fuel Russia geographical fishing
Concept and structure of the fuel industry
Fuel industry- a set of mining industries engaged in extraction and processing various types fuel and energy raw materials.
The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.
This industry includes: oil (oil production, oil refining), gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining, wood.
Fuel is a group of resources used primarily to produce thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.
Fuel is classified:
1) According to physical condition:
gaseous;
2) By method of receipt:
Natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);
Artificial, obtained as a result of processing natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of fuel resources. Their regional structure is characterized for the most part by a clear predominance of coal, but it plays a leading role everywhere as a condition for the development of the fuel base of industry. IN Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance from this point of view.
Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position in the fuel industry, determined by a number of reasons.
Firstly, oil and gas are raw materials, even partial replacement of which with an alternative will require a significant restructuring of the structure of industrial production and significant capital investments.
Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale and at current rates of consumption, oil has a sharp tendency to be depleted. The transition to the development of qualitatively worse natural characteristics oil and gas resources causes rapid growth costs for these purposes.
Thirdly, being unique raw materials, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their identification, production, transportation and processing.
Features of the fuel industry.
Its products are transformed into thermal energy in further stages of production.
Widespread demand for fuel industry products.
Fuel is transported only to the place of combustion, and does not materially participate in the weight composition of new products.
All types of fuel (with the exception of gas) have a huge mass and their transportation requires high costs.
Almost all types of fuel are used in all sectors of the national economy. The main consumer of all types of fuel energy resources(except motor fuel) is industry. The industry consumes more than half of the total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the national economy, about three-quarters of boiler and furnace fuel, almost two-thirds of electricity and 80% of thermal energy produced centrally at thermal power plants and large boiler houses.
Russia has enormous fuel resources and is fully self-sufficient in them. Reliance on our own fuel and energy resources is a serious advantage of our economy. Russia is considered a major exporter of fuel among the countries of the world. The fuel industry is of great regional importance; it creates the prerequisites for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including petrochemical, coal chemical, and gas industrial complexes.
Table 1 Production of primary energy resources by fuel type in Russia (million tons of standard fuel)
The consumption of primary fuel and energy resources in Russia is noticeably higher than that of other countries under consideration, which is quite obvious given the population size and GDP produced. At the same time, Russia is noticeably ahead of its Quartet partners in relative specific energy consumption, which amounts to 4.29 ttoe. e. per person versus 2.45 - 2.88 t. e. per person in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine (2001). In Russia, this figure is close to the average per capita energy consumption of industrial countries (OECD - 4.68 ttoe/person), which could be assessed positively if the energy intensity of GDP is not taken into account. Unfortunately, the energy intensity of Russian GDP, taking into account purchasing power parity, is exactly 2 times higher than that of OECD countries (respectively: 0.44 and 0.22 tons of oil equivalent/thousand dollars). If we compare GDP in prices and at the 1995 exchange rate, then, according to IEA estimates, the gap in the energy intensity of GDP sharply increases and exceeds 8 times (Russia - 1.65 tons of oil equivalent/thousand dollars; OECD - 0.19 t e./thousand dollars). The comparison of GDP energy intensity shows both Russia’s remaining energy saving potential and the existing possibility of “strengthening” the ruble exchange rate.
FUEL industry- a set of branches of the mining industry engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials. Includes oil refining, gas, coal, shale, peat and mining industries
The fuel industry is one of the most important industries heavy industry . The role of fuel increases with the development technical progress and inextricably linked with it mechanization, automation, electrification and heating of production, which determine intensive growth energy consumption in the national economy. Combustible substances, especially oil and gas, are also used as raw materials for chemical industry.
IN pre-revolutionary Russia(1913) total fuel production (in conventional terms) was 48.2 million. T, including firewood more than 20%.
In the USSR, as a result of the successful implementation of the first five-year plans (1929-40), total annual production in 1940 reached 238 million. T standard fuel. The structure of the fuel industry has changed radically. A new industry has emerged - gas industry . During the Great Patriotic War 1941-45, the Nazi invaders caused enormous damage to the fuel industry. During the years of the 4th Five-Year Plan (1946-50), the fuel industry enterprises were restored; in 1950, fuel production in the USSR exceeded the 1940 level by 31%. In subsequent years, the leading sectors of the fuel industry - oil and gas - grew at a faster pace. Fuel production in 1975 increased 5 times compared to 1950.
The fuel and energy industry is a combination of branches of the fuel industry, electric power, and means of delivering fuel and energy. Over the past two centuries, the global fuel and energy industry has gone through two main stages in its development. The first stage (XIX - first half of the XX century) was coal, when coal fuel sharply predominated in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second stage was the oil and gas stage. Oil and gas turned out to be more efficient energy carriers than solid fuel. In the 80s The world energy industry has entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where a transition is taking place from the use of predominantly exhaustible mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources. The oil, gas, and coal industries are the basis of global energy. Oil is produced in 80 countries around the world, but the main role is played by Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela, UAE, Norway, Canada, UK, Nigeria. 40% of all oil produced is traded internationally. A huge territorial gap has formed in the world economy between the areas of its production and consumption, which contributed to the emergence of powerful cargo flows. The main areas of oil production are the basins Persian Gulf, West Siberian, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico. Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in global gas production is Russia, where the largest basin is located - Western Siberia. The largest gas producing country is the USA, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the UK. Unlike oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries Europe and North America. In terms of natural gas reserves, two regions are distinguished: the CIS (Western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Eastern and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; the Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle Eastern countries, Australia exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.
The development of the coal industry in the era of cheap oil slowed down, but after the crisis of the 70s. acceleration came again. The main coal-producing countries are developed countries: China, USA, Germany, Russia, Poland, Australia, India, South Africa. In Russia, coal production has been falling sharply in recent years, while in China and the United States the coal industry is developing dynamically. In terms of explored coal reserves, the leaders are also mainly developed countries: the USA, the CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), then China, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa. Most coal is consumed in the same countries where it is mined, so only 8% reaches the world market. But there have been changes in the structure of trade - the demand for coking coal is falling due to the slowdown in the development of metallurgy, and the demand for thermal coal is growing. The main exporters of coal are the USA, Australia, and to a lesser extent South Africa, Russia, Poland, and Canada. The main importers of coal are Japan, the Republic of Korea and a number of European countries.
Metallurgical complex- a set of industries producing a variety of metals. It is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90 percent of metals used in modern production, - black, i.e. iron and alloys derived from it.
The production of the metallurgical complex is characterized by high level concentration, monopolization and combination of production.
The main factors for the location of the complex are raw materials, energy, consumer, water, environmental, and labor resources.
Ferrous metallurgy is the basis for the development of mechanical engineering. It includes the extraction and beneficiation of iron, manganese and chromite ores, the smelting of cast iron and steel, and the production of rolled ferroalloys. Therefore, in ferrous metallurgy, combination is widely developed - the unification at one enterprise of several industries of various industries that are interconnected.
Mining, preparation of ores and fuel, production of metal and auxiliary materials are concentrated within one metallurgical base. Most enterprises in this industry are combines.
The production of cast iron requires a large amount of raw materials - iron ore, coke (in blast furnace production) or electricity, manganese ore, etc. Our country is almost completely provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. For the smelting of iron and steel in the 80-90s. The USSR and then Russia held world leadership; she is now ranked fourth in the world.
The largest metallurgical base in the country is the Urals. Almost 1/2 of Russia's cast iron, steel and rolled products are produced here. Imported coal (from Kuzbass and Karaganda) and ore from Kazakhstan, KMA and Magnitogorsk are used as raw materials. Most of the metal is smelted at giant enterprises in Magnitogorsk. Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novotroitsk.
The second most important metallurgical base was the Center, which uses its own ores (KMA) and imported coke (Kuzbass, Vorkuta). The main centers are Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Tula, Volgograd, Elektrostal, Kolpino, St. Petersburg.
The metallurgical base of Siberia and the Far East is still in its formation stage. Modern factories full cycle operate in Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Iron ores come from Gornaya Shornya, Khakassia, and the Angara-Ilinsky basin. Coals from Kuzbass and the South Yakutsk basin are used.
In connection with the creation of the Cherepovets full-cycle plant, the Northern Metallurgical Base began to form.
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, beneficiation and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous, precious and rare metal ores. The industry includes the lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industry and the production of precious and rare metals.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into physical properties and for use on heavy (copper (Cu), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni)), light (aluminum (A1), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Md). precious ( gold (Au), silver (Ad), platinum (Ft) and rare (zirconium (Zr), indium (In), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), etc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a very material-intensive industry, since the content of non-ferrous metals in the ore is extremely low, therefore non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are focused mainly on raw material bases.
Non-ferrous metal ores are usually multicomponent, so the integrated use of raw materials is of great importance. An important factor in the location of enterprises for the smelting of non-ferrous metals is energy, since this is an energy-intensive production. But the production of light non-ferrous metals requires a large amount of energy.
Aluminum industry. It develops on the basis of its own (deposits in the Urals, North-Western region, Siberia) and imported raw materials. Almost all factories are more or less remote from raw materials, but are located either near hydroelectric power stations or large thermal power plants.
More than 3/4 of aluminum production now comes from four large aluminum smelters; Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokunetsk. The first two of them are the largest in the world.
Our country is among the world leaders in aluminum production, but up to 80% of the aluminum produced in Russia is now exported.
Copper industry. The main bases of the copper industry of our country are located in the Urals (Gaiskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibaiskoye deposits). Mostly processing plants are located here. The production of refined copper is located both in the Ural region and in the Center (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
Lead-zinc industry. Mainly gravitates towards areas of polymetallic ore mining (Kuzbass, Transbaikalia, North Caucasus, Primorye).
Nickel industry. Developing in Northern economic region based on deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates of Norilsk, in the Urals - on local and imported raw materials, in Eastern Siberia - on copper-nickel ores of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin said that “... Coal is the real bread of industry...” * that “... only on mineral fuel can there be a strong establishment of large-scale industry capable of serving as the basis for a socialist society” **.
* (V. I. Lenin, Works, ed. 4, vol. 30, p. 461.)
** (V. I. Lenin, Works, ed. 4, vol. 33, p. 141.)
Based on this, the party and government have always taken all necessary measures for the rapid development of the coal industry of our country. The Donetsk coal basin is being industrialized and developed. New coal deposits are emerging and rapidly developing. In the east, a huge Ural-Kuznetsk plant appears. The Caucasus, Moscow region, Ural, Karaganda, Siberia, Far East, and later the Pechora coal basin provide fast build-up coal mining, provided for in the five-year plans for the national economic development of the country. If during the recovery period coal production increased from 29.1 million tons in 1913 to 35.5 million tons in 1928, then subsequent development according to the first, second and third five-year plans interrupted by the war raised coal production before the war to 166 million tons, increasing it by more than 5.5 times compared to 1913!
A developed fuel processing industry was created. IN Tsarist Russia The coke industry, which supplied fuel for metallurgy, was dependent on foreign industry and was poorly developed, based only on coking coals from the Donetsk basin.
From 1928 to 1932, new, highly efficient, built according to last word equipment and widely mechanized coke plants in the Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Urals and Siberia, fully providing high-quality fuel to the growing metallurgical plants.
Has been newly developed and widely used new technology capture and processing of a number of valuable chemical products of coking. The yield of coal tar, which is the starting product for aniline paint, pharmaceutical and other industries, was significantly increased. The process of extracting crude benzene from gases has been improved, new technology its further chemical processing.
Before the revolution, gasification of fuel was poorly developed, although it was the Russian scientists D.I. Mendeleev and M.A. Pavlov who did a lot to develop the theory of gasification. Soviet period reborn the gas industry. Instead of 4-5 fuel types About 50 types of fuel began to undergo gasification, mainly local, low-grade fuel: peat, various brown coals, oil shale.
Significant achievements were made in the fuel industry, which did not exist at all in pre-revolutionary Russia - the industry of artificial liquid fuel, obtained from solids through the process of hydrogenation.
Our country has the largest peat reserves in the world. A large peat mining industry developed in the USSR using highly efficient peat extraction methods (hydro-peat, milled peat), but peat ceased to be used only as fuel for boiler houses of large regional power plants. Soviet scientists have developed methods for producing peat coke, which is used for carburizing steel, making activated carbon and calcium carbide. Peat tar, obtained by coking peat, produces compounds for the manufacture of plastics.
Much has been done in the field of industrial combustion, processing of oil shale and the use of chemical products obtained from them. Academician I. M. Gubkin figuratively called oil shale “oil ore”, since from them, during thermochemical processing, artificial liquid fuel can be obtained. Having studied the chemical nature of oil shale from a number of deposits, Soviet scientists developed methods for producing gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, as well as phenols and artificial drying oil from them.
Our country attached particular importance to the development of the oil industry. Back in 1920, the Party Central Committee, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, sent to the river. Baku special commission to familiarize itself with the state of the oil industry and development specific program to provide oil to the Soviet state. The implementation of the planned program led to the fact that by 1927 the restored and technically re-equipped oil industry was already able to exceed the oil production of 1913. Since 1927, a broad, radical reconstruction of the oil industry began. The construction of new oil fields and oil refineries made it possible to produce 31 million tons by the beginning of the Second World War, three and a half times higher than the production of 1913.
Back in 1921, Academician I.M. Gubkin, on Lenin’s instructions, organized a study of the area between the Volga and the Urals. In 1929, oil deposits were discovered in the Chusovsky towns, but the real flourishing of the “Second Baku” began with the turning point for it in 1934.
The XVII Party Congress played a decisive role in this issue, since it pointed out insufficient attention to the issue of organizing a new oil base in the regions of the Urals, Bashkiria, and Emba.
Our country has made a great contribution to the development of world oil production and oil refining technology. Before the revolution, oil drilling to a depth of 1000 m lasted about three years, and spent on casing pipes 300-400 t metal Soviet scientists and engineers brought the drilling time of such wells to several weeks using 25-30 tons of casing pipes.
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In 1924, drilling of well No. 76-49 began in Surakhany, which was the beginning of the introduction into oil industry new, Soviet method drilling with a downhole motor - turbine drilling, developed by corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences M. A. Kapelyushnikov. With this type of drilling, the drill pipes do not rotate, but only the turbine rotor rotates (Fig. 7-9), driving a special bit (Fig. 7-10). The turbine rotor moves under the influence of the pressure difference between the injected clay solution in the drill pipe and in the annulus. This method makes it possible to drill wells several kilometers deep and to drill inclined wells. The subsequent development of turbine drilling methods led to its high perfection. This method was one of the first achievements of Soviet technology. In the 50s, the United States acquired a license from the USSR for the right to use a Soviet turbodrill.
Currently, in the field of drilling operations, Soviet technology has taken a new significant step. She mastered the technique electric drilling. Electric drilling is characterized by a sharp increase in the rate of penetration of boreholes and their depth. Reaching oil and gas layers at a depth of 7000-10000 m has become a reality and makes it possible to increase the volume of explored and used fuel resources of the country.
The first contribution to oil refining technology was made back in 1891 by V. G. Shukhov, whose primacy in the invention of the cracking process is recognized throughout the world. But in tsarist Russia, Shukhov’s method was not used. Only in 1929 was an oil refinery built using the “Soviet cracking” system of Shukhov and Kapelyushnikov.
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The measures taken by the party and government on oil production and refining were reflected in the enormous growth of oil production in our country. In 1913, 9.2 million were mined in Russia. T oil By the end of the recovery period, oil production was already 11.6 million tons. T, amounting to 116% of 1913, and before the Second World War, oil production increased to 31.1 million tons, exceeding production in 1913 by 3.4 times.
Thus, in terms of fuel, as well as in energy, in a historically short period of time, thanks to the high rates of development of the productive forces characteristic of a socialist society, our country received a broad base for its further development.
Topic 2. Fuel industry and electric power industry
The fuel industry is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of fuel. It consists of sub-sectors that extract or process certain types of fuel - gas, gas processing, oil, oil refining, coal, peat, shale industries. In the Russian economy, the fuel industry has great importance. The industry's products (gas, oil and petroleum products) account for about half of Russia's exports. The industry accounts for up to 20% of the country's industrial production.
Role different types fuel shows the structure of primary energy production. Moreover, based on the possibility of obtaining energy, all types of fuel and energy are reduced to one unit - a ton of standard fuel.
The leading sub-sector of the fuel industry in modern Russia is gas (until the 1990s, the main one was the oil sub-industry, and before that, the coal sub-industry). The reasons for this situation are the following: 1) gas is the most cost-effective fuel: energetically valuable and with low production costs, its transportation through pipelines is cheaper than transportation of solid or liquid fuels; 2) Russia has huge reserves of natural gas - about a third of the world's proven reserves. Russia ranks first in the world in gas production. About a third of the produced fuel is exported. Russia supplies gas to the Transcaucasian CIS states and many European countries.
Of the all-Russian gas production, the West Siberian basin currently accounts for about 90%. These are mainly deposits of the Yamalo-Nenets (85%) and Khanty-Mansiysk (5%) autonomous districts. The main centers of gas production in Western Siberia are the cities of Novy Urengoy and Nadym. In second place is the Volga-Ural basin, in which about 6% of gas is produced (in the Orenburg region, etc.). In the Volga region, gas production began on a large scale for the first time in the 1940s. The Astrakhan gas condensate field is promising in the basin. The third in volume is the Timan-Pechora basin (about 1% of gas), where production is carried out mainly in the Komi Republic (the main center is Vuktyl). Production for local needs is available in some regions of the North Caucasus, near Norilsk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Vilyui depression of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the north of Sakhalin.
In Russia, a gas pipeline system has been created for gas transportation, connecting all the main areas of gas production and consumption. The most powerful gas pipelines are laid from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the southwest to the central regions of the country. From here, through Belarus and Ukraine, gas pipelines go west to European countries. The Soyuz gas pipeline was laid from Orenburg to the west. In the eastern regions of Russia, near the cities of Norilsk and Yakutsk, small isolated gas pipelines operate.
Oil industry engages in oil production, its primary processing and transportation through pipelines, as well as associated gas production. Russia ranks second in the world in oil production after Saudi Arabia. Approximately 40% of produced oil is exported. Russia supplies most of the CIS countries and foreign Europe with oil; supplies are made to the USA, Japan and other countries.
About 2/3 of Russian oil production comes from the West Siberian basin (mainly the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region), where the main production centers are the cities of Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk. By now, the largest deposits (Samotlor and others) here have almost been exhausted. The second place is occupied by the Volga-Ural basin. Today it accounts for about a quarter of oil production. Most of the oil is produced in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The largest is the Romashkinskoye field near the city of Almetyevsk. Oil production in the Timan-Pechora basin (Komi Republic and Nenets Autonomous Okrug), which accounts for about 4% of the country's production, is of interregional importance. The main centers in this basin are Usinsk and Ukhta. Local oil production is available in the North Caucasus, as well as in the Sakhalin and Kaliningrad regions, where development is carried out not only on land, but also on the sea shelf.
A network of oil pipelines developed in Russia in the 1960s, when the Volga-Ural basin was the leading production basin. From here, oil pipelines are laid to oil export ports (Novorossiysk in the south, Odessa in the southwest, Ventspils in the west), to former socialist countries of Eastern Europe(oil pipeline ʼʼDruzhbaʼʼ), as well as to large domestic consumers (to the northwest - to Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, to the east - to the city of Angarsk in the Irkutsk region). Later, oil pipelines from the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic were connected to this system. In the Far East there is an isolated oil pipeline connecting Sakhalin with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Gas processing industry is engaged in the processing of gas condensate and associated gas from oil fields. Accordingly, large gas processing complexes operate in the centers of gas condensate fields (Orenburg and Astrakhan) and the main centers of oil production (Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Almetyevsk, Sosnogorsk near Ukhta).
Oil refining industry larger than gas processing, since oil necessarily needs to be processed before use. Refining takes place at oil refineries (ORs). Annual volumes of oil refining in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. amount to about 200 million tons – the third largest in the world after the USA and Japan.
Initially, refineries were built in oil production areas. For this reason, by the 1960s, large-scale oil refining had developed in the Volga-Ural basin, which was the leader in oil production. In the Volga region, refineries were built in Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Saratov, Volgograd, and in the Urals - in Ufa, Salavat, Perm, and Orsk. The Volga and Ural regions are still leaders in terms of oil refining volumes. Also near the fields, oil refineries are located in Krasnodar region(Krasnodar and Tuapse), the Komi Republics (Ukhta) and Tatarstan (Nizhnekamsk). After the construction of the oil pipeline system, refining began to move closer to the consumer, since it is more profitable to transport and store crude oil than its numerous refined products. In the European part of Russia, refineries on oil pipeline lines were built in Kstovo (Nizhny Novgorod region), Ryazan, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kirishi (Leningrad region). In the Asian part, the largest oil refining center is Omsk; there are refineries in Achinsk, Angarsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Coal industry engages in the extraction and processing of hard and brown coal. Lignite is used as fuel in power plants, like most types of hard coal. But some types of coal after processing (coking) are used as technological fuel in metallurgy, as well as in the chemical industry. In terms of coal production, Russia ranks third in the world after China and the United States. 3/4 of the mined coal is used for the production of electricity and heat, 1/4 - in the metallurgical and chemical industries. Unlike oil and gas, a small share of coal mined in Russia is exported.
During the 1990s, coal production in Russia declined sharply, as it is an economically inefficient fuel compared to oil and gas. As a rule, coal mining is profitable only with the open-pit (open-pit) mining method (about 2/3 of the production volume in Russia). But the use of this method is only possible where thick coal seams lie close to the surface. The mine (underground) mining method is several times more expensive than the open one, and therefore, in most countries of the world, coal mines are gradually being closed. The cost of coal also depends on its quality, geological features of the deposits, development and natural conditions of the mining area. For consumers, the price of coal also greatly depends on the distance of its transportation. As a result, due to various reasons, a significant part of the Russian coal industry enterprises are unprofitable.
The largest coal basin in the country in terms of production volumes (about half of the Russian total) is Kuznetsky in the Kemerovo region. High-quality coal is mined here, incl. coking, approximately in equal parts by open and underground methods. But this basin was intensively developed in the 1930s and 40s, and therefore many of the mines are outdated and in disrepair. The main centers of coal mining in the basin are the cities of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. The second place in terms of production volumes (about 1/6) is occupied by the Kansk-Achinsk basin in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The cost of production here is the lowest in Russia, since thick seams lie close to the surface, and coal is mined in large open-pit mines (Nazarovo, Irsha-Borodinsky). But the coal here is brown, of low quality, difficult to transport, and therefore it is burned at local power plants.
In addition to the two leading basins, coal mining in four more basins is of interregional importance. The Donetsk basin in the Rostov region (Shakhty, Novoshakhtinsk and other centers) is the eastern part of a large coal basin located mainly in Ukraine. Coal mining has been carried out here since the 18th century. By now, all the good seams have already been worked out, and mining is carried out in mines at great depths; therefore, the cost of coal is high, and this basin has no prospects.
The Pechora basin in the Komi Republic (Vorkuta and Inta) contains high-quality coal, incl. coking. But the production cost is very high, since mining is carried out underground in an area with harsh natural conditions. For this reason, this pool also has no prospects. The Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region (the main center is Cheremkhovo) has a low production cost, since coal is mined by open-pit mining. This basin supplies coal to nearby power plants, but transporting the fuel to other regions is unprofitable due to the great remoteness of the territory. The South Yakut basin in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (the main production center is Neryungri) has coal reserves, incl. coking, mined by open-pit mining. The production cost is average. Today, a significant portion of coal from this basin is exported to Japan and the Republic of Korea.
The remaining coal basins in Russia are of local importance. Οʜᴎ are located mainly in the eastern regions of the country. Here, the high cost of production is often not very important, since fuel from the leading basins cannot compete with the local one due to the lack of transport routes. In the western regions of Russia (Ural, Moscow region), on the contrary, high production costs led to a sharp reduction in production in the 1990s, since local coal is uncompetitive not only in comparison with oil and gas, but also with cheaper Kuznetsk coal. The Russian coal industry is shown on the map (Fig.).
Fuel industry - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Fuel industry" 2017, 2018.
Fuel industry is engaged production of various types of fuel, the most important of which is oil(30 % the incoming part of the world fuel and energy balance), coal(near 25 % ) And natural gas(near 20 % ).
Oil mined around the world 3 billion tons per year. The main oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia(near 450 million tons per year), USA(near 400 million tons per year), Russia(near 300 million tons per year), Iran, Mexico, China, Norway, Venezuela, UAE, Nigeria, UK, Canada, Iraq, Indonesia, Kuwait. Enters world trade 2/5 produced oil. Basic exporters– OPEC countries, Russia, Mexico, Canada, Norway,importers– USA, Japan, countries Western Europe (except Norway and UK). They mainly transport oil by sea transport.
Natural gas the world produces about 2 billion m3 per year. The main gas producing countries are Russia, USA, Canada, Netherlands, Great Britain, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Norway. Basic exporters– these same countries, except the USA and Great Britain, importers–Japan, USA, Western European countries(except the Netherlands, Norway and the UK). Gas is transported via gas pipelines(including underwater intercontinental) and by sea transport(in liquefied form).
Coal the world produces about 4 billion tons per year. They're in the lead here USA, China, Russia, Germany, India, Australia, South Africa, Poland. Approximately 1/10 mined coal. Main exporters are Australia, USA, South Africa, Poland, importers–Japan, Western European countries. Coal is transported by sea transport.
In total, the world produces about 12.5 trillion kWhelectricity. Leading here USA, Russia, Japan, China, Germany, Canada, France, UK, India, Brazil. An important indicator is p electricity production per capita. According to this indicator, it is ahead Norway and then they go Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, Iceland.
In the global electric power industry, the leading place belongs to the thermal power plants, which produce 63 % energy. In second place are hydroelectric power stations(20 % ), they give more 50 % electricity in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Brazil, Canada and some other countries. On the third place - Atom stations (17 % ), they predominate in France, Lithuania, Belgium, Korea.
Fuel and energy industry despite her important in a person's life, causes damage to the environment.
So, in mining often soil cover is disturbed, natural landscapes are destroyed, which makes it impossible full existence flora and fauna in this area.
At improper transportation of oil and gas is happening ocean pollution, which leads to the death of marine plants and animals. A set of measures is currently being developed to prevent harmful substances from getting into the water, for example, laying out different routes, creating containers with double bottom etc. But despite this, Due to human negligence, the environment continues to be polluted.
Processed products thermal energy enter the atmosphere, changing its composition. This problem is especially relevant because it is one of the global problems: harmful emissions destroy ozone layer planets.
During construction hydroelectric power station is happening change in the microclimate of the territory, its hydrological regime.
Nuclear power created a problem disposal of radioactive waste, and improper operation or repair of nuclear power plants can lead to dire consequences.
The solution to many problems can be development and implementation treatment facilities, low-waste and non-waste technologies and etc.
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