As a keepsake for the king
Carpet weaving is known in many parts of the world, and this craft developed independently in different places. For nomadic tribes, cloths woven from durable woolen threads are an irreplaceable thing. In the parking lot, carpets turn into warm walls and floors of the home, and when camping, rolled up into a tube, they take up very little space. Over time and as they gain material well-being, people also think about the beauty of carpets.
For a long time, the Persians were also a nomadic people, who, of course, used carpets. However, already at the end of the 5th century BC, the Greek historian Xenophon mentions these products as an element of unprecedented luxury that surrounded the nobles of the Achaemenid state (a state that existed in the 6th-15th centuries BC in Asia).
Iranian tradition attributes the origin of the custom of weaving complex patterns on carpets to the founder of the Persian state - Cyrus II the Great (presumably born in 593 BC). Allegedly, having captured Babylon and seeing its fabulous buildings, the young king wanted to have all this in his camp. But the only way to take with them a piece of the beauty of Babylon was an attempt to reproduce the patterns of temples and palaces on carpets. Legend claims that several hundred weavers completed this task, and upon returning home, they continued the tradition of decorating their products with patterns.
Soon, Persian carpets became famous throughout the world, from Europe and North Africa to China. They decorated the palaces of rulers and were considered of great value, evidence of prosperity and wealth.
For example, the first thing that the Byzantine emperor Heraclius I (reigned from 610 to 641) took care of when he took the Persian capital Ctesiphon was the safety of a unique carpet from the palace of the padishahs. It was woven specifically to decorate the main hall of the residence of Khosrow I Anushirvan (501-579). This carpet will probably remain the largest known to history: 140 by 27 meters. A garden of incredible beauty, comparable to paradise, was embroidered on it with silk gold and silver threads and precious stones. The product was called the “Spring Carpet” and became famous throughout the world. But in 637 Ctesiphon fell to the Arabs. But Khosrow’s carpet turned out to be too heavy, and they cut it up to take it away in pieces.
Gifts with meaning
Over time, craftsmen began to put some meaning into the patterns on carpets. Picturesque subjects were still popular, but sometimes simple wishes, congratulations, and parting words began to appear. With the arrival of the Arabs, the patterns were filled with new content. Birds, camels, and horses disappeared from the carpets. Carpet patterns began to speak the language of symbols and abstractions and turned into a woven expression of the Koran. Sometimes a Persian carpet for the initiate is a book about the structure of the universe.
Woven fabrics from Tabriz, Nain and Isfahan were especially famous. The most skilled craftsmen from these places could encrypt a whole message in their carpet. Since the Persians often wanted to write something that the conquerors might not like, they had to invent real ciphers. There was even a certain semblance of a pattern language. Simple messages were understandable to any curious person, while more complex messages were understandable only to initiates.
Most often, the carpet featured either quotes from the Koran, or wishes for long years, health, the banal “peace to your home” or “may I live like this” (that is, so that the owner of the carpet lives so well that he can afford this expensive product).
At the end of the 11th century, the followers of the Islamic sect of the Nizari, also known as the Kassassins, drew attention to carpets. They waged constant wars with everyone who did not share their teachings. They raided, robbed, and destroyed those they could not take into slavery. TO own death The Nizari treated with contempt and lived only to destroy the world created by Allah - of course, in the name of saving humanity.
The attitude towards the adherents of this sect was appropriate, but under Hasan al-Sab-bakh (mid-1050s - 1124) it gained such strength that the rulers of the Middle East and Transcaucasia trembled with fear, fearing to see a murderer in their chambers. Having captured the impregnable fortress of Alamut in Western Iran by deception, Sabbah turned it into his capital. Sabbah himself was nicknamed the Old Man of the Mountain.
From all the campaigns, untold riches and books were brought to Alamut; various masters were brought here. Sabbah became especially interested in the secret language of the Isfahan weavers. Most of his subjects lived in ordinary cities - under the guise of ordinary Muslims or Christians. Soon they began to receive orders from the Old Man of the Mountain and send him reports using patterns on the carpets. As soon as some emir or sheikh planned a campaign against the Nizari, Sabbah found out about it. And then the secret killers got involved.
What a luxurious death!
However, the people of Sabbah did not limit themselves to just fabric ciphers. It was believed that there were masters working in Alamut who were capable of “charging” carpets with certain commands that the recipient could not fail to carry out. For example, the Syrian fortress of Banias fell, whose sheikh vowed to put an end to Sabbah. One day he received a carpet of extraordinary beauty as a gift from a distant relative. On the very first night after this, the unlucky emir, as if stupefied, opened the gates of his citadel to a handful of assassins, who massacred the entire garrison, and then cut off the head of the owner of Banias.
The ruler of Shiraz, who was launching a campaign against Sabbah, also received a carpet as a gift. Most likely, it was replaced with one made in Alamut, and the warlike emir died of a broken heart, barely looking at the pattern. Dozens of rulers who received such “gifts with meaning” went crazy, died from a blow or in their sleep, or even simply forgot about plans to attack the assassins. Gradually, Sabbah realized that there was no need to keep a large army to guard the borders. It is enough, with the help of spies, to penetrate into the plans of your neighbors, and then eliminate the most dangerous of them. By the way, many rulers were in a hurry to pay off the assassins, which served as a good source of replenishment of the treasury.
For almost 200 years nothing could be done about the Nizaris, until the Mongols came to Iran in 1256. The Assassin lords feared no one in their mountain castles, but their last imam, Ruki ad-Din Khurshah, miscalculated. He could have repelled the attacks of Hulagu’s warriors for many years, but he chose to use cunning: he sent rich gifts and opened the gates of Alamut. Surely, among the gifts there was also a carpet with some kind of message for the Mongol military leader. But Hulagu ordered the gifts to be thrown into the abyss and Khurshah to be executed.
May I live like this
There was no magic in the deadly gifts of the assassins. They were generally very educated and practical people. For example, fortresses were built in such a way that the art of fortification reached such heights only after 500 years. There are no less legends about the library of Alamut than about the collection of books of Ivan the Terrible, fortunately it also disappeared without a trace.
Russian inventor Alexander Lukovishnikov suggests that Iranian weavers worked with torsion fields (from the Latin torsio - “torsion”). Perhaps this phenomenon was discovered completely by accident. And it was described by the mathematician Eli Cartan in the 20th century. The essence of the phenomenon is this: any torsion of space and matter creates a physical field that is capable of independently influencing its surroundings. And any Persian carpet is created by torsion, and even by hand, which, according to some researchers, greatly enhances the effect. Lukovishnikov, for example, believes that torsion fields can be positively or negatively charged. If the pattern is twisted clockwise, it carries positive energy, if it is twisted counterclockwise, it carries negative energy.
Modern physics considers torsion fields as a hypothetical object; it is not yet possible to reliably detect them. But in the USSR, for example, billions of rubles were spent on research in this area until 1991. In many countries around the world, successful commercial products whose action is based on torsion fields are being mass-produced.
By the way, “charged” woven gifts were used not only by assassins. There is evidence that Ivan the Terrible’s character began to deteriorate when carpets sent as gifts by the Persian Shah appeared in his palace.
Products emitting torsion vortices also left their mark in the USSR. In the mid-1980s, Armand Hammer, a great friend of Soviet governments (from Lenin to Gorbachev) and an American businessman, supplied Russia with equipment for the mass production of carpets. At the same time, he sold the patterns of several simple patterns to factories.
In just 3-4 years, the carpet has turned from a luxury item into an ordinary part of the interior of every apartment. Only Persian craftsmen put a hidden message “let me live like this” into expensive carpets, while Hammer machines produced, at best, cheap consumer goods. The result was not a blessing, but a curse. So, by the early 1990s, Soviet people began to live according to their wishes.
Whether Hammer meant well or, on the contrary, committed a sophisticated crime is unknown. But the author of hundreds of inventions, Alexander Lukovishnikov, strongly advises people to get rid of Soviet-made carpets.
Handmade carpets are a divine luxury, which has been such at all times. Not a single palace in the East could do without the famous Persian carpets. Handmade silk and wool Persian carpets have always been and remain true works of art. In ancient times, they were even presented as gifts to European rulers. Being a master weaver of carpet art was not only profitable, but also very honorable and prestigious. The art of carpet making in Iran dates back centuries, and the secrets of the craft are passed down in the families of masters from generation to generation.
The products of Iranian carpet weavers, both in ancient times and today, are considered the highest quality and most expensive goods. Carpets, made by hand, delight with the uniqueness of the design and the originality of the color scheme. But it is not only the external characteristics of carpets that delight people. The quality of the carpets does not leave anyone indifferent - the density of the weaving and the precise execution of complex patterns. The use of only natural dyes in the production of threads for weaving carpets makes the design durable and almost eternal.
And yet, Persian carpets did not immediately become works of art. In ancient times, carpets, of course, were beautiful in their own way. However, they were more practical than aesthetic value. The first carpets were heavy cloths made of wool and served as flooring in houses, and were also used as interior partitions. They slept on carpets and covered themselves with carpets. Each tribe had special decals woven into carpets. These signs were called “guli”. When one tribe was conquered by another, the “gul” of the defeated tribe was woven into the winner’s carpet. Very often on the ancient carpet one could read by signs about the glorious military heritage of the men of this tribe.
Very few ancient Persian carpets survive today. In Altai, in the 50s of the last century, what scientists believe was the oldest carpet. It was discovered in permafrost after excavating a tomb more than two thousand years old. The tomb was partially destroyed. Water got into it and the carpet was completely covered with a crust of ice. Imagine the amazement of the scientists when it was discovered that the carpet was practically undamaged after defrosting and drying. Now this carpet is one of the pearls of the Hermitage. But just think: for more than twenty centuries the carpet lay in permafrost and practically nothing happened to it! Yes, the quality of work of Persian carpet makers speaks for itself.
In Eastern countries, the art of weaving carpets was the main craft. Masters of Turkey and China, India and Pakistan, Central Asia, Caucasus and North Africa competed in the art of carpet making. But they never managed to surpass the skill of Persian weavers. To this day, the Iranian carpet is the best in the world, and the real pride of its owner!
Now it is also possible to become the owner of an Iranian carpet. You just need to spend some serious money. Persian carpets are not only the best in the world, but also the most expensive. Moreover, silk carpets are much more expensive than wool carpets. But they're worth it. Firstly, handmade is always at a premium. Secondly, only natural materials and dyes are used in the manufacture of such carpets, which serves as a guarantee High Quality products and long service life. And, of course, uniqueness - it is almost impossible to find two identical carpets (unless there was an order for the production of two of these). It takes from six months to several years to create one carpet. The time required to work on one product depends on its size, complexity of the ornament, number of colors and shades. Carpets are made in the shape of a circle, oval, rectangle. Sometimes we receive orders for carpets of different widths and lengths.
The color palette for making carpets is huge, but there are also colors that are preferable to others. These are the color of baked milk and ivory, beige in all its manifestations, red, burgundy, brown, indigo and emerald green.
In Iran, carpet weaving is a traditional and widespread craft in all regions of the country. And each region has its own unique patterns, by which one can unmistakably recognize the “homeland” of the carpet.
Time passes, but carpets continue to occupy a place of honor in the lives of Iranians. And in the twenty-first century it is impossible to imagine an Iranian home without a carpet on the floor or on the wall. A new or shabby old carpet will always find its place in the house.
Carpet production is also of national importance. Every year, the state budget receives substantial funds from the sale of Persian carpets. Since Iranian carpets are the most expensive in the world, the quality of carpets in Iran is responsible at the state level. There is strict control over the quality and naturalness of raw materials, for which there is a lot of evidence. For example, when aniline dye was invented, the Shah of Persia banned the use of “chemicals” in the production of carpets by special decree. As punishment for disobedience, they cut off their right hand! But now, fortunately, such harsh measures are not resorted to. Carpet manufacturers take their craft seriously. After all, a Persian carpet not only has commercial value, it is also a calling card of today's Persia.
Nowadays, a Persian carpet, due to its quality and unique beauty, can become not only a long-term investment, but also a family heirloom, passed down from generation to generation. Each carpet has its own passport and quality certificate. The data in these documents is indicated in two languages - Arabic and English. The documents name the country of manufacture, the composition and quality of the product, the date and place of manufacture, the “name” of the carpet and the name of the craftsman who made it. These documents for the carpet must be preserved until the “death” of the product.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials from the site were used
Glossary of terms in carpet weaving
Carpet Terminology - Carpet Glossary
Beijing carpets are handmade carpets produced in Beijing, China, and its surrounding areas. late XIX century. Older Beijing carpets often feature the traditional dragon, medallions and symbolic motifs. Those carpets that are made recently have different patterns and textured pile cutting, and there are also new productions of thin carpets “looking like antiques.”
Beijing carpet
Pazyryk is the place where a group of seven large (the largest with a diameter of 47 meters) and several smaller mounds (burials) was discovered. They date back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC. and are located approximately 70 km from the Chinese border in eastern Altai in the Russian Federation. Due to the climate, altitude (1600 meters) and design, several burial sites developed permafrost in which organic materials were well preserved. The tombs themselves are lowered and covered with wooden and rope chambers and hidden under an earthen mound covered with a large mass of stones. To the north of each tomb, sacrificial horses with exquisite harnesses were discovered. The deceased themselves lay in log coffins that preserved their bodies. The burial was found in 1949 by archaeologist S.I. Rudenko. One of the oldest pile carpets in the world was also found there, which is now kept in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
Parda (Pardeh) - Persian term meaning "tent". This is the name given to medium-sized carpets (2.60 x 1.60 m) in Persia, which were used in the tents of nomadic tribes as screens and partitions.
Patina - the surface of the carpet fades over time or from use.
Palmetta (Palm branch)- a term denoting the name of plant and floral motifs in oriental carpets.
Persian knot (Asymmetrical knot, Senneh)- Knot used in Iran, India, Turkey, Egypt and China. When forming this knot, the yarn makes one turn around one of the warp threads, and only passes under the second (unlike the Turkish, or symmetrical knot).
Pakistani rugs- As in India, the art of carpet making in Pakistan began during the reign of Shah Akbar in the 16th century. During those times, Persian weavers brought the culture of weaving to Lahore and carpet making has evolved since then. Pakistani carpets mostly copy Persian styles especially from Kerman and Tabriz. Carpets called Mori they copy the designs of Turkmen carpets (in general, if a carpet is not from Pakistan, it is a fake). Currently, Pakistan produces handmade carpets mainly for export.
Pakistani carpet
Carpet Mori
Petag is a manufactory in Tabriz, built by a German company and which existed from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Petag carpets are sought after by handmade carpet collectors.
Field - The central part of the carpet, framed by one or more borders. (Components of a typical handwoven rug).
Poshti - Wicker sofa cushion in Persia.
The Hand of Fatima is a stylized symbol resembling a hand with five fingers, representing the "five pillars of Islam" (prayer, fasting, faith, pilgrimage and charity). This symbol appears as an amulet and sometimes as a motif in Iranian and Caucasian prayer carpets.
Raj is a Persian word meaning a completed series of knots in hand woven carpets.
Robbe is the fourth part of a symmetrical design that is applied to cardboard and used as a visual aid in the production of a carpet.
Rosette - A decorative element derived from a plant or floral pattern and interpreted in realistic or abstract geometric forms.
Ru-korsi - A carpet that is usually used to cover a brazier located in the middle of a living space.
Saryk is a large settlement in the vicinity of Arak in west-central Iran. An important and historical center of the region and with a respected, romantic name in the world of carpet weaving. The patterns usually include plant vines with red and dark blue as the dominant colors, usually made from very high quality wool.
Carpet Saryk
Sarab carpets - Sarab is a small village in the Azerbaijan province in northwestern Iran. The surrounding area is inhabited mainly by semi-nomadic tribes, mainly of Shahsavan and Turco-Persian roots. Sarab rugs usually have geometric structural patterns with very simple motifs. Usually carpets and runners are made in small sizes.
Carpet Sarab
Sabzevar is a city located in the northwestern part of Khorasan province in northeastern Iran. There is curvature in the patterns of Sabzevar carpets. The main feature of Sabzevar carpets is the rounded medallion, which distinguishes them from other carpets of this region. The color scheme typically includes various tones of blue and burgundy or red.
Carpets Sabzevar
Salor gel - Carpet gel, often used in Turkmen carpets of the Salor tribe. It has the shape of an octagon with a jagged perimeter.
Saff carpets are hand-woven prayer carpets with a pattern of several Mihrabs in a row. The greatly reduced Mihrab pattern is most common in Turkish or Pakistani carpets. Full-size full-size Mihrabs are mainly found in antique carpets from eastern Turkestan.
Carpet Saff
Safsaj-jadasi - In Turkey, the name of a large challah intended for prayer: several people perform prayer on it at the same time. An image of a mehrab is placed in the composition of the middle field. Examples of large "safsaj-jadasi" are currently kept in the Hagia Sophia Mosque in Istanbul and in the tomb of Movlana Rumi in Konya.
Seyrafian-Isfahan- woven in the city of Isfahan in southwestern Persia. weaver Haj Agha Reza Seyrafian began weaving carpets in 1939 and later distinguished himself by using only the best pattern designers, weavers, dyers and using the best materials. Thus, these carpets attract a lot of attention due to their high quality. These carpets are considered to be the finest of all Persian carpets and have a very high knot density and are excellent products. After his death, the craft remained alive thanks to his many sons.
Salatshak is a hexagonal weaving whose exact purpose is controversial. The Mihrab design of many examples has led many authors to suggest that they were prayer rugs, but some experts on Turkmen weaving, including Siavosh Azadi, argue that they were made as covers for cradles. Some examples have a split at one end, which may indicate they were used as blankets under the saddle. Most of the available samples do not appear to be particularly old.
Savonnerie - Originally, the Savonnerie workshops were founded in Paris in 1628 and they produced carpets and tapestries to decorate royal palaces, as state gifts and important commissions. Savonneri carpet designs developed by court artists included floral arrangements, military and heraldic references, and architectural motifs. The warp threads were made from linen yarn, and the wool pile was woven using symmetrical patterns. The most significant period of Savonnerie carpet production was between 1650 and 1783.
Savonnerie carpet
The Safavids were a Persian dynasty that ruled from 1502 to 1736 and created a unified state. Considered the patrons of Iranian design oriental rugs.
Senne (Senneh) is a Kurdish city in northwestern Iran, famous for its exquisite antique carpets and kilims. Most rugs have a cotton warp and use symmetrical knots and one weft.
The warp threads are sometimes dyed with very bright colors. Carpet designs include full Boteh, full Herati (mahi) and others with a central medallion.
Senneh carpet
Separi is a trade term used to describe an elaborate antique Heriz carpet that is at least 100 years old.
Sofresh means "tablecloth". A small, lint-free, rectangular cloth that is spread on the ground and on which food can be served and cooked.
Sivaz carpets are hand-woven carpets from the city of Sivaz in eastern Turkey and its surrounding areas. Good quality handmade carpets are made here, often using Persian patterns and pale blue colors. Rural carpets are more original and primitive.
Carpet Sivas
Serapian carpets - Old name, denoting the highly prized Geris carpets made in the 19th century.
Carpet from Geris
Sile is a special type of kilim, made with the same technique as Wemekh, but with decorative motifs in the shape of the letter "S".
Sinekli is a Turkish term for an ornament in which the field of the carpet is dotted with small and clear specks of black color. Another name for this pattern in oriental carpets is flies.
Souf - A carpet weaving technique in which only the carpet patterns are made using knots, the rest of the field is simply woven, usually with the addition of precious threads to the yarn ( kilim baft).
Suzani (Suzani) - embroidered cotton panels sewn together to create wall hangings, curtains and canopies. Most suzani were made with cotton and silk threads. The best examples were woven in the 19th century in the Uzbek cities of Bukhara, Tashkent, Shakhrisabz and Nurata.
Sumac is a type of kilim that gets its name from the ancient Azerbaijani city of Shemakha. Sumac is a lint-free carpet. Its main difference from the kilim is the protruding threads from reverse side, which are usually not trimmed. Most sumacs have geometric patterns of stylized flowers, birds and symbols. Caucasian sumacs are usually made of wool. In Iran, sumac is made from silk.
Sumac
The sumac technique is a weaving technique in which the warp threads are pulled apart and the yarn is woven so that it passes over four warp threads, then under two threads, over four again, and so on. There are several options for this technique.
Dagestan Sumac carpets are known and popular all over the world.
Sultanabad - Many rich quality carpets were woven in this city and province in northwestern Iran. Much of the rug production took place in the late 19th century, when European companies ordered large decorative rugs for the European market. Carpet weaving centers include Mahal, Sultanabad, Saryk, Lilihan, Ferahan and Saraband.
Carpets Sultanabad
Tabriz (Tabriz) carpets- Tabriz - ancient city in northwestern Iran, one of the most prolific of all weaving centers. The quality of these rugs is usually exceptional, with most of the base made from cotton, but sometimes pure silk. There are many unique designs, but generally the pattern in Tabriz rugs is densely packed with plant motifs, with large palmettes, vases, or colorful hunting scenes or field illustrations. They may include a medallion "Afshan", or may not include, geometric designs are also visible.
Tabriz carpets with floral patterns
Tabriz carpets also have sub-styles. These include styles such as understated and elegant "Mahi" in coordinated borders of muted tones that will suit any interior; "Naksheh" with its abundance of pink on beige or, very rarely, black; and wild but beautiful "Tabatabaie", always with motifs of orange, lime green and beige. The more refined Nakshekh and Mahi are made largely from the finest quality wool shorn from the chest and shoulders of the mountain sheep, and silk is also often used to lavishly highlight the most attractive parts of the carpet.
Tabriz carpets with Mahi design
Tabasaran carpets- Carpets of the "tabasaran" type are made in dozens of villages, in each of which two or three favorite designs predominate. Almost carpets of this type have an infinite number of variants of ornamental patterns. Widespread patterns are “topancha” (large, diagonally located X-shaped figures), “chera” (several central figures seem to be overgrown with various geometric shapes), etc.
Tabasaran carpet
Tuserkan carpets are carpets made in the Kurdish nomadic regions of northwestern Iran. The bright colors and geometric patterns are typical of the tribal weaving of this area in Iran.
Tuserkan carpet
Tehran carpets - produced in the capital of Iran. There is no new production going on these days, so most of the existing Tehrans are about 50 years old. Carpets are woven with Senne knots, often dark red with blue elements and turquoise and white contrasts. The patterns are usually medallions and floral motifs, panels and niches. There are also animal or curly patterns.
Tehran carpet
Tianjin carpets are Chinese carpets from the city of Tianjin in eastern China (today the center of commercial carpet weaving in China). Weaving, which began in the 1920s, was soon adapted to Western demands regarding colors and patterns.
Tianjin carpet
Tibetan carpets - Tibet has a long tradition of carpet weaving; some examples of Tibetan carpets date back to the 18th century. Carpets from Tibet were most influenced by Chinese carpets and carpets from eastern Turkestan. Traditional designs include folk motifs, checkerboard designs and tiger motifs. The colors are associated with the function of the rug. Orange and gold carpets are for religious ceremonies. Red-brown - mainly for floor coverings in monasteries. Tiger carpets are valued by people in power and represent symbols of power. Antique Tibetan carpets are all wool and woven using the Tibetan knotting technique. After joining China in 1959, many Tibetans fled to neighboring India, Nepal and Bhutan and continue to make carpets there.
Tibetan carpet
Tiankatsha - large blankets, both lint and lint-free. Many Soviet writers also described saladshak like a blanket or saddle covering.
Tabbakhi - Wool Bad quality from inferior fleece taken from already slaughtered sheep.
Tauk Nuska Gol is an octagon-shaped gel in Turkmen carpets. The ornament is decorated with a pattern in the form of arrowheads.
Turk Baft - A symmetrical or Turkish knot used for weaving wool and silk carpets in Western Asia.
Turkish knot (Symmetrical knot, Görde, Gördes)- A knot used in carpet weaving, when tied, the yarn wraps around two adjacent warp threads from different sides and both ends of the yarn come out side by side on the surface of the carpet.
The Tibetan knot is a different weaving technique now used in other areas besides Tibet. A temporary rod that regulates the height of the pile is placed in front of the base. A single yarn is wrapped around two warp threads and once around a rod. When a row of loops ends, they are cut to create pile. This method produces a slightly uneven surface.
Tirma is a type of lint-free carpet made by the Kyrgyz on a horizontal machine installed without tilting. Tirma patterns are vertical stripes or highly stylized images of claws, hoof marks, eyes, horns, legs of horses, sheep, deer, tigers, mice and other animals.
Tirma is also called an expensive fabric of complex weaving, produced in India, Iran and Turkey. Tirma is usually woven from soft, fine wool.
Tevasi is the name given to multi-colored large challahs with complex patterns in the Middle Ages.
Tinfasa is the name given by the Arabs to all lint-free carpets that they received from the Turkic peoples as tribute.
Torba is a long rectangular Turkmen bag with pile weaving only on the front side. Bags are hung in yurts and serve to store small items.
Tunisian Rugs - Tunisia is an African country where rug weaving has been common since the Ottoman era. The city of Kairouan was one of the centers of carpet weaving. The largest part of Tunisian carpets is woven in this city. The poor quality of local wool, which is a big barrier in the Tunisian carpet industry, necessitates the import of wool from France, England and New Zealand. Chemical dyes are used to dye wool for carpets. Carpets from Tunisia are usually made in small sizes no more than 3-4 sq.m.
Carpet from Tunisia
Uşak carpets are handmade carpets from the city of Uşak in western Turkey. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many famous carpet styles were woven here, such as the Ushak carpet with birds, the formal Ushak carpets, and the Lotto carpets with other medallion carpets made under Persian influence. These carpets are woven entirely from wool with red as the dominant color. The decline in the quality of carpets began around the middle of the 19th century and today the production of Ushak carpets has practically disappeared.
Carpet Ushak
Wilton carpets are machine-made pile carpets with patterns reminiscent of Persian ones. The name comes from the town of Wilton in Wiltshire, England, which produced handwoven carpets in the 16th century. Since the mid-19th century, all manufactured carpets were made using machines in almost any size.
Wilton carpet
Uttabi is a type of lint-free, thin, delicate carpet weaving, similar to Zili. Comes from the name of one of the quarters of the city of Mosul, located north of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, near the southeastern border of Turkey. In the 14th century, Uttabi carpets produced in this quarter won worldwide fame. Under this name they spread to European markets. Researchers believe that when used in Western Europe The term "Teppich" goes back to Uttabi.
Uttabi carpet
Uzbek carpets - carpets made in Uzbekistan are divided into 3 main types of carpets: gilyam(Uzbek short-pile carpets), julkhir(Uzbek long-pile carpets), and rugs(Uzbek lint-free carpets). A characteristic feature of short-pile carpets is their red-brown hue, illuminated by the harmony of light-colored details of the main medallions, which are often geometric in shape.
Uzbek carpet
Woven carpets - rugs, are varied in Uzbekistan: Kokhma- fabric with uniform stripes in various colors and Gajari- fabric that is woven in a pattern with various methods of "criss-crossing" technique and decorated with rows of small geometric plant motifs. Until the beginning of the 20th century, carpet weaving was exclusively a craft of women living in rural areas.
Uk-Bash (Yuk-Bash) - bags in which nomads transport wooden parts of dismantled tents and yurts. Uk-bash are made mainly from pile carpets.
Corners - An ornament that fills the corners of the main field of a wool or silk carpet. In medallion compositions, squares usually occupy an area equal in size to a quarter of the central medallion.
Weft - Transverse threads of a carpet (as well as fabric), located perpendicular to the warp threads and intertwined with them. Depending on the type and place of origin of the handwoven rug, the weft threads can be cotton, silk or wool.
ABRASH
- This is the difference in shades of the same tone in the carpet, resulting from dyeing the threads with different dye solutions.
Typically, these small differences become more noticeable over time.
Abrash is found mainly in antique carpets and is a consequence of the artisanal production of dyeing solutions. Abrash is not a defect for handmade carpets.
AVSHAN
- This is a word of Persian origin meaning “dotted.” Characterizes the ornament of a handmade carpet with a floral pattern without a central medallion.
AYNA GOL
- A Turkmen carpet pattern consisting of stylized flowers inserted into polygons.
AINA-GOTSHAK
- An ornament of a Turkmen carpet, in which the field is divided into small squares, decorated with a pattern with beak-like curved protrusions.
AINA KAP
- Carpet case for storing mirrors in Turkmenistan.
AZERI
- Trade name of modern Azerbaijani carpets.
AXMISTER RUGS
- English carpets, made in Axminster, in Turkish style.
ALKAGULKIKI
- Miniature graceful ornament with blackthorn flowers.
ARIANA
- In the Middle East and Turkey, this word refers to modern imitations of ancient carpets from the regions of Bakshayesh and Geris.
ASHKALI
- Carpet ornament. Meets with antique Qashqai carpets. It consists of two octagons nested inside each other, the inner one of which is densely decorated with hooks.
BUNDY
- A term referring to the ribbon and lattice pattern found in Persian carpets.
BAFT
- A term for the work of hand-making carpet in Iran.
BAKHTIYARI
- Carpet ornament, which originated in the traditions of carpet weaving of the people
Bakhtiyari, who lives in a region of south-central Iran called Chahar Mahal. Bakhtiyari carpets have a checkerboard pattern, each cell of which is decorated with trees of life, birds, flowers, and abstract animals. They are usually woven with a Turkish knot.
RUNNING DOG
- An ornament used in Caucasian carpets in the form of a hook-shaped stylized dog. A symbol designed to protect the home.
BELUCH
- Persian carpets woven by the nomadic Baluchi tribe in eastern Iran. Most of them are manufactured in the province of Sistan and Baluchistan, located right on the southeastern border of Iran.
BERGAMA
- Turkish handmade carpets woven in the vicinity of the city of Bergama on the western coast of Turkey. They are also known as Anatolian carpets and are usually square in shape. They are woven from wool on a red weft warp and, as a result, the backing of the carpet becomes red striped. The carpet's design is geometric, often centered around a large angular medallion surrounded by flowers.
BESHIR
- Turkmen handmade carpets, which were made by the Turkmen nomads of the Ersari tribe in the vicinity of the village of Beshir in Turmenia. Carpets are woven from wool. The main colors are red, blue. They use oriental designs with Gul patterns, but can also have Chinese cloud motifs. Knitted with a Persian knot.
BRUS
- Turkish silk carpets (usually small in size) used as prayer rugs, also known as saff. Weaved in the vicinity of Bursa.
BUTA
- In oriental carpets there is a decorative motif in the form of a drop or pendant, decorated with a stylized floral pattern. In Europe it is called Kashmiri ornament.
BUKHARA
- An established commercial name for a number of carpets produced in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and northern Iran, with ornaments similar in style. Literally, Bukhara is a city in Uzbekistan with a large carpet bazaar, where carpets of this pattern were sold in large quantities.
VAGIREKH (VAGIRE)
- A handmade carpet of small size, used by carpet makers as a sample. It was decorated with many patterns and ornaments that are used in the border part of the carpet. The surviving specimens have historical value and are sought after by collectors.
VAGH - VAGH
- Indian handmade carpet, the ornament of which is made in the form of a mythological tree with singing heads hanging on it.
VASE
- Oriental carpet ornament in the form of a vase, from the neck of which stems of flowers and shoots emanate.
VERNE
- Weaving with overlay or interlacing of shuttle threads.
VERAMIN
- Iranian carpet whose name comes from the city of the same name Veramin, located south of Tehran. Veramin carpets are distinguished by their clarity of design and elegant pattern in the form of an open field with flowers. The flowers are connected by diagonal vines and are repeated throughout the rug, framed by a dark blue border. Veramin carpets have a high weaving density.
VISS
- Iranian carpet, the name of which comes from the city of the same name Wiss, located near Hamadan. The design of these carpets consists of a bright hexagonal central medallion with two smaller medallions at the top and bottom, most often placed on a red field. The color predominantly used in borders is blue.
GAB GORANI
- Parchment bindings of ancient Korans, decorated with inserted plates of gold and silver. The ornament that decorates them often served as a model for the ornamental compositions of oriental carpets.
GABE
- Handmade carpets with long pile. Very soft and delicate to the touch, they often served as blankets among nomadic tribes.
GADDY
- A sample of the ornament printed on cardboard, serving as a visual aid for the master.
GARADJA
- Handmade carpets made by Turkish nomads living in the mountains and valleys between Tabriz and the Caspian Sea in Northeastern Iran. They have a geometric design with small, key medallions and, in some cases, small images of plants or animals.
GERATY
- A carpet ornament used throughout the East (another name is rize mahi). It consists of four palmettes forming a vessel with flowers and figured leaves. The medallion is a diamond with a flower, usually with eight open petals, from which stems extend, until the leaves bloom to the end.
GERATY ON THE EDGE
- The design used on the border of the carpet, otherwise called “tortoise shell”, consists of palmettes and rosettes connected by stems.
GERMECH
- A small carpet that was used by nomads to stretch over doorposts. It protected the yurt from dust and sand.
GEL
- A completed secondary decorative element of a rug's pattern, generally geometric in shape.
GIORDIS
- Turkish handmade carpets from the city of Ghiordes (western Türkiye), often used for prayer rituals.
TAPESTRY
- Hand-woven lint-free carpets, also called trellises. Produced mainly in Belgium and France. Currently, the main supplier of handmade tapestries is China.
GOLDANI
- An ornament used in Persian carpets in the form of lush, repeating flowerpots with flowers.
GORAVAN
- Iranian carpets with geometric patterns of the same name from a small village in northwestern Iran, north of Kheriz..
GOTSHAK
- A pattern used in the ornament of Turkmen carpets in the form of a pointed hook.
GULI-GOL
- Floral gel of a rounded shape, divided into four parts filled with patterns.
GURBAKA
- Stylized “frog” in the form of a cross-shaped pattern in the ornaments of oriental carpets.
GUL-I-BULBUL
- Literally, translated from Persian, – flower and nightingale. The plot of the carpet ornament in the form of birds on the branches flowering trees.
GUL FARANGH
- Floral patterns in oriental carpets, which arose under European influence. Literally means "foreign flower".
DERGEZIN
- Iranian carpets made in the Hamadan region.
JIAK
- A secondary motif in the ornament of the border part of some Caucasian and Turkmen carpets (diagonal shading).
JOFTY
- A wider knot (relative to the Persian and Turkish knot), framing four weft threads at once, which was used in rectilinear patterns to better emphasize their difference from the rest of the ornament. Currently, this unit is used for the manufacture of inexpensive, low-quality carpets.
DIP CHALLAH
- Small mat used nomadic peoples East, in front of the entrance to the yurt.
DONBakli
- The word of Persian origin (literally - drum) is used to designate a special border ornament with four tops, decorated with images of large flowers, reminiscent in shape of an Iranian drum.
DORRY (DORY)
- Indian carpets made using the kilim technique using cotton threads.
DOZAR
- Persian carpets up to 2x1.5m in size.
THE DRAGON
- Armenian carpets from the Caucasus, produced from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
The design consists of a square pattern with lanceolate leaves with stylized dragons, a phoenix, flowers, trees and palmettes.
DIRNAK GOL
- A term of Turkic origin meaning “claw pattern” - a diamond-shaped hooked gel in Turkmen Yomud carpets.
ZANJAN
- Persian carpets often have geometric patterns with a "diamond" central medallion in dark wine red running from top to bottom, set on a lighter field of usually beige or of blue color.
The word "zanjan" literally means "beloved wife" or "beloved woman." There is also a city of the same name in northern Iran.
ZELLOSOLTAN
- Floral patterns in oriental carpets in the form of several vases with lush bouquets and two birds sitting on the sides.
ZIEGLER
- Handmade carpets woven between 1883 and 1930 in the Arak region of western Iran. These carpets were made for the British company Ziegler, had Persian patterns (often copied existing patterns), pastel colors and large sizes. The warp and weft were made of cotton.
SPANISH KNOT
- Not a typical version of the Turkish knot, which is knitted on warp threads one after another, alternating from row to row.
ISPINDJULKIKI
- Caucasian carpet from the province of Zeykhur. Due to its external similarity, the ornament is also mistakenly called “St. Andrew’s Cross”.
ISFAHAN
- A region of Iran that produces carpets that are some of the finest Persian carpets. Isfahan carpets are the crowning achievement of the art of Persian carpets, created in a magical city famous for its high artistic taste and sophistication.
YIIM
- A special type of handmade kilim in which the design is applied using a special technique called “additional weft”.
KAZAKH (KAZAK)
- A commercial term denoting a style of carpet made in the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia). The patterns of these carpets are geometric; they are woven with a low knot density, but have high performance characteristics. The term comes from the region of Azerbaijan of the same name, where the production of these carpets was widespread.
KAZAKH WITH CLOUDS
- Armenian carpet from Chon-darask, the pattern of which is spotted in the form cloudy sky.
KAZAKH WITH STARS
- Georgian carpet, on the central field of which eight-pointed stars alternate, different sizes.
KAZAKH WITH SWASTIKA
- Caucasian carpet, decorated with ornamental elements in the shape of a swastika.
KANTA
- Handmade kilim, from which eastern nomadic tribes made bags for storing various household utensils.
KAPALYK
- In the old days in the East - a piece of room decoration that had the shape of the letter “P” and was hung over doorways, or less often, window openings.
KAPHOOK
- Antique oriental quilted pillows. The cover was made from kilims or carpets.
CAPSA GEL
- Gel, used in carpets of the Turkmen Yomud tribe, having the shape of a diamond with jagged edges.
KASHAN
- A Persian carpet produced in the city of the same name in central Iran, the design of which consists of diamond-like medallions with small arches on a field of vegetation. Narrative carpets with hunting scenes are also woven.
KILIM
- Handmade woven lint-free carpet.
KILIM BAFT
- Lint-free parts of a handmade carpet that are not knotted.
KINTAMANI
- A handmade carpet from Turkey (Anatolia), the design of which consists of elements with three small circles or dots, under which there is a short wavy line.
CORK
- Wool of the highest category, sheared from young sheep of special breeds.
KUM
- A city located south of Tehran, where the world-famous Persian silk carpets of the same name are produced.
KUM-KAPI
- Hand-woven Turkish silk carpets from the Kumkapi artisan district in Istanbul, featuring Persian designs. They are woven from silk of the highest category with gold or silver threads. The term "Kum-kapi" is also used to denote the quality of the finest silk Turkish carpets.
KHARKANGI
- A decorative motif of Persian origin, meaning "crab" and representing a diamond-shaped design with stylized outlines, arranged diagonally, with four branches in the form of a forked leaf, swirling in a funnel. This composition also includes other elements: one palmette with a peculiar twisting shape and the other large and spreading. This pattern was often used in Azerbaijani carpets from the province of Cuba.
KHESHTI
- A Persian term for the tiled pattern of Iranian carpets. The squares arranged in regular rows depict vases with flowers, trees and birds.
LADIK
- Extremely rare Turkish carpets from the settlement of Ladik, which were mass produced approximately between the 17th and 19th centuries, using Mihrab patterns and stylized tulips. Newer carpets are also woven in different patterns.
LOTTO
- Turkish handmade carpet, made since the 16th century. They were woven according to Lorenzo Lotto's designs. These carpets belong to the Ushak carpet group and have geometric patterns yellow color on a red background.
LUL BAFT
- In Persian carpet weaving, a term meaning warp threads that are located on two levels due to the strong tension of the shuttle thread.
LURIE - PAMBAC
- Caucasian carpets with a large white octagon surrounded by a blue hook-shaped outline. In the center of the octagon there is a cross-shaped pattern, its outline reminiscent of animals looking at each other
MALAER
- Iranian carpets produced by semi-nomadic people living in the vicinity of the city of Arak in northwestern Iran. Traces of Kurdish roots are evident in these tribal rugs, with the central field of the rug having an intricately patterned medallion in the center, predominantly in tones of red. You can also find geometric patterns in these carpets.
MALBAND
- Long strap woven using kilim technique. Used by nomads for packing animals.
MAMELUKE
- Egyptian carpets made in Cairo during the Mamluk dynasty between 1250 and 1517. These rugs are large in size and have geometric patterns. Woven using deep red, blue and green flowers
MAFRASH
- Large folding bag made using kilim technique. Used by nomadic peoples of the East during constant migrations.
MEDAHEL
- In oriental carpet ornamentalism - a zigzag pattern used in the border part of the carpet with alternating light and dark colors.
MEJID
- A trend in Turkish carpet weaving, which was typical of many Anatolian carpets of the 19th century, characterized by a jumble of large floral patterns in the Baroque style. The Turkish Sultan Abdullah Majid (1839-1861) was an admirer of this type of carpet, hence the name.
MEZARLIK
- Name of typical Turkish carpets produced in the Kula and Kirsenir regions. In the center of these carpets are stylized landscapes with houses and mosques.
MEMLING GEL
- A decorative element of the ornament, which is found in Anatolian, Caucasian and Turkmen carpets in the form of a hooked polygon.
MASHHAD
- Iranian handmade carpet produced in the city of the same name, which is the capital of the Khorassan province and an important center for carpet production. Mashhad carpets feature designs with elegant medallions on floral fields in red or blue colors. They often copy classic Kashan patterns, and sometimes Herati details.
MINFLER
- Indian carpet with small floral patterns, intended for niches.
WORLD
- An established commercial name for carpets produced in Sarabande.
MOGUL
- Indian carpets, which were woven in India in the 16th and 17th centuries by forced Persian weavers on the initiative of the Mughals. Mogul carpets are of great historical and artistic value.
MOHARRAMAT
- An element of the ornament of Persian carpets in the form of columns (vertical) or a belt (horizontal).
NAVAR
- A belt woven using the kilim technique, which is part of a horse harness.
NAMAKDAN
- Woven bags, trunks, etc., which were used by nomads to store salt, flour, bread and other food supplies.
NAMAZLIK
- The word is of Turkic origin. Literally means “for prayer.” Small prayer rugs designed for performing religious rituals in Islam.
NAIN
- Nain carpets are Persian carpets in demand all over the world, which are woven in the vicinity of the city of the same name in Iran. They are woven on a cotton or silk weft warp. As a rule, they use a lot of shades of blue (cyan, turquoise, sea green, etc.).
AUBUSSON
- A famous French manufactory that has been producing handmade tapestries and carpets since the 17th century.
OKBASH
- Small woven items in the form of triangular bags, which were used by nomads to decorate the protruding ends of the support poles of the yurt.
PALMETTA (PALM BRANCH)
- A term that summarizes the name of plant and floral motifs in oriental carpets.
PARDA
- Medium-sized carpets (2.60 x 1.60 m), which were used in the tents of some nomadic tribes as screens or partitions.
PETAG
- Manufactory in Tabriz, built by a German company and existed for a short time from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Carpets from the Petag manufactory are sought after by handmade carpet collectors.
POST
- Wicker sofa cushion in Persia.
RAJ
- Finished knot row in handmade carpets. The term is mainly used in Iran.
ROBBE
- One-fourth of a symmetrical design printed on cardboard, used as a visual aid.
HAND OF FATIMA
- An image of a hand with five fingers, symbolizing the “five pillars of Islam” (prayer, fasting, faith, pilgrimage and mercy). Often found in the designs of Caucasian, Turkmen and Iranian prayer carpets.
SAVONERI
- Workshops for the production of handmade tapestries, founded in Paris in 1628. The compositions designed by court artists included floral patterns, heraldic symbols and architectural motifs. The warp weft threads were coarse linen yarn, and the pile was wool.
SARYK
- Hand-woven Persian carpets, named after the settlement of the same name in the vicinity of Arak in western Iran. These are wool carpets, the ornament of which consists of vine-shaped patterns on a red and dark blue field.
SALOR GEL
- Carpet gel, often used in Turkmen carpets of the Salor tribe. It has the shape of an octagon with a jagged perimeter.
SAF
- Prayer rugs, the ornament of which depicts a repeating pattern of the mihrab.
SAFAVIDS
- Dynasty that ruled Persia from 1502 to 1736 and created a unified state. They were great admirers of carpet weaving art.
SENNE
- A city in northwestern Iran, home to ethnic Kurds, famous for its kilims. Basically, Senne kilims have a cotton base, the threads of which are dyed in bright colors.
SOFRESH
- Oriental embroidered tablecloth
SUZANI
- Oriental embroidered panels using cotton, wool and silk.
SULTANABAD
- A city in northwestern Iran where, since the late 19th century, European companies preferred to order large rugs (large-sized rugs) for the European market.
SUMAK (SUMAK)
- A type of woven lint-free carpets.
TABRIZ (TABRIZ)
- Tabriz is a city in the north-west of Iran, which is one of the major centers of Persian carpet weaving. Tabriz carpets have their own signature. As a rule, this is a floral ornament with large palmettes and decorative vases. Tabriz carpets can be with or without an “afshan” medallion. There are also plot ornaments. Carpets from Tabriz have subtypes.
Tabriz "Mahi" carpets are woven in a discreet color scheme. Distinctive feature is that the elements of the ornament are located on a small flower field.
Carpets from Tabriz "Nakshekh" abound in pink on beige.
There is a lot of orange and lime green in Tabatabaya.
Persian carpets from Tabriz are usually woven from high quality materials (wool, silk, cotton).
TAUK NUSKA GOL
- Gel in Turkmen carpets in the shape of an octagon. The ornament is decorated with a pattern in the form of arrowheads.
TORBA
- A small pile bag made using the kilim technique, used by nomads.
TURK BAFT
- Turkish knot.
UK-BASH (YUK-BASH)
- Bags in which nomads transport wooden parts of tents and yurts. Uk-bash is made mainly from pile carpets.
USHAK
- Turkish handmade carpets, made in the city of the same name, located in the west of the country. Characterized by large floral patterns or stylized rhythmic patterns of geometric shapes.
FARCE
- These are Iranian handmade carpets produced in the province of Fars, located in the southwest of the country near the city of Shiraz. Woven by the nomadic Qashqai tribes.
GROUND MEAT
- Translated from Persian - “carpet”.
MATCH BAFT
- Asymmetrical weaving method.
FERAHAN
- Persian carpets from the Ferahan region in western Iran. Weaved with a Persian knot on a cotton weft warp. Dominant colors - red and blue
HALI
- A word of Persian origin meaning the “main” carpet found in the house.
HAJI JALILI
- Formerly a great master weaver from Tabriz. The amazing colors and ornamental details of the carpets he wove are recreated in palace Tabriz carpets to this day. Iran.
HABIBIAN
- Fatollah Habibian (1903 – 1995) great Iranian carpet weaver from the city of Nain. Habibian carpets are the standard of quality and high artistic style of Nain carpets. They are characterized by high nodular density.
HAMADAN
- The city located in west-central Iran is one of the largest centers for the trade of tribal carpets. The patterns in the ornaments of Hamadan carpets range from primitive geometric to rich floral ones.
HAFT RANK
- A phrase translated from Persian that means carpets with a base of precious silk.
HEREKE
- A city in western Turkey historically famous for its high-quality silk carpets. Turkish Hereke silk carpets are considered one of the best.
KHORDZHIN (KHURJIN)
- Double travel bags, used by nomadic tribes as shoulder or saddle bags.
ZIEGLER
- In the late 19th century, an Anglo-Swiss company that controlled the Persian carpet market, especially in Sultanabad. By order of the Ziegler company, carpets were produced for the European and American markets.
CHARKHANGA
- A pattern in the form of a stylized crab, used in carpet ornaments.
THANCHE GEL
- Translated from Turkic it means “gel in the form of a ladle.” Used in Turkmen carpets made by the Teke tribe.
SHAHR BABAK
- Persian carpets made in the city of the same name in southern Iran. The traditional design features a central medallion with an intricately detailed, ornate design in pale pastel colors with white and gold accents contrasting with a background of cranberry red or blue. An ornament in the form of a stylized garden with a tree of life, vases and flowers is also used.
SHAH ABBAS
- Shah of the Safavid dynasty (1587-1629), whose name is given to the complex design. Iranian Shah Abbas carpets consist of palmettes connected to rosettes by a stem twisted in a spiral.
SHEKATE MINTING
- A carpet company founded in Iran in 1936 under Shah Reza Pahlavi.
SHIRAZ
- Shiraz is an ancient city in central Iran, where handmade carpets of the same name are produced. The patterns of the ornaments are geometric, but not primitive. They often include large medallions in the shape of diamonds. In different parts of the field of the Shiraz carpet you can also see small stylized animals or plants.
ELAM
- Stripes in the central part of Turkmen or Turkish prayer carpets, decorated with heraldic symbols.
ELEM
- Secondary curb stripes.
ENSI
- In other words (translated from Turkic) - woven “door”. The Ensi carpet was used by nomads to cover the entrance to the tent.
ERSARI
- Afghan carpets, named after the tribe inhabiting the northwestern part of the country. Recently, many of the Ersaris have settled in Pakistan, where they are engaged in the production of carpets
Legal entity
- Woven kilim cape for a horse.
YYUR
- Motif in the form of intertwining tendrils of a grapevine. Found in carpets produced in Ersari.
YURUK
- Turkish wool carpets woven by the Yuruk tribe in eastern Turkey. They are distinguished by high pile and simple geometric patterns.
YALAMEH
- Persian carpets of the Yalameh tribe, which lives in the Iranian province of Fars. They are distinguished by their richness of patterns and richness of colors.
YASTIK
- A term (of Turkic origin) denoting woven pile pillows.
I JUST
- Carpets that served as a kind of mattresses for nomadic tribes.
