his hands to me: “Masha!”
And he became exhausted as if, far away ...
Two exiles supported him.
Tears streamed down his pale cheeks,
The outstretched hands trembled...
The soul of my sweet voice is the sound
Instantly sent an update
Joy, hope, oblivion of torment,
Oblivion of the father's threat!
And with a cry: "I'm coming!" I was running
Unexpectedly jerking his hand
On a narrow plank over a gaping moat,
Towards the inviting sound ...
“I’m going” ... sent me its caress
Smiling face drunk ...
And I ran up ... and my soul
Filled with a sacred feeling.
I am only now, in the fatal mine,
Seeing the fetters on my husband,
I fully understood his pain.
He suffered a lot, and he knew how to suffer!
Involuntarily I bowed before him
Knees - and before hugging her husband,
She put chains to her lips.

1 student: Volkonskaya lived with her husband for almost 30 years in hard labor and in exile. She wrote memoirs about these years.

In a watercolor portrait by Nikolai Bestuzhev, Camille Le Dantu , the daughter of a governess is French.

Student: As a sixteen-year-old girl, she and her mother ended up in the rich noble house of General Ivashev. The young son of Ivashev did not remain indifferent to the charming girl. But the difference in their social status was so great that the daughter of a poor governess could not hope to marry the heir of a well-born and wealthy family.

After a speech on Senate Square on December 14, 1825, Vasily Ivashev was sentenced to life imprisonment. Camilla hid her grief for a long time and only in the spring of 1830, having suffered a severe nervous illness, did she open herself to her mother. The decision was made at once.

It took a lot of work for Ivashev's mother to obtain the emperor's permission for Camilla's trip to Siberia to perform the marriage ceremony. Finally, the barriers were overcome, and in the fall of 1831, Camilla arrived at the Petrovsky Zavod, where the convicts lived at that time. Volkonskaya wrote about Ivasheva: “This is a beautiful creature in every respect: marrying her was a great happiness for Ivashev” ...

In June 1836, the Ivashevs moved to a settlement in Turinsk. The strength of the young woman by this time had already been undermined.

December 30, 1839 Camilla Ivasheva died. She was 36 at the time. Vasily Petrovich was never able to cope with his grief and died a year after the death of his wife.

Today it is difficult to imagine what Siberia was in those days: “the bottom of the bag”, “the end of the world”, “to distant lands”. For the fastest courier - a month's journey. Off-road, river floods, snowstorms and chilling horror of Siberian convicts - murderers and thieves.

Student: First - the very next day - after the convict - her husband went on a journey Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskaya . In Krasnoyarsk, the carriage broke down, the escort fell ill. The princess continues on her way alone, in a tarantass. In Irkutsk, the governor intimidates her for a long time, demands - once again after the capital! - a written renunciation of all rights, Trubetskaya signs it, a few days later the governor announces to the former princess that he will continue his journey “on the tightrope” along with criminals. She agrees...

Six thousand miles of the way behind - and a woman in the Blagodatsky mine, where her husband extracts lead. When Trubetskaya, through a crack in the prison fence, saw her husband in shackles, in a short, ragged and dirty sheepskin coat, thin and pale, she fainted. Trubetskoy's life was on the verge of poverty. Accustomed to gourmet cuisine, Trubetskaya at one time ate only brown bread, washed down with kvass. This spoiled aristocrat walked in frayed shoes and froze her feet, as she sewed a hat from her warm shoes to one of her husband's comrades to protect his head from the debris falling in the mine.

Years dragged on slowly in exile. Moscow and Petersburg became more and more distant memories. Trubetskaya died in 1854 in Siberia.

Few Decembrists lived to see the amnesty that came in 1856, after 30 years of exile. Of the 11 women who followed their husbands to Siberia, three remained here forever. Alexandrina Muravieva, Camilla Ivasheva, Ekaterina Trubetskaya.

This dedication of the wives of the Decembrists, their spiritual strength attracted the attention of the great Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. He penetrates deeper and deeper into the recent past of his native history, studies everything that has been written about the Decembrists, asks everyone who can tell him something about them and decides to write the poem “Russian Women”. He knew that the son of the Decembrist Volkonsky, Mikhail Sergeevich, had “Notes” of his mother, and persuaded him to read these “Notes” to him.

“At 3 pm the reading was over,” Volkonsky said, “I remember how, at the same time, Nikolai Alekseevich jumped up several times in the evening and, with the words “enough, I can’t,” ran to the fireplace, sat down to him and, clutching his head with his hands, cried , like a child".

With great enthusiasm he wrote a poem about Russian women! He wrote about the feat performed by very young women. They were spoiled by wealth, not accustomed to deprivation, to work, but they were Russian women, about whom Nekrasov said: “he won’t get weak in trouble - he will save you,” and when this trouble came, when it was necessary to decide how to honestly and correctly act in life, without a moment's hesitation, they went to distant Siberia.

- What kind of Decembrists did he talk about in the poem “Russian Women”?

/Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya/

How humanly true, exciting his images!

Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, as if alive, pass before us on the pages of the poem, we seem to hear their bold voices, experience their torment and suffering with them, admire their firmness.

At home we read the chapter "Princess Trubetskaya".

At the beginning of the poem "Princess Trubetskaya" Nekrasov paints an accurate, albeit concise, picture of the uprising on Senate Square.

- How does the poet show the heroism of the Decembrists, their inflexibility and courage? (The Decembrists respond with proud contempt to the hypocritical persuasions of the tsar and the tsar’s servants, steadfastly repel the attacks of government troops. “New regiments have arrived ...”)

– Do the rebel troops succumb to the metropolitan’s false persuasions? (No. "Go away old man! Pray for us! You don't care here")

- What leads to the defeat of the rebels? (The brutal order of the king to shoot at the rebels point-blank from cannons)

The mention of the tsar could not be allowed by the censorship, and Nekrasov had to soften this last line for publication: “There was a loud: “Pa-li!”

Creating the image of Trubetskoy, Nekrasov used scarce and scattered data. The most significant source for him was Rosen's Notes.

How does the poem begin? (From a description of Trubetskoy's trip to Siberia)

- What is drawn to her in the memories running in the loneliness of the road, in a half-sleep? (She draws her past: a brilliant social life, fun balls, where she delights everyone with her beauty, marriage, a trip with her husband abroad, to Italy)

- But now Trubetskaya woke up from memories and dreams of the past. What does she see? (Sad pictures of Russian reality).

Nekrasov did not strive to sketch a historical portrait of the "Decembrists". For him, the “Decembrists” are, first of all, progressive Russian women. He endows his heroines not only with the traits of courage and noble dedication, but also shows their ardent sympathy for the people, thus emphasizing the need to appeal to the people, from which the Decembrists were far away.

Dreams about the past were not only sweet, but also heavy, terrible.

- Remember the description of Trubetskoy in prison during a meeting with her husband? (Expressive reading of the dialogue).

- What is Trubetskaya in this episode? (Nekrasov portrayed not only hatred and contempt for the tsar and secular society, but also Trubetskoy's readiness for revenge, for struggle)

It's been almost two months now.
Constantly day and night on the road.
A marvelously well-coordinated carriage,
And the end of the road is far away!
The princess' companion is so tired,
What fell ill near Irkutsk,
After waiting for two days, she
Rushed further one ...

What event is the 2nd part of the poem dedicated to? (Meeting of the princess and the governor)

The meeting with the governor of Irkutsk grows in the poem into an exciting dramatic scene, which deeply tells the heroic character of a Russian woman.

What is the governor trying to do? (Keep, show how dangerous a trip to Siberia is, persuade to return back)

– What future does Trubetskoy Governor draw? (Our side is barren, the spring is short, the winter is long / 8 months / people are callous in soul, in the wild - only varnaks / runaway convicts / you won’t have to see your husband. The governor scares Trubetskaya with death:

But you won't live there:
That climate will kill you!)
- Is Trubetskaya afraid of death?
(Let death be destined for me -
I have nothing to regret!
I'm going, I'm going! I must
Near her husband to die ...)

– What could this fragile woman do with the fear of death?

- And when the governor draws two paths in front of her: Siberia and St. Petersburg:

Here is stale bread, prison, shame,
Need and eternal oppression.
And there are balls, a brilliant courtyard,
Freedom and honor

Which path does she choose? What made her follow her husband, refusing a secular prosperous life? (That disinterested love for her husband, which the nature of these lovely women has endowed, makes her refuse. And, of course, duty. How could she leave her husband in such difficult moments.) No wonder she exclaims:

Not! I'm not a pathetic fish!
I am a woman, wife!
Let my fate be bitter -
I will be faithful to her.

Let's listen to the moving lines of the poem. (Text recording sounds)

Then the governor, in order to keep Trubetskaya, uses one of the most powerful means in his opinion.

- What is this remedy? (You must sign a renunciation of your rights).

- Why did he consider it the most powerful tool? (Become a beggar, not every princess can become a simple woman)

Does the princess think this reason is convincing? (No! Quoting text)

But the governor, even after the abdication, does not give Troubetzkoy horses. The governor says that she will go through the stage with the convicts.

- How do you see Trubetskaya at these moments? (Resolute, she is ready to go on a difficult journey through the stage along with convicts in chains)

- Have you noticed that the governor has changed in relation to Trubetskoy? What caused this change? (He is subdued by her dedication to love for her husband. “A tear rolled down from under the arm of a gray-haired mustache.” He can no longer, and does not want to tyrannize this brave woman. He gives her horses so that Trubetskaya continues her journey)

Princess Trubetskaya at Nekrasov is a generalized image, like other wives of the Decembrists. Nekrasov endows them with the features of that heroic selflessness, that decisive, fighting character, examples of which he saw in the best people of his time.

Captivating images! Hardly
In the history of any country
Have you seen anything more beautiful
Their names must not be forgotten!

They are not forgotten even today, this is the merit of N.A. Nekrasov, who immortalized these great women in his poem.

These fragile-looking women, as best they could, facilitated the position of men. Cooked food for everyone, washed, sheathed. They were the first to sow millet, barley, buckwheat, tobacco, plant tomatoes and even cherry trees on the local lands. But most importantly, they wrote letters to their homeland, since this was strictly forbidden to the Decembrists themselves. And they lived together with their husbands in casemates.

“The casemate united us together,” Bestuzhev recalled, “gave us support in each other and, finally, through our angels - saviors, ladies, united us with that world from which we were forever cut off by political death, united us with our relatives, gave us the desire to live ... finally gave us material means of subsistence and delivered moral food for our spiritual life.

These great women went into captivity with their husbands with a special intensity of grief. Boyars and princesses, who laid down their dignity, title, but took with them the strength of the female soul and great beauty, tempered in fire and in the smoke of rough work. They served their husbands - the princes, carrying both them and their "misfortune". And the husbands, kneeling before this new beauty for them, courageously carried the punishment. For their husbands, as it is sung in Chuevsky's romance, they were that star, the most cherished, the most beautiful, the rays of which illuminated their hard labor life.

/ The romance “Burn, burn, my star ...” sounds /

Prepare an oral answer to the question: What attracted me in the images /image/ of the Decembrists.

Introduction Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich - poet, prose writer, critic, publisher was born in 1821. Nekrasov's childhood years passed on the Volga in the village. Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province.

Nekrasov's father was one of those landowners, of whom there were many then: ignorant, rude and violent. He oppressed his family, mercilessly beat the peasants. The poet's mother, a loving, kind woman, fearlessly stood up for the peasants. She also protected the children from the beatings of her husband. It seems that there was no other poet who so often, with such reverent love, would resurrect the image of the mother in his poems. According to Nekrasov, it was under the influence of memories of his mother that he wrote so many works protesting against the oppression of women (“Troika”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Rural suffering is in full swing ...”, etc.

). It was from Greshnev that Nekrasov the poet acquired exceptional sensitivity to the suffering of others. When Nekrasov was 10 years old, he was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium, from which he left after the fifth grade, as his father refused to pay for his education. During these years, Nekrasov fell in love with books and read a lot. At the age of 17, he went to the capital, to St. Petersburg, but life there was very difficult for him. The father wanted a military career for his son, and he decided to go to university. For self-will, his father deprived him of any material support, and the young man was left without a livelihood. In order not to die of hunger, a talented young man began to compose poems and stories commissioned by the capital's booksellers.

Nekrasov wrote day and night, but received a penny for it. At this time, he met and became close friends with the great Russian critic V. G. Belinsky, who had a huge influence on Nekrasov - moral, literary, ideological, and then his fresh, versatile talent sparkled especially brightly. In 1847, the writer I. I. Panaev, together with Nekrasov, acquired the Sovremennik magazine, founded by A.

S. Pushkin. In Sovremennik, Nekrasov's editorial talent flourished, rallying the best literary forces of the 1940s and 1960s around the magazine.

I. S. Turgenev publishes here "Notes of a Hunter", I. A. Goncharov - the novel "Ordinary History", V. G. Belinsky - late critical articles, A.

I. Herzen - the stories "The Thieving Magpie" and "Doctor Krupov". Nekrasov also placed his poems here. After the death of Belinsky, Nekrasov attracted Belinsky's successors, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, to work in the journal.

The influence of Sovremennik grew every year, but soon disaster struck. In 1861, Dobrolyubov died, then Chernyshevsky was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In 1862, the government suspended publication for eight months, and in 1866 banned it altogether. A year and a half later, Nekrasov rented Otechestvennye Zapiski and from 1868 until his death remained the editor of this magazine, which unites progressive forces. Otechestvennye Zapiski enjoyed the same success as Sovremennik. The highest flowering of Nekrasov's creativity began in 1855. He finished the poem "Sasha", in which he wanted to show how "new people" are born and how they differ from the former "heroes of the time", "superfluous people" from the environment of the cultural nobility.

Then he wrote the poems "Forgotten Village", "Schoolboy", "Unfortunate", "Poet and Citizen". In these works, the mighty forces of the folk singer were revealed. The first collection of Nekrasov's poems (1856) brought fame to the poet. "Peasant Children" (1856), created simultaneously with "Pedlars", continue the success of the poet.

The poem "Frost, Red Nose" (1863-1864) is filled with bright faith and good hope. The poem "Orina, a soldier's mother" (1863) glorifies maternal and son love, which triumphs not only over the horrors of soldiery, but also over death itself.

The Decembrist theme is revealed by the poems "Grandfather" and "Russian Women". In "Princess Trubetskoy" (1871) and "Princess Volkonskaya" (1872), Nekrasov discovers in the best women of the noble circle the same qualities of a national character that he found in the peasant women of the poems "Pedlars" and "Frost, Red Nose". That is why works about the Decembrists have become facts not only of literary, but also of public life. They inspired the youth to fight for people's freedom. Closely studying peasant life, the poet was preparing for a great literary feat - to create a great poem glorifying generosity, heroism, and the mighty spiritual forces of the Russian people. The hero of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" (1865-1877) is the entire multimillion-dollar "peasant kingdom".

Such poetry has not yet happened in Russia. The consciousness of the moral "strength of the people", which foreshadowed the sure victory of the people in the struggle for a happy future, was the source of that optimism that is felt in Nekrasov's great poem (see.

"To whom in Russia it is good to live"). In 1876, after a break, Nekrasov returned to the poem again, but he no longer had the strength to finish it, because at the beginning of 1875 he fell seriously ill. Neither the famous surgeon nor the operation could stop the deadly cancer.

The time has come to take stock, and the poet creates "Last Songs". Nekrasov understands that with his work he paves new paths in poetic art. He decided on a bold combination: the end of the form, the beginning of the form of elegiac, lyrical and satirical motifs within one poem, which was completely unacceptable before. Nekrasov significantly expanded the range of Russian poetry, using colloquial speech, folk phraseology, boldly including different speech styles - from everyday to journalistic, from folk vernacular to poetic vocabulary, from oratorical to parodic-satirical style.

"Russian Women" - a poem written on the material of the history of the Decembrists. First published in "Notes of the Fatherland" - the first part - "Princess Trubetskaya" - in 1872 (No. 4) the second - "Princess M.N.

Volkonskaya. - in 1873 (No. 1). The idea of ​​the poems of the cycle about the Decembrists arose in the late 1860s - early 1870s, during the period of broad growth of the revolutionary movement in the ranks of the Russian democratic intelligentsia .. Then Nekrasov began to study a relatively distant era - according to historical works (printed both in Russia and abroad) and documentary sources, primarily memoirs: "Notes of the Decembrist" by Baron Rosen and others. The poet focused his creative attention on those properties of the characters of the Decembrists, which he guessed (through generations) and in the revolutionaries of the seventies, the addressees of his fiery appeals. “In order to avoid false notes with this call, Nekrasov had to give images of his heroes and heroines that were by no means distorted, from the point of view of historical authenticity, and at the same time emphasize in their appearances such features that made them related to revolutionary modernity” (Evgeniev- Maksimov). Preparing the poem for publication, Nekrasov was forced to adapt it to censorship requirements; make a number of withdrawals in it, replacing the missing words and lines with dots; make some changes to it.

Having sent the poem to Otechestvennye Zapiski, the poet wrote to A. A. Kraevsky in mid-March 1872: “I think that in the spoiled form in which it (the poem) was with you, censorship could not find fault with it.” BUT.

A. Kraevsky, in all likelihood also referring to censorship, expressed a few more wishes. In a letter dated before April 1872

Nekrasov informed him: “I will use the notes. » The main reason Nekrasov turned to history was the desire in the past to find answers to the questions posed by the present. The testament of the Decembrists, as well as the feat of their wives, who shared the fate of political exiles and supported their faith in the rightness of the cause they started, were close to the selfless revolutionaries and revolutionary women of the 1860s-1870s. The poet sets himself the task of creating historically truthful images of the Decembrists and Decembrists and at the same time accentuating in them the qualities that continue to live in the second generation of revolutionaries. In the critical literature about Nekrasov, voices were heard about the need to restore the original title of The Decembrists. So, in 1931 K.

I. Chukovsky, introducing this title into the main text of the collected works of Nekrasov edited by him, wrote that, firstly, the title of “Decembrists” is “much more accurate than “Russian Women”, since among the Decembrists there were three French women and one Polish woman ”, and secondly, that “Russian Women” is a chauvinistic and patriotic title, “so to speak, a bribe to censorship” (PST 1931, p. 558). In 1936 S. A.

Racer in the article "Nekrasov in his work on" Russian Women "(" Decembrists ")" convincingly refuted these arguments of Chukovsky. First of all, he clarifies, we should be talking about seven Russians and two foreigners, and besides, the title “Russian Women” does not contain a chauvinistic and leaf-patriotic meaning, being a formula “filled with quite real and great content” (see. : Links VI.

M.--L., 1936, p. 732). In the PSS (Vol. III), the name "Russian Women" is restored, and in the comments on the poem, Chukovsky abandoned his old argumentation. Nekrasov began collecting material for the poem in earnest in the late 1860s and early 1870s.

The works of Herzen (the articles “On the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia”, “The Russian Conspiracy of 1825”, etc.) and Ogarev (preface to “Dumas” by K.F.

Ryleev and to the collection “Russian Hidden Literature of the 19th Century”, the article “Caucasian Waters”, etc.), which gave a multilateral assessment of the Decembrist uprising from the point of view of revolutionary democracy, which corresponded to the views of Nekrasov. From the works of art and memoirs of the Decembrists themselves, Nekrasov received specific ideas about their life and worldview. The poet had access to the writings of the Decembrists published by the Free Russian Printing House in London, as well as archival materials published in the journals Russkaya Starina and Russkiy Arkhiv. Nekrasov was also aware of official materials: government reports of 1825-1826.

Published in the "Russian invalid" and "St. Petersburg Vedomosti", the book of Baron M. A. Korf "The Accession to the Throne of Emperor Nicholas I" (ed. 3rd. St. Petersburg.

1857), as well as, in all likelihood, the tacit order of the Siberian governor-general Lavinsky to the Irkutsk governor Zeidler. Nekrasov used the factual basis of these documents. While working on "Princess Trubetskoy" in the summer of 1871 in Karabakh (as is known, by July 1, 1871

Nekrasov finished the poem "Recent Times" and immediately began to intensely and intensively write "Princess Trubetskaya"), the poet summarized the data of many sources, including such as the "Notes of the Decembrist" by Baron A.E.

Rosen (Leipzig, 1870) and the work of S.V.

Maksimov "Siberia and penal servitude", first published in 1889 in "Notes of the Fatherland" (No 1-5, 8-10).

Both Rosen's memoirs and a set of the journal for that year were kept in the Nekrasov library in Karabikha. Nekrasov continued collecting materials for the poem during the period of direct work on it.

Friends and acquaintances sent him to Karabikha newly published materials about the Decembrists, Decembrists and, in particular, about Princess Trubetskoy. So, in the archives of the village of Karabikha, a letter was found from an unknown person, which contains a review of one of the French historians about the Decembrists and biographical information about Princess Trubetskoy. The author of the letter promises: “What interesting things come across, I will inform you in the village” (Archive of the village of Karabikha. M., 1916, p. 235). Oh E.

I. Trubetskoy (nee Countess Laval, born in 1801, died in 1854 in Siberia), who followed her husband, Prince S.

P. Trubetskoy (1790-1860), colonel of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, sentenced for participation in a conspiracy to indefinite hard labor, Nekrasov could read in her husband's memoirs as a courageous and strong-willed woman.

“I thanked God from the depths of my soul for the fact that with his grace he so supported her both in her inner feelings and outwardly. There was nothing desperate, dead, neither in the face nor in the clothes; decent dignity is observed in everything, ”wrote S. P. Trubetskoy, recalling his meeting with his wife in prison (Notes of the Decembrists, issues 2 and 3. London, 1863, p. 50).

(Some information about Trubetskoy could be communicated to Nekrasov by her son I.S. Trubetskoy (Nekrasov’s letter to Trubetskoy dated March 16, 1873 testifies to their acquaintance - see below, p. 578).) Mostly for “Princess Trubetskoy » Nekrasov used Baron Rosen's Notes of the Decembrist.

Based on the factual basis of these notes, he paints a picture of the uprising on Senate Square in the first part of the poem and the clash between Princess Trubetskoy and the Irkutsk governor in the second part. This source gave the poet a general idea of ​​the characters of Princess Trubetskoy and Governor Zeidler. Artistically transforming events, he makes them dramatically tense and dynamic, enriches Trubetskoy's speech with passionate civic pathos, introduces ideological adjustments that correspond to his revolutionary-democratic worldview and at the same time are historically justified. So, for example, he emphasizes the active role of the king in the execution of the rebels ("The king himself commanded: Pali").

In "Princess Trubetskoy" the author conveyed civil pathos by introducing various elements of the romantic style into the text (a portrait of a heroine, a Siberian landscape, a description of a prison). The compositional technique correctly found by Nekrasov gives a dramatic flavor to the first part: the interweaving of dreams and reality, the change of light and gloomy pictures.

The romantic nature of this artistic decision, emphasizing the lyricism of the narrative, the "music of feelings", the spirituality of the heroine, does not contradict the realistic method that dominates Nekrasov's Decembrist cycle. The second part of "Princess Trubetskoy" is solved in a dramatic way; it is distinguished by ideological integrity and stylistic consistency, in it Nekrasov showed himself not only as a poet, but also as a first-class playwright. The plot of "Princess M. N. Volkonskaya", as Nekrasov wrote, "revolves all in the same place - near Siberia." The content of this part of the poem "Russian Women" was largely determined by the most valuable documentary source - the memoirs of M.

N. Volkonskaya (few people knew about their existence, and Nekrasov was introduced to them by the son of the Decembrist, M. S. Volkonsky). The task of the poet as the author of the Decembrist cycle remained the same: to create a lyrical-epic poem in which the successive connection between history and modernity would be clearly visible. The poem "Russian Women" was met by critics and readers in different ways. Regarding the second part, Nekrasov informed his brother: “My poem “Princess Volkonskaya”, which I wrote in the summer in Karabikha, is such a success that none of my previous writings had ...

Literary mongrels pinch me, and the public reads and buys up. Critical reviews were immediately published by the Russian Thought magazine and the St. Petersburg Vedomosti (Burenin) newspaper, which noted that “civil motives that once ignited the hearts of admirers of this very St. Petersburg poet of all St. Petersburg poets have faded and no longer make an impression.” F. M. Dostoevsky (“Citizen”, 1873), who was alien to revolutionary pathos and “uniformity of thought”, joined the voiced reproaches of “melodramatism” and “false civic effect”.

Suvorin (New Time, 1873) spoke in defense of Nekrasov's new poem, noting that for the lines about the people "they will let go of all mistakes and delusions - who knows how to feel so deeply will never die in the grateful memory of posterity."

A deep, detailed analysis of the poem "Russian Women" was given in an article by Skabichevsky ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1877.).