Turks of the country. Turkic group of languages: peoples, classification, distribution and interesting facts

The ancient Turks are the ancestors of many modern Turkic peoples, including the Tatars. The Turks roamed the Great Steppe (Deshti-Kipchak) in the vastness of Eurasia. Here they carried out their economic activity, on these lands they created their own states. The Volga-Ural region, located on the periphery of the Great Steppe, has long been inhabited by Finno-Ugric and Turkic tribes. In the second century AD, other Turkic tribes, known in history as the Huns, also migrated here from Central Asia. In the 4th century, the Huns occupied the Black Sea region, then invaded Central Europe. But, over time, the Hunnish tribal union collapsed and most of the Huns returned to the Black Sea region, joining other local Turks.
The Turkic Khaganate, created by the Turks of Central Asia, existed for about two hundred years. Among the peoples of this kaganate, written sources point to the Tatars. It is noted that this is a very numerous Turkic people. The tribal association of the Tatars, located on the territory of modern Mongolia, included 70 thousand families. The Arab historian pointed out that due to their exceptional greatness and authority, other tribes also united under this name. Other historians also reported about Tatars living on the banks of the Irtysh River. In frequent military clashes, the Tatars' opponents were usually the Chinese and the Mongols. There is no doubt that the Tatars were Turks, and in this sense they are close relatives (and to a certain extent can also be attributed to the ancestors) of modern Turkic peoples.
After the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate came into force. The possession of the Kaganate extended to the Lower Volga region, the Northern Caucasus, the Azov region and the Crimea. The Khazars were a union of Turkic tribes and peoples and “were one of the remarkable peoples of that era” (L.N. Gumilyov). Exceptional religious tolerance flourished in this state. For example, in the capital of the state, Itil, located near the mouth of the Volga, there were Muslim mosques and houses of worship for Christians and Jews. There were seven equal judges: two Muslims, a Jew, a Christian and one pagan. Each of them resolved disputes between people of the same religion. The Khazars were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and gardening, and in the cities - crafts. The capital of the Kaganate was not only a center of handicrafts, but also of international trade.
In its heyday, Khazaria was a powerful state, and it was not for nothing that the Caspian Sea was called the Khazar Sea. However, the military actions of external enemies weakened the state. Troop attacks were especially noticeable Arab Caliphate, Principality of Kyiv and the hostile policy of Byzantium. All this led to the fact that at the end of the 10th century Khazaria ceased to exist as an independent state. One of the main components of the Khazar people were the Bulgars. Some historians of the past pointed out that the Scythians, Bulgars and Khazars are one and the same people. Others believe that the Bulgars are Huns. They are also mentioned as Kipchaks, as Caucasian and North Caucasian tribes. In any case, the Bulgar Turks have been known from written sources for almost two thousand years. There are many interpretations of the word “Bulgar”. According to one of them, the Ulgars are river people or people associated with fishing. According to other versions, “Bulgars” can mean: “mixed, consisting of many elements”, “rebels, rebels”, “sages, thinkers”, etc. The Bulgars had their own state formation - Great Bulgaria in the Azov region, with its capital - r. Phanagoria, on the Taman Peninsula. This state included the lands from the Dnieper to the Kuban, part of the North Caucasus and the steppe expanses between the Caspian and Azov seas. Once upon a time, the Caucasus Mountains were also called the chain of Bulgarian mountains. Azov Bulgaria was a peaceful state, and often became dependent on the Turkic Kaganate and Khazaria. The state reached its greatest prosperity under the reign of Kubrat Khan, who managed to unite the Bulgars and other Turkic tribes. This khan was a wise ruler who achieved remarkable success in providing a quiet life for his fellow citizens. During his reign, Bulgarian cities grew and crafts developed. The state received international recognition, and relations with its geographical neighbors were relatively stable.
The position of the state deteriorated sharply after the death of Kubrat Khan in the middle of the 7th century, and the political and military pressure of Khazaria on Bulgaria increased. Under these conditions, several cases of resettlement of significant masses of Bulgars to other regions occurred. One group of Bulgars, led by Prince Asparukh, moved west and settled on the banks of the Danube. A large group of Bulgars, led by Kubrat's son Kodrak, headed to the middle Volga region.
The Bulgars who remained in the Azov region ended up as part of Khazaria along with the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saxons and other Turks of the state. However, this did not bring them eternal peace. In the 20s of the 7th century, Khazaria was attacked by the Arabs, during which the large Bulgarian cities of the Azov region were captured and burned. Ten years later, the Arabs repeated their campaign, this time they plundered the Bulgar lands in the vicinity of the Terek and Kuban rivers, capturing 20 thousand Barsils (travelers of the century identified Barsils, Esegels and, in fact, Buggars as part of the Bulgar people). All this caused another massive campaign of the Bulgar population to their fellow tribesmen in the Volga region. Subsequently, the defeat of Khazaria was accompanied by other cases of resettlement of the Bulgars to the middle and upper reaches of Itil (the Itil River, as understood at that time, began with the Belaya River, included part of the Kama and then the Volga).
Thus, there were massive and small migrations of the Bulgars to the Volga-Ural region. The choice of resettlement area is quite understandable. The Huns lived here several centuries ago and their descendants continued to live here, as well as other Turkic tribes. From this point of view, these places were the historical homeland of the ancestors of certain Turkic tribes. In addition, the Turkic peoples of the middle and lower Volga region maintained constant close ties with related peoples of the Caucasus and Azov region; the developed nomadic economy more than once led to the mixing of different Turkic tribes. That's why. the strengthening of the Bulgar element in the middle Volga region was quite an ordinary phenomenon.
The increase in the Bulgar population in these areas led to the fact that it was the Bulgars who became the main formative element of the Tatar people, formed in the Volga-Ural region. It should be taken into account that no more or less big people cannot trace its genealogy only from one single tribe. And the Tatar people in this sense are no exception; among their ancestors one could name more than one tribe, and also indicate more than one influence (including the Finno-Ugric one). However, the main element in the Tatar people should be recognized as the Bulgars.
Over time, the Turkic-Bulgar tribes began to make up quite a few in this region large population. If we also take into account their historical experience of state building, then it is not surprising that the state of Great Bulgaria (Volga Bulgaria) soon arose here. In the initial period of its existence, Bulgaria in the Volga region was like a union of relatively independent regions, vassal dependent on Khazaria. But, in the second half of the 10th century, the supremacy of a single prince was already recognized by all appanage rulers. A common system has emerged for paying taxes into the common treasury of a single state. By the time of the collapse of Khazaria, Great Bulgaria was a fully formed single state, its borders were recognized by neighboring states and peoples. Subsequently, the zone of political and economic influence of Bulgaria extended from the Oka to Yaik (Ural). The lands of Bulgaria included the areas from the upper reaches of the Vyatka and Kama to the Yaik and lower reaches of the Volga. The Khazar Sea began to be called the Bulgar Sea. “Atil is a river in the region of the Kipchaks, it flows into the Bulgar Sea,” wrote Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century.
Great Bulgaria in the Volga region became a country of settled and semi-sedentary people and had a highly developed economy. In agriculture, the Bulgars used iron shares for plows already in the 10th century; the Bulgar plow-saban provided plowing with rotation of the layer. The Bulgars used iron tools for agricultural production, grew more than 20 types of cultivated plants, were engaged in gardening, beekeeping, as well as hunting and fishing. Craftsmanship reached a high level for that time. The Bulgars were engaged in jewelry, leather, bone carving, metallurgical, and pottery production. They were familiar with iron smelting and began to use it in production. The Bulgars also used gold, silver, copper and their various alloys in their products. “The Bulgarian kingdom was one of the few states medieval Europe, in which, in the shortest possible time, conditions were created for the high development of handicraft production in a number of industries” (A.P. Smirnov).
Since the 11th century, Great Bulgaria has occupied the position of the leading trade center in Eastern Europe. Trade relations developed with their closest neighbors - with northern peoples, with the Russian principalities and with Scandinavia. Trade expanded with Central Asia, the Caucasus, Persia, and the Baltic states. The Bulgarian merchant fleet ensured the export and import of goods along waterways, and trade caravans traveled overland to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The Bulgars exported fish, bread, timber, walrus teeth, furs, specially processed “Bulgari” leather, swords, chain mail, etc. Jewelry, leather and fur products of Bulgar craftsmen were known from the Yellow Sea to Scandinavia. The minting of its own coins, which began in the 10th century, contributed to the further strengthening of the position of the Bulgarian state as a recognized center of trade between Europe and Asia.
The Bulgars, for the most part, converted to Islam back in 825, that is, almost 1200 years ago. The canons of Islam, with their call for mental and physical purity, mercy, etc., found a special response among the Bulgars. The official adoption of Islam in the state became a powerful factor in the consolidation of the people into a single organism. In 922, the ruler of Great Bulgaria, Almas Shilki, received a delegation from the Baghdad caliphate. A solemn prayer service was held in the central mosque of the state capital - in the city of Bulgape. Islam became the official state religion. This allowed Bulgaria to strengthen trade and economic relations with developed Muslim states of that time. The position of Islam soon became very stable. Western European travelers of that time noted that the inhabitants of Bulgaria are a single people, “holding the law of Muhammetov more tightly than anyone else.” Within the framework of a single state, the formation of the nationality itself was basically completed. In any case, Russian chronicles of the 11th century note here a single, Bulgarian people.
Thus, the direct ancestors of modern Tatars formed as a nation in the Volga-Ural region. At the same time, they absorbed not only related Turkic tribes, but also partially local Finno-Ugric ones. The Bulgars more than once had to defend their lands from the encroachments of greedy robbers. Continuous attacks by seekers of easy money forced the Bulgars to even move the capital; in the 12th century, the capital of the state became the city of Bilyar, located at some distance from the main waterway - the Volga River. But the most serious military trials befell the Bulgar people in the 12th century, which brought the Mongol invasion to the world.
During the three decades of the 13th century, the Mongols conquered a large part of Asia and began their campaigns in the lands of Eastern Europe. The Bulgars, conducting intensive trade with Asian partners, were well aware of the danger posed by the Mongol army. They tried to create a united front, but their call for neighbors to unite in the face of a mortal threat fell on deaf ears. Eastern Europe met the Mongols not united, but disunited, divided into warring states (Central Europe made the same mistake). In 1223, the Mongols completely defeated the combined forces of the Russian principalities and Kipchak warriors on the Kalka River and sent part of their troops to Bulgaria. However, the Bulgars met the enemy at the distant approaches, close to Zhiguli. Using a skillful system of ambushes, the Bulgars, under the leadership of Ilgam Khan, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mongols, destroying up to 90% of the enemy troops. The remnants of the Mongol army retreated to the south, and “the land of the Kipchaks was freed from them; whoever escaped returned to his land” (Ibn al-Athir).
This victory brought peace for a while Eastern Europe, trade that had been suspended resumed. Apparently, the Bulgars were well aware that the victory won was not final. They began active preparations for defense: cities and fortresses were fortified, huge earthen ramparts were built in the area of the Yaik, Belaya, etc. rivers. Given the current level of technology, such work could only be carried out in such a short period of time if the population was very well organized. This serves as additional confirmation that by this time the Bulgars were a single, united people, united by a common idea, the desire to preserve their independence. Six years later, the Mongol attack was repeated, and this time the enemy failed to penetrate the main territory of Bulgaria. The authority of Bulgaria, as a real force capable of resisting the Mongol invasion, became especially high. Many peoples, primarily the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saksins, Polovtsy-Kypchaks, began to move to the lands of Bulgaria, thereby contributing their share to the ancestors of modern Tatars.
In 1236, the Mongols made their third campaign against Bulgaria. The country's subjects fought fiercely to defend their state. For a month and a half, the Bulgars selflessly defended the besieged capital - the city of Bilyar. However, the 50 thousand army of the Bulgar khan Gabdulla Ibn Ilgam could not withstand the onslaught of the 250 thousand Mongol army for long. The capital has fallen. IN next year The western lands of Bulgaria were conquered, all fortifications and fortresses were destroyed. The Bulgars did not accept defeat; uprisings followed one after another. The Bulgars fought almost 50 years of military action against the conquerors, which forced the latter to keep almost half of their troops on the territory of Bulgaria. However, it was not possible to restore the full independence of the state; the Bulgars became subjects of the new state - the Golden Horde.

The Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy.5th century AD

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people who have lost their roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set it the task of finding the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but there was no clarity on the issue.

Our compatriot L.N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium Around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He pointedly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who, on the verge of the first and second millennia, formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan that lasted about three hundred years, he cannot help but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documentedly searched all the surrounding areas. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not explore the ethnonym. “It won’t give anything anyway,” says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.

Kimaki- this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, it turns out to be Arabic قماح kamma:x"wheat" The connection is clear and does not require explanation. Now let’s compare the popular expression “Tashkent is a city of grain.” And we didn’t invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the word عطشجي atashji"stoker". If you don't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as “stone city.” But if it is a grain city, its name must be translated as a city of stokers and bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only simiya can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards: خبز X BZ means “bake bread” and hence خباز X Abba:z“ovenmaker, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it.”

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology for its production coincides with the technology for baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabic فخار F X a:p“ceramics” is the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a “city of grain” and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its ceramics for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, main square of Samarkand

Registan:

The name of the square is explained as a derivative of the Persian. regi - sand. They say that a river once flowed in this place and deposited a lot of sand.

No, it's from Ar. re:gi - “I ask” (راجي). And for Russian please- ar. scarf "honor" At this place roads from different parts of the world converged. And Timur invited traders, artisans, and scientists to his capital so that they would make the city the capital of the world.

When Russians invite, they say I ASK, and Arabs say شرف sharraf “do the honor.”

Persian word from Ar. راجعre:giy"returning". If you build a city among the sands and do not take care of it, the sand will return. This was the case with Samarkand before Timur.

Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they traveled a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called “passionary explosion” (Gumilev). The final explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which came to an end with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Ataturk's task remains unsolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which forces them to look for their roots.

In the heat of passionary excitement, all sorts of theories are put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that Russians are Turks in the past, and the same applies, naturally, to the Slavs. And there can be no talk about Ukrainians. Khokhol means “son of heaven” in Turkic.

The leading position in the new pan-Turkism movement is occupied by journalist Adji Murad, who literally tries to show in just a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. Judging by the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics.

And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long learned to distinguish between its own and someone else’s languages. Even the average person can see this in most cases. For example, in the Russian language no one is trying to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as originally Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated.

There are other signs, additional. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derived words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology they carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remains, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

Yes, word topknot is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning: “an unruly strand of hair”, “a sticking out tuft of hair or feathers”. And this was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and were and remain stubborn by nature. Who doesn't know this?

This also has a counterpart in Arabic: لحوح laho:x"stubborn, persistent", derived from the verb ألح "hahahaha"insist". Almost also called Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, the most stubborn of whom is Lech Kaczynski.

But what is most surprising in the works of Adji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic super-ethnic group. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For Simiya, this is not such a difficult task.

Let's turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called the Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world for six days, and on the seventh day he rested. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It’s just that someone read the Russian word dny (levels) as days (weeks). We are talking about the “seven-day world”, about seven levels of being, and not about the days of the week.

The silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco. You can read about them in my book “System Languages of the Brain” or “World Periodic Law”. We will be interested here only in the central couple “Heaven and Earth”.

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And below it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. What happens between them is exactly what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. The Russian language has emerged again. In Ancient Egypt, did priests write in Russian? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's move on.

If you put the sky goddess on "pop", you get the ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gym". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is placed on the sinful earth with his feet, the Arabic letter vav will be obtained ( و ).

و And ג

It is clear that the Celestial Eb is China, whose residents never tire of pronouncing the name of the producing organ in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky, Nut, is India, in which the Himalayas are mountains. In fact

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is simply an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

The image of a cow also belonged to the goddess of Wisdom Isis, since the latter is the daughter of Nut. Between the horns of a cow is the disk of the sun RA. And the fact that under it, under Heaven, something was always depicted in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake’s head

This is because the Arabic name for the snake, root hui, is similar to what is written on our fence. That's why the Celestial Empire built the longest fence for itself. Despite the fact that ZUBUR is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word BISON.

In Russian, BISON is "BULL", in Arabic, bull is طور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found inside China and was its necessary accessory. But for some time I realized my own importance. After all, you must admit, it is he who should be with the cow to cover it, and not some person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, aurochs) to say to the man: shoo, scratch, get out of here. Since then, man in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man", comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabic كش ka:shsh“drive away,” but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. As for the word tour comes from Arabic With aura"bull", derived from the verb ثار With a:p"be angry".

From this moment, when the Russian word kysh was heard, the independent history of the TURKS, the bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial Empire. Like this tourist map in China:

Photo of a modern TOURIST map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, like the Chinese, but blue, like the Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But that's pretty late times. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What palaces are there!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of a Chinese “heaven” still remained. Simiya found out that when a bull becomes sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison and Belarusian bison. And if sacralization occurs with a cow, then it becomes the carrier of number three. No brighter than example Indian sacred cow that walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw this both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, the Turks have their own, anti-Chinese number - 5.

The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this situation: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific beck. “This word generally means master and is always placed after one’s own name, for example, Abbas Beg.” (Brockhaus). It doesn’t occur to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls and tours call especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.

What's a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic word ألبان alba:n"dairy products". What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azerbaijani, Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that this could be a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Balkan Albania. Its capital Tirana. The name is not clear to anyone. Why is it unclear? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" ( ثيران tyrant).

Moreover, the Arab can be checked. Easily. I looked in the dictionary and made sure that the Arab had not lied. You can’t invent such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is associated with “Russian bulls”, i.e. with the Russian word Baki, the other with “Arab” ones, i.e. with Arabic word tyrant.

It’s as if the Turks conspired to show the meaning and meaning of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simiya gives a direct and clear answer. First part from Arabic جازر ja:zer, ya:zer"reznik", second part - Russian. BYCHINA. Those. An Azeri is the one who butchers the carcass of a bull.

So, the topic of “cutting up a bull carcass” appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs, Pechenegs and Oguzes connected by commonality historical fate. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to the cutting of bovine carcasses.

Bashkirs from the head, i.e. This refers to the front part of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic this concept ( cabid) wider. This means not only famous organ, but also the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. Otail, i.e. rear end. The bull's carcass is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The numbers of the number are repeated again (2 and 3). Let's take note of this matter in our minds.

So, a Turk is a bull. The creator did his best genetically. As a rule, the neck of the Turks is short and massive, this gives them the opportunity to easily win prizes in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French).

After all, in this type of wrestling the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong “bridge”. And this is so that you have enough strength to withstand the Six pose. I know, because in my youth I studied the “classics” at that time. You come to training and stand in the Eba position. This is called "rocking the bridge".

Bridge in Azerbaijani struggle.

To withstand the opponent's pressure from above in this position, a strong bull's neck is very useful.

To make it even more convincing, the clothes and armor of the Turks make the appearance of the absence of a neck even more believable. The following fragment of a Turkic ornament is taken from home page website of one of the leaders of the Turkic passionaries, Aji Murad.

The Turks are very lucky. And it was lucky that the ancient Russian name for a bull was BEEF. From that time on, the word has been preserved to this day beef. And in Arabic the same word does not mean a bull, but a “good horse”: جواد gawa:d. Both words are from Russian MOVE (DVG). In the south they plow with oxen, in the north with horses. In fact, this is a software connection through which the Turks mounted their horses.

The connection turned out to be very useful. Managing herds of bulls this way, on horseback, is much easier. Horses are racers. In Russian, this concept is expressed by the root KZ. However, in Arabic this root also means “to jump, gallop.” From him in Russian and grasshopper, And goat And dragonfly And Cossack. What is a Cossack without a horse? From this root also in Latin equus "horse". And among the Turks - kaz ahi and cheers giz s. Kyrgyz from Arabic خير يقز X er ykizz"the best horses", literally the best (that) gallops.

On the left are Kyrgyz warriors (ancient drawing), on the right is a pacer

The best horses are for a reason. The fact is that the Kyrgyz breed of horses has such hard hooves that they do not need shoeing, even when hiking. Therefore, the Kirghiz made full use of their horses long before the beginning of the Iron Age. Among this breed there are often pacers by nature who bring their legs forward not diagonally, as in normal running, but from each side at the same time. In this case, the horse swings, which leads to broken hooves, but not in the case of the Kyrgyz horse.

Reference

Pacers are very valuable when riding, since the ambling movement is quite fast and pleasant for the rider: the horse shifts from one foot to the other and does not shake at all. It is especially convenient to move on horseback on a pacer over long distances on flat surfaces - in the steppe or prairie. Under saddle, pacers walk 10 km per hour, up to 120 km per day.

Since we have entered into the topic of horses, we should clarify the meaning of the most important concepts.

Russian word horse scientists believe it is of Turkic origin. But that's not true. It's from Arabic الأشد al-ashadd(in dialects horsedd) "strongest". Until now, engine power is measured in horsepower. However, the ancient Turks rarely used the horse as a traction vehicle, so for its name they took the word from the Arabic proverb " The one who walks will master the road", where the concept of "going" is expressed by the word AT, OT(آت ).

Word horse comes from Russian forged. Therefore, the horse is a well-trained horse, which can be fully used on the farm and in war. In ancient times the word was also used komon. This is the result of alternating labial sounds (v/m) due to the fact that the Arabic waw sound is weak and it is often either dropped out (kon) or replaced by another labial (komon).

Sayes In some Turkic languages"groom, horse breeder", from Arabic ساس sa:sa"to look after horses" سوس su:s, su:sun"mare", in Semitic languages generally a horse. The root goes back to the Russian horse breeding term sucker"a foal that grazes with its mother."

The Turkic peoples have always revered the horse and called it murod - “achieved goal, satisfaction of desires.” This is an Arabic word مراد ) literally means "desired". According to legend, the Creator satisfies forty wishes of a horse every day, and in thirty-nine cases the horse asks for its owner and only once for itself.

Therefore, for example, in Uzbekistan there is a belief that good luck and prosperity always accompany a house where there is a horse.

Turkic totem. The wolf seems to be a common Turkic totem. “Chinese authors consider the concepts “Turkic khan” and “wolf” to be synonymous, apparently based on the views of the Turkic khans themselves... In two legends about the origin of the Turks, the first place belongs to the ancestor-wolf.” (Gumilev).

Map. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkic power - the end of the 5th century.

In Turkic, wolf is buri or kaskyr, cf. Ichkeria. But the most curious name of the wolf is Kurt. Reverse reading of the superethnonym Turk. At first glance it seems strange. After all, bulls and wolves are antagonists. Usually this strange choice of totem is explained by the fact that the wolf does not beat the wolf to death. Like, so are the Turks. However, the entire history of the first Turkic Kaganate is full of wars and civil strife.

However, there is a common feature. Both Turks and wolves feed on bulls. Azerbaijani "bull carver". But look at the map above, which depicts an open, snarling mouth. It seems that this is not the choice of the Turks, but this is how it is supposed to be according to the program.

Azerbaijan from the Caspian Sea.

Azerbaijan, as said above, “the butcher of the bull,” has quite eloquently formed its borders.

The wolf is associated with blacksmithing. This was the case in Rome, where blacksmithing was a cult and where it was in charge of the god of blacksmithing Vulcan, the hypostasis of the Greek Hephaestus. And this Roman cult was based on the Russian word WOLF. After all, its Latin name sounds completely different - lupus.

Vesuvius, by the way, comes from Russian “toothless (wolf).” But this wolf wakes up from time to time and shows his teeth. In Turkic tribes, blacksmithing, and where in horse breeding would be without a blacksmith, is associated with the name of the wolf “kurt”, for the Arabic TRK ( طرق ) means "to forge".

CURIOUS

Our wolves are gray, and vulcanization is the treatment of raw rubber with sulfur.

The Turks have blue wolves.

In fact, they are almost the same color, and the smooth transition from one to another is imperceptible to the eye.

Vesuvius after the eruption, after the release of sulfur.

The Romans adopted the art of iron working from the Etruscans. Historians would really like to unravel this ethnonym. But it doesn't work. Simiya does this in no time. It comes from the Arabic word التروس et-turu:s"plate, shields, armor." Where did the Arabic word come from? Arabic word from Russian be a coward.

He who is afraid dreams of armor. Ethnonym Latins also comes from the Russian word armor, which, like all Russian unmotivated words, comes from Arabic: لط latt“to beat to knock”, from where in Russian, according to the standard Arabic model of the instrument, comes hammer, And hammer. We still call a skilled person in some business hammer, well done(of course, not from the young one).

blacksmith forging; taken from the site "kuznets.ru".

One blacksmith has a hammer, another has a hammer.

Of course, the Turks have already adopted the hypothesis of the Turkic origin of the Etruscan language. On what grounds is not known, because the Etruscan language still remains undeciphered. It must be said that there is nothing to catch in that direction with the Turkic languages. All the blacksmith words there are Russian, with some addition of Arabic.

No matter what language blacksmithing is called, and no matter what the Turks call a wolf, they cannot do without this art. Because a horse without horseshoes is like a fisherman without a fishing rod. What is the Turkic word for horseshoe? For example, among the Tatars it is called daga. I don’t know if this word is motivated in the Tatar language or not.

But the Russian name for horseshoe is motivated in Russian. Because it is unique in Russian. AND forge- yours and farrier- yours, and anvil- yours. Because this is our business. And even Tatar daga motivated in Russian: from Russian arc. And Russian cities ending in the typical -sk - this is from Arbian إسق lawsuit"pour water, temper it" مس masks"tempered". Wed. Damascus And Moscow.

In general, it turns out like this. Russians easily get into blacksmithing through the name of the wolf. Moreover, the blacksmith terminology turns out to be its own, and it was borrowed from the Turks from somewhere. Partly from Russian. And for words like forge And anvil There wasn’t even a match in Tatar.

Even Turkic timer, temer"hardware" is unknown where they got it from. We could buy it. Gold in Siberia is through the roof. Compare Altai - Altyn. And for armor there is no correspondence in Tatar, and for armor. Korych plate. It is clear that they took it from us. A slab-crust, in the sense of a shell.

The Ossetians are now also being crushed by the passionate Turks: They say they came from us. But they don’t know what the ethnonym means. What is Alanya? For them it’s a sealed secret, for us it’s an open book. Alanya comes from Arabic نعلة na'la"horseshoe". Take the city of Nalchik, for example.

His coat of arms features a horseshoe. And it stands as if in a mountain horseshoe. The terrain is suitable. Georgian name for Ossetians Avas. Nobody knows what it means, neither Ossetians, nor Georgians, no one. For simiya there is no question. From Russian oats. Haven't read Chekhov" Horse surname"? That's the same. For the Turks roaming the "Great Steppe", oats may not be needed. But the Russians took it with them, at random. Suddenly there would be no pasture forage.

We have our own word for oats, but the Tatars call it differently: soly. And the name of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhenval, is a stumbling block for everyone. And for the Turks too. Simiya knows no problems here either: from the Russian word farrier. By language, the Alans are Iranians, not Turks. And by their profession, too, they are not Turks. The Türks loved to ride, and it seems that they entrusted others to carry the sleds.

In general, there are all the signs that the Turks bought iron. There was enough gold. Well, then there was no particular need to shoe horses. For example, the Kyrgyz breed, as mentioned above, has such strong hooves on its feet that they do not need shoeing even during hikes. See about this: Brockhaus and Efron, article “Horse”. By the way, one of the learned etymologists spread around the world an absurd invention that the word horse is of Turkic origin. This question is discussed above.

By the way, zealous pan-Turkologists agreed to the point that they allegedly introduced the cult of the wolf to the Russians. For mercy, guys, we do not have a wolf cult, and never have. The wolf is our villain. And he has always been like this. That’s why we destroy wolves and have always destroyed them.

Money was paid even to those who brought a wolf's tail, not to mention the skin. It’s a wonder for us, how can one honor a wolf? This is just as true as the fact that we sell weapons and have always sold them. The Turks are a free, steppe people, and you can’t lure them into doing slave labor in a forge with any kind of roll. Moreover, the chickens don’t peck at the golden one. Therefore, they have no such thing as an anvil. And gold is on my mind even now.

Now, it was said that when we want to praise a person, we say hammer. What about the Turks? They say Yakshi. Is it motivated in Turkic languages? No. Because he is motivated in Russian. Who is Yak? - the Turks do not understand. And for us again there are no problems. Any Russian will say that this is a bull. And what is shi: This is a suffix of profession in Turkic. Neftchi, for example. We all know that this is an oil worker. Shi, chi, gi, ji are pronunciation options for the Turkic suffix of profession.

In fact, this is a Russian shapeshifter: ets, ak, ach (blacksmith, fisherman, weaver). When words move from language to language, it is often in the plural, like rail, where c is a trace of English grammar, the plural marker. So it is here: weaver, weavers > chi. And this chi crumbled into variants in numerous Turkic languages.

Where did the Turks come from?

The Huns, led by Atilla, invade Italy. . Vcentury n.uh.

===================

Kimaki – this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, it turns out to be Arabicقماح To amma :X  "wheat" The connection is clear and does not require explanation. Now let’s compare the current expression “Tashkent– city of grain.” And we didn’t invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the wordعطشجي at Ashji "stoker". If you don't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as “stone city.” But if it is a grain city, its name must be translated as a city of stokers and bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only Simia can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards:خبز XBZ means “bake bread” and henceخباز X Abba :z “ovenmaker, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it.”

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology for its production coincides with the technology for baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabicفخار F X A :R "ceramics" – the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a grain city and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its karama for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, main square of Samarkand

Registan:

The name of the square is explained as a derivative of the Persian. R egi - sand. They say that a river once flowed in this place and deposited a lot of sand.

No, it's from Ar. re: G And - "I beg" (راجي ). And for Russian I beg – ar. scarf

When Russians invite, they say I ASK, and Arabs sayشرف Sharraf"do the honors".

Persian word from Ar.راجع re :g iъ "returning". If you build a city among the sands and do not take care of it, the sand will return. This was the case with Samarkand before Timur.

Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they traveled a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called “passionary explosion” (Gumilev). The final explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which ended with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Ataturk's task remains unsolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which forces them to look for their roots.

A leading position in the new pan-Turkism movement is occupied by journalist Adji Murad, who literally tries to show in just a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. Judging by the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics. And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long learned to distinguish between its own and someone else’s languages. Even the average person can see this in most cases. For example, in the Russian language no one tries to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as originally Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated. There are other signs, additional. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derivative words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology they carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remains, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

This also has a counterpart in Arabic:لحوح lah O: X  "stubborn, persistent", derived from the verbألح " alah X A "insist". Almost also called Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, of which the most stubborn Pole Lech Kaczynski.

But what is most surprising in the works of Adji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic superethnos. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For Simiya, this is not such a difficult task.

Let's turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called the Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world in six days, and on the seventh day he rested. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It’s just that someone read the Russian word dny (levels) as days (weeks).

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And under it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. What happens between them is exactly what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. The Russian language has emerged again. In Ancient Egypt, did priests write in Russian? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's move on.

If you put the sky goddess on the "butt", you get ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gym". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is placed on the sinful earth with his feet, the Arabic letter vav will be obtained ( و ).

و Andג

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

In fact, the image of the cow belonged to the goddess of Wisdom, Isis. Between her horns she has the disk of the sun RA. Otherwise, that under it, under Heaven, was always depicted in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake's head.

This is because the Arabic name for snake, the root CUY, is similar to what is written on our fence. That's why the Celestial Empire built the longest fence for itself. Despite the fact that ZUBUR, this is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word BISON.

In Russian BISON is “BULL”, in Arabic it isطور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found inside China and was its necessary accessory. But for some time I realized my own importance. After all, you must agree, it is he who should be with the cow so that roof at her, and not some person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, aurochs) to say to the man: shoo, scratch, get out of here. Since then, man in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man", comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabicكش ka :sh sh “drive away,” but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. Word tour comes from ArabicWith aura "bull", derived from the verbثار With A :R "be angry".

From this moment, when the Russian word kysh was heard, the history of the TURKS, the bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial Empire. Like on this map:

Photo of a modern TOURIST map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, like the Chinese, but blue, like the Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But these are quite late times. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What palaces are there!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of a Chinese “heavenly state” still remained. These are the roots. Simia found out that when a bull becomes sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if this happens to a cow, then it becomes the carrier of number three. There is no brighter example than the Indian sacred cow, which walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw this both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, the Turks have their own, anti-Chinese number – 5.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific beck. "This word generally means master and is always placed after one's own name, for example Abbas Beg." (Brockhaus). It doesn’t occur to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls call especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.

What's a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic wordألبان alba :n "dairy" . What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azerbaijani Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that this could be a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Albania, Balkan. Its capital Tirana. The name is not clear to anyone. Why is it unclear? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" (ثيران you :r a:n ). Moreover, the Arab can be checked.Easily. I looked in the dictionary and made sure that the Arab had not lied.You can’t invent such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is connected with the “Russian bulls”, the other with the “Arab ones”. It’s as if the Turks conspired to show the importance of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simiya gives direct and clear answer . First part from Arabicجازر ja : h er , yea : zer " Reznik", second part - Russian. BYCHINA.

So, the topic of “cutting up a bull carcass” appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs,Pechenegs and Oguzes connected by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to the cutting of bovine carcasses. Bashkirs from the head, i.e. This refers to the front part of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic this concept is broader. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. O tail, i.e. rear end. The bull's carcass is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The numbers of the number are repeated again (2 and 3). Let's take note of this matter in our minds.

So, a Turk is a bull. The creator did his best genetically. The Turks, as a rule, have a short, massive neck, which gives them the opportunity to easily win prizes in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French). After all, in this type of wrestling the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong “bridge”. And this is so that you have enough strength to withstand the Six pose. I know, because in my youth I studied the “classics” at that time. You come to training and stand in the Eba pose. This is called "rocking the bridge".

Sobbing is soothing. Calmness, repose of the soul in Arabic is calledرضوان read va :n . In Arab Egypt, where an ancient funeral cult has been preserved, and where the newspapers are filled with obituaries, you see this word in every obituary. The second part of the ethnonym MEN comes from Ar.أمان "ama :n , "ame:n"calmness".

Dutar- a two-stringed instrument, to the music of which dastans (fairy tales) are sung. Fairy tales also tell the stories of that other world, world number 2. Dutar was scattered by a cultural wave throughout Central Asia, but “dutar is an integral part of the centuries-old musical culture of the Turkmen people. If you listen to the sound of dutar, you can feel the heat of the hot Turkmen sun, catch the polyphony of mountain rivers and the splash of waves of the ancient Caspian Sea.” This text is taken from the website سنةWith anat "year"سنة sinat “sleep” - N.V.) to get to the condition, to soak in juices of the earth, - Nazarguli continues. - If you start working with the material right away, this will subsequently lead to deformation of the dutar and distortion of the sound. When it comes term(cf. ar.أجل "A gal "deadline, end"آجلة "agila "that light". where is the Russian from? grave- N.V.), I take out logs, make blanks from them... To make a good dutar, you need, first of all, good tree. Best fit mulberry"If Tutankhamun had heard these words, he would have turned over in his grave twice.

Russian word string comes from Arabicوتر Vatar "string", "string", derived from Arabicوتر watara "pull on". It’s just that Russians sometimes see the letter vav as the Russian s. Hence fire And shooter. And again and again wind, because he is tightening the sails. But if you read it the other way around, it turns out zealous. These are the horses that the Turks, especially the Tajiks, love. After all, there are two reasons that the strings of the dutar.

But this is also important for us: " Turkmen music is different... connection rhythmic. links of even and odd structure: 2 + 3, 3 + 2. (Website "Belkanto.ru) . Let's find out the formula for the structure of the Turkic number? Let's translate into words: "bull + cow, cow + bull."

Sing, my dutar, cry and sing about your dear side.

In Egypt, the sleep of the pharaohs was guarded by a sphinx with the body of a lion. Here is a lioness, the silhouette of whose muzzle can be seen in the outline of the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The lioness is numbered five. This is a common Turkic number, which is supported by the administrative division of the country. And this can be seen on the flags of Turkmenistan.

On the Soviet flag, 2 blue lines divided the red field in two. On the modern one, a green field is crossed by a brown carpet with five patterns. Flag Day is celebrated on February 19th. On this day in 2001, the leadership changed the aspect ratio of the flag, they became 2 to 3. To the rhythms of dutar? Five stars symbolize 5 regions of the country.

In general, the dutar is a descendant of the Turkic bow, adapted to territory No. 2. The transition was obviously smooth. According to ancient Arabic sources (mentioned above), in ancient times the Turkmens had a wedding custom: the groom’s friends shot at his ring with arrows. And then the groom himself appointed the place of the first wedding night by throwing an arrow. I don’t know if that custom has been preserved, but the dutar player from time to time bends it with a special technique, as if showing where this instrument comes from.

There is a disease, the companion of all wars. Tetanus is called tetanus in Latin.

Tetanus (Tetanus).

A wounded warrior before death.

An acute infectious disease characterized by severe convulsions as a result of injury nervous system. The causative agent is tetanus bacillus (Clostridium tetani). Penetration of pathogen spores into a wound (with soil, a piece of cloth, wood, etc.), in the presence of dead tissue (anaerobic conditions), causes disease. S. is a common companion of wars. Tonic spasms cover the muscles of the neck, torso, and abdomen; the head is thrown back, the spine is curved anteriorly - the patient touches the bed only with the back of the head and heels" .(TSB)

S. bacilli produce a poison similar to strychnine, which causes poisoning - tetanine. (Brockhaus). . The Russian name is externally motivated by the verbاست stiffen In fact, the name of the disease comes from the addition of the Arabic prefixنبل ist"to ask" + read backwards يقي observable And "arrows", +yak "to defend oneself", literally "to ask for arrows for protection." Hence the bow-stretched pose. Latin name fatal disease comes from the Russian word

bowstring .(see Vashkevich “Dictionary of etymological and hidden meanings”. Issue 4).

They are distributed over a vast territory of our planet, from the cold Kolyma basin to the southwestern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Turks do not belong to any specific racial type; even among one people there are both Caucasoids and Mongoloids. They are mostly Muslim, but there are peoples who profess Christianity,

Among some scientists, disputes still persist over which language family the Turkic language group belongs to. Some linguists identified it as a separate large group. However, the most generally accepted hypothesis today is that these related languages belong to the large Altai family.

The development of genetics has made a major contribution to these studies, thanks to which it has become possible to trace the history of entire nations in the traces of individual fragments of the human genome.

Once upon a time, a group of tribes in Central Asia spoke the same language - the ancestor of modern Turkic dialects, but in the 3rd century. BC e. a separate Bulgarian branch separated from the large trunk. The only people who speaks languages of the Bulgarian group today are Chuvash. Their dialect is noticeably different from other related ones and stands out as a special subgroup.

Some researchers even propose placing the Chuvash language into a separate genus of the large Altai macrofamily.

Classification of the southeast direction

Other representatives of the Turkic group of languages are usually divided into 4 large subgroups. There are differences in details, but for simplicity we can take the most common method.

Oguz, or southwestern, languages, which include Azerbaijani, Turkish, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz. Representatives of these peoples speak very similarly and can easily understand each other without a translator. Hence the huge influence of strong Turkey in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, whose residents perceive Turkish as their native language.

The Turkic group of the Altai family of languages also includes the Kipchak, or northwestern, languages, which are spoken mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as representatives of the peoples of Central Asia with nomadic ancestors. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Balkars, such peoples of Dagestan as the Nogais and Kumyks, as well as Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - they all speak related dialects of the Kipchak subgroup.

Southeast, or Karluk, languages are solidly represented by languages of two large nations- Uzbeks and Uighurs. However, for almost a thousand years they developed separately from each other. If the Uzbek language has experienced the colossal influence of Farsi and the Arabic language, then the Uyghurs, residents of East Turkestan, have introduced a huge number of Chinese borrowings into their dialect over many years.

Northern Turkic languages

The geography of the Turkic group of languages is wide and varied. The Yakuts, Altaians, in general, some indigenous peoples of northeastern Eurasia, also unite into a separate branch of the large Turkic tree. Northeastern languages are quite heterogeneous and are divided into several separate genera.

The Yakut and Dolgan languages separated from the single Turkic dialect, and this happened in the 3rd century. n. e.

The Sayan group of languages of the Turkic family includes Tuvan and Tofalar languages. Khakassians and residents of Mountain Shoria speak languages of the Khakass group.

Altai is the cradle of Turkic civilization; to this day, the indigenous inhabitants of these places speak Oirot, Teleut, Lebedin, Kumandin languages of the Altai subgroup.

Incidents in a harmonious classification

However, not everything is so simple in this conditional division. The process of national-territorial demarcation that took place on the territory of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the twenties of the last century also affected such a subtle matter as language.

All residents of the Uzbek SSR were called Uzbeks, and a single version of the literary Uzbek language was adopted, based on the dialects of the Kokand Khanate. However, even today the Uzbek language is characterized by pronounced dialectism. Some dialects of Khorezm, the westernmost part of Uzbekistan, are closer to the languages of the Oghuz group and closer to Turkmen than to the literary Uzbek language.

Some areas speak dialects that belong to the Nogai subgroup of the Kipchak languages, hence there are often situations when a Ferghana resident has difficulty understanding a native of Kashkadarya, who, in his opinion, shamelessly distorts his native language.

The situation is approximately the same among other representatives of the peoples of the Turkic group of languages - Crimean Tatars. Language of the inhabitants coastal strip almost identical to Turkish, but the natural steppe people speak a dialect closer to Kipchak.

Ancient history

The Turks first entered the world historical arena during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. In the genetic memory of Europeans there is still a shudder before the invasion of the Huns by Attila in the 4th century. n. e. The steppe empire was a motley formation of numerous tribes and peoples, but the Turkic element was still predominant.

There are many versions of the origin of these peoples, but most researchers place the ancestral home of today's Uzbeks and Turks in the northwestern part of the Central Asian plateau, in the area between Altai and the Khingar ridge. This version is also adhered to by the Kyrgyz, who consider themselves the direct heirs of the great empire and are still nostalgic about this.

The neighbors of the Turks were the Mongols, the ancestors of today's Indo-European peoples, the Ural and Yenisei tribes, and the Manchus. The Turkic group of the Altai family of languages began to take shape in close interaction with similar peoples.

Confusion with Tatars and Bulgarians

In the first century AD e. individual tribes begin to migrate towards Southern Kazakhstan. The famous Huns invaded Europe in the 4th century. It was then that the Bulgar branch separated from the Turkic tree and a vast confederation was formed, which was divided into the Danube and Volga. Today's Bulgarians of the Balkans now speak a Slavic language and have lost their Turkic roots.

The opposite situation occurred with the Volga Bulgars. They still speak Turkic languages, but after the Mongol invasion they call themselves Tatars. The conquered Turkic tribes living in the steppes of the Volga took the name of the Tatars - a legendary tribe with which Genghis Khan began his campaigns that had long disappeared in the wars. They also called their language, which they had previously called Bulgarian, Tatar.

The only living dialect of the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic group of languages is Chuvash. The Tatars, another descendant of the Bulgars, actually speak a variant of the later Kipchak dialects.

From Kolyma to the Mediterranean

The peoples of the Turkic linguistic group include the inhabitants of the harsh regions of the famous Kolyma basin, the resort beaches of the Mediterranean, the Altai mountains and the table-flat steppes of Kazakhstan. The ancestors of today's Turks were nomads who traveled the length and breadth of the Eurasian continent. For two thousand years they interacted with their neighbors, who were Iranians, Arabs, Russians, and Chinese. During this time, an unimaginable mixture of cultures and blood occurred.

Today it is even impossible to determine the race to which the Turks belong. Residents of Turkey, Azerbaijanis, and Gagauz belong to the Mediterranean group of the Caucasian race; there are practically no guys with slanted eyes and yellowish skin. However, the Yakuts, Altaians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz - they all bear a pronounced Mongoloid element in their appearance.

Racial diversity is observed even among peoples who speak the same language. Among the Tatars of Kazan you can find blue-eyed blonds and black-haired people with slanted eyes. The same thing is observed in Uzbekistan, where it is impossible to deduce the appearance of a typical Uzbek.

Faith

Most Turks are Muslims, professing the Sunni branch of this religion. Only in Azerbaijan do they adhere to Shiism. However, some peoples either retained ancient beliefs or became adherents of other great religions. Most Chuvash and Gagauz people profess Christianity in its Orthodox form.

In the northeast of Eurasia, individual peoples continue to adhere to the faith of their ancestors; among the Yakuts, Altaians, and Tuvans, traditional beliefs and shamanism continue to be popular.

During the time of the Khazar Kaganate, the inhabitants of this empire professed Judaism, which today's Karaites, fragments of that mighty Turkic power, continue to perceive as the only true religion.

Vocabulary

Together with world civilization, Turkic languages also developed, absorbing the vocabulary of neighboring peoples and generously endowing them with their own words. It is difficult to count the number of borrowed Turkic words in East Slavic languages. It all started with the Bulgars, from whom the words “drip” were borrowed, from which “kapishche”, “suvart” arose, transformed into “serum”. Later, instead of “whey” they began to use the common Turkic “yogurt”.

The exchange of vocabulary became especially lively during the Golden Horde and the late Middle Ages, during active trade with Turkic countries. A huge number of new words came into use: donkey, cap, sash, raisin, shoe, chest and others. Later, only the names of specific terms began to be borrowed, for example, snow leopard, elm, dung, kishlak.

On September 7, a live broadcast of the Alpari Club Day project took place. Director of the Gumilyov Center Pavel Zarifullin answered Alexander Razuvaev’s questions.
At Club Day we looked at the current geopolitical situation in the Middle East and Central Asia. Special attention was devoted to resolving the Russian-Turkish crisis and the mediating role of Baku and Astana in this. As well as ethno-trainings from the Lev Gumilyov Center to overcome the Russian-Turkish crisis. Pavel Zarifullin also answered in detail the question: who are the Turks? About their role in world history and the formation of Russia.

Who are the Turkic peoples? What do they have in common? Where do they live?

Turkic peoples are a group of peoples who speak similar Turkic languages. Distributed very widely. From the Balkan Peninsula, where the Turks and Gagauz live, to our harsh taiga, to Yakutia, because the Yakuts are also Turks. Well, the word “taiga” is of Turkic origin.
Those. this is a huge number of people, millions, hundreds of millions, scattered throughout the Eurasian continent from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, all these peoples have a common root - one of the largest states of antiquity or the Middle Ages or the era that was just between the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - this is the Turkic Khaganate. A gigantic state the size of the Soviet Union, which existed already in the 6th century, we know very little about it.
But there is a Eurasian idea, the idea of Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov, that our father Genghis Khan, our mother the Golden Horde, that modern Great Russia or the Muscovite Kingdom arose within the Golden Horde, adopting the main successes and skills of this country.
But if you dig further, who is the grandfather of our country in this case? Russian Federation? And the grandfather of our country is the Great Turkic Khaganate, from which grew not only the Turkic peoples, but also many others. And Iranian, and Finnish, and Slavic.

The Turkic Kaganate is the era of conquests and campaigns, the era of the emergence of the Great Silk Road, as an already economic phenomenon, a phenomenon of economic integration. Turkic El in the 6th century simultaneously bordered Byzantium, Iran, China, and controlled the Great Silk. And, thanks to the Turkic Khaganate, the Byzantines and Europeans could meet with the Chinese even then. Those. The Turks have a huge, glorious past.

There were many other Turkic states, for example, the Seljuk Sultanates, the Ottoman Empire, and Desht-i-Kipchak. The Turks gave Russia an aristocracy. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev perfectly described that from half to three quarters of Russian noble families were of Turkic or Mongolian origin. Actually, this can be seen in the surnames of the great glorious families: Suvorov, Kutuzov, Apraksin, Alyabyev, Davydov, Chaadaev, Turgenev - these are Turkic surnames. Those. the proverb of Turgenev, himself a descendant of a Turkic aristocrat: “scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar,” i.e. Turkic - it has the most direct relation to our country. So, our grandfather is the Turkic Kaganate and, if you scratch us for a long time, then, of course, the Russians will find a lot of Turkic.

What is the percentage of originally Persian and Turkic words in the Russian language?

Theodor Shumovsky, an accomplice of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (they were imprisoned on the same case in Kresty), an outstanding Russian linguist, philologist, translator of the Koran, said that from a third to a half of Russian words are of Turkic and Persian origin. Why Turkic and Persian, because the Turkic and Persian peoples lived side by side for millennia, just as the Russians actually once lived together. And many words have a mixed origin, for example the Russian word “hearth”, it has a Turkic-Persian origin. The first part of the word is Turkic, and the second is Persian. "Otjah" or "otgyah". The very original word “Ateshgah” means “temple of fire worshipers.” This is the name of the sanctuaries in Iran and Azerbaijan, the temples of the Zoroastrians. The Russian word “hearth” seemed to branch off and form from it. According to one version, the word “book” itself is of Turkic-Persian origin. From the word “kan” - knowledge, “gyah” - place, i.e. "place of knowledge" Then, among both the Turks and Persians, this word replaced the Arabic word “kitab”. But we still use our Turkic-Persian past.
And, of course, the heroes of our fairy tales, such as Kashchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga, are of Turkic origin. Because the word “kashchei” comes from the Old Turkic “kus” - bird. Kashchei is a “shaman-bird worshiper”, a fortuneteller based on the flights of birds. The Turks worshiped birds, like the people who came from Siberia, from Altai. Altaians still worship birds and messengers. And many Turkic clans had bird patrons. Actually, the Russians adopted a lot from them and the names of our cities Kursk, Galich, Voronezh, Uglich, Orel, they have a similar function in name and etymology. They record the bird patrons of regions and cities. So, “kashchei” is from the Turkic word “kus” - “bird”. And the word “art” comes from the same root. As if to soar. Or the word “bush” - the place where the bird lives. “Kashchei the Immortal” is a shaman - a bird worshiper, he looks like that in a skeleton costume, our wonderful character. Let us also add that Kashchei is the king. In the same Rome, the Augustan kings descended from bird fortunetellers - from augurs. The figure of Kashchei in Russian fairy tales captures very ancient legends and archetypes. And, as we see, they are of Turkic origin.
Or Baba Yaga, translated from Turkic simply as “white old man,” white sorcerer. In Russian conditions, where matriarchy was strong in ancient times, the elder “changed” his gender. But although the white elder, I think, the creature is already asexual, because... This is a sacred creature that performs magical and healing functions.

It turns out that the Turkic is deeply embedded within us. For example, we watch Channel One, but we don’t think about why it is “first”? After all, there is a Russian word for “one”, “one”. Why isn’t it a “single” channel? The word “first” is from the Turkic “ber”, “bir” - one. Those. "first" from "first". The account was instilled from the Horde, and maybe even earlier - during the time of the Turkic Kaganate. The word “altyn” came to us that way, i.e. "gold". Actually, the “first” one came from there. The Russian word “fatherland”, naturally, comes from “ati” - “father”. Because the Slavs were once part of a variety of state formations that were created by the Turks, the Golden Horde, the Turkic Kaganate.
Well, if you remember earlier, the ancestors of the Turks were the Huns. Their language is called Proto-Turkic. This is Attila's empire. “Attila” is not a name either. This is an initiatory title, like “father of nations” - from “ati”. We are all familiar with the words “fatherland”, father, but our father turns out to be Turkic, according to this logic. What is reflected in the Russian language.

Not everyone remembers our previous club days. In one of them you said that in fact the Great Russians, as an ethnic group, appeared somewhere during the time of Ivan the Terrible, i.e. the ethnic group originated in the Horde. And we have maintained contact with the more ancient, ancient Russian ethnos, which in fact was already in decline during the period of Kievan Rus. This is the question: how Russian, as an ethnos, is a young ethnos, how strong was the Turkic component in it, and at the same time the connection with what historians call Kievan Rus?

Well, the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians, of modern Russians, is very complex. After all, there was an arrival of the Slavs in Zalesye, but these territories were originally Finnish. We talked about the place of the Turks in our language and ethnicity. But all the old names of cities, rivers, lakes are still Finnish. “Oka” is translated from Turkic as “white” and “Volga” as “white”, but only from Finnish dialects. Sudogda, Vologda, Murom are Finnish names. And the ethnogenesis of the Great Russians took place in a unique way. These are people from the Horde, the Turkic and Mongolian aristocracy, and Finnish tribes. It is known that among northern Russians there is still a significant amount of even genetically Finnish blood. And when they tell us that where is this trace of the Mongols, as such, in the Russian ethnos, in modern research, geneticists are constantly conducting them, where is our Mongolian? They argue there wasn't Mongolian Rus', because this is not particularly reflected in genetics. This suggests that there were no predatory, aggressive campaigns of the Mongols, as such. And there was no yoke.
But we have a huge amount of Turkic component for one simple reason. The main haplogroup of Russians is R1a, but the Tatars have the same haplogroup. And it’s very difficult to figure out who is Russian and who, relatively speaking, is not Russian, because the haplogroup is approximately the same in Eastern Slavs and among the Turks in our country (Tatars, Kazakhs, Altaians, Balkars, Nogais).
And we really had an aristocracy, most likely less Mongolian, but more Turkic, because the Turks went to serve the Mongol Empire, and they made up the majority in it.
Great Russian ethnogenesis followed the formation of the Moscow state, which largely copied its “alma mater,” the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes copied the army (Turkic words: “esaul”, “target”, “drum”, “guard”, “cornet”, “hurray”, “dagger”, “ataman”, “saber”, “koshevoy”, “Cossack” ", "to roam", "holster", "quiver", "horse", "damask steel", "hero"). Copied finances. Hence we have the words “money”, “profit”, “customs”, “treasury”, “label”, “brand” (and “comrade”), “artel”. Copied transport system. This is how “coachman” arose - this is a Mongolian word in our language. From the Mongolian “yamzhi” - a system of transport corridors. And they dressed “in the Tatar way”: “shoe”, “caftan”, “harem pants”, “skin coat”, “bashlyk”, “sarafan”, “cap”, “veil”, “stocking”, “hat”.
This is such a new horde, you can call it that, there is no need to be shy about this word, “horde” is a wonderful word, it largely coincides with the word “order” in semantic meaning. A "New Horde" arose, but with Slavic language, With Christian faith. That is why the Russians were later able to annex the lands that once belonged to the Horde. Because the local population perceived them as their own. There was another round of ethnogenesis. We are constantly pointed at Ukraine, but the situation there was somewhat different. On the territory of Ukraine, as a rule, people who did not like this Horde system, the “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, escaped.
The late Oles Buzina wrote about this that a lot of people fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, to whom this discipline, empire, and organization were disgusting. Such an anarchic, free type of people, but they were praised there, in fact, the rabble fled there, which Genghis Khan’s “Yasu” refused to recognize. "Trash" in a good way, of course. They "cut off" from everyone.
And there they somehow grouped, nested, and so the Ukrainian dialect gradually arose, the Ukrainian ethnic group with its own laws, with its own ideas, completely in many ways opposed to the Muscovite kingdom. Such an anti-horde, if you can call it that. It’s also a very interesting, original education, an original ethnogenesis. We are still disentangling the result of this ethnogenesis.

Next question. Here on the financial market they were discussing that Gazprom could buy Bashneft, official news. I even joked that new company will be called, if this happens, “Tengrioil”. Tengri, Tengrism, which, by the way, is now gaining strength in the same White Horde, in Kazakhstan, what is it? Monotheism? In more detail, because again there are many questions on this topic.

But in the case of Gazprom in Tengri, I, of course, do not believe in their special religiosity. Tengri, in their case, is money. Because the Russian word “money” comes from the Turkic “tengri” naturally. "Tenge" is the currency of the Golden Horde. Now it is the currency of Kazakhstan. Russians began to call any financial means this way.
But the monotheism of the Turks is known. Those. before coming to the Great Steppe, which is their cradle, before the arrival of Jews, Muslims, Christians, the Turks worshiped one god thousands of years ago, even before the birth of Christ, if we talk about the ancestors of the Turks, the Huns. And Tengri - god - a single sky. And the great ruler, relatively speaking, Genghis Khan, is the will of the great sky. The Turkic religion has a rich history, rich cultural heritage. And, it is worth noting that very few peoples had their own written language for thousands of years. Basically, the ethnic groups of Eurasia exported writing from the Phoenicians or Greeks, or from the Arameans. And most types of writing, they have a very specific connotation to these peoples, the peoples of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
In addition to two groups of peoples - the Germans and the Turks, who had independent runic writing for several thousand years. These runes are similar, but have different sound and semantic meanings. The Turks had their own runic alphabet, which, naturally, went back to the will of the sky, to the will of Tengri, came from the sacred runic calendar, from observations of the sun, moon, stars, space, the phenomenon of Tengri. According to legend, it was the heavens who once handed this runic writing to the first Turkic kagans. Therefore, to claim that the Turks are some kind of savage peoples (a constant idea of Western scientists and Russian nationalists) is very stupid. They will be more culturally advanced than many ethnic groups that still exist on planet Earth.

Expressed from a theological point of view, is Tengri God the father? From the point of view of Christian perception?

Yes. God is the Father. Lord of Hosts. From the point of view of Orthodoxy, “Lord of hosts” is translated as “Lord of the stars”, “Lord of the sky”. “Lord of the seven heavens” would be more correct, because our numeral “seven” comes from the Arabic “sebu” - seven. Here is Tengri - the Lord of all heavens. Supreme Commander of Space.

I have friends from Kazakhstan, and the meaning of Tengrism, as they say, is that there is one God, it’s just that each ethnic group has a traditional way of communicating with him. Such a question is the Turks as an ethnic group, modern Türkiye, the last conflict. In history, the Russian Empire fought with Turkey many times. Who are they to us? Enemies, partners or maybe allies against the West? This story.

But genetically, the Turkish Turks are, of course, very far from the Turks we know, from the Tatars, from the Altaians, from the Kazakhs. In general, they are much closer to the Persians, Arabs, and Greeks. Genetic data confirm this. It’s just that there weren’t very many Turks who once went to the “last sea”, to the west, to the White Sea, as they called the Mediterranean. Small tribes of nomads came, the most active part, because the main part remained at home, in the Steppe.
But those “who reached it,” the passionaries, became the aristocracy of the local peoples. They found descendants of the Persians, descendants of the Greeks there. They sculpted something out of this, some states. This is how they blinded Turkey. But the spirit, such a spiritualist, of the Turkic nomads, warriors, soldiers, of course, flourished in Turkey. And even the glorious wars, known as the Janissaries, are the Slavs who converted to Islam. Slavic boys, who were taken into good Turkic families, brought up in the Islamic and Turkic spirit, they then went and slaughtered for Islam, for the great Ottoman Empire, for their Turkic padishah, because we see in the super popular TV series “The Magnificent Century” (all ours housewives watch with pleasure).
Here it is - the Turkic spirit, spirituality, of course, it flourished in the Ottoman Empire. But it cannot be said that it was definitely Turkic state. They began to build a Turkic state when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Because they spoke Ottoman, which is some kind of mixture of Persian, Arabic, Slavic words dream large quantity m Turkic words.
Kemal Atatürk almost banned the Ottoman language. The Ottoman Empire was such an imperial project, a globalist project. He learned a lot from Byzantium, not from the point of view of religion, but from the point of view of geography, strategy, personnel policy. Their best sailors were the descendants of the Greeks, the “pirates” were the descendants of the French and Italians who converted to Islam. Those. they took everyone from everyone. They took Turkic cavalry, because Turkic cavalry is always the best, everyone knows this.
Those. the Ottoman project, I cannot say that it was definitely some kind of Turkic, just as in the Russian Empire it cannot be said that the Russian project was Slavic. Well, how Slavic is it, when the dynasty is German, the population is mixed, the nobility is half-Turkic, half of the Cossacks spoke Turkic dialects until the 20th century. It turns out that perhaps the Turks from the Russian Empire fought against the Slavs from the Ottoman Empire. It was such a mess.
The emergence of Turkic nationalism itself is associated with the figure of Kemal Ataturk, with the 20th century. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, they began to think about how they should live, what they could cling to in order to simply survive hostile world. And they began the emergency Turkification of their country. In fact, they began to create the language anew, and in order to somehow restore it (because it was thoroughly Persian or Slavic - the Ottoman language), they sent ethnographic expeditions, Kemal Ataturk sent, to the Oghuz Turks, who lived exactly on the territory of the Soviet Union . These are Azerbaijanis, Turkmen and Gagauz. And they began to take words from them, instead of Arabic, instead of Persian. Those. The Turkic state of Turkey is in many ways an artificial construct, when the population, which is largely descendants of the Greeks and other tribes of Asia Minor, was artificially driven into Turkic nationalism and the new Turkic language.
Now, if Kazakhstan, of course, is a Turkic country, or Russia is even a more Turkic country, I think, than Turkey. But the Turks made pan-Turkism their sign. The United States actively used this in the “Great Game” against the Soviet Union. The complex of these ideas was aimed at destroying our big country.
So that all Turkic peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Altaians, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Tatars, would, one way or another, perceive the Turks as their older brother. Although I’ll say it again, from a genetic point of view this is a little funny, because genetically Turks are no different from southern Italians, for example, from the inhabitants of Naples or Sicily. Just twin brothers. Well, since they had powerful story, they had an Empire, then they claimed to lead the Turkic world. Of course, neither the Russian Empire nor the Soviet Union liked this. The Russian Federation did not like this and does not like this kind of idea. Eurasian ideology could reconcile this complex of contradictions, very complex and discord between our countries.
Eurasianism arose as the idea of uniting Slavic and Turkic vectors. The Slavs and Turks, when they are separated, try to say that the Russian Empire is a Slavic kingdom, and the Ottoman Empire is a Turkish kingdom and they must fight among themselves. Then you start to look into it, it turns out that the Russian Empire is half a Turkic kingdom. And the Ottoman Empire is half a Slavic kingdom. Those. everything was crushed.
We, Eurasians, argue that when Turks and Slavs meet, it turns out well, it turns out to be a symphony. As Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said - complementarity. There are peoples who complement each other. And on the contrary, such a Turkic-Slavic symbiosis has always given birth to tenacious and creative peoples and individuals.
From this point of view, we can not only reconcile our country, Russia, which, of course, is the fruit of the Slavic-Turkic symbiosis. And more broadly - not just to restore the Soviet Union, but to make it more powerful, like the Eurasian Union, which is also based on the Slavic-Turkic brotherhood.

The main drivers of the Eurasian Union are the Slavs and Turks, Belarusians, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Kyrgyz.
But we can come to an agreement with the Turks. Because, I repeat once again, the ethnogenesis of the Turks is significantly connected with ethnogenesis and with the combination of Slavic and Turkic elements. I already spoke about the Janissaries. Most of the viziers during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, they were traditionally also Slavic Serbs, Sokolovici. Well, as a matter of fact, we know very well about the red-haired wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Everyone knows about Alexandra of Russia, who became the great queen of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, when we say - Eurasianism, Eurasian integration - then here we can find with the Turks mutual language, establish joint affairs, economic and geopolitical. Because no one here says who is higher there? The Turks are the first people, and the rest are under them - this is the main idea of pan-Turkism.
If we say Eurasianism, then everyone is equal from this point of view. Together we are creating, as it were, a large tree of peoples, a large world of peoples, in the center of which stands the axis of the Slavs and Turks. Thanks to this axis, complementarity, and all other friendly peoples, Finnish, Ugric, and Caucasian, we all together form a large-scale community in our space. From the point of view of Eurasian ideology, by removing pan-Turkism or pan-Slavism or nationalisms of any kind, Russian nationalism or Turkish nationalism, we can (and now this will happen) improve relations with the fraternal Turkish Republic. Then it becomes fraternal, in the space of Eurasian brotherhood, camaraderie, friendship of peoples, and Turkey and I, I think, can do a lot together for peace and cooperation in Eurasia.

The role of Baku and Astana in the recent reconciliation and in this entire project?

Well, I think everyone tried, because everyone did not benefit from the confrontation between Turkey and Russia. This is not a new confrontation. After all, at one time there was a war between Russian Empire and Turkey were actively supported on both sides by our opponents, the Poles, Swedes, British, French, and Germans. They literally pitted, for example, the Pope against Turkey and Russia in order to draw back forces so that Russia would not interfere with Europe and Turkey would not interfere with Europe. So that we torture each other, beat each other, get tired and then the Europeans would come and make peace with us.
This is how everything happened Russian-Turkish wars. In this sense, the latest conflict between Russia and Turkey benefited only our Western competitors. And, of course, Astana tried, the role of Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev in this reconciliation is very great. And the Azerbaijani side, thanks to them.
But I think this conflict was not beneficial to anyone. And the people did not understand him. Because we constantly conduct sociological research and ethnic research. The conflict with America is understandable, and the Russian people seem to take part in this conflict and support their president. The conflict with radical Islamism is clear. Nobody welcomes radical Islamism. In Russia, no one, even normal Muslims, will support them.
But the conflict with Turkey was not clear to the people. And despite the fact that thousands of our state-paid propagandists howled like wolves in the Turkish direction, the people still perceived the Turks as a fraternal people. And they understood that the king and the sultan had a fight, and tomorrow they would make peace. In turn, we at the Lev Gumilyov Center conducted a special ethno-training, at which we organized energy peace between our countries, where one representative of Turkey solemnly asked for forgiveness from Russia, at this training.

I’ll explain the meaning of ethno-trainings. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov said that an ethnic group, a people, forms an energy field. Such energy fields are created by any natural community of people, families, and organizations. But an ethnos is a collection of energy fields. We address this field directly, we have technology, and we create a certain event. And then that's how it happens. First, at our Lev Gumilyov Center, a person representing Turkey asked for forgiveness; he was played by a Gagauz; in Russia, she was played by an Ossetian (for some reason it happened that way). I asked forgiveness. And after a while, after a month Turkish President asked Russia for forgiveness, asked to accept his apology. I think everyone tried, both at the energy level, and at the technological level, and at the diplomatic level. And this conflict, I hope, will not happen again. And secondly, we will have to restore the results of this conflict for a very long time because economic relations were severed between our countries, and this is not beneficial to anyone.

Now everyone is talking about Uzbekistan. Tamerlane's role in this whole story?
Well, in the same Uzbekistan, Tamerlane was appointed such a sacred ancestor of the entire local population, although this is a little strange.
Firstly, he was not a chigizid. Some believe that it was. But this is not true.

There are also a lot of disputes. The fact remains that this is a very serious piece on the chessboard of humanity. The man who managed to create an Empire, if not the size of Genghis Khan, but comparable to him, not the size of the Turkic Khaganate, but actually comparable. He united all of Central Asia, Iran, part of India, and Asia Minor.

I write columnism, and have written several times that if Tamerlane had taken Moscow, then probably the capital of the future Empire would have been another city. And Islam, not Orthodoxy, would become the state religion. How fair is this?

The fact is that, no matter how much you take Moscow, it is only better for it. Everything in Moscow is like water off a duck's back. No matter how much you burn her, she will always get up and feel good again.
From the point of view of the collision with our civilization, Russian-Eurasian or the Union of Forest and Steppe, as we call it, of course, Tamerlane was an enemy, because he represented a slightly different culture. A renewed caliphate, in fact. He nurtured it and created it only with a center not in Baghdad, not in Damascus, but with a center in Samarkand. Islam was harshly imposed. Under him, Nestorian Christianity was destroyed in Central Asia, completely and irrevocably. He just went and killed everyone.
And before that, millions of Christians lived there, in Central Asia, the same Turks. And on various expeditions in Kyrgyzstan I meet rock paintings crosses Crosses, Nestorian creeds. It was the last Christians who hid from Tamerlane in the Kyrgyz canyons. And then he found them there and cut them and burned them. Those. the man was of incredible aggression, incredible strength.
And he brought ruin and death to the steppe, to our territory, to the territory of the modern Eurasian Union. He burned the steppes and captured everyone. And if he had captured Rus' then, he would not have spared anyone. Because the Mongols came, relatively speaking, they negotiated with the local population, the princes, passed through the country, took resources and moved on. But Tamerlane drove the population of entire regions, entire districts into his territory. And in this way it was more reminiscent of fascist Germany, when they took the population of several regions and sent them to work.
Those. such slave-owning Asia came to us. This is one of the novels from Asia, about Asian despots, about some terrible pharaohs who drive entire tribes back and forth. Here he was a classic Asian despot, incompatible with the code of behavior on our territory, among, relatively speaking, kings or khans. In Russia and the Great Steppe, people have never been exterminated for their religion.
Kings or khans did not act this way and did not turn everything into an endless slave trade. Tamerlane carried the slave trade and brought his cultural code to us, but did not reach it. God or Tengri, they saved this territory from destruction.

The question is this. Azerbaijan, they are also Turks, part of the Turkic world. Their prospects. But it cannot be bypassed within the framework of Eurasian integration - there is also Armenia. How is this?

We, in my opinion, had a good broadcast, related to the issues of Karabakh, it was quite well attended. This is a video you can watch. And soon we will post the text of the ethno-training that we carried out on Karabakh.
I looked now, it’s quite safe, the passions have already subsided. The problem must be solved, it must be solved, because the land lies abandoned. Karabakh is a land that used to prosper. It was multinational, multinational, multireligious. There lived Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Russians in this territory. Now it lies largely abandoned. Karabakh needs to be developed. The fact that the “Black Hills” is a closed area has been turned into a dead end, a transport dead end, this hinders the development of our trade, the development of our economies. And the Karabakh issue must be resolved.
Karabakh should probably be given a special status in the Eurasian Union, maybe it could be guarded by special troops of the Eurasian Union, have a rather complex status, it is possible different variants, condominium to discuss.

But, nevertheless, the problem must be solved. I believe that our generation is obliged to solve this problem.
But most importantly, I think, from the point of view economic development Eurasian Union, the biggest progress was made recently when the North-South route, discussed for decades, was approved by the leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Iran. Now the transport corridor will be actively developed, roads will be built, the fleet of ships in the Caspian Sea will increase. This will be real Eurasian integration if this happens. Then Azerbaijan will organically become part of the Eurasian Union, and there will be no need to invent anything.

Last question. September 12 is coming soon. The Orthodox Church honors Alexander Nevsky. I can’t finish without mentioning this figure, because on the one hand, a wide circle knows the famous Soviet film, that he defeated the Germans. On the other hand, the “frostbitten” Russian Nazis really don’t like him, because he crushed the anti-Horde uprisings. Moreover, he is with Batu and his son, from their point of view, he is a pagan. Here, accordingly, is this figure.

Well, first of all, Alexander Nevsky is a symbol of Russia. This was the only, in my opinion, fair vote that could have taken place. People chose between Stalin and Stolypin, everyone quarreled, and then somehow calmed down and chose Alexander Nevsky. I remember there was such a competition on television - not a competition, a kind of voting. They really chose him as a symbol of Russia, because he created Russia. When it was necessary to choose between west and east, Alexander chose the east.

And as we find out, from a historical point of view, he did not lose, i.e. not only didn’t lose, but won. Because the entire east gradually went to Russia. Those who chose the west, like the inhabitants of Galicia and their prince Galician, well, we see in what idiotic state they are now on the outskirts of Europe. They are not even taken to this Europe. The Poles are sitting in the outskirts of Europe, but these are howling like dogs outside the outskirts. It’s not even the dogs that guard the garden, these are the Balts, so classic.
And the dogs that were kicked out. A classic dog from a Ukrainian cartoon who was kicked out. And the abandoned dog walks between the wolves, then goes to the Turkic wolves, then tries to penetrate back to the place from which he was kicked out. This, unfortunately, is the fate of Western Ukraine. Then they handed this devilish fate to all the other Little Russians.
Alexander Nevsky made a different choice. Yes, he went to the pagans, but to which pagans? The son of Batu Khan, his brother Khan Sartak was a Christian of the Nestorian faith.
He simply headed East. “Meeting” the sun galloped and his people “meeting” the sun followed him and reached Alaska.
And Alexander Nevsky walked first. We have been thinking for a long time about how the Russians even went to explore Lake Baikal. And the first to visit Lake Baikal was Alexander Nevsky, on the way to Karakorum. And now our theater master Andrei Borisov staged a wonderful performance at the Irkutsk Drama Theater based on Alexander Nevsky. And this is very symbolic. In Irkutsk, the understanding comes that Alexander Nevsky was the first to arrive at Baikal, and then his people came after him centuries later. And Alexander Nevsky was the first to go to the Horde in Sarai-Batu, in modern Astrakhan, in Sarai-Berke to Khan Berke, at his headquarters, which was located not far from Volgograd. And today the townspeople recognized Alexander Nevsky as the heavenly patron of Volgograd. He showed us the way.

This is our father. If the Turks are still figuring out who their father is, either Suleiman the Magnificent, or Kemal Ataturk, then we know who our father is, our “ati”. This is Alexander Nevsky, who showed us the way to the East, the “sunny path”. In this sense, he is the person who leads us. The first was Andrei Bogolyubsky, who led the capital from Kyiv, from the endless “pre-Maidan moods,” to Vladimir Rus. And Alexander Nevsky continued his path further; he led Russia to the East. Since then, Russia is an eastern country and Russians, of course, are an eastern people, in the vanguard of all other peoples of the East.

http://www.gumilev-center.ru/rossiya-i-tyurkskijj-ehl-2/